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of abstinence, symbolized a period of fertility which followed the drought. The young man would spend his last week singing, feasting and dancing. During the feast where he was worshipped as the deity he personified, he climbed the stairs to the top of the temple on his own where the priests seized him, a time in which he proceeded to symbolically crush "one by one the clay flutes on which he had played in his brief moment of glory", and then was sacrificed, his body being eaten later. The young man would approach this sacrifice willingly, as being sacrificed in this manner was a great honor. "Sacrificial victims mounted the bloody steps of the pyramid with dignity and pride." "The sacrifice itself marked the end of the drought." Immediately after he died a new victim for the next year's ceremony was chosen. Tezcatlipoca was also honoured during the ceremony of the ninth month, when the
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included prayers in honor of
Tezcatlipoca, the patron deity of the royal house". Tezcatlipoca's priests were offered into his service by their parents as children, often because they were sick. These children would then have their skin painted black and be adorned with quail feathers in the image of the god. Sacred hymns were also chanted at ceremonies to honor the gods. Most were sung to praise the highest deities, including Tezcatlipoca, who was often addressed as the "Giver of Life". In one hymn, he is mentioned as being both the creator and destroyer of the world, and both as a poet and a scribe. Everyone, including commoners, high priests, and the king, were involved in some aspect of the Toxcatl ceremonies.
449:(known to modern Mayanists as "God K", or the "Manikin Scepter"), was depicted with a smoking obsidian knife in his forehead and one leg replaced with a snake. Although there are striking similarities between possible earlier imagery of Tezcatlipoca, archaeologists and art historians are split in the debate. It is possible that he is the same god that the Olmec and Maya term their "jaguar deity", or alternately that he is an Aztec expansion on foundations set by the Olmec and Maya, as the Aztecs routinely took deliberate inspiration from earlier Mesoamerican cultures.
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ceremonial proceedings to start under the low hum of "shell trumpets," were commonplace, especially for this deity. Utter respect from the highest position of Aztec nobility, the king, shown through the figurative and literal nakedness of his presence in front of
Tezcatlipoca. The king would stand "naked, emphasizing his utter unworthiness", speaking as nothing but a vessel for the god's will. The new king would claim his spiritual nakedness symbolically through words and physical vulnerability, praising Tezcatlipoca with lines such as:
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834:. The figure has yellow and black face paint, as is characteristic of Tezcatlipoca. But as Olivier points out, "gods like Xiuhtecutli or Huitzilopoctli have similar facial painting." The figure is also shown with two unaltered feet, but does possess the white sandals, armbands, and adorned ears and head of Tezcatlipoca. He also carries arrows and a spear, the typical weapons of the war god. Finally, perhaps coincidentally, the figure is bounded on the left side by the symbols for
978:, wherein Tezcatlipoca deceives Quetzalcoatl,ruler of the legendary city, and forces him into exile. Quetzalcoatl and Tezcatlipoca both collaborated in the different creations and that both were seen as instrumental in the creation of life. Karl Taube and Mary Miller, specialists in Mesoamerican studies, write that, "More than anything Tezcatlipoca appears to be the embodiment of change through conflict." A large and detailed depiction of Tezcatlipoca appears in the
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so-called
Tezcatlipocas (Quetzalcoatl, Huitzilopoctli, and Xipe-Totec) and their respective colors (white, blue, and red). Which parts of his body are painted black varies by site; half of his leg, the full length of his arms, the majority of his legs, or any combination thereof can be depicted. Later scholarship has identified the black material with which the god was supposedly painted as
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1086:, it was "lofty and magnificently built. Eighty steps led to a landing twelve or fourteen feet wide. Beyond it stood a wide, long chamber the size of a great hall ...". There were several smaller temples dedicated to Tezcatlipoca in the city, among them the ones called "Tlacochcalco" and "Huitznahuatl". Tezcatlipoca was also worshipped in many other Nahua cities such as
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1018:. To attract her, Tezcatlipoca used his foot as bait for Cipactli, and she, in turn, ate it. The two gods then captured her, and distorted her to make the land from her body. After that, they created the people, and people had to offer sacrifices to comfort Cipactli for her sufferings. Because of this, Tezcatlipoca is depicted with a missing foot.
739:, flowers, and/or flint knives. His head could be additionally ornamented with the symbol for smoke. Heron feathers or balls of eagle down, like that from which Huitzilopochtli was born, often adorned his head, clothing, and shield. He variably wore earrings, necklaces, bracelets, and other jewelry, all rendered in precious materials like gold and
956:, the first creation, "The Sun of the Earth" was ruled by Tezcatlipoca but destroyed by Quetzalcoatl when he struck down Tezcatlipoca who then transformed into a jaguar. Quetzalcoatl became the ruler of the subsequent creation "Sun of Water", and Tezcatlipoca destroyed the third creation "The Sun of Wind" by striking down Quetzalcoatl.
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stick with similar feathers and paper decorations. Another common practice was to cover themselves in black soot or ground charcoal while they were involved in priestly activities at the temple or during rituals. They would also cover the sick and newly appointed king in a similar manner with a black
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For Aztec nobility, this "patron deity" is fundamental in the social and natural phenomena justified by religion during this time. Extreme reverence and respect, characterized by ceremonial proceedings in which priests were "to pay homage" to
Tezcatlipoca, or where "citizens waited expectantly" for
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had their appearance transformed back to that of a warrior. "He had been a warrior who was captured, and he ended his life as a warrior." He would then be wed to four young women, also chosen in advance and isolated for a full year and treated as goddesses. This marriage, occurring after a full year
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For he who was chosen was of fair countenance, of good understanding and quick, clean body— slender like a reed; long and thin like a stout cane; well-built; not of overfed body, not corpulent, and neither very small nor exceedingly tall. like something smoothed, like a tomato, or like a pebble, as
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who were allowed to eat the ritual food offered to
Tezcatlipoca, still more accompanied the impersonator of Tezcatlipoca in the year prior to his execution. Honoring Tezcatlipoca was fundamental to both the priesthood and the nobility. "On his installation", the new king fasted and meditated, "which
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For kings, lords, priests, and citizens alike, the cyclical nature they observed every day and every year was portrayed not through science or philosophical debate, but utter reverence and respect for the spiritual beings they believed were the cause of these events. It was gods like
Tezcatlipoca
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lived as a god would, wearing expensive jewelry and having eight attendants. The young man also was dressed in the likeness of the god and people on the streets would worship him as such when encountered. "For one year he lived a life of honor," the handsome young man "worshipped literally as the
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Many of the temples associated with
Tezcatlipoca are built facing east–west, as Olivier quotes Felipe Solis: "the sacred building of the war god was in direct relation with the movement of the sun, in the same manner of the Great Temple was, their façades being towards the West". There are also
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has posited that the combination of yellow and black might be a connection to the jaguar, with which
Tezcatlipoca is associated. Black is the foremost color associated with Tezcatlipoca, not only because of his role as a god of nighttime and darkness, but to differentiate him from the other three
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Few representations of
Tezcatlipoca survive into the present day, due in large part to a significant portion of codices being destroyed by Catholic priests. Simultaneously, some Aztec texts note that the darkness and omnipresence of Tezcatlipoca make him something akin to "invisible", thus direct
716:. The obsidian mirror may also appear on his chest, as a breastplate, and often is shown emanating smoke — a literal representation of his name and role. In the majority of representations, Tezcatlipoca bears the mirror in one hand, where it is surrounded by feathers of various colors.
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Depicting either
Tezcatlipoca and Xiuhtecutli surrounded by calendrical symbols is equally logical in both cases, as Tezcatlipoca is represented in other codices in association with the calendar, and Xiuhtecutli was a god of the sun and passage of time. The page also features the
1119:, to the idol and covered the body in black in veneration of the idol they call Tezcatepocatl , who is one of their major gods." Despite these references, Mary Miller states that the deity actually depicted in codex illustrations and the one more likely to be associated with the
1025:. Quetzalcoatl was furious, so he knocked Tezcatlipoca out of the sky with a stone club. Angered, Tezcatlipoca turned into a jaguar and destroyed the world. Quetzalcoatl, then, replaced him as the sun and started the second age of the world, and it became populated again.
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the Water Goddess then became the sun. However, she was crushed by Tezcatlipoca's accusation that she only pretended to be kind. She cried for many years and the world was destroyed by the resulting floods. Those who survived the deluge were turned into fish.
1032:, the god of rain, then became the sun. But he had his wife stolen away by Tezcatlipoca. Angered in turn, he would not make it rain for several years until, in a fit of rage, he made it rain fire. The few people who survived the assault turned into the birds.
743:. A motif of skulls and crossbones is recorded appearing in some pictures, but likely would have followed the European popularization of such a design. Many iconographic elements highlight Tezcatlipoca's role as a warrior, including his shield, his
998:. His cult was associated with royalty, and was the subject of the most lengthy and reverent prayers in the rites of kingship, as well as being mentioned frequently in coronation speeches. The temple of Tezcatlipoca was in the Great Precinct of
858:. These mythological eras were begun by Tezcatlipoca, but Aztec festivals which celebrated the completion of eras involved worship of Xiuhtecutli. The codex features additional, more standardized depictions of both deities in its later pages.
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if hewn of wood ... He who was thus, without flaw, who had no defects, who had no blemishes, no moles, who had no lacerations or wrinkles on his body, they then looked well that he be taught to blow the flute ...
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is unknown, with definitions varying from "mound", "stone seat" and "temple", there is an overall consensus that it is a general holy place to worship the gods, specifically mentioned as "his viewing place".
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was usually selected from among captive warriors, and the chosen individual was bathed and ceremoniously cleansed for the role that he was to undertake. Sometimes, slaves were purchased for the ceremony.
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The priests of Tezcatlipoca often wore the ornaments of the god and wore specific garments for different rituals. Most frequently worn were white turkey feather headdresses, a paper loincloth, and a
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ointment to encourage an association with the god. When the ritual called for it, priests would also dress up as Tezcatlipoca himself and accompany other similarly outfitted gods or goddesses.
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is one or more streams of blood shown emanating from Tezcatlipoca's head, sometimes accompanied by the symbol for a flint knife or a heart. In some cases, the idea of the
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make reference to blowing or playing instruments like the flute, which appear during the Tozcatl fest and may then have some relation with Tezcatlipoca himself. The term
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representations of him are considered inadequate or even impossible. Still, multiple depictions of the deity exist, and common trends and symbols can be identified.
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Scholar Juan José Batalla Rosado has identified an iconographic element unique to depictions of Tezcatlipoca in codices from central Mexico, which both Rosado and
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Following this, Tezcatlipoca turned himself into the sun. As a result of his transformation, this and all subsequent ages of humanity were referred to as the
1145:. The preparations began a year in advance, when a young man was chosen by priests to become the likeness of Tezcatlipoca. This individual was called the
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Mask representing Tezcatlipoca formed from a human skull, likely worn by priests during sacred rites. Turquoise with iron pyrites for the eyes. From the
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Tezcatlipoca overthrew Quetzalcoatl, forcing him to send a great wind that devastated the world, and the people who survived were turned into monkeys.
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Jun Raqan "the one-legged" was an epithet of this Classic Maya deity of rulership and thunder which eventually led to the English word "Hurricane".
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and Tezcatlipoca joined forces to create the world. Before their act there was only the sea and the primordial, crocodilian earth monster called
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and Omecihuatl, lady and lord of the duality, and were the creators of all the other gods, as well as the world and all humanity.
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were referred to respectively as the Black, the White, the Blue and the Red Tezcatlipoca. The four Tezcatlipocas were the sons of
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Most commonly, he is shown with horizontal bands of black and yellow, though codices may vary in which two colors are depicted.
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In what manner shall I act for thy city? In what manner shall I act for the governed, for the vassals (macehualtin)?
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has since been translated as "flow of blood", but Rosado additionally points out the sense of rage and violence the
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For a discussion of the many interpretations of the meaning of the name Tezcatlipoca see Olivier (2003) pp. 14-15.
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is meant to signify—an element which points to Tezcatlipoca's nature and his role as a god of conflict. The
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Several types of priests were dedicated to the service of Tezcatlipoca, one of them likely being the one
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For an in depth description and interpretation of the Toxcatl festival see Olivier (2003) Chapter 6.
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which alluded to different aspects of his deity and also point to his centrality in Aztec worship.
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or "deity impersonator" and was chosen to ceremonially represent the god to the Aztec people. The
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For I am blind, I am deaf, I am an imbecile, and in excrement, in filth hath my lifetime been ...
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Tezcatlipoca's main feast was Toxcatl, which occurred during the eponymous fifth month of the
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One of the most recognizable iconographic details of Tezcatlipoca is his face paint, called
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1479:"INAH Archaeologists discover Tlaloc shaped vessel and knives in offering the Templo Mayor"
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rituals and prophecy, and as such Tezcatlipoca is additionally associated with divination.
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He is often depicted with various symbolic objects in place of his right foot, such as an
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was artistically transformed into a headband or garland, adorned with flowers or stones.
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must possess certain physical qualities in order to be worthy of becoming Tezcatlipoca:
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Tezcatlipoca was often described as a rival of another important god of the Aztecs: the
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Mockeries and Metamorphoses of an Aztec God: Tezcatlipoca, "Lord of the Smoking Mirror"
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Mockeries and metamorphoses of an Aztec god: Tezcatlipoca, "Lord of the Smoking Mirror"
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830:. The exact identity of this god is unclear, but is most likely either Tezcatlipoca or
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O master, O our lord, O lord of the near, of the night, O night, O wind ... Poor am I.
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The rivalry between Quetzalcoatl and Tezcatlipoca is also recounted in the legends of
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that solidified this notion, representing both the silent wind, and thunderous war.
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A talisman related to Tezcatlipoca was a disc worn as a chest pectoral, called the
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In later myths, the four gods who created the world, Tezcatlipoca, Quetzalcoatl,
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An illustrated dictionary of the gods and symbols of Ancient Mexico and the Maya
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Perhaps thou mistaketh me for another; perhaps thou seekest another in my stead
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embodiment of the deity". During the last 20 days before being sacrificed, the
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According to Aztec belief, Tezcatlipoca had a great many associations: the
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Two Reed", and under that name he consecrates himself as another deity.
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Tezcatlipoca with all 20 day signs, symbolizing the divine calendar (
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Tezcatlipoca from Codex Fejevary-Mayer with iconographic annotations
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Red Tezcatlipoca from Codex Borbonicus with iconographic annotations
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769:." The term is likely derived from the Nahuatl words for "blood" (
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636:, meaning "the one who creates himself." His calendrical name is
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842:(flint knife), both of which are associated with Tezcatlipoca.
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God of providence, the invisible and darkness, lord of the Night
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952:. In one version of the Aztec creation account the myth of the
773:) and "to become enflamed with anger" or "to rise with anger" (
380:("Mountainheart"). In one of the two main Aztec calendars (the
2140:. Translated by Besson, Michel. University Press of Colorado.
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341:. He is associated with a variety of concepts, including the
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Florentine codex: General history of the things of New Spain
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1718:. Jeremy Roberts (2nd ed.). New York: Chelsea House.
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that additionally represented eras of time, including the
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he is shown as a spirit of darkness, as well as in the
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Tezcatlipoca: burlas y metamorfosis de un dios azteca
527:, meaning "the precious nobleman"; "the precious son"
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as "smoking mirror." It alludes to his connection to
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The origins of Tezcatlipoca can be traced to earlier
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1592:. Michel Besson, Davíd Carrasco. Boulder, Colorado.
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The Gods and Symbols of Ancient Mexico and the Maya
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Traditional festivals: a multicultural encyclopedia
579:, meaning "revered father"; "possessor of children"
357:, the primordial dual deity. His main festival was
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1109:contains a passage relating Tezcatlipoca with the
2087:(6th ed.). Thames & Hudson Ltd, London.
1197:"Raising of Banners" ceremony in the 15th month.
573:, meaning "the arbitrary"; "the one who pretends"
1367:(in Spanish). Editorial Porrúa. pp. 542–8.
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1098:. Each temple had a statue of the god for which
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515:, meaning " we are slaves"; " whose we are"
376:. In the form of a jaguar he became the deity
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2018:. University of Utah Press. pp. 64–65.
1932:"Other Research at FAMSI - Alec Christensen"
1543:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
543:, meaning "the enemy"; "the venerable enemy"
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1620:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1010:In one of the Aztec accounts of creation,
457:Tezcatlipoca is often translated from the
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2203:Tezcatlipoca - World History Encyclopedia
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1649:Tezcatlipoca: Trickster and Supreme Deity
1422:Tezcatlipoca: Trickster and Supreme Deity
418:and Tezcatlipoca in codex illustrations.
1716:South and Meso-American mythology A to Z
871:. Although the exact definition of the
735:Tezcatlipoca often wears a headdress of
414:shell and depicted on the chest of both
3127:Romances de los señores de Nueva España
2177:Heyden, Doris; Carrasco, David (1991).
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1652:. University Press of Colorado. 2014.
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1559:"See and Be Seen: ('Smoking') Mirrors"
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1204:Tezcatlipoca "Lord of the Night Winds"
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2085:Mexico: From the Olmecs to the Aztecs
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1102:incense was burned four times a day.
250:was an animal sacred to Tezcatlipoca.
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1681:Olivier, Guilhem (26 January 2015).
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1500:
1498:
1496:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1407:
16:Aztec deity of darkness and violence
2208:Mexicolore - Tezcatlipoca Symposium
1751:. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO.
1420:Baquedano, Elizabeth, ed. (2014).
731:is shown as a headband and garland
567:, meaning "possessor of the earth"
410:. This talisman was carved out of
372:, his animal counterpart, was the
14:
3022:Lienzo de Coixtlahuaca I & II
2267:: Ometēcuthli and Omecihuātl (or
2179:Dryness Before the Rains: Toxcatl
1808:. London: P. Hamlyn. p. 39.
1059:, hostility, discord, rulership,
982:carrying the 20 day signs of the
2282:
2181:. University Press of Colorado.
1424:. University Press of Colorado.
1271:Jaguars in Mesoamerican cultures
1250:
1238:
674:
588:, meaning "our master, our lord"
269:
60:Tezcatlipoca as depicted in the
3197:Codex Vindobonensis Mexicanus I
3077:Oztoticpac Lands Map of Texcoco
3027:Lienzo de Santa María Nativitas
2014:Bernardino, de Sahagún (2012).
687:Tezcatlipoca on page 12 of the
561:, meaning "possessor of heaven"
3037:Lienzo de Zacatepec I & II
1685:. Fondo de Cultura Economica.
1561:. Mexicolore.co.uk. 2013-04-16
1364:Diccionario de Mitología Nahoa
1276:Lords of the Night (mythology)
777:). Alternate translations for
555:, meaning " by whom all live"
330:[/teːskat͡ɬiːˈpoːkaʔ/]
1:
1892:. Trinity.edu. Archived from
1511:Ellen., Miller, Mary (1997).
928:Tezcatlipoca depicted in the
920:Tezcatlipoca and Quetzalcoatl
751:, and his spears, or arrows.
21:Tezcatlipoca (disambiguation)
1804:Hetherington, P. B. (1967).
1043:Aztec religion and reverence
936:—in this form he was called
3172:Historia Tolteca-Chichimeca
3032:Lienzo de Santiago Ihuitlan
2162:(2nd ed.). Blackwell.
1361:Robelo, Cecilio A. (1905).
3319:
3132:Codex Santa Maria Asunción
2912:Boban Aztec Calendar Wheel
2064:Heyden & Carrasco 1991
1134:
909:huitznahuac teohua omacatl
465:, the material from which
425:deities worshipped by the
384:), Tezcatlipoca ruled the
355:Ometecuhtli and Omecihuatl
18:
3147:Codex Telleriano-Remensis
2937:Mapas de Cuauhtinchan 1-4
2907:Codices Becker I & II
2280:
2132:Olivier, Guilhem (2003).
1588:Olivier, Guilhem (2008).
1078:was located south of the
53:
45:
33:
3087:Plano en papel de maguey
2897:Codices Azoyú I & II
1055:, the north, the earth,
813:The frontispiece of the
549:, meaning "the merciful"
533:, meaning "the creator "
2882:Aubin Manuscript no. 20
1747:Roy, Christian (2005).
1399:Miller & Taube 1993
824:or day symbols, of the
747:breastplate, his arrow
620:, meaning "your father"
614:, meaning "your mother"
337:was a central deity in
325:
3017:Lienzo Antonio de León
2083:; Koontz, Rex (2008).
1485:. 2013. Archived from
1223:
1205:
1175:
941:
892:
867:several references to
810:
732:
658:
626:, meaning " young man"
480:Tezcatlipoca had many
441:, as described in the
261:
251:
3177:Codex Totomixtlahuaca
3117:Relación de Michoacán
3067:Códice Maya de México
3052:Matrícula de Tributos
2977:Codex Fejérváry-Mayer
2422:Tlāhuizcalpantecuhtli
2117:. Thames and Hudson.
2052:Coe & Koontz 2008
1963:-Tezcatlipoca stories
1890:"The Aztec Trickster"
1877:Coe & Koontz 2008
1714:Bingham, Ann (2010).
1515:. Thames and Hudson.
1430:10.5876/9781607322887
1211:
1203:
1170:
927:
887:
808:
722:
652:
486:Bernardino de Sahagún
473:. They were used for
259:Aztec obsidian mirror
257:
245:
3303:Mesoamerican deities
3298:Mythological felines
3263:Sky and weather gods
3207:Codex Zouche-Nuttall
3157:Anales de Tlatelolco
3047:Codex Magliabechiano
2297:(Four Tezcatlipocas)
1856:, pp. 183, 186.
1454:"Personified knives"
1158:Benardino de Sahagún
1107:Codex Magliabechiano
815:Codex Fejéváry-Mayer
801:Codex Fejéváry-Mayer
488:, in Book VI of the
401:Codex Fejéváry-Mayer
19:For other uses, see
3097:Codex Porfirio Díaz
3092:Primeros Memoriales
3007:Codex Ixtlilxochitl
3002:Humboldt fragment 1
2992:Códice de Huichapan
2902:Badianus Manuscript
2856:The Stinking Corpse
1074:His main temple in
1067:, sorcery, beauty,
932:in the aspect of a
911:". Others were the
697:mixchictlapanticac.
72:Black Tezcatlipoca,
3062:Crónica Mexicayotl
2947:Codex Chimalpopoca
2536:Itzpapalotlcihuatl
2516:Huitztlampaehecatl
2377:Tezcatlipoca (see
2343:Lords of the Night
1206:
942:
893:
811:
733:
723:Representation in
659:
262:
252:
93:Ilhuicatl-Yayauhco
87:Ilhuicatl-Teteocan
3215:
3214:
3192:Codex Vaticanus B
3152:Tira de Tepechpan
2997:Codex Huexotzinco
2942:Codex Chimalpahin
2861:Use of entheogens
2828:Tlillan-Tlapallan
2722:Centzon Tōtōchtin
2717:Centzonhuītznāhua
2443:Acuecueyotl (see
2298:
2169:978-0-631-230-168
2094:978-0-500-28755-2
2025:978-1-60781-192-3
1725:978-1-4381-2958-7
1692:978-607-16-2481-9
1659:978-1-60732-287-0
1599:978-0-87081-907-0
1335:In-text citations
1160:describes in the
913:calmeca teteuctin
322:Classical Nahuatl
240:
239:
206:(Codex Zumarraga)
187:(Codex Zumarraga)
3310:
3162:Codex Tlatelolco
2982:Codex Florentine
2922:Codex Borbonicus
2892:Codex Azcatitlan
2887:Aubin Tonalamatl
2818:Thirteen Heavens
2581:Mictlanpachecatl
2541:Itzpapalotltotec
2461:Chalchiuhtotolin
2402:Lords of the Day
2296:
2286:
2244:
2237:
2230:
2221:
2192:
2173:
2151:
2139:
2128:
2116:
2098:
2067:
2061:
2055:
2049:
2038:
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2011:
2005:
1999:
1988:
1982:
1976:
1970:
1964:
1958:
1943:
1942:
1940:
1939:
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1902:
1901:
1886:
1880:
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1443:
1417:
1402:
1396:
1387:
1386:
1358:
1328:
1325:
1319:
1316:
1310:
1307:
1254:
1242:
1189:Miccailhuitontli
1162:Florentine Codex
1071:, and conflict.
1006:Creation stories
678:
491:Florentine Codex
332:
319:
318:
315:
314:
311:
308:
305:
302:
299:
296:
293:
290:
287:
284:
281:
278:
275:
89:(Twelfth Heaven)
58:
26:
3318:
3317:
3313:
3312:
3311:
3309:
3308:
3307:
3218:
3217:
3216:
3211:
3057:Codex Mexicanus
2987:Codex Huamantla
2962:Codex Cozcatzin
2952:Codex Colombino
2865:
2843:
2837:
2761:
2712:Centzonmīmixcōa
2695:
2546:Itztlacoliuhqui
2445:Chalchiuhtlicue
2368:Piltzintecuhtli
2353:Chalchiuhtlicue
2329:
2305:Huītzilōpōchtli
2295:
2287:
2278:
2253:
2251:Aztec mythology
2248:
2199:
2189:
2176:
2170:
2154:
2148:
2131:
2125:
2101:
2095:
2079:
2076:
2071:
2070:
2062:
2058:
2050:
2041:
2026:
2013:
2012:
2008:
2000:
1991:
1983:
1979:
1971:
1967:
1959:
1946:
1937:
1935:
1930:
1929:
1925:
1917:
1908:
1899:
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1726:
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1660:
1646:
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1612:
1600:
1587:
1586:
1573:
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1556:
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1523:
1510:
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1460:
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1405:
1397:
1390:
1375:
1360:
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1342:
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1258:
1255:
1247:
1246:
1243:
1232:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1194:Panquetzaliztli
1139:
1133:
1082:. According to
1051:, night winds,
1045:
1036:Chalchiuhtlicue
1008:
961:Huitzilopochtli
922:
882:
864:
803:
759:
710:obsidian mirror
706:tezcatlipoctli.
693:
692:
691:
686:
681:
680:
679:
668:
647:
645:Representations
606:Youalli Ehécatl
577:Pilhoacatzintli
499:Tloque Nahuaque
455:
416:Huitzilopochtli
368:Tezcatlipoca's
363:human sacrifice
272:
268:
204:Huitzilopochtli
73:
64:
41:
36:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3316:
3314:
3306:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3293:Trickster gods
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3220:
3219:
3213:
3212:
3210:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3187:Anales de Tula
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3102:Mapa Quinatzin
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2932:Codex Boturini
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2873:
2871:
2867:
2866:
2864:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2847:
2845:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2795:
2793:Huēyi Teōcalli
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2769:
2767:
2763:
2762:
2760:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2703:
2701:
2697:
2696:
2694:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2566:Malinalxochitl
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2441:
2436:
2435:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2412:Mictēcacihuātl
2409:
2399:
2398:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2363:Mictlāntēcutli
2360:
2355:
2350:
2339:
2337:
2331:
2330:
2328:
2327:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2301:
2299:
2289:
2288:
2281:
2279:
2277:
2276:
2269:Tōnacātēcuhtli
2261:
2259:
2255:
2254:
2249:
2247:
2246:
2239:
2232:
2224:
2218:
2217:
2210:
2205:
2198:
2197:External links
2195:
2194:
2193:
2187:
2174:
2168:
2156:Smith, Michael
2152:
2146:
2129:
2123:
2099:
2093:
2075:
2072:
2069:
2068:
2066:, p. 199.
2056:
2054:, p. 212.
2039:
2024:
2006:
2004:, p. 218.
1989:
1987:, p. 217.
1977:
1975:, p. 166.
1965:
1944:
1923:
1921:, p. 230.
1906:
1881:
1879:, p. 201.
1858:
1846:
1844:, p. 185.
1834:
1832:, p. 183.
1819:
1796:
1794:, p. 174.
1784:
1782:, p. 167.
1772:
1757:
1739:
1724:
1706:
1691:
1673:
1658:
1639:
1627:
1598:
1571:
1550:
1521:
1492:
1489:on 2014-09-12.
1470:
1445:
1438:
1403:
1401:, p. 164.
1388:
1373:
1339:
1338:
1336:
1333:
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1301:
1300:
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1290:
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1256:
1249:
1248:
1244:
1237:
1236:
1235:
1234:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1212:
1143:Aztec calendar
1135:Main article:
1132:
1129:
1063:, temptation,
1044:
1041:
1007:
1004:
921:
918:
890:British Museum
881:
878:
863:
860:
802:
799:
758:
753:
683:
682:
673:
672:
671:
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667:
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643:
642:
641:
627:
621:
615:
609:
589:
580:
574:
568:
562:
556:
550:
547:Icnoacatzintli
544:
534:
528:
522:
516:
502:
454:
451:
339:Aztec religion
238:
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229:
212:
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95:(Sixth Heaven)
90:
82:
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51:
50:
46:Member of the
43:
42:
34:
31:
30:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3315:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3283:Oracular gods
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
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3239:
3236:
3234:
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3229:
3226:
3225:
3223:
3208:
3205:
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3200:
3198:
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3190:
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3170:
3168:
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3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3142:Mapa Sigüenza
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3107:Codex Ramírez
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2967:Codex Dresden
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2868:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2848:
2846:
2840:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2803:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2770:
2768:
2764:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2742:Ehecatotontli
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2698:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2561:Macuilxochitl
2559:
2557:
2556:Macuiltochtli
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2526:Ilamatecuhtli
2524:
2522:
2521:Huixtocihuatl
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
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2486:Cihuatecayotl
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2439:Acolnahuacatl
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2273:Tōnacācihuātl
2270:
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2245:
2240:
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2188:0-87081-194-0
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1896:on 2016-05-15
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996:Dresden Codex
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827:Tōnalpōhualli
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469:were made in
468:
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382:Tonalpohualli
379:
375:
371:
366:
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352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
335:Tezcatl Ipoca
331:
327:
323:
317:
266:
260:
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231:
228:
224:
220:
219:Huixtocihuatl
216:
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67:
63:
57:
52:
49:
48:Tezcatlipocas
44:
40:
37:Ruler of the
32:
27:
22:
3288:Justice gods
3233:Creator gods
3202:Codex Xolotl
3182:Codex Tudela
3167:Mapa Tloztin
3042:Codex Madrid
2927:Codex Borgia
2917:Codex Bodley
2842:Beliefs and
2801:
2757:Xiuhtotontli
2686:Yacatecuhtli
2666:Xōchiquetzal
2626:Tlacotzontli
2616:Temazcalteci
2611:Tēcciztēcatl
2511:Huēhuecoyōtl
2501:Coyolxāuhqui
2471:Chicomecōātl
2444:
2427:Tlaltecuhtli
2395:Xiuhtecuhtli
2379:Creator gods
2378:
2315:Tezcatlipoca
2314:
2310:Quetzalcoatl
2293:Creator gods
2178:
2159:
2135:
2112:
2103:Miller, Mary
2084:
2081:Coe, Michael
2059:
2015:
2009:
1980:
1973:Olivier 2003
1968:
1961:Olivier 2003
1936:. Retrieved
1926:
1898:. Retrieved
1894:the original
1884:
1854:Olivier 2003
1849:
1842:Olivier 2003
1837:
1830:Olivier 2003
1805:
1799:
1792:Olivier 2003
1787:
1780:Olivier 2003
1775:
1748:
1742:
1715:
1709:
1682:
1676:
1668:j.ctt128807j
1648:
1642:
1635:Olivier 2003
1630:
1589:
1563:. Retrieved
1553:
1512:
1487:the original
1482:
1473:
1461:. Retrieved
1457:
1448:
1421:
1363:
1323:
1314:
1305:
1286:Quetzalcoatl
1224:
1213:
1207:
1192:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1176:
1171:
1165:
1152:
1146:
1140:
1120:
1116:
1110:
1104:
1080:Templo Mayor
1076:Tenochtitlan
1073:
1046:
1034:
1027:
1020:
1012:Quetzalcoatl
1009:
1000:Tenochtitlan
980:Codex Borgia
973:
958:
950:Quetzalcoatl
946:culture hero
943:
912:
908:
902:
896:
894:
872:
868:
865:
851:
847:
844:
839:
835:
825:
818:
812:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
760:
755:
744:
734:
728:
727:, where the
725:Codex Tudela
705:
696:
694:
689:Codex Borgia
660:
655:Codex Borgia
638:Ome Ácatl, "
637:
633:
629:
623:
617:
611:
605:
601:
598:
594:
591:
585:
582:
576:
570:
565:Tlalticpaque
564:
558:
552:
546:
540:
536:
530:
524:
518:
512:
508:
504:
498:
489:
479:
456:
435:K'iche' Maya
423:Mesoamerican
420:
407:
405:
397:Codex Borgia
392:
388:
367:
334:
326:Tēzcatlipōca
265:Tezcatlipoca
264:
263:
215:Xochiquetzal
196:Quetzalcoatl
139:Ethnic group
74:
62:Codex Borgia
29:Tezcatlipoca
3273:Animal gods
3258:Beauty gods
3137:Selden Roll
3112:Codex Reese
3082:Paris Codex
3072:Codex Osuna
2972:Codex Durán
2957:Codex Cospi
2877:Aubin Codex
2813:Teotihuacan
2788:Chicomoztoc
2747:Tiānquiztli
2691:Zacatzontli
2671:Xochitlicue
2631:Tlalocayotl
2621:Tepoztēcatl
2531:Ītzpāpālōtl
2417:Nanahuatzin
2390:Tlazōlteōtl
2373:Tepēyōllōtl
2258:Primordials
2107:Taube, Karl
1934:. Famsi.org
1084:Diego Durán
988:Codex Cospi
969:Ometecuhtli
938:Tepeyollotl
838:(reed) and
832:Xiuhtecutli
701:Mary Miller
666:Iconography
553:Ipalnemoani
505:Titlacahuan
471:Mesoamerica
378:Tepeyollotl
181:Ometecuhtli
133:Mesoamerica
75:Ometeteosij
69:Other names
3268:Chaos gods
3248:Night gods
3243:Magic gods
3238:Earth gods
3228:Aztec gods
3222:Categories
3122:Codex Ríos
3012:Codex Laud
2808:Tamoanchan
2802:Underworld
2783:Cemanahuac
2752:Tzitzimitl
2732:Cihuateteo
2707:Ahuiateteo
2661:Xōchipilli
2491:Cipactonal
2481:Cihuacōātl
2407:Citlālicue
2320:Xipe Totec
2160:The Aztecs
2074:References
2002:Smith 2003
1985:Smith 2003
1938:2015-06-23
1919:Smith 2003
1900:2015-06-23
1701:1319852488
1565:2015-06-23
1531:1169853008
1483:5oy Mexico
1458:Mexicolore
1125:Tlazoteotl
1061:divination
1053:hurricanes
992:Codex Laud
965:Xipe Totec
930:Codex Rios
850:symbol, a
765:call the "
630:Moyocoyani
624:Telpochtli
559:Ilhuicahua
531:Teyocoyani
525:Tlazopilli
519:Tehimatini
509:Titlacahua
347:hurricanes
200:Xipe-Totec
185:Omecihuatl
147:Tlaxcaltec
3278:Wind gods
2851:Five Suns
2737:Civateteo
2651:Tonantzin
2646:Toltecatl
2551:Ixtlilton
2496:Cōātlīcue
2034:794413026
1814:910352847
1734:610219470
1616:cite book
1608:180755624
1539:cite book
1383:987967866
1292:Footnotes
1184:teixiptla
1179:teixiptla
1166:teixiptla
1153:teixiptla
1148:teixiptla
1049:night sky
1023:five suns
986:; in the
954:Five Suns
856:five suns
749:nose ring
634:Moyocoani
612:Monantzin
571:Monenequi
513:Titlacaua
453:Etymology
443:Popol Vuh
389:1 Ocelotl
343:night sky
227:Atlatonan
172:Genealogy
162:Festivals
3253:War gods
2844:practice
2823:Tlālōcān
2727:Cintēteo
2606:Patecatl
2591:Opochtli
2586:Mixcoatl
2571:Mayahuel
2476:Chīmalmā
2466:Chantico
2456:Atlacoya
2432:Tōnatiuh
2358:Cinteotl
2348:Centeōtl
2324:Camaxtle
2265:Ōmeteōtl
2158:(2003).
2109:(1993).
1767:61363608
1463:11 April
1265:See also
1164:how the
1121:temascal
1112:temascal
1092:Tlaxcala
1057:obsidian
1016:Cipactli
994:and the
984:calendar
873:momoztli
869:momoztli
795:ezpitzal
791:ezpitzal
787:ezpitzal
783:ezpitzal
767:ezpitzal
756:Ezpitzal
745:anahuatl
737:feathers
729:ezpitzal
714:Cipactli
618:Motatzin
599:Yohualli
583:Tlacatlé
482:epithets
475:shamanic
463:obsidian
408:anahuatl
351:obsidian
233:Children
211:Consorts
192:Siblings
2870:Codices
2798:Mictlān
2773:Anahuac
2656:Xilonen
2636:Tlilhua
2596:Oxomoco
2576:Metztli
2506:Ehecatl
2451:Atlahua
2335:Deities
1806:Mosaics
1230:Gallery
1137:Toxcatl
1131:Toxcatl
1088:Texcoco
1065:jaguars
907:calls "
905:Sahagún
897:tzanatl
880:Priests
862:Temples
852:trecena
840:tecpatl
820:trecena
763:Sahagún
602:Ehécatl
595:Ehécatl
586:Totecué
541:Yaotzin
467:mirrors
459:Nahuatl
447:K'awiil
412:abalone
386:trecena
359:Toxcatl
223:Xilonen
177:Parents
166:Toxcatl
2833:Tōllān
2778:Aztlán
2766:Places
2700:Groups
2681:Xolotl
2676:Xocotl
2601:Painal
2385:Tláloc
2185:
2166:
2144:
2121:
2091:
2032:
2022:
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1732:
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1519:
1436:
1381:
1371:
1281:Nagual
1096:Chalco
1030:Tlaloc
976:Tollan
934:Jaguar
592:Yoalli
374:jaguar
370:nagual
248:jaguar
151:Toltec
129:Region
119:Gender
113:Jaguar
111:Black
108:Symbol
2800:(The
1664:JSTOR
1297:Notes
1117:copal
1100:copal
848:ollin
836:acatl
779:pitza
775:pitza
771:eztli
537:Yáotl
439:Tohil
427:Olmec
393:Acatl
333:) or
155:Nahua
143:Aztec
100:North
81:Abode
39:North
2641:Toci
2322:(or
2271:and
2183:ISBN
2164:ISBN
2142:ISBN
2119:ISBN
2089:ISBN
2030:OCLC
2020:ISBN
1810:OCLC
1763:OCLC
1753:ISBN
1730:OCLC
1720:ISBN
1697:OCLC
1687:ISBN
1654:ISBN
1622:link
1604:OCLC
1594:ISBN
1545:link
1527:OCLC
1517:ISBN
1465:2018
1434:ISBN
1379:OCLC
1369:ISBN
1105:The
1094:and
963:and
741:jade
431:Maya
429:and
399:and
246:The
236:None
183:and
123:Male
98:the
1426:doi
1123:is
1069:war
632:or
604:or
539:or
511:or
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