144:
346:, Halsey's chief of staff (who had argued strongly in favor of pursuing the carriers), witnessed Halsey's emotional outburst and reportedly grabbed him by the shoulders and shook him, shouting, "Stop it! What the hell's the matter with you? Pull yourself together!" Recognizing his failure, Halsey ordered his fleet south, however the chase north had exhausted the fuel of his light escorts and more time was wasted refueling while Taffy 3 (Task Unit 77.4.3, commanded by Rear Admiral
35:
84:, but were mistakenly included in the decoded text given to Halsey. Halsey interpreted the phrase as a harsh and sarcastic rebuke, and as a consequence dropped his futile pursuit of a decoy Japanese carrier task force, and, belatedly, reversed some of his ships in a fruitless effort to aid United States forces in the
235:
Halsey, in command of the mobile naval forces covering the invasion's northern flank, fell for the ruse, and convinced that
Northern Force constituted the main Japanese threat, proceeded northward in pursuit with the carriers of 3rd Fleet and a powerful force of battleships, designated Task Force 34.
293:
procedure called for the padding to be added to the start and end of the message, which were vulnerable to cryptanalysis due to the use of common phrases and words (such as "Yours sincerely") in those sections. The words chosen for padding should have been obviously irrelevant to the actual message,
124:
To combat pattern recognition in encrypted messages, methods such as adding unique, non-relevant padding phrases were employed. For example, the US Navy during World War II might transform a simple message like "Halsey: Come home. - CINCPAC" into "Road less taken nn Halsey: Come home. - CINCPAC rr
341:
The message (and its trailing padding) became infamous, and created some ill feeling, since it appeared to be a harsh criticism by Nimitz of Halsey's decision to pursue the decoy carriers and leave the landings uncovered. "I was stunned as if I had been struck in the face", Halsey later recalled.
128:
World War II was a pivotal period in the evolution of modern cryptography. While the ciphers of that era were vulnerable to techniques like known-plaintext attacks, the field has since advanced significantly, and modern ciphers are designed to be resistant to such vulnerabilities.
103:
were used. Some of these ciphers could be compromised through the recognition of predictable elements in the messages. For instance, messages might contain predictable intros or salutations such as "Dear" or "Sincerely". Today, this kind of vulnerability is referred to as a
313:
and transcribing the message, Halsey's radio officer properly removed the leading phrase, but the trailing phrase looked appropriate and he seems to have thought it was intended and so left it in before passing it on to Halsey, who read it as:
120:
smuggled into a test or exam. Cribs, based on educated guesses about parts of the plaintext (German messages, for instance, often ended with the words "Heil Hitler"), were an invaluable part of the Allies' own code-breaking strategies.
728:
This "padding" was supposed to be totally alien to the text, but the enciphering ensign at Pearl Harbor violated that rule when he used a phrase that was 'just something that popped into my head'
559:
322:
The structure tagging (the 'RR's) should have made clear that the phrase was in fact padding. In all the ships and stations that received the message, only the decoder on Halsey's
163:
aimed at isolating Japan from the resource-rich territory it had occupied in South East Asia, and in particular depriving its forces and industry of vital oil supplies. The
268:, saw Kinkaid's plea for help he sent a message to Halsey, simply asking for the current location of Task Force 34, which due to a previous misunderstanding, was unclear:
280:
including routing and classification information, as well as the padding at the head and tail, the entire plaintext message to be encoded and transmitted to Halsey was:
200:, the largest and most powerful ship afloat, to attack the invasion force in a pincer movement. Northern Force would be built around the four aircraft carriers of the
700:
Naval communications procedure called for the head and tail of messages -- their most vulnerable points -- to be concealed by nulls consisting of meaningless words.
342:"The paper rattled in my hands, I snatched off my cap, threw it on the deck, and shouted something I am ashamed to remember", letting out an anguished sob. RADM
585:
285:
TURKEY TROTS TO WATER GG FROM CINCPAC ACTION COM THIRD FLEET INFO COMINCH CTF SEVENTY-SEVEN X WHERE IS RPT WHERE IS TASK FORCE THIRTY FOUR RR THE WORLD WONDERS
211:
299:
125:
bacon and eggs" for encrypted transmission. The padding, marked by two-character words, was added before encoding and removed after decoding.
721:
693:
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143:
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with his two fastest battleships, three light cruisers and eight destroyers, but he arrived too late to have any impact on the battle.
215:
886:
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with about 450 aircraft from the 7th Fleet. On the morning of the 25th a strong
Japanese force of battleships slipped through the
861:
866:
575:
438:
303:
167:
mobilized nearly all of its remaining major naval vessels in an attempt to defeat the Allied invasion. In the ensuing
196:
191:
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183:
179:
881:
306:, which was also fought on October 25 (of 1854), as the poem twice contains the phrase "All the world wonder’d".
891:
876:
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however Nimitz's enciphering clerk used a phrase that " popped into my head". Historians note similarity to
871:
443:
327:
201:
164:
105:
73:
448:
295:
241:
645:...Admiral Thomas C. Kinkaid sent, in clear, a desperate call for the gunfire of Task Force 34 ships.
168:
138:
69:
28:
24:
57:
42:
182:", to lure the main American covering forces away from Leyte, thus allowing the main IJN forces, "
65:
836:
811:
784:
757:
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717:
689:
664:
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516:
480:
413:
403:
245:
175:
358:
148:
85:
20:
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232:), but these would have very few aircraft or trained aircrew, serving merely as "bait".
156:
109:
61:
38:
34:
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81:
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172:
53:
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headed toward the
American landing forces, prompting their commander, Admiral
97:
77:
72:
on
October 25, 1944. The words, intended to be without meaning, were added as
27:. For the natural and constructed phenomena and structures of the world, see
807:
Sea of thunder: four commanders and the last great naval campaign, 1941–1945
761:
290:
249:
147:
U.S. Navy destroyers and destroyer escorts laying a smoke screen during the
417:
741:
323:
277:
439:"World War II Navy History Offers Ringside Seat to Greatest Sea Fights"
310:
261:
318:
Where is, repeat, where is Task Force Thirty Four? The world wonders.
265:
112:, the Allies' codebreakers referred to these predictable elements as
100:
376:
The incident and phrase in question were recounted in the 1960 book
660:
America's
Fighting Admirals: Winning the War at Sea in World War II
351:
142:
33:
96:
During World War II, both basic and (for the time) sophisticated
557:
Morison, Samuel E. (1956). "Leyte, June 1944 – January 1945".
214:
that had attacked Pearl Harbor in 1941—and the light carriers
52:
is a phrase which rose to notoriety following its use during
16:
Security padding phrase used during the Battle of Leyte Gulf
151:, 25 October 1944. Note the splashes from Japanese shells.
560:
History of United States Naval
Operations in World War II
236:
This left the landing beaches covered only by sixteen
155:
On
October 20, 1944, United States troops invaded the
712:
Kahn (1996) . "Chapter 17: The
Scrutable Orientals".
684:
Kahn (1996) . "Chapter 17: The
Scrutable Orientals".
629:
Kahn (1996) . "Chapter 17: The
Scrutable Orientals".
64:, Commander in Chief, U.S. Pacific Fleet, to Admiral
776:
508:
272:Where is, repeat, where is Task Force Thirty Four?
543:. Vol. III. London: Eyre & Spottiswoode.
350:) was fighting for its life. Halsey returned to
171:the Japanese intended to use ships commanded by
316:
282:
270:
476:Franklin Delano Roosevelt: Champion of Freedom
586:United States Army Center of Military History
552:
550:
8:
563:. Vol. XII. Boston: Little & Brown.
534:
532:
402:. New York: Bonanza Books. pp. 366–71.
833:War at Sea: A Naval History of World War II
609:
607:
541:The Decisive Battles of the Western World
333:, failed to delete both padding phrases.
746:. New York: Bantam Books. p. 213.
430:
369:
116:, British schoolboy slang for a hidden
80:message to hinder Japanese attempts at
511:War stories II: heroism in the Pacific
400:The U. S. Navy: an illustrated history
743:The last stand of the tin can sailors
468:
466:
7:
576:"Chapter 21: Luzon Versus Formosa"
507:North, Oliver; Joe Musser (2004).
14:
835:. US: Oxford University Press.
300:The Charge of the Light Brigade
740:Hornfischer, James D. (2004).
588:. CMH Pub 70-7. Archived from
60:message sent by Fleet Admiral
56:when it appeared as part of a
1:
451:. January 1, 1961. p. 18
574:Smith, Robert Ross (2000) .
252:message asking for support.
165:Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN)
539:Fuller, John F. C. (1956).
459:– via newspapers.com.
908:
663:. MBI Publishing Company.
614:Woodward, C. Vann (1947).
356:
210:—the last survivor of the
136:
19:This article is about the
18:
783:. Naval Institute Press.
716:. Scribner. p. 609.
688:. Scribner. p. 609.
633:. Scribner. p. 609.
616:The Battle for Leyte Gulf
887:Quotations from military
398:Miller, Nathan (1982) .
862:History of cryptography
831:Miller, Nathan (1997).
657:Tuohy, William (2007).
255:
810:. Simon and Schuster.
618:. New York: Macmillan.
515:. Regnery Publishing.
473:Black, Conrad (2005).
320:
288:
274:
248:, to send a desperate
152:
106:known-plaintext attack
46:
804:Thomas, Evan (2006).
449:Shreveport, Louisiana
357:Further information:
276:With the addition of
242:San Bernardino Strait
146:
68:at the height of the
37:
867:Battle of Leyte Gulf
775:Potter, E B (2003).
202:3rd Carrier Division
169:Battle of Leyte Gulf
139:Battle of Leyte Gulf
70:Battle of Leyte Gulf
29:Wonders of the World
25:Battle of Leyte Gulf
592:on 30 December 2007
92:Encryption strategy
50:"The world wonders"
479:. Public Affairs.
161:part of a strategy
153:
66:William Halsey Jr.
47:
723:978-0-684-83130-5
695:978-0-684-83130-5
640:978-0-684-83130-5
581:Command Decisions
378:The Great Sea War
246:Thomas C. Kinkaid
194:super-battleship
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882:Political quotes
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714:The Codebreakers
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631:The Codebreakers
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359:Battle off Samar
304:eponymous battle
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264:headquarters in
260:When Nimitz, at
256:Nimitz's message
149:Battle off Samar
86:Battle off Samar
74:security padding
23:phrase from the
21:security padding
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877:English phrases
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157:island of Leyte
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192:18-inch gunned
190:", led by the
184:Southern Force
180:Northern Force
176:JisaburĹŤ Ozawa
137:Main article:
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110:Bletchley Park
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62:Chester Nimitz
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594:. Retrieved
590:the original
580:
569:
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490:. Retrieved
475:
453:. Retrieved
442:
433:
399:
382:E. B. Potter
380:, edited by
377:
372:
340:
337:Consequences
329:
321:
317:
308:
302:" about the
289:
283:
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259:
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212:six carriers
206:
195:
188:Center Force
173:Vice-Admiral
154:
127:
123:
113:
95:
54:World War II
49:
48:
779:Bull Halsey
455:October 23,
384:and Nimitz.
118:cheat-sheet
41:(left) and
856:Categories
596:8 December
426:References
330:New Jersey
311:decrypting
133:Background
98:encryption
444:The Times
328:USS
298:'s poem "
291:U.S. Navy
250:plaintext
78:encrypted
762:53019787
492:19 March
324:flagship
278:metadata
418:8493587
392:Sources
262:CINCPAC
229:Chiyoda
223:Chitose
207:Zuikaku
186:" and "
101:ciphers
58:decoded
45:in 1943
839:
814:
787:
760:
750:
720:
692:
667:
637:
519:
483:
416:
406:
309:While
266:Hawaii
226:, and
197:Yamato
76:in an
43:Halsey
39:Nimitz
364:Notes
352:Samar
217:ZuihĹŤ
114:cribs
108:. At
837:ISBN
812:ISBN
785:ISBN
758:OCLC
748:ISBN
718:ISBN
690:ISBN
665:ISBN
635:ISBN
598:2007
517:ISBN
494:2009
481:ISBN
457:2022
414:OCLC
404:ISBN
178:, "
159:as
858::
756:.
726:.
698:.
643:.
606:^
584:.
578:.
549:^
531:^
465:^
447:.
441:.
412:.
326:,
220:,
88:.
845:.
820:.
793:.
764:.
673:.
600:.
525:.
496:.
420:.
204:(
31:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
