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established a baseline for most of the scholarly debate that has followed in the decades since. Criticism has followed along several different lines. Some argue that
Campbell and his colleagues set the bar too high, expecting voters to be far more sophisticated and rational than is reasonable. Some
164:), is that most voters cast their ballots primarily on the basis of partisan identification (which is often simply inherited from their parents), and that independent voters are actually the least involved in and attentive to politics. This theory of voter choice became known as the
231:(1996), which argues against the dealignment notion, preferring the term "nonalignment" based on their conclusion that the decline in partisan identification is mostly a matter of new voters not aligning with a party rather than older voters abandoning their previous allegiances.
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has served as a springboard from which many modern political scientists form their views on voting behavior even though the study only represents one specific time in one particular place.
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gives them credit for. His famous line "Voters are not fools" summarizes this view. Successors in the
Michigan school have argued that in relying heavily on data from the
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drew conclusions that were not accurate over time; in particular, partisan identification has weakened in the years since 1956, a phenomenon sometimes known as
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Campbell, A., Converse, P.E., Miller, W.E., & Stokes, D.E. (1980)
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Parties and
Elections in America: The Electoral Process.
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Miller, W.E., Shanks, J.M., & Shapiro, R.Y. (1996)
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168:. It was later extended to the United Kingdom by
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227:have revisited many of these questions in
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296:David Butler; Donald E. Stokes (1971).
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