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36:
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began as an emergency action undertaken by scientists who saw urgent need for an immediate educational program about atomic weapons. The intention was to educate fellow scientists about the relationship between their world of science and the world of national and international politics. A second was
1023:
work to engage new audiences in issues related to nuclear threats, climate change, artificial intelligence, and biological threats, the publication launched its Next
Generation Initiative to encourage young and emerging scholars to engage on these issues. Programs under the initiative have included
984:
In the 21st century, articles have covered threats to humanity from a variety of sources. The potential dangers of nuclear weapons and energy, military and political developments in the Post-Cold War world, political unrest in the Middle East (and its attendant potential for proliferation risks of
943:
to the impact of the fall of the Soviet Union. In the wake of the Soviet Union's collapse, other articles have focused on issues such as military spending and the continued funding of missile defense systems designed to thwart nuclear attacks but that in reality may not work. With the ever-growing
905:
into account in its Clock discussions. Throughout the history of the
Doomsday Clock, it has moved closer to midnight, and farther away, depending upon the status of the world at that time. The Doomsday Clock has been getting closer to midnight since 1991, when it was set to 17 minutes to midnight,
891:
leadership's way of warning the public about manmade threats to humanity; the Clock is a metaphor, not a prediction. That is, the time on the clock is not to be interpreted as actual time. When it began in 1947, the minute hand was 7 minutes to midnight; in 1953, when the Soviet Union continued to
555:
nuclear test. The Clock has been set forward and back over the years as circumstances have changed; as of 2023, it is set at 90 seconds to midnight. The
Doomsday Clock is used to represent threats to humanity from a variety of sources: nuclear and other weapons of mass destruction, climate change,
980:
added the
Nuclear Notebook Interactive, an infographic that illustrates which countries have nuclear weapons and when they got them, and how many nuclear warheads they have in any given year. All nine nuclear-armed states are featured: the United States, Russia, China, India, Pakistan, France,
926:
hosts an annual dinner and meeting in
Chicago; both events are open to the public. Reflecting international events dangerous to humankind, the Clock's hand has been adjusted 25 times since its inception in 1947, when it was initially set to seven minutes to midnight (11:53pm).
975:
experts Hans
Kristensen and Matt Korda and tracks the number of nuclear weapons in the world by country. Robert "Stan" Norris, who was a founding co-author of the Nuclear Notebook, retired from the Notebook in 2018, although he is still a senior fellow at FAS. In 2015, the
1054:
s bi-monthly magazine. In 2018, Erin
Connolly and Kate Hewitt shared the award for their article "American students aren't taught nuclear weapons policy in school. Here's how to fix that problem." Recent recipients include Yangyang Cheng, Nikita Perumal and Moritz KĂĽtt.
880:, first considered using the symbol for uranium but then realized that a clock would better convey "a sense of urgency." The resultant Doomsday Clock, which only has bullets labeling the numbers in the upper left hand corner, has been featured on the cover of the
921:
Science and
Security Board, which meets in person twice a year, with subcommittees meeting more often; the announcement of the decision is made each January. Each November, just prior to the Science and Security Board's fall discussion, the
759:
seeks to educate citizens, policy makers, scientists, and journalists by providing non-technical, scientifically sound and policy-relevant information about nuclear weapons, climate change, and other global security issues. The
768:
has sought to educate the
American public of the continual danger posed by nuclear weapons and other global dangers, most recently adding climate change and disruptive technologies in the life sciences to the list of concerns.
539:
to attempt to inform those interested about the dangers of the nuclear arms race they knew was coming and about the destruction that atomic war could bring about. To convey the particular peril posed by nuclear weapons, the
913:
As of
January 23, 2024, the Doomsday Clock stands at 90 seconds to midnight. It is the closest approach to midnight, exceeding that of 1953, 2018 and 2020. The decision to move the hand of the Clock is made by the
829:
Science and Security Board is composed of globally-recognized leaders who have specific areas of expertise in nuclear risk, climate change, and disruptive technologies. Members of the Science and Security Board provide the
959:
for many of the earlier years, are no longer occurring, the publication still focuses on the nuclear dangers that exist in the world today. As more countries such as Pakistan and India have tested nuclear weapons, the
900:
continued throughout the 1950s and 1960s, and the focus of the efforts shifted slightly from warning about the dangers of nuclear war to the necessity of disarmament. In 2007, the leadership began taking
802:
Board of Sponsors is composed of accomplished science and security leaders from around the world. Members of the Board of Sponsors weigh in on critical issues, including the setting of the organization's
834:
organization and editorial staff with perspectives on trends and issues in their respective fields. Among their duties is the annual setting of the Doomsday Clock, with input from the Board of Sponsors.
2482:
1024:
writing workshops for graduate and undergraduate students, as well as the Voices of Tomorrow feature, which publishes articles and multimedia projects from emerging scholars and experts working in the
2531:
249:
2508:
1148:
2006 Silver Excel Award for Magazine Excellence, 20,000 or Fewer for the July/August, September/October, and November/December 2005 issues sponsored by the Society of National Publications
1264:
616:
and was also a founding member of the Continuing Committee for the Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs. In addition to Rabinowitch and Goldsmith, contributors have included:
764:
also serves as a reliable, high-quality global forum for diverse international opinions on the best means of reducing reliance on nuclear weapons. Since its inception in 1945, the
69:
339:
2666:
2034:
1143:
1078:
Backfiles of the subscription magazine are available in the John A. Simpson Collection. The backfile from the first (1945) issue through the November 1998 issue of the
582:
892:
test more and more nuclear devices, it was 2 minutes to midnight. This proximity to midnight of the Doomsday Clock during the early 1950s shows the concern that the
364:
2372:
613:
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2327:
1620:
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has had a public-access website available online for some years, with a subscription magazine that comes out 6 times per year and is currently published by
2641:
2602:
2535:
1843:
315:
504:
1763:
1229:
1219:
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of 0.452, ranking it 71st out of 83 journals in the category "International Relations" and 32nd out of 41 journals in the category "Social Issues".
1047:
s editorial team from among the year's Voices of Tomorrow submissions. The recipient of the Rieser Award receives $ 1,000 and a subscription to the
335:
2671:
2656:
864:
Once the Soviet Union developed atomic weapons, the concern surrounding the world's destruction was a great fear of the scientists working on the
2402:
1272:
2096:
379:
1314:
2261:
2234:
1139:
2621:
2123:
274:
55:
972:
585:, annual conferences of scientists concerned about nuclear proliferation, and, more broadly, the role of science in modern society.
87:
1897:
1718:
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1988:
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307:
303:
135:
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1357:
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The minute hand of the Clock first moved closer to midnight in response to changing world events in 1949, following the first
356:
262:
2631:
2216:
1817:
780:
1669:
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in the most recent years. Examples include North Korea, Middle East, Syria, Fukushima, Cybersecurity, and Climate Change.
2494:
1744:
2380:
1407:
902:
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1463:
237:
65:
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Science and Security Board takes into account when deciding the time of the Clock each year. As of August 2018, the
1506:
713:
51:
46:
2626:
1501:
1207:
1152:
986:
945:
2558:
2516:
1628:
1197:
1135:
1114:
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interest areas. Two Voices of Tomorrow authors, Emma Bastin and Yangyang Cheng, had their work republished in
948:, the publication has focused a great deal on the costs and problems surrounding nuclear energy. In 2015, the
731:. In 2003, the board of directors voted to change the foundation's name to Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists.
597:
was founded in late 1945 by "scientific men who helped make the A-bomb". The founder and first editor of the
523:
was the amount of public interest surrounding atomic energy and rapid technological change at the dawn of the
1851:
877:
752:
was to carry out the long, sustained effort of educating people about the realities of the scientific age.
744:
to help the American people understand what nuclear energy and its possible applications to war meant. The
1767:
1294:
472:
1250:
876:
to create a cover for the June 1947 magazine. Langsdorf, who was married to Manhattan Project physicist
673:
669:
210:
1965:
1874:
253:
2410:
2192:
609:
17:
1001:
116:
2597:
1190:
1183:
1176:
1169:
1162:
1068:
705:
625:
352:
258:
241:
191:
2328:"American students aren't taught nuclear weapons policy in school. Here's how to fix that problem"
653:
560:
unveiled its Doomsday Dashboard, an interactive infographic that illustrates some of the data the
2532:"The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists will now publish with Routledge, Taylor and Francis Group"
2265:
2208:
2011:
1924:
1564:
1540:
1101:
940:
645:
605:
373:
197:
2354:
400:
394:
849:
1310:
1265:"John Mecklin to succeed Mindy Kay Bricker as Editor of the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists"
1090:
997:
697:
496:
424:
410:
387:
1306:
1299:
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The capstone of the initiative is the Leonard M. Rieser Award, selected each December by the
989:, cyber warfare, and changes wrought by emerging technologies have all been examined in the
327:
2238:
2200:
1339:
873:
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contributors believed the atom bomb would only be the first of many dangers. The aim of the
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689:
532:
488:
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1522:
1384:
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681:
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153:
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In 1949, the Educational Foundation for Nuclear Science incorporated as a not-for-profit
2196:
2564:
1577:
1518:
1234:
1158:
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contributors had about the Soviet Union and the nuclear arms race. The warnings of the
844:
804:
709:
685:
641:
633:
545:
508:
491:. The organization has been publishing continuously since 1945, when it was founded by
126:
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2100:
1794:
2615:
2212:
1946:
1224:
1119:
717:
701:
677:
665:
222:
201:
1901:
1445:
2606:
2178:"Eyes Wide Shut: The Growing Threat of Cyber Attacks on Industrial Control Systems"
2154:
1412:
1343:
661:
637:
552:
2457:
2177:
2064:
Salsabili, Mansour; Eiran, Ehud; Malin, Martin B.; Khalil, Ayman (June 21, 2013).
1821:
727:
organization to serve as the parent organization and fundraising mechanism of the
2432:
2313:
2073:
1989:"Converting a civilian enrichment plant into a nuclear weapons material facility"
939:
have focused on many topics, ranging from the dangers of radiation following the
455:
270:
2373:"The value in activism: Reflections from the Columbia University climate sit-in"
2035:"Interview with Siegfried Hecker: North Korea complicates the long-term picture"
1677:
784:
35:
487:
publishes content at both a free-access website and a bi-monthly, nontechnical
1650:
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1496:
1033:
868:
The proximity of nuclear devastation was a popular interest and, as a result,
621:
602:
524:
480:
2204:
1427:
724:
1471:
431:
323:
1330:
Wall, C. Edward (October 1975). "The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists".
1071:. An e-newsletter is also available without charge by signing up via the
629:
445:
2557:"Journals Ranked by Impact: International Relations and Social Issues".
2287:
907:
476:
129:
since it debuted in 1947, when it was set at seven minutes to midnight.
1004:
took over as president and CEO of the organization. The editor of the
944:
number of nuclear power plants and the demand for nuclear energy as a
1206:
and Ruth Adams, editor sponsored by the Forum on Physics and Society
344:
27:
Nonprofit organization concerning science and global security issues
955:
Although the arms race and the Cold War, which were focuses of the
1703:
1138:
for General Excellence under 100,000 circulation sponsored by the
848:
288:
548:
in 1947, with an original setting of seven minutes to midnight.
416:
1082:
has also been made available free of charge via Google Books.
612:. Rabinowitch was a professor of botany and biophysics at the
29:
1621:"Would the United States ever actually use nuclear weapons?"
1964:
Siddharth Mallavarapu; Jaime Aguirre GĂłmez; Robert Mtonga.
1873:
Siddharth Mallavarapu; Jaime Aguirre GĂłmez; Robert Mtonga.
1249:
are kept at the Special Collections Research Center of the
996:
In January 2015, longtime executive director and publisher
483:
advances that have negative consequences for humanity. The
450:
2586:
887:
The proximity of the minute hand to midnight has been the
1764:"Pentagon Pushes for Billions to Refurbish Nuclear Bombs"
1085:
November/December 2008 was the last print edition of the
964:
has focused on the dangers posed by these countries. The
1545:
The Atomic Age: Scientists in National and World Affairs
479:
and global security issues resulting from accelerating
61:
507:. The organization is also the keeper of the symbolic
906:
after the United States and the Soviet Union reached
860:
s logo of the Doomsday Clock as of January 2024.
519:
One of the driving forces behind the creation of the
1844:"Introducing the Nuclear Fuel Cycle Cost Calculator"
1408:"Doomsday Clock ticks one minute closer to midnight"
1131:
Finalist for 2009 Lumity Technology Leadership Award
608:(1901–1973). He founded the magazine with physicist
2534:. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. Archived from
2264:. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. Archived from
2237:. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. Archived from
2099:. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. Archived from
1900:. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. Archived from
1820:. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. Archived from
1793:. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. Archived from
1766:. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. Archived from
676:(first chairman of the board of the organization),
437:
422:
408:
385:
371:
299:
287:
233:
219:
209:
190:
182:
168:
163:
152:
144:
134:
2403:"Arms-control lessons from the Volkswagen scandal"
1719:"Doomsday Clock remains at 90 seconds to midnight"
1603:
1601:
1298:
278:
1697:
1695:
1144:Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism
872:co-editor Hyman Goldsmith asked landscape artist
1966:"Nuclear Detonations: Contemplating Catastrophe"
1875:"Nuclear Detonations: Contemplating Catastrophe"
1560:"For Your Information — Pugwash Editorial"
787:is joining the organization as executive chair.
779:leadership consists of three boards, and it was
583:Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs
200:for the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists (
50:, potentially preventing the article from being
985:nuclear and chemical weapons), myriad negative
511:, the time of which is announced each January.
1547:. New York: Basic Book Publishing. p. xv.
1358:"Doomsday Clock set at 90 seconds to midnight"
783:on October 25, 2018, that California Governor
574:Board of Sponsors boasts 14 Nobel Laureates.
8:
2509:"Bulletin magazine goes all-digital in 2009"
2235:"From National Security to Natural Security"
971:bi-monthly "Nuclear Notebook" is written by
814:Board of Sponsors lists 14 Nobel Laureates.
501:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists of Chicago
177:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists of Chicago
105:
2603:Digitized Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
1118:, which states that the journal has a 2016
1089:, which became all-digital only that year.
952:unveiled the Nuclear Fuel Cost Calculator.
556:and disruptive technologies. In 2015, the
2012:"US Killer Robot Policy: Full Speed Ahead"
104:
70:reliable, independent, third-party sources
1100:subscription magazine in September 2010;
505:atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
88:Learn how and when to remove this message
2667:1945 establishments in the United States
2316:. The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists.
2176:Brenner, Joel (September–October 2013).
1406:Goldenberg, Suzanne (January 10, 2012).
1230:List of international relations journals
1220:Emergency Committee of Atomic Scientists
1193:Center for War, Peace and the News Media
1186:Center for War, Peace and the News Media
1179:Center for War, Peace and the News Media
1172:Center for War, Peace and the News Media
1165:Center for War, Peace and the News Media
1157:1992 Olive Branch Award for articles by
64:by replacing them with more appropriate
1668:Benedict, Kennette (January 26, 2018).
1256:
908:an agreement on nuclear arms reductions
47:too closely associated with the subject
2652:Taylor & Francis academic journals
1987:Barzashka, Ivanka (October 31, 2013).
935:In more recent years, articles of the
2647:Academic journals established in 1945
2233:Carlson, Robert (December 11, 2013).
1896:Vishwanathan, Arun (August 9, 2013).
1674:The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
1491:
1489:
1468:The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
1104:took over from Sage in January 2016.
581:was involved in the formation of the
18:The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
7:
2487:backfile available via Google Books"
2222:from the original on August 8, 2017.
1706:. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists.
1627:. September 17, 2013. Archived from
1385:"Existential Threats, Fast and Slow"
1383:Benedict, Kennette (July 18, 2013).
1140:American Society of Magazine Editors
2515:. November 19, 2008. Archived from
2493:. December 10, 2008. Archived from
2157:. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
2095:Walker, Paul (September 13, 2013).
2014:. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
2010:Gubrud, Mark (September 20, 2013).
1991:. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
1968:. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
1927:. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
1923:Hans Kristensen; Robert S. Norris.
1877:. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
1816:Miller, John (September 11, 2013).
1762:Kingston, Reif (October 25, 2013).
1717:Starkey, Sarah (January 23, 2024).
1387:. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
1271:. December 10, 2013. Archived from
2530:Staff writer (December 15, 2015).
2409:. November 5, 2015. Archived from
2260:Bronson, Rachel (March 17, 2015).
2122:Blair, Charles (August 26, 2013).
2066:"Banning WMD from the Middle East"
2033:Duff-Brown, Beth (April 5, 2013).
1791:"Shooting Down the Star Wars Myth"
981:Britain, Israel, and North Korea.
25:
2513:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
2491:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
2462:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
2437:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
2407:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
2377:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
2359:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
2353:Cheng, Yangyang (April 4, 2017).
2332:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
2292:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
2185:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
2128:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
2097:"How to Destroy Chemical Weapons"
2070:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
2039:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
1951:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
1848:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
1749:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
1723:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
1655:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
1625:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
1450:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
1432:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
1362:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
1269:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
1204:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
1189:1987 Olive Branch Award from the
1182:1988 Olive Branch Award from the
1175:1989 Olive Branch Award from the
1168:1990 Olive Branch Award from the
973:Federation of American Scientists
950:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
757:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
741:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
599:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
527:. In 1945 the public interest in
468:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
123:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
108:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
1818:"A False Fix for Climate Change"
1470:. March 30, 2017. Archived from
277:
115:
45:may rely excessively on sources
34:
2124:"The Chemical Weapons of Syria"
1898:"Nuclear Signals in South Asia"
1789:Podvig, Pavel (April 2, 2013).
1607:
1590:
1558:Widener, Alice (May 16, 1963).
884:many times since its creation.
2672:Existential risk organizations
2657:Science advocacy organizations
2379:. May 12, 2016. Archived from
2355:"Let science be science again"
1850:. May 31, 2015. Archived from
1505:. Vol. 154, no. 70.
1344:10.1080/00987913.1975.10762958
1112:The journal is indexed in the
987:consequences of climate change
1:
2642:Anti–nuclear weapons movement
2560:2016 Journal Citation Reports
535:inspired contributors to the
2567:(Social Sciences ed.).
2262:"A Message to our Community"
2155:"Suzuki's Fukushima Updates"
1446:"Science and Security Board"
903:anthropogenic climate change
2594:The John A. Simpson Archive
1745:"Annual Dinner and Meeting"
1509:. March 24, 1950. p. 3
1069:Taylor & Francis Online
456:Taylor & Francis Online
2688:
2622:Political science journals
1012:Next Generation Initiative
946:solution to climate change
842:
818:Science and Security Board
807:. As of October 2018, the
503:immediately following the
2458:"John A. Simpson Archive"
2314:"Leonard M. Rieser Award"
1704:"Doomsday Clock Timeline"
1568:. Vol. 69. p. 8
1301:By the Bomb's Early Light
1208:American Physical Society
1202:1983 Forum Award for the
1153:Nuclear-Free Future Award
442:
114:
2205:10.1177/0096340213501372
1497:"What about the H-Bomb?"
1161:and Mark Hibbs from the
1115:Journal Citation Reports
125:has featured the famous
1523:Knowledge (XXG) Library
1198:National Magazine Award
1136:National Magazine Award
2637:Nuclear weapons policy
1502:Hanford Daily Sentinel
861:
614:University of Illinois
473:nonprofit organization
234:Standard abbreviations
2632:Intelligence websites
2519:on December 19, 2008.
2497:on December 12, 2008.
2134:on September 10, 2013
1251:University of Chicago
1093:began publishing the
852:
720:, among many others.
674:J. Robert Oppenheimer
2598:Taylor & Francis
2241:on December 12, 2013
1670:"Doomsday Clockwork"
1651:"Doomsday Clock FAQ"
1631:on November 13, 2013
1428:"Doomsday Dashboard"
1305:. Pantheon. p.
1241:Notes and references
1102:Taylor & Francis
2538:on February 2, 2016
2197:2013BuAtS..69e..15B
2153:Suzuki, Tatsujiro.
1904:on October 18, 2013
1854:on October 19, 2017
1824:on October 29, 2013
1770:on October 29, 2013
1541:Rabinowitch, Eugene
1464:"Board of Sponsors"
1245:The records of the
878:Alexander Langsdorf
626:Anatoli Blagonravov
451:Free-access website
164:Publication details
111:
2662:Bimonthly journals
2076:on August 20, 2013
2045:on August 24, 2013
1947:"Nuclear Notebook"
1925:"Nuclear Notebook"
1565:Shreveport Journal
1364:. January 24, 2023
941:Chernobyl disaster
862:
670:Richard S. Leghorn
606:Eugene Rabinowitch
577:In the 1950s, the
499:scientists as the
198:Taylor and Francis
1797:on August 6, 2013
1316:978-0-394-52878-6
1091:SAGE Publications
1008:is John Mecklin.
998:Kennette Benedict
791:Board of Sponsors
497:Manhattan Project
463:
462:
121:The cover of the
98:
97:
90:
16:(Redirected from
2679:
2627:Physics journals
2590:
2589:
2587:Official website
2573:
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2420:
2418:
2413:on July 12, 2017
2399:
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2388:
2383:on July 12, 2017
2369:
2363:
2362:
2350:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2339:
2324:
2318:
2317:
2312:Bulletin Staff.
2309:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2288:"Bulletin Staff"
2284:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2273:
2268:on April 2, 2015
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2130:. Archived from
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2083:
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2072:. Archived from
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2041:. Archived from
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2019:
2007:
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1702:Bulletin Staff.
1699:
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1680:on April 2, 2015
1676:. Archived from
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1452:. March 9, 2016.
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690:Bertrand Russell
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2103:on May 21, 2022
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1016:As part of the
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682:Michael Polanyi
658:Bernard T. Feld
650:Albert Einstein
618:Morton Grodzins
610:Hyman Goldsmith
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493:Albert Einstein
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1608:The Atomic Age
1597:
1595:, pp. xv–xviii
1592:The Atomic Age
1583:
1578:Newspapers.com
1550:
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1519:Newspapers.com
1485:
1474:on May 9, 2018
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1332:Serials Review
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932:
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845:Doomsday Clock
843:Main article:
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839:Doomsday Clock
837:
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805:Doomsday Clock
792:
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710:Harold C. Urey
686:Louis Ridenour
642:Brock Chisholm
634:Harrison Brown
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529:atomic warfare
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715:
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706:A.V. Topchiev
703:
702:Edward Teller
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678:Lord Boyd Orr
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666:Ralph E. Lapp
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43:This article
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19:
2607:Google Books
2559:
2552:
2540:. Retrieved
2536:the original
2525:
2517:the original
2512:
2503:
2495:the original
2490:
2484:
2477:
2465:. Retrieved
2461:
2452:
2442:September 7,
2440:. Retrieved
2436:
2433:"Newsletter"
2427:
2415:. Retrieved
2411:the original
2406:
2397:
2385:. Retrieved
2381:the original
2376:
2367:
2358:
2348:
2336:. Retrieved
2331:
2322:
2307:
2295:. Retrieved
2291:
2282:
2270:. Retrieved
2266:the original
2255:
2245:December 11,
2243:. Retrieved
2239:the original
2228:
2191:(5): 15–20.
2188:
2184:
2171:
2159:. Retrieved
2148:
2138:September 6,
2136:. Retrieved
2132:the original
2127:
2117:
2105:. Retrieved
2101:the original
2090:
2080:September 6,
2078:. Retrieved
2074:the original
2069:
2059:
2049:September 6,
2047:. Retrieved
2043:the original
2038:
2028:
2016:. Retrieved
2005:
1993:. Retrieved
1982:
1970:. Retrieved
1959:
1950:
1941:
1929:. Retrieved
1918:
1906:. Retrieved
1902:the original
1891:
1879:. Retrieved
1868:
1858:December 16,
1856:. Retrieved
1852:the original
1847:
1838:
1826:. Retrieved
1822:the original
1811:
1799:. Retrieved
1795:the original
1784:
1772:. Retrieved
1768:the original
1757:
1748:
1739:
1727:. Retrieved
1722:
1712:
1682:. Retrieved
1678:the original
1673:
1663:
1654:
1645:
1633:. Retrieved
1629:the original
1624:
1615:
1591:
1586:
1576:– via
1570:. Retrieved
1563:
1553:
1544:
1531:
1517:– via
1511:. Retrieved
1507:United Press
1500:
1476:. Retrieved
1472:the original
1467:
1458:
1449:
1440:
1431:
1422:
1413:The Guardian
1411:
1401:
1389:. Retrieved
1378:
1366:. Retrieved
1361:
1352:
1338:(4): 11–15.
1335:
1331:
1325:
1300:
1289:
1279:December 12,
1277:. Retrieved
1273:the original
1268:
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1111:
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771:
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749:
745:
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738:
728:
722:
662:James Franck
654:E.K. Fedorov
638:Stuart Chase
603:biophysicist
598:
594:
592:
578:
576:
568:
561:
557:
550:
544:devised the
541:
536:
520:
518:
500:
484:
467:
466:
464:
360:
348:
331:
319:
311:
293:
266:
245:
229:2.092 (2020)
186:1945–present
159:John Mecklin
122:
106:
99:
84:
75:
60:Please help
44:
2542:January 24,
2483:"1945–1998
2161:October 26,
1995:October 31,
1774:October 25,
1729:January 23,
1368:January 24,
785:Jerry Brown
698:Leó Szilárd
646:E.U. Condon
495:and former
475:concerning
403: (web)
2616:Categories
1034:Teen Vogue
714:Paul Weiss
622:Hans Bethe
525:Atomic Age
515:Background
271:MathSciNet
136:Discipline
62:improve it
52:verifiable
2338:March 27,
2272:March 30,
2213:145812935
1908:August 9,
1801:April 30,
1253:Library.
1142:with the
1075:website.
1000:retired.
866:Bulletin.
781:announced
725:501(c)(3)
432:470268256
427: no.
401:1938-3282
395:0096-3402
215:Bimonthly
211:Frequency
192:Publisher
78:July 2018
66:citations
2485:Bulletin
2467:July 20,
2417:July 26,
2387:July 26,
2297:July 20,
2217:Archived
1684:April 1,
1610:, p. vii
1572:June 19,
1513:June 19,
1391:July 18,
1297:(1985).
1247:Bulletin
1214:See also
1108:Indexing
1095:Bulletin
1087:Bulletin
1080:Bulletin
1073:Bulletin
1065:Bulletin
1049:Bulletin
1042:Bulletin
1026:Bulletin
1018:Bulletin
1006:Bulletin
991:Bulletin
978:Bulletin
966:Bulletin
962:Bulletin
957:Bulletin
937:Bulletin
924:Bulletin
916:Bulletin
898:Bulletin
894:Bulletin
889:Bulletin
882:Bulletin
870:Bulletin
855:Bulletin
832:Bulletin
824:Bulletin
809:Bulletin
797:Bulletin
774:Bulletin
766:Bulletin
762:Bulletin
750:Bulletin
746:Bulletin
729:Bulletin
630:Max Born
595:Bulletin
579:Bulletin
569:Bulletin
562:Bulletin
558:Bulletin
542:Bulletin
537:Bulletin
533:weaponry
521:Bulletin
485:Bulletin
417:48034039
300:Indexing
250:Bluebook
156: by
145:Language
2571:. 2017.
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