33:
764:, Rothschild had been friendly with Burgess as an undergraduate, and had originally owned the lease on a house off Welbeck Street, No. 5 Bentinck Street, where Blunt and Burgess both lived during the war. This was supposedly confirmed by Yuri Modin, the alleged controller of the five, who—according to Perry—had claimed Cairncross was never part of the group. However, in reviewing Perry's book, commentator Sheila Kerr pointed out that as soon as the book came out, Modin denied Perry's version of their discussions (having already stated that the fifth man was Cairncross), and concluded that "Perry's case against Rothschild is unconvincing because of dubious sources and slack methods".
677:" and indicated that MI5 and MI6 had worked diligently to prevent information about the five from being disclosed, "to the British public and even to the US government". A 2016 review of a new book about Burgess added that "more than 20% of files relating to the spies, most of whom defected more than 50 years ago, remain closed". In conclusion, the review stated that "the Foreign Office, MI6 and MI5 all have an interest in covering up, to protect themselves from huge embarrassment" and that "more taxpayers' money is spent by Whitehall officials in the futile attempt to keep the files under lock and key for ever".
1856:
reason was the
Soviets did not completely trust him not to bolt for home. "They were afraid something would happen. And he would end up back in Britain or even America.""Did he know they didn't trust him?""Oh yes, he knew." "All this time, he wanted to be a hero of this country," Lyubimov says. "But they did everything to prevent him from this." But for the most part, Philby was frozen out, his suggestions ignored. "The K.G.B. was too stupid and impotent to make use of him," Lyubimov reiterated to me. "This destroyed him. This ruined his life."
252:
271:. Their whereabouts were unclear for some time and their defection was not confirmed until 1956 when the two appeared at a press conference in Moscow. Though Burgess was not supposed to defect at the same time as Maclean, it has been claimed that he had been ordered to do so by his controllers in Moscow. The move immediately cast suspicion upon Philby because of his close association with Burgess; many speculate that had the defection proceeded differently, Philby could have climbed even higher within British intelligence.
821:: Mann had been accused on several occasions of being the "fifth man", based on rumoured former work at the Embassy and the resemblance between his name and the "Basil" of Boyle's codename. In his memoirs, Mann argued using contemporary correspondence, publications, and verified passport entries that he was incapable of having worked with Donald Maclean in the British Embassy. As part of his hiring at the Bureau of Standards, Mann underwent intense security screening and received a top-level "Q" clearance from the
684:, the 400 documents should have been made available years earlier. It was particularly surprising that 20 per cent of the information was redacted or not released. A news item at the time stated that "it is clear the full story of the Cambridge Spies has not yet emerged". A summary of the documents indicated that they showed that "inaction and incompetence on the part of the authorities enabled Guy Burgess and Donald Maclean to make their escape to Moscow".
1420:
1434:
222:
while leaving a pub, jeopardizing his second identity. Maclean was also known to have leaked information about his secret activities to his brother and close friends. But although they struggled to keep secrets, that did not stop them from delivering information; Burgess reportedly handed over about 389 top secret documents to the
Soviets within the early part of 1945, along with an additional 168 documents in December 1949.
1855:
In fact, Philby's first seven years in the Soviet Union were almost a form of house arrest. Again a victim of deception: "The K.G.B. told him they were afraid the
British M.I.6 was going to try to assassinate him, so he had to have guards all the time, close surveillance," Lyubimov said. But the real
594:
The most important agent talent spotted by Blunt was the Fifth Man, the
Trinity undergraduate John Cairncross. Together with Philby, Burgess, Blunt and Maclean, he is remembered by the Center (Moscow KGB Headquarters) as one of the Magnificent Five, the ablest group of foreign agents in KGB history.
221:
Maclean and
Burgess were reportedly seen by their Soviet handlers as "hopeless drunks" as they had a hard time keeping their secret occupations to themselves. It is said that one time, while highly intoxicated, Burgess accidentally dropped one of the secret files he had taken from the Foreign Office
687:
Additional secret files were finally released to the
National Archives in 2020. They indicated that the government had intentionally conducted a campaign to keep Kim Philby's spying confidential "to minimise political embarrassment" and prevented the publication of his memoirs according to a report
589:
Cairncross is not always considered to have been part of the 'Ring of Five'. Though a student at the
University of Cambridge, he only knew Blunt, who was by then teaching modern languages. By 1934, when Cairncross arrived at Cambridge, the other three members of the ring had already graduated.
644:) against the Germans". Cairncross did not view himself as one of the Cambridge Five, insisting that the information he sent to Moscow was not harmful to Britain and that he had remained loyal to his homeland. Unlike many other spies, he was never charged with passing information to Moscow.
296:
and Jeff
Hulbert's biography of Burgess included this conclusion: " us all the more astonished that such a smelly, scruffy, lying, gabby, promiscuous, drunken slob could penetrate the heart of the establishment without anyone apparently noticing that he was also a Soviet masterspy".
796:
was an MI5 officer and nearly rose to become director of the service but was passed over because of rumours he was a double agent; he took early retirement from MI5 in 1953 after he was investigated for his personal links to Philby. He was accused of having been the "fifth man" by
1350:, for a series of live broadcast TV plays on Sky Arts channel. Based on a 1938 meeting between a young Guy Burgess and Winston Churchill, the play sees Burgess urging Churchill to fight the appeasement policy of the British government. In the live broadcast, Burgess was played by
2482:
Sheila Kerr: review of Roland Perry, The Fifth Man, in Loch K. Johnson, Richard C. Thurlow, Gary D. Rawnsley, M. R. D. Foot, J. A. Crang, Pauline Elkes, Andrew
Rathmell, Simon Tormey, Sheila Kerr, Len Scott, Mark Ellis, James G. Stewart & Keith Jeffery (1997): Book reviews.
485:
Golitsyn's reliability remains a controversial subject and as such, there is little certainty of the number of agents he assigned to the
Cambridge spy ring. To add to the confusion, when Blunt finally confessed, he named several other people as having been recruited by him.
244:. He further learned one of the suspects was Maclean. Realizing he had to act fast, he ordered Burgess, who was also on the embassy staff and living with Philby, to warn Maclean in England. Burgess was recalled from the US because of "bad behaviour" and, upon reaching
493:
in 2009. The manuscript indicated that he regretted having passed information to the Soviets because of the way it eventually affected his life, that he believed that the government would never reveal his treachery and that he had dismissed suicide as "cowardly".
333:
After the flight of Maclean and Burgess, an investigation of Philby found several suspicious matters but nothing for which he could be prosecuted. Nevertheless, he was forced to resign from MI6. In 1955 he was named in the press, with questions also raised in the
383:, Philby defected to the Soviet Union under cover of night aboard a Soviet freighter. For the first seven years in Moscow, he was under virtual house arrest since the Soviets were concerned that he might defect back to the West. According to an article in
627:, Roland Perry asserts this claim. After the book was published, former KGB controller Yuri Modin denied ever having named Rothschild as "any kind of Soviet agent". Modin's own book's title clarifies the name of all five of the Cambridge spy group:
282:
for "having supplied Soviet intelligence with the most important information for more than 20 years, a significant contribution to the victory over fascism, the protection of our strategic interests and ensuring the safety of our country".
1199:
in 2023. The story, which has been enlarged with imagined scenarios over and above the known history, centres around the 1963 escape by Kim Philby and depicts Macintyre's speculation that Philby was allowed to escape by his friend
182:
were never even read" due to Soviet paranoia. Nonetheless, the Soviets received a great deal of secret information—1,771 documents from Blunt, 4,605 from Burgess, 4,593 from MacLean and 5,832 from Cairncross—from 1941 until 1945.
785:
from 1945 to 1952. Long passed analyses but not original material relating to the Eastern Front to Blunt. Blunt also was associated with other Cambridge persons subsequently involved in espionage (Michael Straight, Peter Ashby,
1036:) being interviewed in his Moscow flat by western newspaper reporters, eager to get the story on his defection. Harris appears to be a composite of Philby, Burgess and Maclean. Potter later returned to similar territory with
132:. They passed large amounts of intelligence to the Soviets, so much so that the KGB became suspicious that at least some of it was false. Perhaps as important as the specific state secrets was the demoralising effect to the
389:, he was given no rank nor an office. In fact, "for the most part, Philby was frozen out, his suggestions ignored ... This ruined his life". After his death, however, Philby was awarded a number of medals by the Soviets.
544:
On the basis of the information provided by Golitsyn, speculations raged on for many years as to the identity of the "Fifth Man". The journalistic popularity of this phrase owes something to the unrelated novels
1945:
2279:
Newly released evidence on the Cambridge Spies reveals how, among other revelations, inaction and incompetence on the part of the authorities enabled Guy Burgess and Donald Maclean to make their escape to
773:
Leonard Henry (Leo) Long was accused by Blunt in 1964. Blunt claimed to have recruited Long to the Communist cause while Blunt was his tutor at Cambridge. Long served as an intelligence officer with
702:. Philby confirmed that he had worked for the KGB and that "his purpose in life was to destroy imperialism". This revelation raised concerns that Blunt's spying would also be revealed to the public.
90:(1913–1995, codename Liszt), who have come to be seen as the last two of a group of five. Their involvement was kept secret for many years: until 1979 for Blunt, and 1990 for Cairncross. The moniker
59:
and was active from the 1930s until at least the early 1950s. None of the known members were ever prosecuted for spying. The number and membership of the ring emerged slowly, from the 1950s onwards.
3671:
418:
Blunt was interrogated by MI5 and confessed in exchange for immunity from prosecution. As he was—by 1964—without access to classified information, he had secretly been granted immunity by the
873:
himself says that what is needed in the atomic age is the 'intellectual spy', before mentioning the treacherous pair directly, though admits to only doing so in order to annoy a superior.
225:
Between 1934 and 1951, Maclean passed numerous secrets to Moscow. The lack of detection was due to the refusal of British intelligence to listen to warnings from the US, "even after the
595:
Though Cairncross is the last of the five to be publicly identified, he successfully penetrated a greater variety of the corridors of power and intelligence than any of the other four.
898:
3636:
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2029:
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member and supplied secret information to the KGB, while also providing warnings to fellow agents of certain counterintelligence that could potentially endanger them.
206:, they were recruited by Soviet intelligence operatives and became undercover agents. Maclean began delivering information to the Soviet operatives as a member of the
2606:
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Cairncross confessed to having been a spy for the Soviets in a 1964 meeting with MI6 that was kept secret for some years. He was given immunity from prosecution.
521:
to become a Soviet spy. He moved to the Treasury in 1938 but transferred once again to the Cabinet Office in 1940 where he served as the private secretary of Sir
2420:
for much of his life he suffered from an incurable form of conspiracy disease, a highly contagious condition that he caught from Peter Wright of Spycatcher fame.
376:
and reported that Philby seemed to know he was coming (indicating the presence of yet another mole in MI6). Nonetheless, Philby allegedly confessed to Elliott.
32:
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In 2019, Russia honoured Burgess and Maclean in a ceremony; a plaque was attached to the building where they had lived in the 1950s. The head of Russia's
1726:
725:
Some researchers believe the spy ring had more than five, or different, members. Several of the following have been alleged to be possible Soviet spies:
342:
to deny the allegation. That same year, Philby was ruled out as a suspect when British Foreign Secretary Harold Macmillan cleared him of all charges.
1519:
616:
This reference suggests the KGB itself recognized Cairncross as the fifth man (found by Gordievsky while doing research on the history of the KGB).
2292:
749:
620:
322:, who began to spy for the Soviet Union in 1934. He was known for passing more than 900 British documents over to the NKVD and its successor, the
236:
Philby, when he was posted in the British embassy in Washington after the war, learned that American and British authorities were searching for a
869:
contains several references to Burgess and Maclean while Soviet characters discuss then-contemporary espionage-related scandals. In Chapter 11,
2821:
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640:, Cairncross explained how he had forwarded information to Moscow during WWII and boasted that it "helped the Soviets to win that battle (the
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857:, by John Le Carré (New York 1986). Events in the life of the character Magnus Pym are partly based upon the life and career of Kim Philby.
657:
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478:
and MI6 already knew Philby to be a spy from Venona project decryptions. Golitsyn also provided other information, such as the claim that
2155:
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pointing to Blunt's espionage; the two had known each other at Cambridge some thirty years before and Blunt recruited Straight as a spy.
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named Maclean and Burgess as part of a "Ring of Five", with Philby a 'probable' third, alongside two other agents whom he did not know.
401:
1697:
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571:. The news was widely publicized leading many to surmise that he was in fact the "fifth man"; that was confirmed in 1989 by KGB agent
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530:
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felt that the regret was shallow, and that he found an "unwillingness to acknowledge the evil he had served in spying for Stalin".
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in the 1930s, but the exact timing is debated. Blunt claimed they were not recruited as agents until after they had graduated. A
467:. Vassall was a relatively low-ranking spy who some researchers believe may have been sacrificed to protect a more senior one.
463:
Of all the information provided by Golitsyn, the only item that was ever independently confirmed was the Soviet affiliation of
3686:
3405:
861:
600:
495:
849:'s novelisation of his experiences of the revelations in the 1950s and the 1960s which exposed the Cambridge Five traitors.
567:
The public became aware of his treachery in December 1979, however, when Cairncross made a public confession to journalist
3681:
3610:
2404:
1359:
946:, uses a fictionalised Kim Philby as a central character, who conspires to smuggle a portable nuclear weapon into Britain.
240:(cryptonym Homer) in the British embassy who was passing information to the Soviets, relying on material uncovered by the
170:
and had difficulty believing that the men would have access to top secret documents; they were particularly suspicious of
541:. Following World War II, it is said that Cairncross leaked information regarding the new NATO alliance to the Soviets.
2498:
631:. Since Rothschild had died prior to the publication of the Perry book, the family was unable to start a libel action.
489:
Blunt wrote his memoirs but insisted they not be released until 25 years after his death. They were made public by the
3651:
3641:
1836:
1756:
1259:
968:
801:
as part of Rees' confession in 1979. The academic consensus is that he was naĂŻve in his friendships rather than a spy.
215:
2001:
1071:
features a character called Burgess MacPhilbin, who provides information for teenagers in the form of a spy dossier.
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2991:
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110:
78:(1912–1988, codenames Sonny, Stanley), who eventually fled to the Soviet Union in 1963. Following Philby's flight,
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1317:
841:
778:
439:
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had made the same allegation in 1981. These allegations have been dismissed by other journalists and historians.
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formally advised Parliament of Blunt's treachery and the immunity deal that had been arranged 15 years earlier.
263:
Burgess and Maclean disappeared in the summer of 1951, and spent most of the next four years living covertly in
3129:
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811:
suggested that Gow was the "fifth man" and spymaster of the group. This suggestion was subsequently refuted by
436:
412:
335:
251:
2057:
732:, the Director-General of MI5 from 1956 to 1965, was accused of being the (then) Fifth Man by his subordinate
113:, Blunt was several years older than Burgess, Maclean and Philby; he acted as a talent-spotter and recruiter.
976:, involves a spy tunnel which the Soviets discover but do not initially expose, similar to the Philby tunnel.
368:
provided information which pointed to Philby. An MI6 officer and friend of Philby from his earlier MI6 days,
1548:
The center concluded that all five must really be British intelligence officers trying to penetrate the KGB.
1535:
1472:
1042:(1980), inspired by the unmasking of Anthony Blunt, although in this drama the protagonist Jason Cavendish (
990:
927:
877:
782:
199:
102:
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in 1934. Burgess also began supplying information from various positions between 1936 and 1944, first as a
3676:
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admitted to the House of Commons that Blunt had confessed to being a Soviet spy fifteen years previously.
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1005:, is built on the premise that there was a sixth spy and that his existence is being covered up by MI6.
117:
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Because he was in MI5 they learned things from him. This doesn't make him the fifth man, and he wasn't
3294:
3119:
3016:
1351:
1205:
1105:
1038:
960:
711:
692:. Nonetheless, the information was publicized in 1967 when Philby granted an interview to journalist
191:
63:
1743:
meticulously researched life of the disreputable but undeniably fascinating Guy, Stalin's Englishman
1714:
meticulously researched life of the disreputable but undeniably fascinating Guy, Stalin's Englishman
1279:
525:, the Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster at that time. In May 1942, he transferred to the British
470:
At the time of Golitsyn's defection, Philby had already been accused in the press and was living in
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3011:
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2034:
2006:
1425:
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1183:
1048:
938:
2381:
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1646:
Donald Maclean: 'the most quietly productive of the Cambridge spies and perhaps the strangest too'
629:
My Five Cambridge Friends: Burgess, Maclean, Philby, Blunt, and Cairncross by Their KGB Controller
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1950:
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818:
715:
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129:
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how Blunt was evasive and only made admissions grudgingly, when confronted with the undeniable.
229:
had established that an agent code-named Homer had been operating inside the British embassy in
136:
of their slow unmasking and the mistrust in British security this caused in the United States.
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3124:
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2346:
2263:"The silver spoon spy: how Cambridge double-agent Donald Maclean got away with it for so long"
2133:
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1462:
1032:(1971) is a spy drama television film that features a central character called Adrian Harris (
943:
903:
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661:
653:
457:
450:
365:
133:
2309:
UK government launched campaign to block memoirs being published fearing damaging disclosures
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at Cambridge University. Other Apostles have been suspected of having spied for the Soviets.
259:, where Burgess and Maclean lived covertly in 1952–1955, commemorative plaque later installed
3555:
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3246:
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3164:
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2198:
Alec Douglas-Home was kept in the dark about one of the biggest spy scandals of the cold war
1255:. Caine plays a character named Philip Kimberley who returns to England after his defection.
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1201:
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1114:
1082:
1043:
1033:
846:
767:
681:
419:
369:
345:
In the later 1950s, Philby left the Secret Service and began working as a journalist in the
307:, argues that he was perhaps the most influential of all the members of the Cambridge Five.
237:
230:
121:
2631:
1204:
in return for telling MI6 about Blunt; also that after Philby arrived in Moscow, the CIA's
1058:(1993), and appears to be giving inside tips on horse-races to officials at the War Office.
1046:) is clearly modelled after Philby. Philby is later name-checked as the sports reporter on
611:. "Chapter 6: Sigint, Agent Penetration, and the Magnificent Five from Cambridge (1930–39)"
62:
The general public first became aware of the conspiracy in 1951 after the sudden flight of
3560:
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3473:
3458:
3410:
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1001:
996:
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641:
604:
572:
506:
490:
339:
87:
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1973:
790:) but they are generally considered as minor figures as compared to the "Cambridge Five".
2517:
1357:
Kim Philby appears as one of the central antagonists in William F. Buckley's 2005 novel
361:. MI6 then re-employed him at around the same time to provide reports from that region.
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1398:
1132:
919:
886:
812:
719:
568:
534:
518:
514:
447:
293:
241:
2081:
The Last Cambridge Spy: John Cairncross, Bletchley Codebreaker and Soviet Double Agent
1791:
Villainy in Western culture : historical archetypes of danger, disorder and death
3625:
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3545:
3517:
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853:
558:
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526:
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397:
351:
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83:
1727:"Guy Burgess: The Spy Who Knew Everyone by Stewart Purvis and Jeff Hulbert – review"
561:
who, coincidentally, worked with Philby and Cairncross during the Second World War.
3605:
3595:
3580:
3468:
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3400:
3355:
3337:
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885:. The character Victor Maskell seems to be a combination of Anthony Blunt and poet
808:
798:
753:
729:
693:
669:
510:
474:, Lebanon, a country with no extradition agreement with Britain. Select members of
464:
357:
327:
288:
279:
178:
past. One report later stated, "About half the documents the British spies sent to
167:
151:
52:
48:
509:
was known as a British literary scholar until he was later identified as a Soviet
233:
during the war", according to a review of MacLean's biography by Roland Philipps.
17:
656:
was not advised of Anthony Blunt's spying, although the Queen and Home Secretary
3590:
3575:
3430:
3370:
3360:
3284:
3104:
3079:
3051:
3026:
3001:
2931:
2901:
2871:
2377:
1467:
1303:
1299:
1166:
1160:
911:
866:
793:
787:
346:
195:
71:
1920:"Anthony Blunt memoir reveals spy's regret at 'the biggest mistake of my life'"
74:(1911–1963, codename Hicks) to the Soviet Union. Suspicion immediately fell on
3317:
3299:
3174:
3169:
2911:
2896:
2881:
1457:
1415:
1213:
1191:'s non-fiction book of the same name, a six-part series initially streamed on
1118:
973:
951:
893:
870:
738:
579:
428:
315:
203:
174:, wondering how he could have become a British intelligence officer given his
171:
159:
75:
36:
2707:
1808:
1768:
1321:, 1988 dramatization of Blunt's term as Keeper of the Queen's Pictures; and
902:, there appears a Cambridge Five analogue consisting of the Famous Five from
3327:
2971:
2856:
2682:
2521:
1062:
931:
698:
175:
67:
2799:
584:
My Five Cambridge Friends: Burgess, Maclean, Philby, Blunt, and Cairncross
3453:
2851:
1086:
404:
and later Queen's Pictures for the royal art collection. He served as an
56:
47:
was a ring of spies in the United Kingdom that passed information to the
2237:"MI5 and MI6 cover-up of Cambridge spy ring laid bare in archive papers"
2211:"MI5 and MI6 cover-up of Cambridge spy ring laid bare in archive papers"
578:
His designation as the fifth man was also confirmed in former KGB agent
318:
was a senior officer in Britain's Secret Intelligence Service, known as
2503:
1659:
804:
380:
125:
3445:
1869:"Moscow square named after notorious British double agent Kim Philby"
1394:
471:
373:
264:
256:
245:
179:
124:
was the best available political system and the best defence against
106:
1660:"Cambridge spies: Defection of 'drunken' agents shook US confidence"
673:
discussed "400 top-secret documents which have been released at the
2405:"The mole hunter who caught a red herring—Chapman Pincher obituary"
1325:, a 1977 play about a fictional Philby-esque spy in exile, both by
3494:
2497:
Mrs Margaret Thatcher, The Prime Minister (9 November 1981).
31:
1757:"Even in Death, the Spy Kim Philby Serves the Kremlin's Purposes"
1306:
as John Cairncross; Burgess and Maclean are mentioned in passing.
94:
evolved to become the Cambridge Five after Cairncross was added.
2768:
The Red and the Blue: Intelligence, Treason and the Universities
1278:, is inspired by Kim Philby's affair and subsequent marriage to
1192:
774:
155:
98:
2803:
2319:
2317:
2182:"PM was not told Anthony Blunt was Soviet spy, archives reveal"
435:
By 1979, Blunt was publicly accused of being a Soviet agent by
379:
Shortly afterwards, apparently fearing he might be abducted in
2293:"Kim Philby: new revelations about spy emerge in secret files"
1996:
1994:
1208:
initially believed him to be working for him, Angleton, as a "
1144:
538:
475:
405:
323:
319:
226:
211:
163:
79:
2518:"Cambridge don was the spy puppet-master, says Brian Sewell".
777:
from 1940 to 1945, and later with the British element of the
1561:"Enigma Anthony Blunt devoted his life to art—and espionage"
1383:, the former adapted for the stage from the television film.
1163:
as Anthony Blunt, and Alastair Galbraith as John Cairncross.
456:
The term "Five" began to be used in 1961, when KGB defector
142:
have also been accused of membership in the Cambridge ring.
2535:"Outsider II – Almost Always: Never Quite, By Brian Sewell"
1630:"A Spy Named Orphan: The Enigma of Donald Maclean – review"
202:
in the early 1930s. Having both disagreed with the idea of
2790:
File release: Cold War Cambridge spies Burgess and Maclean
2580:"'The Fifth Man': The Cambridge Spy Ring and Wilfred Mann"
770:
was a suspected Cambridge Apostle and self-confessed spy.
660:
were informed. It was only in November 1979 that then-PM
619:
A few sources, however, believe that the "fifth man" was
1698:"Russia honours two of Britain's 'Cambridge Five' spies"
2083:(1st ed.). Stroud: The History Press. p. 30.
914:
Cherry (named after Kim Philby), who was also known as
338:, as chief suspect for "the Third Man" and he called a
2658:"BFI Screenonline: Philby, Burgess and Maclean (1977)"
2343:
The Defence of the Realm The Authorized History of MI5
1520:
The fourth man speaks: Last testimony of Anthony Blunt
426:, one of Blunt's interrogators, describes in his book
218:, and then finally as a member of the Foreign Office.
1397:", a 1979 composition from Irish blues-rock musician
1179:
in 2019, in the season three episode titled "Olding".
1101:, 1979 miniseries adaptation of John le Carré's novel
2431:
Abjorensen, Norman. "Following the Moscow Line", in
2134:"John Cairncross, Fifth Man in Spy Ring, Dead at 82"
2058:"John Cairncross, Fifth Man in Spy Ring, Dead at 82"
2030:"John Cairncross, Fifth Man in Spy Ring, Dead at 82"
899:
The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen: Black Dossier
411:
In 1964, MI5 received information from the American
128:. All pursued successful careers in branches of the
3531:
3492:
3443:
3308:
3270:
3260:
3213:
3070:
2844:
2835:
2632:"Philby Burgess & Maclean (1977) | DVD release"
1336:, 1981 play loosely based on Guy Burgess's life by
742:in 1987, 14 years after Hollis's death. Journalist
3672:People associated with the University of Cambridge
2770:(Coronet Books, Hodder and Stoughten, U.K. 1987).
166:mistrusted the Cambridge double agents during the
2487:, 12(2): 203-228. doi:10.1080/02684529708432424.
1282:, as well as events leading up to his defection.
422:, in exchange for revealing everything he knew.
150:The following five supplied intelligence to the
2788:Friday 23 October 2015, The National Archives,
1895:"Anthony Blunt | British art historian and spy"
930:(possibly formerly known as Frank Nugent); and
592:
139:
2815:
2449:. William Heinemann, Australia. p. 164.
1109:, 1983 dramatisation of Burgess in Russia by
304:Stalin's Englishman: The Lives of Guy Burgess
8:
2708:"The Day Churchill Met Traitor Guy Burgess"
2325:"A Cambridge Secret Revealed: The Apostles"
710:Blunt and Burgess were both members of the
214:correspondent, then as an active member of
3267:
2841:
2822:
2808:
2800:
2336:
2334:
1821:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1290:, 2011 adaptation of John le Carré's novel
949:Burgess, Maclean and Philby appear in the
27:British ring of spies for the Soviet Union
1946:"Memoirs of British Spy Offer No Apology"
2792:, WiredGov (alert channel of choice for
2445:Wright, Peter; Greengrass, Paul (1987).
1583:"Guy Burgess | British diplomat and spy"
1169:reprises his role as Anthony Blunt from
736:in his notorious tell-all autobiography
250:
3647:World War II spies for the Soviet Union
1496:"Historic Figures: The Cambridge Spies"
1484:
1375:is a one-volume publication containing
964:dealing with their defection to Russia.
934:(possibly formerly known as John Bull).
621:Victor Rothschild, 3rd Baron Rothschild
482:(then Prime Minister) was a KGB agent.
372:, was sent in 1963 to interview him in
86:(1907–1983, codename Johnson) and then
2607:"Ex-Spy Admits an 'Appalling Mistake'"
2507:. House of Commons. col. 40W–42W.
2366:Zuckerman, Laurence (17 August 1987).
1814:
906:, including Harry Wharton, who became
3637:Soviet Union–United Kingdom relations
2605:Lemann, Nicholas (21 November 1979).
2105:"Rothschild 'spied as the Fifth Man'"
39:, as depicted on a Soviet Union stamp
7:
1837:"Kim Philby and the Age of Paranoia"
1490:
1488:
807:: in his memoirs published in 2012,
652:For unknown reasons, Prime Minister
1608:"Cambridge Spies 'hopeless drunks'"
3632:British spies for the Soviet Union
2485:Intelligence and National Security
2060:. Chicago Tribune. 11 October 1991
1755:Higgins, Andrew (1 October 2017).
1658:Turner, Lauren (23 October 2015).
25:
1538:. Baltimore Sun. 28 November 2014
1263:, 1984 adaptation of the play by
1187:is a fictionalised adaptation of
531:Government Code and Cypher School
116:The five were convinced that the
2499:"Mr. Leo Long (Written Answers)"
2403:Macintyre, Ben (8 August 2014).
1432:
1418:
97:The group were recruited by the
2504:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)
513:. While a civil servant in the
402:Surveyor of the King's Pictures
517:, he was recruited in 1937 by
187:Donald Maclean and Guy Burgess
101:during their education at the
1:
2735:Bennett, Alan (1 June 1991).
2683:"Philby, Burgess and Maclean"
2345:. Penguin. pp. 517–521.
2156:"OBITUARIES: John Cairncross"
2002:"OBITUARIES: John Cairncross"
1789:Kendrick, M. Gregory (2016).
1536:"The Spy Game Was a Con Game"
1360:Last Call for Blackford Oakes
1127:, 1987 television drama with
823:U.S. Atomic Energy Commission
575:who had defected to Britain.
3566:Vladimir Mikhaylovich Petrov
2543:. Retrieved 26 October 2013.
2525:. Retrieved 26 October 2013.
1563:. New Yorker. 6 January 2002
1525:McSmith, Andy. 23 July 2009.
276:Foreign Intelligence Service
3697:1950s in the United Kingdom
3662:1940s in the United Kingdom
2341:Andrew, Christoper (2009).
1075:Philby, Burgess and Maclean
3713:
2992:Julius and Ethel Rosenberg
2368:"How Not to Silence a Spy"
1978:Atomic Heritage Foundation
706:Alleged additional members
162:, who later reported that
82:obtained confessions from
3541:Alexander Gregory Barmine
3346:
2433:The Sunday Times Canberra
2136:. AP News. 9 October 1995
1685:Little, Brown and Company
1381:A Question of Attribution
1318:A Question of Attribution
1287:Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy
1195:in 2022 and broadcast on
1098:Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy
928:Francis Alexander Waverly
842:Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy
779:Allied Control Commission
634:In a 1991 interview with
301:'s biography of Burgess,
278:(SVR) praised the duo on
3692:1963 in British politics
3100:Thomas Patrick Cavanaugh
2830:Soviet and Russian spies
2716:. London. 12 August 2009
2553:Powell, Anthony (2015).
1274:, 2004 film directed by
956:Eighth Doctor Adventures
582:book published in 1994:
437:investigative journalist
413:Michael Whitney Straight
255:House at Frunze Street,
2662:www.screenonline.org.uk
2557:. London: Arrow Books.
1899:Encyclopedia Britannica
1587:Encyclopedia Britannica
1055:Lipstick on Your Collar
200:University of Cambridge
103:University of Cambridge
3416:John Alexander Symonds
3241:Harold James Nicholson
3095:Christopher John Boyce
1081:drama-documentary for
614:
537:and then, in 1943, to
260:
40:
3687:Politics of Cambridge
3479:Stephen Joseph Ratkai
2079:Smith, Chris (2019).
1440:United Kingdom portal
1247:, 1983 film starring
1125:Blunt: the Fourth Man
862:From Russia with Love
609:KGB, The Inside Story
254:
134:British establishment
35:
3682:History of Cambridge
3017:Nadezhda Ulanovskaya
1377:An Englishman Abroad
1352:Benedict Cumberbatch
1346:wrote a short play,
1206:James Jesus Angleton
1106:An Englishman Abroad
1039:Blade on the Feather
712:University Pitt Club
446:. In November 1979,
216:British intelligence
198:as a student at the
80:British intelligence
3200:John Anthony Walker
3150:Clayton J. Lonetree
3090:David Sheldon Boone
3012:Alexander Ulanovsky
2977:William Ward Pigman
2586:. 27 September 2016
2555:Journals, 1982–1986
2473:, 10 December 1994.
2035:The Washington Post
2010:. 17 September 2018
2007:The Washington Post
1733:. 14 September 2016
1426:Soviet Union portal
1271:A Different Loyalty
1184:A Spy Among Friends
1159:as Donald Maclean,
1131:as Guy Burgess and
1049:The Daily Telegraph
1026:'s television play
989:series by novelist
939:The Fourth Protocol
316:Harold "Kim" Philby
172:Harold "Kim" Philby
164:Soviet intelligence
3652:British communists
3642:Cold War espionage
3571:Fyodor Raskolnikov
3406:Michael John Smith
3140:Andrew Daulton Lee
3130:Robert Lee Johnson
3042:Harry Dexter White
2877:Whittaker Chambers
2469:Rusbridger, Alan.
2435:, 22 January 1995.
2384:on 8 February 2008
2299:. 30 December 2020
1951:The New York Times
1842:The New York Times
1761:The New York Times
1704:. 29 December 2019
1295:The Imitation Game
1157:Rupert Penry-Jones
1085:, re-broadcast on
1079:Granada Television
979:Philby appears in
830:In popular culture
819:Wilfrid Basil Mann
716:Cambridge Apostles
667:A 2015 article in
637:The Mail on Sunday
601:Christopher Andrew
496:Christopher Andrew
444:Climate of Treason
386:The New York Times
364:In 1961, defector
261:
248:, warned Maclean.
130:British government
41:
18:The Cambridge Five
3619:
3618:
3439:
3438:
3310:Portland spy ring
3256:
3255:
3125:Edward Lee Howard
2862:Elizabeth Bentley
2739:. Samuel French.
2638:. 3 December 2015
2564:978-1-78475-071-8
2456:978-0-85-561098-2
2352:978-0-14-102330-4
2269:. 17 October 2016
2243:. 6 February 2016
2217:. 23 October 2015
2162:. 22 October 2011
2111:. 22 October 1994
2038:. 29 January 1995
1974:"John Cairncross"
1875:. 9 November 2018
1793:. Jefferson, NC.
1681:Phillip Knightley
1463:Portland spy ring
1298:, 2014 biopic of
1135:as Anthony Blunt.
944:Frederick Forsyth
918:and subsequently
904:Greyfriars School
896:'s graphic novel
845:(New York 1974).
675:National Archives
662:Margaret Thatcher
654:Alec Douglas-Home
648:Attempted coverup
458:Anatoliy Golitsyn
451:Margaret Thatcher
366:Anatoliy Golitsyn
326:. He served as a
286:A book review in
16:(Redirected from
3704:
3611:Stig Wennerström
3556:Walter Krivitsky
3421:Edith Tudor-Hart
3351:Michael Bettaney
3268:
3247:Illegals Program
3195:George Trofimoff
3165:Earl Edwin Pitts
2942:William Malisoff
2917:David Greenglass
2845:1940s and before
2842:
2824:
2817:
2810:
2801:
2751:
2750:
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2436:
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2400:
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2391:
2389:
2380:. Archived from
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2019:
2017:
2015:
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1989:
1988:
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1970:
1964:
1963:
1961:
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1942:
1936:
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1694:
1688:
1673:The Philby Files
1670:
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1663:
1655:
1649:
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1437:
1436:
1435:
1428:
1423:
1422:
1421:
1249:Laurence Olivier
1226:Adrian Edmondson
1202:Nicholas Elliott
1155:as Guy Burgess,
1115:John Schlesinger
1113:and directed by
1044:Donald Pleasence
1034:John Le Mesurier
783:Occupied Germany
768:Michael Straight
750:Baron Rothschild
720:secret societies
612:
420:Attorney General
370:Nicholas Elliott
340:press conference
336:House of Commons
168:Second World War
122:Soviet communism
118:Marxism–Leninism
53:Second World War
21:
3712:
3711:
3707:
3706:
3705:
3703:
3702:
3701:
3622:
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3620:
3615:
3561:Kerttu Nuorteva
3551:Dieter Gerhardt
3533:
3527:
3503:Hirohide Ishida
3488:
3474:Gerda Munsinger
3459:Jeffrey Delisle
3435:
3411:Dave Springhall
3366:Litzi Friedmann
3342:
3304:
3290:John Cairncross
3252:
3221:Evgeny Buryakov
3209:
3205:Jerry Whitworth
3190:Robert Thompson
3066:
3062:Anatoli Yatskov
3022:Julian Wadleigh
2831:
2828:
2785:
2764:Andrew Sinclair
2760:
2758:Further reading
2755:
2754:
2747:
2734:
2733:
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2719:
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2705:
2701:
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2625:
2615:
2613:
2611:Washington Post
2604:
2603:
2599:
2589:
2587:
2578:
2577:
2573:
2565:
2552:
2551:
2547:
2540:The Independent
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2175:
2165:
2163:
2160:The Independent
2154:
2153:
2149:
2139:
2137:
2132:
2131:
2127:
2114:
2112:
2109:The Independent
2103:
2102:
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2013:
2011:
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1893:
1892:
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1878:
1876:
1873:The Independent
1867:
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1835:
1834:
1830:
1813:
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1749:
1736:
1734:
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1720:
1707:
1705:
1696:
1695:
1691:
1683:, published by
1677:Genrikh Borovik
1671:
1667:
1657:
1656:
1652:
1639:
1637:
1636:. 28 April 2018
1628:
1627:
1623:
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1606:
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1523:The Independent
1518:
1514:
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1494:
1493:
1486:
1481:
1438:
1433:
1431:
1424:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1338:Julian Mitchell
1333:Another Country
1323:The Old Country
1276:Marek Kanievska
1265:Julian Mitchell
1260:Another Country
1171:Cambridge Spies
1151:as Kim Philby,
1140:Cambridge Spies
1129:Anthony Hopkins
1065:education show
1020:(BBC TV series)
1002:The Trinity Six
999:'s 2011 novel,
997:Charles Cumming
982:The Other Woman
878:The Untouchable
832:
760:. According to
744:Chapman Pincher
714:as well as the
708:
650:
642:Battle of Kursk
613:
605:Oleg Gordievsky
599:
573:Oleg Gordievsky
507:John Cairncross
504:
502:John Cairncross
491:British Library
395:
313:
189:
148:
111:Trinity College
88:John Cairncross
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3586:Vitaly Shlykov
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3537:
3535:
3534:in combination
3529:
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3520:
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3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3396:Geoffrey Prime
3393:
3388:
3383:
3381:Melita Norwood
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3347:
3344:
3343:
3341:
3340:
3335:
3333:Harry Houghton
3330:
3325:
3320:
3314:
3312:
3306:
3305:
3303:
3302:
3297:
3295:Donald Maclean
3292:
3287:
3282:
3276:
3274:
3272:Cambridge Five
3265:
3258:
3257:
3254:
3253:
3251:
3250:
3243:
3238:
3236:Robert Hanssen
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3155:Richard Miller
3152:
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3122:
3120:Reino Häyhänen
3117:
3115:Robert Hanssen
3112:
3110:James Hall III
3107:
3102:
3097:
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3067:
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3064:
3059:
3057:Flora Wovschin
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3037:Nathaniel Weyl
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2907:Harold Glasser
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2784:
2783:External links
2781:
2780:
2779:
2759:
2756:
2753:
2752:
2746:978-0573018916
2745:
2727:
2699:
2674:
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2623:
2597:
2571:
2569:, pp. 283–284.
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2188:. 24 July 2019
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2071:
2049:
2021:
1990:
1965:
1954:. 23 July 2009
1937:
1926:. 24 July 2009
1911:
1886:
1860:
1845:. 10 July 1994
1828:
1800:978-0786498680
1799:
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1448:Arnold Deutsch
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1410:
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1408:
1401:and his album
1399:Rory Gallagher
1385:
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1355:
1340:
1329:
1308:
1307:
1291:
1283:
1280:Eleanor Brewer
1267:
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1244:The Jigsaw Man
1234:
1233:
1180:
1164:
1136:
1133:Ian Richardson
1122:
1121:plays Burgess.
1102:
1094:
1089:in 2007, with
1072:
1059:
1021:
1007:
1006:
993:
977:
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932:Sir John Night
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813:Anthony Powell
802:
791:
771:
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747:
707:
704:
649:
646:
623:. In his book
597:
569:Barrie Penrose
535:Bletchley Park
523:Maurice Hankey
519:James Klugmann
515:Foreign Office
503:
500:
448:Prime Minister
442:, in his book
394:
391:
349:, writing for
312:
309:
294:Stewart Purvis
242:Venona project
208:Foreign Office
192:Donald Maclean
188:
185:
147:
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92:Cambridge Four
64:Donald Maclean
45:Cambridge Five
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
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3:
2:
3709:
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3677:Double agents
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2267:History Today
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1610:. 7 July 2014
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854:A Perfect Spy
851:
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847:John le Carré
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758:The Fifth Man
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625:The Fifth Man
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585:
581:
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574:
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562:
560:
559:Graham Greene
557:, written by
556:
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554:The Tenth Man
550:
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548:The Third Man
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527:cryptanalysis
524:
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480:Harold Wilson
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400:was a former
399:
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393:Anthony Blunt
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84:Anthony Blunt
81:
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73:
69:
65:
60:
58:
54:
50:
46:
38:
34:
30:
19:
3606:Arne Treholt
3581:Ignace Reiss
3523:Ryūzō Sejima
3513:SanzĹŤ Nosaka
3469:Elena Miller
3426:John Vassall
3401:Goronwy Rees
3356:George Blake
3338:Konon Molody
3323:Morris Cohen
3271:
3245:
3226:Anna Chapman
3145:Robert Lipka
3135:Karl Koecher
3085:Aldrich Ames
3047:Maria Wicher
2987:Vincent Reno
2982:Lee Pressman
2967:Victor Perlo
2962:William Perl
2952:Boris Morros
2947:Hede Massing
2937:George Koval
2887:Morris Cohen
2867:Earl Browder
2767:
2737:Single Spies
2736:
2730:
2720:22 September
2718:. Retrieved
2711:
2702:
2690:. Retrieved
2686:
2677:
2665:. Retrieved
2661:
2652:
2640:. Retrieved
2635:
2626:
2614:. Retrieved
2610:
2600:
2588:. Retrieved
2583:
2574:
2554:
2548:
2538:
2530:
2520:
2513:
2502:
2492:
2484:
2478:
2471:The Guardian
2470:
2465:
2446:
2440:
2432:
2427:
2419:
2412:. Retrieved
2408:
2398:
2386:. Retrieved
2382:the original
2371:
2361:
2342:
2308:
2301:. Retrieved
2297:The Guardian
2296:
2287:
2278:
2271:. Retrieved
2266:
2257:
2245:. Retrieved
2241:The Guardian
2240:
2231:
2219:. Retrieved
2215:The Guardian
2214:
2205:
2197:
2190:. Retrieved
2186:The Guardian
2185:
2176:
2164:. Retrieved
2159:
2150:
2138:. Retrieved
2128:
2120:
2113:. Retrieved
2108:
2099:
2080:
2074:
2062:. Retrieved
2052:
2040:. Retrieved
2033:
2024:
2012:. Retrieved
2005:
1981:. Retrieved
1977:
1968:
1956:. Retrieved
1949:
1940:
1928:. Retrieved
1924:The Guardian
1923:
1914:
1902:. Retrieved
1898:
1889:
1877:. Retrieved
1872:
1863:
1854:
1847:. Retrieved
1840:
1831:
1790:
1784:
1772:. Retrieved
1760:
1750:
1742:
1735:. Retrieved
1731:The Guardian
1730:
1721:
1713:
1706:. Retrieved
1702:The Guardian
1701:
1692:
1679:, edited by
1672:
1668:
1653:
1645:
1638:. Retrieved
1634:The Guardian
1633:
1624:
1612:. Retrieved
1602:
1590:. Retrieved
1586:
1577:
1565:. Retrieved
1555:
1547:
1540:. Retrieved
1530:
1522:
1515:
1503:. Retrieved
1499:
1404:Top Priority
1402:
1387:
1386:
1380:
1376:
1373:Alan Bennett
1368:Single Spies
1366:
1358:
1347:
1331:
1327:Alan Bennett
1322:
1316:
1310:
1309:
1293:
1285:
1269:
1258:
1242:
1236:
1235:
1230:Roger Hollis
1220:as Elliott,
1218:Damian Lewis
1210:triple agent
1182:
1174:
1170:
1138:
1124:
1111:Alan Bennett
1104:
1096:
1091:Derek Jacobi
1074:
1066:
1053:
1052:in Potter's
1047:
1037:
1027:
1016:
1009:
1008:
1000:
995:The plot of
991:Daniel Silva
980:
969:The Innocent
967:
959:
950:
937:
897:
876:
860:
852:
840:
834:
833:
809:Brian Sewell
799:Goronwy Rees
761:
757:
756:in his book
754:Roland Perry
737:
734:Peter Wright
730:Roger Hollis
724:
718:, exclusive
709:
697:
694:Murray Sayle
690:The Guardian
689:
686:
682:30-year rule
679:
670:The Guardian
668:
666:
658:Henry Brooke
651:
635:
633:
628:
624:
618:
615:
608:
593:
588:
583:
580:Yuri Modin's
577:
566:
563:
552:
546:
543:
529:agency, the
505:
488:
484:
469:
465:John Vassall
462:
455:
443:
440:Andrew Boyle
434:
427:
424:Peter Wright
417:
410:
396:
384:
378:
363:
358:The Observer
356:
350:
344:
332:
328:double agent
314:
302:
289:The Guardian
287:
285:
280:social media
273:
269:Russian SFSR
262:
235:
224:
220:
190:
158:controller,
154:under their
152:Soviet Union
149:
138:
115:
96:
91:
66:(1913–1983,
61:
49:Soviet Union
44:
42:
29:
3591:Herman Simm
3576:Alfred Redl
3532:Elsewhere /
3431:Arthur Wynn
3371:Klaus Fuchs
3361:David Crook
3285:Guy Burgess
3214:Post-Soviet
3105:Jack Dunlap
3080:Rudolf Abel
3052:Nathan Witt
3027:Harold Ware
3002:Saville Sax
2932:Donald Hiss
2902:Klaus Fuchs
2872:Boris Bukov
2616:6 September
2590:6 September
2414:30 December
2378:Time Warner
2303:30 December
2247:30 December
2221:30 December
2192:30 December
2166:30 December
2140:30 December
2115:30 December
2064:30 December
2042:30 December
1737:30 December
1708:30 December
1640:30 December
1567:31 December
1542:30 December
1500:BBC History
1473:Bob Stewart
1468:Jim Skardon
1304:Allen Leech
1302:, includes
1300:Alan Turing
1216:as Philby,
1167:Samuel West
1161:Samuel West
1147:drama with
1093:as Burgess.
1077:was a 1977
908:Big Brother
867:Ian Fleming
794:Guy Liddell
788:Brian Simon
347:Middle East
196:Guy Burgess
140:Many others
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