515:
eclectic quality and remarkable perseverance in its chosen causes. His vision for adult education drew from both
Victorian values of character as well as democratic ideals of freedom of thought and reasoning. Through the Carnegie Corporation, he established the American Association of Adult Education, which focused on grant funding for adult education programs. The creation of an outside organization helped shield the Carnegie Corporation from accusations of political involvement in education, which would be viewed as private influence over public education. The corporation was aiming to prevent accusations of social-engineering of citizens by creating a separate organization. The AAAE's primary focus in the 1930s was promoting a more democratic society through the education of adults. The AAAE's most notable contribution was the Harlem Experiment, an initiative to provide adult education to African Americans in Harlem during the Harlem Renaissance that began in 1926.
853:, inspired the Nunn-Lugar Amendment to the Soviet Threat Reduction Act of 1991, intended to help dismantle Soviet nuclear weapons and reduce proliferation risks. More recently, the corporation addressed interethnic and regional conflict and funded projects seeking to diminish the risks of a wider war resulting from civil strife. Two Carnegie commissions, Reducing the Nuclear Danger (1990), the other Preventing Deadly Conflict (1994), addressed the dangers of human conflict and the use of weapons of mass destruction. The corporation's emphasis in Commonwealth Africa, meanwhile, shifted to women's health and political development and the application of science and technology, including new information systems, to foster research and expertise in indigenous scientific institutions and universities.
779:" into higher education prompted formation of the Carnegie Commission on Higher Education (1967), funded by the CFAT. (During 1972, the CFAT became an independent institution after experiencing three decades of restricted control over its own affairs.) In its more than ninety reports, the commission made detailed suggestions for introducing more flexibility into the structure and financing of higher education. One outgrowth of the commission's work was creation of the federal Pell grants program offering tuition assistance for needy college students. The corporation promoted the Doctor of Arts "teaching" degree as well as various off-campus undergraduate degree programs, including the Regents Degree of the State of New York and
689:
communicated to decision-makers, the public, and the media, in order to foster policy debate. Developing programs that larger organizations, especially governments, could implement and scale in size became a major objective. The policy shift to institutional knowledge transfer came in part as a response to relatively diminished resources that made it necessary to leverage assets and "multiplier effects" to have any effect at all. The corporation considered itself a trendsetter in philanthropy, often funding research or providing seed money for ideas while others financed more costly operations. For example, ideas it advanced resulted in the
707:, who became acting president during 1965 and president during 1967 (again of both Carnegie Corporation and the CFAT), that the foundation began to respond to claims by various groups, including women, for increased power and wealth. The corporation developed three interlocking objectives: prevention of educational disadvantage; equality of educational opportunity in the schools; and broadened opportunities in higher education. A fourth objective cutting across these programs was to improve the democratic performance of government. Grants were made to reform state government as the
798:, a physician, educator, and scientist with a public health background, became president in 1982 intending to mobilize the best scientific and scholarly talent and thinking on "prevention of rotten outcomes" - from early childhood to international relations. The corporation pivoted from higher education to the education and healthy development of children and adolescents, and the preparation of youth for a scientific and technological, knowledge-driven world. In 1984 the corporation established the Carnegie Commission on Education and the Economy. Its major publication,
539:, it promoted strategies to improve the lives of rural Afrikaner whites and other poor whites in general. A memorandum sent to Keppel said there was "little doubt that if the natives were given full economic opportunity, the more competent among them would soon outstrip the less competent whites" Keppel endorsed the project that produced the report, motivated by his concern with maintaining existing racial boundaries. The corporation's concern for the so-called "poor white problem" in South Africa stemmed at least in part from similar misgivings about
54:
470:
gift to the original trustees making the endowment said that the trustees would "best conform to my wishes by using their own judgement." Corporation strategies changed over the years but remained focused on education, although the trust did also increasingly fund scientific research, convinced that the nation needed more scientific expertise and "scientific management". It also worked to build research facilities for the natural and social sciences. The corporation made large grants to the
787:). Building on its past programs to promote the continuing education of women, the foundation made a series of grants for the advancement of women in academic life. Two other study groups formed to examine critical problems in American life were the Carnegie Council on Children (1972) and the Carnegie Commission on the Future of Public Broadcasting (1977), the latter formed almost ten years after the first commission.
63:
861:
Development (1986), the
Carnegie Task Force on Meeting the Needs of Young Children (1991), and the Carnegie Task Force on Learning in the Primary Grades (1994). Another, the Carnegie Commission on Science, Technology, and Government (1988), recommended ways that government at all levels could make more effective use of science and technology in their operations and policies. Jointly with the
527:(1944). The book had no immediate effect on public policy, but was later much cited in legal challenges to segregation. Keppel believed foundations should make facts available and let them facts speak for themselves. His cogent writings on philanthropy made a lasting impression on field and influenced the organization and leadership of many new foundations.
802:(1986), reaffirmed the role of the teacher as the "best hope" for quality in elementary and secondary education. That report led to the establishment a year later of the National Board for Professional Teaching Standards, to consider ways to attract able candidates to teaching and recognize and retain them. At the corporation's initiative, the
857:
the capability to influence public thought and action. If "change agent" was a major term during Pifer's time, "linkage" became a byword in
Hamburg's. The corporation increasingly used its convening powers to bring together experts across disciplinary and sectoral boundaries to create policy consensus and promote collaboration.
856:
During
Hamburg's tenure, dissemination achieved even greater primacy with respect to strategic philanthropy. Consolidation and diffusion of the best available knowledge from social science and education research was used to improve social policy and practice, as partner with major institutions with
551:
would be the outcome unless something was done to help poor whites, endorsing the necessity of the role of social institutions to play in the successful maintenance of white racial superiority. The report expressed trepidation concerning the loss of white racial pride, with the implicit consequence
563:
and its immediate aftermath were a relatively inactive period for the
Carnegie Corporation. Dollard joined the staff in 1939 as Keppel's assistant and became president in 1948. The foundation took greater interest in the social sciences, and particularly the study of human behavior. The trust also
546:
White poverty defied traditional understandings of white racial superiority and thus became the subject of study. The report recommended that "employment sanctuaries" be established for poor white workers and that poor white workers replace "native" workers in most skilled aspects of the economy.
469:
trustee. For a time the corporation's gifts followed the patterns
Carnegie had already established. Grants for public libraries and church organs continued until 1917, and also went to other Carnegie organizations, and universities, colleges, schools, and educational agencies. Carnegie's letter of
885:
the corporation reviewed its management structure and grants programs. In 1998 the corporation established four primary program headings: education, international peace and security, international development, and democracy. In these four main areas, the corporation continued to engage with major
688:
Under
Gardner, the corporation embraced strategic philanthropy—planned, organized, and deliberately constructed to attain stated ends. Funding criteria no longer required just a socially desirable project. The corporation sought out projects that would produce knowledge leading to useful results,
676:
and urged the corporation to funded much of the US' basic research on cognition, creativity, and the learning process, particularly among young children, associating psychology and education. Perhaps its most important contribution to reform of pre-college education at this time was the series of
514:
as president (1923–1941), the
Carnegie Corporation shifted from creating public libraries to strengthening library infrastructure and services, developing adult education, and adding arts education to the programs of colleges and universities. The foundation's grants in this period have a certain
723:
Maintaining its commitment to early childhood education, the corporation endorsed the application of research knowledge in experimental and demonstration programs, which subsequently provided strong evidence of the long-term positive effects of high-quality early education, particularly for the
695:, later adopted by the federal government. A foundation's most precious asset was its sense of direction, Gardner said, gathering a competent professional staff of generalists that he called his "cabinet of strategy," and regarded as a resource as important to the corporation as its endowment.
534:
and recommended a first set of grants to establish public schools in eastern and southern Africa. Other grants went to for municipal library development in South Africa. During 1928 the corporation initiated the
Carnegie Commission on the Poor White Problem in South Africa. Better known as the
860:
Continuing tradition, the foundation established several other major study groups, often directed by the president and managed by a special staff. Three groups covered the educational and developmental needs of children and youth from birth to age fifteen: the
Carnegie Council on Adolescent
623:
was promoted from a staff position to the presidency in 1955. Gardner simultaneously became president of the CFAT, which was housed at the corporation. During Gardner's time in office the Carnegie Corporation worked to upgrade academic competence in foreign area studies and strengthened its
603:
system into place, leading to political ascendancy for Afrikaners and dispossession for many Africans and colored people suddenly required to live in certain areas of the country only, on pain of imprisonment for remaining in possession of homes in areas designated for whites. The Carnegie
552:
that poor whites would not successfully resist "Africanisation." The report sought, in part, to forestall the historically inevitable accession of a communal, class based, democratic socialist movement aimed at uniting the poor of each race in common cause and brotherhood.
400:, an allocation first referred to as the Special Fund, then the British Dominions and Colonies Fund, and later the Commonwealth Program. Charter amendments have allowed the corporation to use 7.4 percent of its income in countries that are or once were members of the
685:; in particular, Conant's study of comprehensive American high schools (1959) resolved public controversy concerning the purpose of public secondary education, and made the case that schools could adequately educate both average students and the academically gifted.
719:
foundations and others in funding educational litigation by civil rights organizations. It also initiated a multifaceted program to train black lawyers in the South for the practice of public interest law and to increase the legal representation of black people.
724:
disadvantaged. A 1980 report on an influential study, the Perry Preschool Project of the HighScope Educational Research Foundation, on the outcomes for sixteen-year-olds enrolled in the experimental preschool programs provided crucial evidence that safeguarded
672:. This study stimulated aid increases from the United Kingdom, Europe, and the United States to African nations' systems of higher and professional education. Gardner had a strong interest in education, but as a psychologist he believed in the
587:
to establish the Russian Research Center at Harvard University, today known as the Davis Center for Russia and Eurasian Studies, as an organization that could address large-scale research from both a policy and educational points of view.
536:
711:, underwrite voter education drives, and mobilize youth to vote, among other measures. Use of the legal system became a method for achieving equal opportunity in education, as well as redress of grievance, and the corporation joined the
564:
entered into international affairs. Dollard urged it to fund quantitative, "objective" social science research like research in physical sciences, and help to diffuse the results through major universities. The corporation advocated for
415:
and his financial agent, Robert A. Franks, acted as trustees as well and, respectively, corporation secretary and treasurer. This first executive committee made most of the funding decisions. Other seats on the board were held
1100:
367:
suggested he establish a trust. Carnegie transferred most of his remaining fortune into it, and made the trust responsible for distributing his wealth after he died. Carnegie's previous charitable giving had used conventional
395:
under his will so it therefore received an additional $ 10 million, the remainder of his estate after had paid his other bequests. Carnegie reserved a portion of the corporation's assets for philanthropy in Canada and the
502:, an obvious follow-on to Carnegie's vision for libraries as "the university of the people". In 1919 it initiated the Americanization Study to explore educational opportunities for adults, primarily for new immigrants.
763:
Becoming involved with South Africa again during the mid-1970s, the corporation worked through universities to increase the legal representation of black people and increase the practice of public interest law. At the
522:
in 1937 by naming a non-American outsider as manager of the study. His theory that this task should be done by someone unencumbered by traditional attitudes or earlier conclusions led to Myrdal's widely heralded book
632:
program and funded development of new models for advanced and professional study by mature women. Important funding went to the key early experiments in continuing education for women, with major grants to the
894:. As a cross-program initiative, and in cooperation with other foundations and organizations, the corporation instituted a scholars program, offering funding to individual scholars, particularly in the
783:. The foundation's combined interest in testing and higher education resulted in establishment of a national system of college credit by examination (College-Level Entrance Examination Program of the
936:
1042:
1873:
760:, showed that in public schools resources only weakly correlated with educational outcomes, which coincided with the foundation's burgeoning interest in improved school effectiveness.
971:
703:
While Gardner's opinion of educational equality was to multiply the channels through which an individual could pursue opportunity, it was during the term of long-time staff member
1868:
1518:
845:, corporation grants helped promote the concept of cooperative security among erstwhile adversaries and projects to build democratic institutions in the former Soviet Union and
1666:
941:
803:
604:
corporation pulled its philanthropic endeavors from South Africa for more than two decades after this political change, turning its attention from South Africa to developing
448:
312:
728:
in a time of deep cuts to federal social programs. The foundation also promoted educational children's television and initiated the Children's Television Workshop (now
1863:
1853:
1311:
568:
in schools to determine academic merit regardless of the student's socio-economic background. Its initiatives have also included helping to broker the creation of the
956:
31:
737:
300:
818:(1993), which recommended a common core of learning in science, mathematics, and technology for all citizens and helped set national standards of achievement.
1575:
691:
291:
Since its founding, the Carnegie Corporation has endowed or otherwise helped establish institutions including the United States National Research Council,
772:
and make recommendations to nongovernmental organizations for actions commensurate with the long-run goal of achieving a democratic, interracial society.
1526:
946:
454:
308:
475:
1697:
1029:
1720:
1184:
Richard Glotzer, "A long shadow: Frederick P. Keppel, the Carnegie Corporation and the Dominions and Colonies Fund Area Experts 1923–1943."
1155:
886:
issues confronting higher education. Domestically, it emphasized reform of teacher education and examined the current status and future of
869:(1996), provided a framework and agenda for teacher education reform across the country. These study groups drew on knowledge generated by
483:
38:
744:
of 1968 that established a public broadcasting system. Many other reports on US education the corporation financed at this time, included
890:
education in the United States. Abroad, the corporation sought to devise methods to strengthen higher education and public libraries in
575:
The corporation determined that the U.S. increasingly needed policy and scholarly expertise in international affairs, and so tied into
1802:
784:
479:
436:
412:
1522:
1332:
1293:
1271:
918:
will become its next and 13th president. She joined the foundation in January 2023 at the end of her seven-year term as head of the
540:
1814:
1101:"Carnegie Corporation of New York | Development Co-operation Profiles – Carnegie Corporation of New York | OECD iLibrary"
768:, it established the Second Carnegie Inquiry into Poverty and Development in Southern Africa, this time to examine the legacies of
316:
1362:
Elizabeth L. Cless, "The Birth of an Idea: An Account of the Genesis of Women's Continuing Education," in Helen S. Astin (ed.),
351:
had endowed five organizations in the United States and three in the United Kingdom, and given more than $ 43 million to build
1399:
991:
1435:
426:
387:
In 1911–1912, Carnegie gave the corporation $ 125 million. At that time the corporation was the largest single philanthropic
119:
1547:
1806:
830:
471:
1451:
826:
569:
736:
and other noted children's programs. Growing belief in the power of educational television prompted creation of the
1764:
Foundations of the American Century: The Ford, Carnegie, and Rockefeller Foundations in the Rise of American Power.
1203:"Negotiating the Aims of African American Adult Education: Race and Liberalism in the Harlem Experiment, 1931–1935"
1147:
1078:
1143:
833:
and joined the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation to support the analytic work of a new generation of
708:
1858:
1376:
1114:
838:
1136:
Mulholland, Gary; MacEachen, Claire; Kapareliotis, Ilias (2013). Wankel, Charles; Pate, Larry Edmond (eds.).
765:
741:
669:
634:
518:
Keppel initiated a famous 1944 study of race relations in the United States by the Swedish social economist
462:
53:
1667:"Carnegie Corporation: 1982-1997: Research-Based Action for Constructive Child and Adolescent Development"
966:
961:
862:
716:
654:
650:
356:
133:
111:
850:
491:
372:, but he chose a corporation as the structure for his last and largest trust. Chartered by the State of
323:, Carnegie Corporation of New York's financing for 2019 development increased by 27% to US$ 24 million.
1792:
295:'s Davis Center for Russian and Eurasian Studies (formerly known as the Russian Research Center), the
1616:
919:
865:, the corporation financed the National Commission on Teaching & America's Future, whose report,
780:
757:
745:
629:
565:
401:
17:
1030:"Annual Report FY2021-2022: Promoting the advancement and diffusion of knowledge and understanding"
673:
658:
511:
487:
377:
254:
199:
1640:
1073:
891:
725:
682:
638:
531:
442:
369:
292:
1241:
Walter Jackson, "The Making of a Social Science Classic: Gunnar Myrdal's An American Dilemma."
704:
461:
After Carnegie died in 1919, the trustees elected a full-time salaried president as the trust's
1771:
A world of giving: Carnegie Corporation of New York-- a Century of International Philanthropy.
1632:
1607:
1459:
1431:
1425:
1350:
Kathryn W. and Shelby Cullom Davis Center for Russian and Eurasian Studies, Harvard University
1328:
1289:
1267:
1224:
1151:
915:
642:
499:
327:
211:
814:
1624:
1214:
951:
882:
795:
665:
524:
397:
388:
373:
352:
296:
931:
895:
729:
712:
678:
620:
592:
580:
495:
348:
304:
285:
101:
1620:
829:. The foundation underwrote scientific study of the feasibility of the proposed federal
1552:
1345:
846:
808:
152:
68:
1602:
1305:
668:
in sub-Saharan Africa include the 1959-60 Ashby Commission study of Nigerian needs in
62:
1847:
1644:
870:
733:
548:
519:
288:
in 1911 to support education programs across the United States, and later the world.
177:
156:
1427:
The Politics of Knowledge: The Carnegie Corporation, Philanthropy, and Public Policy
1400:
White Paper on 50 Years of NAEP Use: Where NAEP Has Been and Where It Should Go Next
1001:
903:
887:
842:
834:
776:
646:
625:
596:
576:
560:
381:
360:
1797:
1511:
1485:
355:
and given another almost $ 110 million elsewhere. But ten years after he sold the
1137:
1325:
The American Century: Consensus and Coercion in the Projection of American Power
873:
programs and inspired follow-up grantmaking to implement their recommendations.
756:
by Christopher Jencks (1973). This report confirmed quantitative research, e.g.
609:
605:
331:
223:
195:
899:
822:
821:
A new emphasis for the corporation was the danger to world peace posed by the
584:
430:
418:
364:
1829:
1816:
1463:
1228:
1698:"New Directions for Carnegie Corporation of New York: A Report to the Board"
1628:
1486:
A Step Toward Equal Justice: Programs to Increase Black Lawyers in the South
849:. The Prevention of Proliferation Task Force, coordinated by a grant to the
769:
600:
359:, more than $ 150 million remained in his accounts and at 76, he wearied of
191:
187:
72:
32:
Carnegie Trust for the Universities of Scotland § Carnegie Scholarships
1636:
754:
Inequality: A Reassessment of the Effect of Family and Schooling in America
1721:"Carnegie Corporation of New York Appoints Louise Richardson as President"
1171:
1805:
Collaboration of the Rockefeller, Ford and Carnegie Foundations with the
1219:
1202:
547:
The authors of the report suggested that white racial deterioration and
422:
by presidents of five previously established US Carnegie organizations:
1068:
408:
392:
143:“promote the advancement and diffusion of knowledge and understanding”
37:
This article is about a U.S. philanthropic trust. For other uses, see
30:"Carnegie Scholar" redirects here. For the Scottish scholarship, see
1286:
Haunted by Empire: Geographies of Intimacy in North American History
1306:
Racially segregated school libraries in KwaZulu/Natal, South Africa
653:(1962, under Professor Esther Raushenbush). Gardner's interest in
1798:
Carnegie Corporation of New York archives at Columbia University
320:
1264:
The Silent War: Imperialism and the Changing Perception of Race
937:
Carnegie Commission on the Poor White Problem in South Africa
1785:
1364:
Some Action of Her Own: The Adult Woman and Higher Education
271:
376:
as the Carnegie Corporation of New York, the corporation's
449:
Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching (CFAT)
407:
In its early years, Carnegie served as both president and
1139:
Social Entrepreneurship as a Catalyst for Social Change
1067:
Davis, Kathryn Wasserman; Davis, Shelby Cullom (2017).
972:
The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching
628:
education program. In the early 1960s it inaugurated a
914:
On November 18, 2021, the corporation announced that
579:
programs at colleges and universities as well as the
1142:. Research in Management Education and Development.
942:
Carnegie Council for Ethics in International Affairs
1377:"Carnegie Corporation of New York: Historical Note"
1327:By David Slater and Peter James Taylor. Page 290.
1115:"Carnegie Corporation of New York: Historical Note"
804:
American Association for the Advancement of Science
313:
Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching
266:
253:
242:
229:
217:
205:
183:
173:
163:
147:
139:
129:
117:
107:
97:
79:
380:fund, originally worth about $ 135 million, had a
1752:New York: Carnegie Corporation of New York, 1981.
1671:On-line Supplement to Fall 2010 Carnegie Reporter
1519:U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare
1759:Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1989.
1312:Journal of Librarianship and Information Science
326:Carnegie Corporation of New York's president is
67:The headquarters of Carnegie Corporation at 437
1874:Non-profit organizations based in New York City
1548:"EXCERPTS FROM THE CARNEGIE REPORT ON TEACHING"
1366:, Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1976, pp.6-7.
1069:"Davis Center for Russian and Eurasian Studies"
957:Carnegie Trust for the Universities of Scotland
490:'s now-defunct Food Research Institute and the
740:, whose recommendations were adopted into the
303:, and the Children's Television Workshop (now
1803:Time For Ford Foundation & CFR To Divest?
738:Carnegie Commission on Educational Television
391:ever established. He also made it a residual
330:and the chairman of its board of trustees is
301:University of Chicago Graduate Library School
8:
1869:Educational foundations in the United States
1430:. University of Chicago Press. p. 183.
46:
775:The influx of nontraditional students and "
692:National Assessment of Educational Progress
1766:New York: Columbia University Press, 2012.
1491:(Report). Carnegie Corporation of New York
1405:(Report). American Institutes for Research
1281:
1279:
947:Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
902:, in the independent states of the former
455:Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
309:Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
61:
45:
1218:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1864:Education companies established in 1911
1854:1911 establishments in New York (state)
1259:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1251:
983:
284:is a philanthropic fund established by
1696:Gregorian, Vartan (February 2, 1999).
1452:"GRANT OF $ 250,000 TO AID YOUTH VOTE"
583:. In 1948 the trust also provided the
1750:The Carnegie Trusts and Institutions.
1081:from the original on October 30, 2018
1028:Kean, Thomas Howard (March 9, 2023).
384:of $ 1.55 billion on March 31, 1999.
7:
1601:Fineberg, Harvey V. (June 7, 2019).
1196:
1194:
484:National Bureau of Economic Research
18:The Carnegie Corporation of New York
1793:History of the Carnegie Corporation
1719:York, Carnegie Corporation of New.
1512:Equality of Educational Opportunity
1700:. Carnegie Corporation of New York
785:College Entrance Examination Board
480:Carnegie Institution of Washington
437:Carnegie Institution of Washington
25:
1424:Ellen Condliffe Lagemann (1992).
1048:from the original on May 10, 2024
541:poor whites in the American South
1786:Carnegie Corporation of New York
1725:Carnegie Corporation of New York
1580:Carnegie Corporation of New York
1243:Perspectives in American History
1038:Carnegie Corporation of New York
997:Carnegie Corporation of New York
317:Carnegie Institution for Science
282:Carnegie Corporation of New York
52:
47:Carnegie Corporation of New York
1603:"David A. Hamburg (1925--2019)"
1527:U.S. Government Printing Office
1379:. Columbia University Libraries
1201:Nocera, Amato (February 2018).
1117:. Columbia University Libraries
815:Benchmarks for Science Literacy
1773:New York: PublicAffairs, 2014.
1315:, Vol. 18, No. 1, 23-46 (1986)
1288:By Ann Laura Stoler. Page 66.
1207:History of Education Quarterly
841:experts. After the end of the
752:(1971), and the controversial
1:
1576:"David A. Hamburg, 1925–2019"
1266:By Frank FĂĽredi. Page 66-67.
443:Carnegie Hero Fund Commission
1807:Council on Foreign Relations
831:Strategic Defense Initiative
494:, then became interested in
472:National Academy of Sciences
1556:. May 16, 1986. p. A17
827:weapons of mass destruction
570:Educational Testing Service
537:"Carnegie Poor White Study"
27:American philanthropic fund
1890:
1757:The Politics of Knowledge.
1748:Sara L. Engelhardt (ed.),
1510:Coleman, James S. (1966).
1398:Mullis, Ina V. S. (2019).
1148:Information Age Publishing
677:education studies done by
664:Notable grant projects in
641:and Virginia L. Senders),
363:choices. Long-time friend
307:). It also has funded the
200:higher education in Africa
36:
29:
1440:– via Google Books.
1172:"Food Research Institute"
1144:Charlotte, North Carolina
881:During the presidency of
809:Science for All Americans
709:laboratories of democracy
476:National Research Council
370:organizational structures
60:
51:
1523:U.S. Office of Education
839:nuclear nonproliferation
599:and effectively put the
411:. His private secretary
343:Founding and early years
1769:Patricia L Rosenfield,
1665:Hamburg, David (2010).
1629:10.1126/science.aay0501
766:University of Cape Town
750:Crisis in the Classroom
742:Public Broadcasting Act
670:postsecondary education
645:(1961, under President
635:University of Minnesota
530:In 1927, Keppel toured
463:chief executive officer
85:; 113 years ago
1174:. Stanford University.
967:Nicholas Murray Butler
962:Great Immigrants Award
863:Rockefeller Foundation
681:, former president of
655:leadership development
651:Sarah Lawrence College
612:universities instead.
357:Carnegie Steel Company
134:Nonprofit organization
1352:. Harvard University.
1309:by Jennifer Verbeek.
1188:38.5 (2009): 621-648.
851:Brookings Institution
492:Brookings Institution
1755:Ellen C. Lagemann,
1458:. December 1, 1971.
1186:History of Education
992:"Mission and Vision"
920:University of Oxford
806:issued two reports,
781:Empire State College
746:Charles E. Silberman
637:(1960, co-directors
630:continuing education
566:standardized testing
402:British Commonwealth
319:(CIS). According to
1826: /
1621:2019Sci...364..940F
1484:Evans, Eli (1973).
1220:10.1017/heq.2017.47
674:behavioral sciences
659:White House Fellows
512:Frederick P. Keppel
506:Frederick P. Keppel
488:Stanford University
196:international peace
48:
39:Carnegie Foundation
1762:Inderjeet Parmar,
1456:The New York Times
1074:Harvard University
892:Sub Saharan Africa
825:confrontation and
758:the Coleman Report
726:Project Head Start
683:Harvard University
639:Elizabeth L. Cless
532:sub-Saharan Africa
427:Carnegie Institute
297:Carnegie libraries
293:Harvard University
219:Chair of the Board
1245:2 (1985): 221-67.
1157:978-1-62396-445-0
916:Louise Richardson
910:Louise Richardson
867:What Matters Most
800:A Nation Prepared
661:program in 1964.
643:Radcliffe College
500:lifelong learning
328:Louise Richardson
278:
277:
212:Louise Richardson
83:June 9, 1911
16:(Redirected from
1881:
1841:
1840:
1838:
1837:
1836:
1831:
1827:
1824:
1823:
1822:
1819:
1789:
1788:
1736:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1716:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1693:
1687:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1662:
1656:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1598:
1592:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1582:. April 23, 2019
1572:
1566:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1544:
1538:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1516:
1507:
1501:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1490:
1481:
1475:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1448:
1442:
1441:
1421:
1415:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1404:
1395:
1389:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1373:
1367:
1360:
1354:
1353:
1342:
1336:
1322:
1316:
1302:
1296:
1283:
1274:
1261:
1246:
1239:
1233:
1232:
1222:
1198:
1189:
1182:
1176:
1175:
1168:
1162:
1161:
1133:
1127:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1111:
1105:
1104:
1097:
1091:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1064:
1058:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1047:
1034:
1025:
1014:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1000:. Archived from
988:
952:Carnegie library
883:Vartan Gregorian
877:Vartan Gregorian
796:David A. Hamburg
791:David A. Hamburg
666:higher education
525:American Dilemma
398:British Colonies
389:charitable trust
353:public libraries
315:(CFAT), and the
274:
259:
246:
234:
93:
91:
86:
65:
56:
49:
21:
1889:
1888:
1884:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1879:
1878:
1859:Andrew Carnegie
1844:
1843:
1834:
1832:
1830:40.76°N 73.98°W
1828:
1825:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1812:
1784:
1783:
1780:
1745:
1743:Further reading
1740:
1739:
1729:
1727:
1718:
1717:
1713:
1703:
1701:
1695:
1694:
1690:
1680:
1678:
1664:
1663:
1659:
1649:
1647:
1600:
1599:
1595:
1585:
1583:
1574:
1573:
1569:
1559:
1557:
1546:
1545:
1541:
1531:
1529:
1514:
1509:
1508:
1504:
1494:
1492:
1488:
1483:
1482:
1478:
1468:
1466:
1450:
1449:
1445:
1438:
1423:
1422:
1418:
1408:
1406:
1402:
1397:
1396:
1392:
1382:
1380:
1375:
1374:
1370:
1361:
1357:
1344:
1343:
1339:
1323:
1319:
1303:
1299:
1284:
1277:
1262:
1249:
1240:
1236:
1200:
1199:
1192:
1183:
1179:
1170:
1169:
1165:
1158:
1135:
1134:
1130:
1120:
1118:
1113:
1112:
1108:
1099:
1098:
1094:
1084:
1082:
1066:
1065:
1061:
1051:
1049:
1045:
1032:
1027:
1026:
1017:
1007:
1005:
1004:on July 8, 2015
990:
989:
985:
980:
932:Andrew Carnegie
928:
912:
896:social sciences
879:
793:
732:), producer of
730:Sesame Workshop
701:
679:James B. Conant
621:John W. Gardner
618:
595:took effect in
593:Group Areas Act
581:Ford Foundation
558:
556:Charles Dollard
508:
496:adult education
349:Andrew Carnegie
345:
340:
305:Sesame Workshop
286:Andrew Carnegie
270:
257:
244:
235:
232:
220:
208:
166:
122:
102:Andrew Carnegie
89:
87:
84:
75:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1887:
1885:
1877:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1846:
1845:
1810:
1809:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1779:
1778:External links
1776:
1775:
1774:
1767:
1760:
1753:
1744:
1741:
1738:
1737:
1711:
1688:
1657:
1593:
1567:
1553:New York Times
1539:
1502:
1476:
1443:
1436:
1416:
1390:
1368:
1355:
1337:
1317:
1297:
1275:
1247:
1234:
1190:
1177:
1163:
1156:
1150:. p. 52.
1128:
1106:
1092:
1059:
1015:
982:
981:
979:
976:
975:
974:
969:
964:
959:
954:
949:
944:
939:
934:
927:
924:
911:
908:
878:
875:
847:Central Europe
792:
789:
700:
697:
617:
614:
557:
554:
507:
504:
459:
458:
452:
446:
440:
434:
344:
341:
339:
336:
276:
275:
268:
264:
263:
260:
251:
250:
247:
240:
239:
236:
230:
227:
226:
221:
218:
215:
214:
209:
206:
203:
202:
185:
181:
180:
175:
171:
170:
167:
164:
161:
160:
153:Madison Avenue
149:
145:
144:
141:
137:
136:
131:
127:
126:
123:
118:
115:
114:
109:
105:
104:
99:
95:
94:
81:
77:
76:
69:Madison Avenue
66:
58:
57:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1886:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1851:
1849:
1842:
1839:
1835:40.76; -73.98
1808:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1787:
1782:
1781:
1777:
1772:
1768:
1765:
1761:
1758:
1754:
1751:
1747:
1746:
1742:
1726:
1722:
1715:
1712:
1699:
1692:
1689:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1661:
1658:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1615:(6444): 940.
1614:
1610:
1609:
1604:
1597:
1594:
1581:
1577:
1571:
1568:
1555:
1554:
1549:
1543:
1540:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1513:
1506:
1503:
1487:
1480:
1477:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1447:
1444:
1439:
1433:
1429:
1428:
1420:
1417:
1401:
1394:
1391:
1378:
1372:
1369:
1365:
1359:
1356:
1351:
1347:
1341:
1338:
1334:
1333:0-631-21222-1
1330:
1326:
1321:
1318:
1314:
1313:
1308:
1307:
1301:
1298:
1295:
1294:0-8223-3724-X
1291:
1287:
1282:
1280:
1276:
1273:
1272:0-8135-2612-4
1269:
1265:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1238:
1235:
1230:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1197:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1181:
1178:
1173:
1167:
1164:
1159:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1140:
1132:
1129:
1116:
1110:
1107:
1102:
1096:
1093:
1080:
1076:
1075:
1070:
1063:
1060:
1044:
1040:
1039:
1031:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1016:
1003:
999:
998:
993:
987:
984:
977:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
929:
925:
923:
921:
917:
909:
907:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
884:
876:
874:
872:
868:
864:
858:
854:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
819:
817:
816:
811:
810:
805:
801:
797:
790:
788:
786:
782:
778:
773:
771:
767:
761:
759:
755:
751:
748:'s acclaimed
747:
743:
739:
735:
734:Sesame Street
731:
727:
721:
718:
714:
710:
706:
698:
696:
694:
693:
686:
684:
680:
675:
671:
667:
662:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
631:
627:
622:
615:
613:
611:
607:
602:
598:
594:
591:In 1951, the
589:
586:
582:
578:
573:
571:
567:
562:
555:
553:
550:
549:miscegenation
544:
542:
538:
533:
528:
526:
521:
520:Gunnar Myrdal
516:
513:
505:
503:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
468:
464:
457:(CEIP) (1910)
456:
453:
450:
447:
444:
441:
438:
435:
432:
428:
425:
424:
423:
421:
420:
414:
413:James Bertram
410:
405:
403:
399:
394:
390:
385:
383:
379:
375:
371:
366:
362:
361:philanthropic
358:
354:
350:
342:
337:
335:
333:
329:
324:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
289:
287:
283:
273:
269:
265:
262:$ 4.1 billion
261:
256:
252:
249:$ 186 million
248:
241:
238:$ 602 million
237:
228:
225:
222:
216:
213:
210:
204:
201:
197:
193:
189:
186:
182:
179:
176:
172:
168:
162:
158:
157:New York City
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
135:
132:
128:
124:
121:
116:
113:
110:
106:
103:
100:
96:
82:
78:
74:
70:
64:
59:
55:
50:
44:
40:
33:
19:
1811:
1770:
1763:
1756:
1749:
1728:. Retrieved
1724:
1714:
1702:. Retrieved
1691:
1679:. Retrieved
1674:
1670:
1660:
1648:. Retrieved
1612:
1606:
1596:
1584:. Retrieved
1579:
1570:
1558:. Retrieved
1551:
1542:
1530:. Retrieved
1505:
1493:. Retrieved
1479:
1467:. Retrieved
1455:
1446:
1426:
1419:
1407:. Retrieved
1393:
1381:. Retrieved
1371:
1363:
1358:
1349:
1340:
1324:
1320:
1310:
1304:
1300:
1285:
1263:
1242:
1237:
1210:
1206:
1185:
1180:
1166:
1138:
1131:
1119:. Retrieved
1109:
1095:
1083:. Retrieved
1072:
1062:
1050:. Retrieved
1037:
1036:
1006:. Retrieved
1002:the original
996:
995:
986:
913:
904:Soviet Union
888:liberal arts
880:
866:
859:
855:
835:arms control
820:
813:
807:
799:
794:
777:baby boomers
774:
762:
753:
749:
722:
702:
690:
687:
663:
647:Mary Bunting
626:liberal arts
619:
616:John Gardner
610:West African
606:East African
597:South Africa
590:
577:area studies
574:
561:World War II
559:
545:
529:
517:
509:
466:
460:
417:
406:
386:
382:market value
346:
325:
311:(CEIP), the
290:
281:
279:
272:carnegie.org
178:Grant-giving
148:Headquarters
130:Legal status
43:
1833: /
1213:(1): 1–32.
1085:October 30,
812:(1989) and
717:Rockefeller
657:led to the
332:Thomas Kean
224:Thomas Kean
1848:Categories
1517:(Report).
1437:0226467805
978:References
900:humanities
823:superpower
705:Alan Pifer
699:Alan Pifer
585:seed money
467:ex officio
431:Pittsburgh
419:ex officio
365:Elihu Root
125:13-1628151
120:Tax ID no.
112:Foundation
90:1911-06-09
1730:March 27,
1645:174803927
1464:0362-4331
1346:"History"
1229:0018-2680
1052:April 10,
770:apartheid
601:apartheid
572:in 1947.
347:By 1911,
255:Endowment
243:Expenses
207:President
192:democracy
188:Education
80:Formation
73:Manhattan
1704:June 26,
1681:July 19,
1650:July 19,
1637:31171684
1586:July 18,
1560:July 19,
1532:July 19,
1495:July 17,
1469:July 19,
1409:July 17,
1383:July 19,
1121:July 18,
1079:Archived
1043:Archived
1008:March 4,
926:See also
433:) (1896)
374:New York
231:Revenue
1821:73°59′W
1818:40°46′N
1617:Bibcode
1608:Science
649:), and
409:trustee
393:legatee
378:capital
338:History
267:Website
174:Methods
165:Region
140:Purpose
98:Founder
88: (
1643:
1635:
1462:
1434:
1335:, 1999
1331:
1292:
1270:
1227:
1154:
482:, the
478:, the
451:(1905)
445:(1904)
439:(1902)
299:, the
258:(2022)
245:(2022)
233:(2022)
184:Fields
169:Global
159:, U.S.
1641:S2CID
1515:(PDF)
1489:(PDF)
1403:(PDF)
1046:(PDF)
1033:(PDF)
871:grant
510:With
396:then-
1732:2022
1706:2023
1683:2023
1652:2023
1633:PMID
1588:2023
1562:2023
1534:2022
1497:2023
1471:2023
1460:ISSN
1432:ISBN
1411:2023
1385:2023
1329:ISBN
1290:ISBN
1268:ISBN
1225:ISSN
1152:ISBN
1123:2023
1087:2018
1054:2023
1010:2013
898:and
843:USSR
837:and
715:and
713:Ford
608:and
498:and
465:and
429:(of
321:OECD
280:The
151:437
108:Type
1677:(1)
1625:doi
1613:364
1215:doi
71:in
1850::
1723:.
1673:.
1669:.
1639:.
1631:.
1623:.
1611:.
1605:.
1578:.
1550:.
1454:.
1348:.
1278:^
1250:^
1223:.
1211:58
1209:.
1205:.
1193:^
1146::
1077:.
1071:.
1041:.
1035:.
1018:^
994:.
922:.
906:.
543:.
486:,
404:.
334:.
198:,
194:,
190:,
155:,
1734:.
1708:.
1685:.
1675:6
1654:.
1627::
1619::
1590:.
1564:.
1536:.
1525:/
1521:/
1499:.
1473:.
1413:.
1387:.
1231:.
1217::
1160:.
1125:.
1103:.
1089:.
1056:.
1012:.
474:/
92:)
41:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
