The Cerdá Plan - Knowledge (XXG)

1238:, anti-hierarchical, egalitarian and rationalist character of the plan clashed directly with the vision of the bourgeoisie who preferred to have Paris or Washington as a reference for a new city with a more particularist architecture. The figure of Cerdá also generated antipathy among architects who could not forgive him for the confrontation that had involved assigning urban planning responsibility to an engineer. Cerdá suffered a personal smear campaign full of legends and lies. It was of no use that he was from a Catalan family originating in the 15th century, nor that he had proclaimed the 121: 484: 68: 1137:, where to respect the old road of Gracia and the natural slope of the waters, hence the name Rambla, Cerdá traced only two consecutive roads of special width where in reality attending to the layout of 113, In addition, the Paseo de Gracia, to respect the old layout, is not exactly parallel in the rest of the streets, which means that the existing blocks between the two aforementioned roads, although they have an orthogonal design with chamfers, present irregularities that give them the shape of trapezoids. 470:, deputy for Lérida and a key person in the demolition of the walls. Madoz became civil governor of Barcelona for barely seventy-five days when he became Minister of Finance of the progressive government, from where he urged the disentailment and promulgated a royal order that would put an end to the confrontations between the City Council and the Ministry of War. The order to demolish the walls of August 9, 1854, specified that the sea wall, Montjuic Castle, and the Citadel were to be maintained. 1102: 961: 700: 738: 1197:, where the chamfers are as long as the conventional streets are wide (20 meters), to allow vehicles to turn without sharp turns, as they go from having to turn at right angles to obtuse ones. In addition, it allowed better visibility of adjacent roads, and had the added advantage of relieving traffic at intersections by giving them an additional surface area. The chamfer was copied by other Spanish urban extensions, becoming widespread in the 781: 660: 334: 969:

to configure the city since the plain of Barcelona had almost no construction, his structure takes maximum advantage of the direction of the winds to facilitate oxygenation and cleaning of the atmosphere. Along the same line, he assigned a key role to the parks and interior gardens of the blocks, although later speculation greatly altered this plan. He fixed the location of trees in the streets (1 every 8 meters) and chose the shade

800:, an architectural reference of Rovira. It was structured in three areas where the different sectors of the population were combined with social activities with a logic of neighborhoods and hierarchy of space and public services. Based on a proposal to replace the wall, a mesh of rectangular blocks with a central courtyard and a height of 19 meters was deployed. A few main streets were the junction between blocks of the 1158:

of a chamfer of 15 meters, which gives a block area of 1.24 hectares, contrary to popular belief that they have an exact area of 1 hectare. The figure of 113.3 meters has had various justifications. Manuel de Solà-Morales considers that the 5 blocks between the old bastion of Tallers (now Plaça Universitat) and that of Jonqueres (now Plaça Urquinaona) are the ones that mark the factor from which the rest is built.

602: 1213: 1150: 910: 27: 1039: 598:(General Theory of Urbanization). One of the most important features of Cerdá's proposal, what makes him stand out in the history of urban planning, is the search for coherence to account for the contradictory requirements of a complex agglomeration. He overcomes partial visions (utopian, cultural, monumental, rationalist city...) and goes in search of an integral city. 1003: 248: 1279: 622:. But June 9, 1859, is the date on which the central government finally approved the widening plan designed by Cerdá using a royal order. From that moment on, there were technical, political, and economic disputes between the central and municipal governments. Concerning the municipal competition, thirteen projects were presented, the unanimous winner was 587:(1856), a complete and deep statistical analysis of the living conditions within the city walls based on social, and economic, and nutritional aspects. The diagnosis was clear: the city was not suitable for "the new civilization, characterized by the application of steam energy in industry and the improvement of mobility and communication" (the 1287:

the central area of the blocks was subsequently occupied with low buildings, destined in most cases to workshops and small family industries, thus disappearing most of the central gardens, so that as a last resort to increase the built land, the two sides already built were joined with buildings that joined them, completely closing the blocks.

1050:" (unlimited expansion) a regular and unperturbed grid along the entire urban layout. Unlike other proposals that broke its repetitive rhythm to put green spaces or services, Cerdà's proposal encompasses them internally and allowed to set a continuous repetition in the plan with the ability to alter it when appropriate. 976:

In addition to the hygienic aspects, Cerdá was concerned about mobility. He defined an unusual width of streets, partly to escape from the inhuman density that the city lived, but also thinking of a motorized future with its own spaces separated from those of social coexistence that reserved them for

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and that conditioned the possible solutions. These plans, unlike the one proposed by Cerdá, occupied a smaller area and were intended to accommodate fewer people, which is logical if we think that they obeyed the objectives of the bourgeoisie to reinforce social segregation. Thus, the winning plan of

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The year 1859 was a crucial year for the expansion. On February 2, Cerdá received an order from the central government to verify the study for the expansion within twelve months. The city council reacted immediately by calling on April 15 a public competition on plans for the widening with a deadline

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Within the space of each block, Cerdá conceived two basic forms to locate the buildings, one presented two parallel blocks located on opposite sides, leaving inside a large rectangular space for the garden and the other presented two blocks joined in an "L" shape located on two adjacent sides of the

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of the vertexes of the blocks from the point of view of the visibility that this gives to road traffic and in a vision of the future in which he was not more mistaken than in the term used to define the vehicle, he spoke of the private locomotives that one day would circulate through the streets and

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Regarding the orientation, the roads run parallel to the sea, some of them, and perpendicular, others, so that the orientation of the vertices of the squares coincide with the cardinal points and therefore all sides have direct sunlight throughout the day, denoting once again the importance that the

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In the plan proposed by Cerdá for the city, the optimism and unlimited foresight of growth, the programmed absence of a privileged center, and its mathematical, geometric character and scientific vision stand out. Obsessed by the hygienist aspects that he had studied in depth and having wide freedom

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In other words, its purpose was to give priority to "content" (people) over "container" (stones or gardens). The shape, such an obsessive theme in most plans, is but an instrument, albeit of the utmost importance, but often too decisive and sometimes overbearing. Cerdá's magic consists of conceiving

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The dimensions of the blocks are given by the aforementioned distances between the longitudinal axes of the streets and the same width of these roads, so that by establishing a standard width of 20 meters, the blocks are formed by quadrilaterals of 113.3 meters, their vertices truncated in the form

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that had influenced his vision of the future when he visited France, although he is aware that these have to go underground, and he was concerned that each neighborhood should have an area dedicated to public buildings. In this sense, he includes the advances within his progressive ideology when he

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The plan provided the primary classification of the territory: the "roads" and the "inter-road" spaces. The former constitute the public space for mobility, meeting, support for service networks (water, sanitation, gas...), trees (more than 100,000 street trees), lighting, and street furniture. The

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It seemed that at this point the speculative process ended, but a new argument appeared: if the streets were 20 meters wide, there should be no inconvenience for the buildings to have a height of 20 m instead of the projected 16 m, since the increase in height, with the sun at 45º, illuminates any

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The opposition to Cerdá and his Plan by the people of Barcelona facilitated the emergence of speculative activities and arguments that tried to get more built space. The first of them was that if the streets were 20 meters wide, it could well increase the depth of the buildings to the same extent,

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structure to readjust the square profile to the semicircle that surrounded the city. Rovira proposes his solution with a clear center located in the Plaza de Cataluña, while Cerdá moved the centrality to the Plaza de la Glorias. The plan provided a solution for the Plaza de Cataluña, which was not

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next to it conditioned urban life. Not only were the problems of the citizens within the walls ignored, but the timid movements to expand outside the walls were repressed with the demolition of the buildings because they "prevented the defense of the city" as occurred in 1813, since the area up to

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proposed a mere extension while maintaining the wall around the new space. The latter had a similarity with the project presented by the "owners of the Paseo de Gracia" since both projects were based on a mere extension on both sides of the Paseo de Gracia. Two other simpler projects were that of

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between 1641 and 1714 now represented a brake on urban expansion. Population growth raised the population from 115,000 in 1802 to 140,000 in 1821 and reached 187,000 in 1850. The 6 km of walls surrounded an area of just over 2 km, although 40% of the space was occupied by 7 barracks, 11

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Finally, taking into account the previous theory, if an additional floor is built on top of the current building, but with the façade set back towards the interior of the building by the same amount as the height of this floor, it would increase the built space without the shadow of the building

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The egalitarian principle that Cerdà wanted to imprint in his urban planning justifies this homogeneity in search of equality, not only between social classes, but also for the convenience of the traffic of people and vehicles, since whether one circulates along a road as if it is done by its

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grid provided for streets 20, 30, and 60 meters wide. The blocks had construction on only two of the four sides, giving a density of 800,000 people. With the original design, the expansion would have been fully occupied by 1900, although both Cerdá himself and, later, some speculative actions

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Cerdá believes that the ideal dwelling is the isolated, the rural. However, the enormous advantages of the city force to compact, the essence of the urban fact, and to design a house that allows it to fit in a multi-family building in height, and enjoy, thanks to careful distribution, double

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To all this, we must add the presence of some of special characters that do not follow the grid layout but cross it diagonally, such as the Diagonal Avenue itself, the Meridiana Avenue, the Parallel, and others that were designed respecting the existence of ancient communication routes with

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that would cross the old city 50 years later; Calle Urgell). With these proportions, as well as the resulting "block" size, Cerdá managed to place one of the wide streets leading down from the mountain to the sea on each side of the old city (Urgell and Sant Joan) with 15 blocks in between.

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The succession of blocks of the first type resulted in a large longitudinal garden that crossed the streets and the grouping of 4 blocks of the second type, conveniently arranged, forming a large built square crossed by two perpendicular streets and with its four gardens united in one.

1093:, is associated with a military vision to suppress internal uprisings. We recall that Cerdá had experienced firsthand the workers' revolts of 1855. The praise that the plan received from his contemporaries was to consider the rectilinear format as advantageous for artillery fire. 519:

In 1853, a year before the demolition of the walls, the city council began to prepare for the next stage by creating the Commission of the Corporations of Barcelona. It later became the Commission of the Eixample; it included representatives of the industry, the architects

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The cemetery of Pueblo Nuevo had been built by Bishop Climent in 1719, although it was unsuccessful due to its remoteness from the city and was finally destroyed during the French War. It was after its reconstruction, in 1819, when it began to function with a progressive

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Already before its approval, it was opposed by municipalists more for what it represented (the imposition from Madrid) than for its content. The Barcelona elites acted against the plan in the same way they were acting against the growing popular protests. The

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Project: The municipal architect Miquel Garriga i Roca presented six projects. The best qualified responded to a grid solution that linked the city with Gracia, leaving only sketched lines that would have to continue developing the future plot. His motto was:

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Plan of a set of two blocks of the Cerdá plot extracted from a pamphlet published in 1863. It corresponds to the sector located between Gran Vía and Diputación, and between Roger de Lauria and Gerona, then named with letters and numbers: M and N, 31, 32, and

1185:("Buildings and streets of cities and towns") of December 14, 1821. Almost 4 decades later it became generalized for the first time in Spain thanks to Ildefonso Cerdá, who had studied the case of Buenos Aires and its chamfers for the writing of his work " 238:

The development of the plan lasted almost a century. Throughout this time, the plan has been transformed and many of its guidelines were not applied. The original Cerdá plan was modified as a result of the interests of the land owners and speculation.

919:"intervías" (island, block, or square) are the spaces of private life, where multi-family buildings are gathered in two rows around an inner courtyard through which all dwellings (without exception) receive sunshine, natural light, ventilation, and 494:

The need to grow outside the walls was obvious, but we must also bear in mind the speculative effect that the urbanization of 1,100 hectares of land would have. With the competition opened by the city council in December 1840 and won by Monlau's

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The projects submitted to the Barcelona City Council competition to design an expansion for the city focused, in most cases, its solution in the "road from Barcelona to Gracia" that for some time was being consolidated urbanistically as

1080:. He works with modules of 10 x 10 "blocks" (which Cerdá considered a district) and which correspond to the main crossroads (Plaza de la Glorias Catalanas; Plaza Tetuán; Plaza Universidad), with a wider street every 5 (Calle Marina; 863:

began. But the great interest ended up being detrimental to the initial plan, and the construction fever contributed to the progressive reduction of green spaces and facilities. Finally, the four sides of the blocks were built.

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affecting the neighboring buildings if the sun is at 45º; thus the attic floor was born, and by the same theory the attic floor was built, with the façade set back again by the same amount as the height of this new floor.

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Street (the old road to France), Mistral Avenue (the old road to Sants and linking with Carmen Street in the walled city), Roma Avenue (old road to Las Corts) or Gracia crossroads (the old Roman road), are some examples.

719:, and won the third runner-up prize with a project that enhanced the centrality of Passeig de Gràcia and linked the neighboring centers with a set of diagonals that respected their original plots. His motto was: " 285:, its operation was not consolidated until the middle of the 19th century. From that moment on, and forced by military ordinances, cemetery spaces began to be recovered at the doors of churches such as San Justo, 1121:, a plan of links to solve these deficiencies. Some of the criteria included in this plan and the maintenance of the use of some roads during the development of the Cerdá plan have prevented their disappearance. 626:

y Trías on October 10, 1859. Following a royal order of December 17, all of them plus that of Cerdá were exposed indicating the deserved qualification, the City Council refraining from evaluating that of Cerdá.

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The streets are generally 20 meters wide, of which at present the central 10 meters are destined for the roadway and 5 meters on each side for sidewalks. The width of the streets, as in the Parisian model of

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The widening contemplated in the plan unfolded over an immense area that was free of buildings as it was considered a strategic military zone. It proposed a continuous grid of blocks of 113.3 meters from the

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Sanitary conditions worsened as a result of the density and lack of sanitary infrastructures such as sewage systems or running water. Burials in cemeteries in front of churches were sources of infections,

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The design of some wider tracks, without disturbing the regular 113.3 m grid, makes it possible to adequately reduce the dimensions of the blocks affected by the widening of the tracks, as is the case of

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the city from the home. The intimacy of the home is considered an absolute priority and, in a time of large families (three generations), to make possible the freedom of all members could be considered

873:(Universal Exposition) of 1888 meant a new impulse that allowed the renovation of some areas and the creation of public services. But it would be the great development of the late 19th century with the 427:

The wide diffusion of the project and the popular impulse provoked confrontations such as the one on October 26, 1842, in which the Demolition Board demolished part of the Citadel, which caused General

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building in its entirety without any neighboring building casting a shadow; this argument, together with the construction of lower ceilings, resulted in a gain of two stories in height.

1113:(unlimited expansion) of the city showed little sensitivity to the integration of the urban fabric of the peripheral villages. The links with these nuclei were not foreseen, except for 1054:

transversals, the crossings between them are at the same distance, and in the absence of some roads more comfortable than others, the value of habitats will tend to be equalized.

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offered himself to the Barcelona City Council as municipal architect for the planning of the expansion, with a proposal focused on ornamental beautification operations. In 1846

672:'s project, which won the first runner-up prize, proposed a grid development based on two axes: one following a line towards France parallel to the sea and the other towards 676:

along the old Sarriá road. The two converged in the walled city. He proposed an industrial district on the other side of the Montjuïc mountain, a precursor idea of today's

1209:, under which the metro and train circulate, Aragón Street, where for many years the railroad ran in the open air until it was finally buried, Urgell Street and others. 1476: 231:, with streets of 20, 30, and 60 meters with a maximum building height of 16 meters. The novelty in the application of the Hippodamus plan was that the blocks had 45º 583:

that had not been urbanized for military reasons. Cerdá was a person very sensitive to the hygienist currents, he applied his knowledge to develop, on his own, a

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based on a circular mesh that enveloped the walled city and grew radially, harmoniously integrating the surrounding villages. It was presented with the slogan: "

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The engineer's vision was of growth and modernity; his genius allowed him to anticipate future urban traffic conflicts 30 years before the invention of the

991:...when railways have become generalized, all European nations will be one city, and all families, only one, and their forms of government will be the same. 594:

Aware of this deficiency, Cerdá began without any commission to structure his thinking, systematically exposed many years later (1867) in his great work: T

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In 1855, the Ministry of Public Works commissioned Cerdá to draw up the topographical plan of the Llano de Barcelona, which was the extensive area between

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Throughout the 18th century and the first part of the 19th century, the health and social situation of Barcelona's population had become suffocating. The

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claimed that the width of the streets would produce drafts that would prevent a comfortable life. To cope with this, he distributed the pavilions of his

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Projection of module 10 used by Cerdá for the layout of the main and diagonal roads. In red, are some of the old roads that have survived the Cerdá grid.

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of July 31, although it was postponed to August 15. Meanwhile, Cerdá wasted no time, finished his project, and showed it -to gain support in Madrid- to

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The projects were submitted under pseudonyms and the plaques of the non-awarded projects were destroyed, so part of the documentation has been lost.

680:. The connection of the old city with Gracia was proposed by making a new avenue starting from the current Plaza de la Universidad. His motto was: " 410:

Memoria acerca de las ventajas que reportaría a Barcelona y especialmente a su industria de la demolición de las murallas que circuyen la ciudad (

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with the end of the colonies brought important capital that had to be invested and found in the widening of its best destination. The so-called

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and its approval was followed by a strong controversy for having been imposed by the government of the Kingdom of Spain against the plan of

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Report on the advantages that the demolition of the walls surrounding the city would bring to Barcelona and especially to its industry

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Please help improve this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged and removed.

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and Rovira himself stated that the proletarians could not live in what "will have to be properly called the city of Barcelona".

2146: 1714: 1130: 760: 640: 1247: 2196: 1014:; its crucial and singular form concerning other European cities is marked by its square structure of 113.33 meters with 45º 357:

The voices against it came not only from the citizens but also from the Barcelona City Council itself, which, through the "

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In these circumstances, life expectancy was 36 years for the rich and 23 for the poor and day laborers. Barcelona, like

1884: 1332: 1206: 1117:, bordered by Meridiana Avenue, and the canals of human tradition were ignored. In 1907 the City Council approved the 952:

ventilation from the street, and the inner courtyard of the "block". The presence of the sun is assured in all cases.

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announced a competition to promote the development of the city. On September 11, 1841, the prize was awarded to Dr.

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Daniel Molina Project: No documentation of this project is preserved, except for the proposed solution for the

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on December 3, and ordered its reconstruction with an expense of 12 million reales at the expense of the city.

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In the 1870s there was remarkable progress as investors saw a great business opportunity. The return of the

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was given throughout Argentina as a result of the decree of the Minister of Government and later President

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The issue was finally resolved on July 8, 1860, when the Ministry ordered the execution of the Cerdá Plan.

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More than ten years passed until the Barcelona City Council approved a project prepared by its secretary

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to populate the city after analyzing which species would be the most suitable for living in the city.

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the widening competition, presented by Rovira i Trias, corresponds to the slogan that headed it: "

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https://web.archive.org/web/20091007190233/http://www.gencat.cat/diue/doc/doc_23739348_1.pdf

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in the 15th and 16th centuries, and suffered several epidemics throughout the 19th century:

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plan, with a grid structure, open and egalitarian. It was created by the civil engineer

1265:" instead of the system he dreamed of a city radiated from the old historical capital. 601: 2175: 1166:

the need to create a wider space at each intersection to favor the stopping of these

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Rovira's plot responds to a contemporary and residential expansion model like the "

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The most outstanding formal solution of the project was the incorporation of the

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After the unappealable approval of the central government, on September 4, 1860,

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Schematic diagram of the operation of the crossings included in the Cerdá Plan

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Project: José Fontseré was a young architect, son of the municipal architect

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against the governments that imposed on us the monotonous and shameful grid

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project in Paris. This model was more aligned with the future capitalist "

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According to the municipal council, the winning project was a proposal by

759:, who proposed a new neighborhood in place of the Citadel, converting the 1488: 1486: 970: 882: 346:

the distance of a cannon shot, which corresponded approximately to the "

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Una ciudad estancada». Espacio y Sociedad en la Barcelona preindustrial

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Cerdá defended the balance between urban values and rural advantages. "

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The layout of a city is the work of time rather than of the architect.

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in such a way that in 1897 Barcelona integrated the municipalities of

1757:(in Spanish) (3 ed.). Revista Catalonia Cultura. pp. 44–45. 1221:

block, leaving in the rest a large square space also for the garden.

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Do not destroy to build, but conserve to rectify and build to enlarge

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The layout of a city is more the work of time than of the architect";

499:" project, the period of transformation of the city began. In 1844 1294: 1277: 1211: 1148: 1100: 1063: 1037: 1001: 959: 908: 886: 794:

Le tracé d'une ville est oeuvre du temps, plutôt que d'architecte"

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Evolution of the block structure from the Plan to the present day

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The military consideration of Barcelona as a stronghold with the

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Plan to reform and expand the city of Barcelona, Spain from 1860

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One more sacrifice to contribute to the Eixample of Barcelona".

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a proposal for the formation of a geometric plan of Barcelona.

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Street section of the expansion as it appeared in the project.

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Huertas Claveria, Josep Maria i Fabre, Jaume (15 June 2023),

361:" (Beautification Board) and in harmony with Captain General 2156: 2052:

Barcelona Metropolis. The reason in the city: the Cerdá Plan

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Revista Icària (2008). "Pueblo Nuevo Historical Archives".

2058:(in Spanish). Revista de información y pensamiento urbano. 1254:

in the opposite direction to the alignment of the street.

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Ruralize that which is urban, urbanize that which is rural

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that invested in buildings for rent, which would grow the

1889:(in Spanish), Viena Edicions i Ajuntament de Barcelona, 1684:(in Spanish), Viena Edicions i Ajuntament de Barcelona, 1651:(in Spanish), Viena Edicions i Ajuntament de Barcelona, 1499:(in Spanish), Viena Edicions i Ajuntament de Barcelona, 1396:(in Spanish), Viena Edicions i Ajuntament de Barcelona, 1360:(in Spanish), Viena Edicions i Ajuntament de Barcelona, 771:, who died three days before the reading of the prizes. 2115:. Barcelona: Viena Edicions i Ajuntament de Barcelona. 2108:. Barcelona: Viena Edicions i Ajuntament de Barcelona. 1173:

The first generalization of the use of the chamfer or

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Barcelona in the 19th century. Unhealthy and oppressed

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Huertas Claveria, Josep Maria i Fabre, Jaume (2000).

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Diagram of the street axes included in the Cerdá Plan

277:, and epidemics. Despite the decision made by Bishop 1836: 1834: 1832: 1455:

Burgesa i revolucionària: la Barcelona del segle XX.

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at the head. The report received the support of the

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Burgesa i revolucionària: la Barcelona del segle XX

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Barcelona: Viena Edicions i Ajuntament de Barcelona

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Barcelona: Viena Edicions i Ajuntament de Barcelona

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Evolution of the building´s height. The "ski lifts"

1257:In 1905, 50 years after the approval of the plan, 936:" is the message launched at the beginning of his 487:Plan of Barcelona and its surroundings (1855), by 203:created in 1860 that followed the criteria of the 2162:http://www.icerda.es/index.php?subj=14&lang=1 1770:"Antoni Rovira i Trias, Arquitecte de Barcelona." 1246:, for it to be spread that he was "not Catalan". 1187:Teoría de la construcción de las ciudades, vol. 1 1621:"Antoni Rovira i Trias, Arquitecte de Barcelona" 618:, and the general director of Public Works, the 2010:"Barcelona entre el pla Cerdà i el barraquisme" 1984:"Barcelona entre el pla Cerdà i el barraquisme" 1950:El inventor de Barcelona. 150 años del Eixample 1681:Antoni Rovira i Trias, Arquitecte de Barcelona. 2113:Antoni Rovira i Trias, Arquitecte de Barcelona 1886:Antoni Rovira i Trias, Arquitecte de Barcelona 1844:Antoni Rovira i Trias, Arquitecte de Barcelona 1796:Ildefons Cerdà, un gran visionario y precursor 1648:Antoni Rovira i Trias, Arquitecte de Barcelona 1076:Cerdá deployed the layout on the spine of the 2127:Barcelona entre el pla Cerdà i el barraquisme 1183:Edificios y calles de las ciudades y pueblos" 8: 1678:Babiano i Sànchez, Eloi (3 September 2021), 1475:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 199:was a plan to reform and expand the city of 1883:Babiano i Sànchez, Eloi (16 January 2022), 1073:designer attaches to the solar phenomenon. 402:, doctor and hygienist, author of the work 55:Learn how and when to remove these messages 767:; and a very elementary one attributed to 1242:federal republic from the balcony of the 784:Winning project by Antonio Rovira y Trías 269:hospitals, 40 convents, and 27 churches. 264:wall that had enabled the city to resist 183:Learn how and when to remove this message 165:Learn how and when to remove this message 103:Learn how and when to remove this message 2134:Decidir la ciutat futura. Barcelona 1859 2076:(in Spanish). Cuadernos de arquitectura. 1841:Babiano i Sànchez, Eloi (15 June 2023), 1774:Viena Edicions i Ajuntament de Barcelona 1768:Babiano i Sànchez, Elio (15 June 2023), 1645:Babiano i Sànchez, Eloi (15 June 2023), 1619:Babiano i Sànchez, Eloi (15 June 2023), 1546:Viena Edicions i Ajuntament de Barcelona 779: 515:The preparation of the Expansion Project 482: 246: 128:This article includes a list of general 2167:https://conselldecent340.wordpress.com/ 1847:(in Spanish), Ajuntament de Barcelona, 1343: 1129:Special mention deserves the design of 2136:. Barcelona: Ayuntamiento de Barcelona 1468: 373:square) to achieve a small extension. 251:The original project of the Cerdá Plan 2067: 2065: 1943: 1941: 1939: 1748: 1746: 1744: 1742: 1709: 1707: 509:Boletín Enciclopédico de Nobles Artes 7: 1755:Ildefonso Cerda and Modern Barcelona 1564: 1562: 1385: 1383: 1349: 1347: 1229:The non-acceptance of the Cerdá plan 2072:Cirici-Pellicer, Alexandre (1959). 591:was the other relevant invention). 1542:"L'Eixample, 150 anys d'Història." 663:Project by Francesc Soler i Glòria 134:it lacks sufficient corresponding 14: 1595:"L'Eixample, 150 anys d'Història" 1493:Permanyer, Lluís (15 June 2023), 1390:Permanyer, Lluís (15 June 2023), 1354:Permanyer, Lluís (15 June 2023), 1068:Diagram of sunlight on the blocks 533:Francesc Daniel Molina i Casamajó 416:, in which an expansion from the 215:who had won a competition of the 36:This article has multiple issues. 2111:Babiano i Sànchez, Eloi (2007). 1952:(in Spanish). Periódico-Quadern. 1916:Cerdà, Oficina Coordinació Any. 1809:Cerdà, Oficina Coordinació Any. 1496:L'Eixample, 150 anys d'Història. 1435:Pueblo Nuevo Historical Archives 1357:L'Eixample, 150 anys d'Història. 1261:expressed his deep indignation " 1207:Gran Vía de las Cortes Catalanas 796:. The phrase is originally from 741:Project by Miquel Garriga i Roca 596:eoría General de la Urbanización 369:) and the bastion of Jonqueres ( 119: 66: 25: 2106:L'Eixample, 150 anys d'Història 2008:Bohigas, Oriol (15 June 2023), 1982:Bohigas, Oriol (15 June 2023), 1798:(in Spanish). NacioDigital.cat. 1570:"Arxiu Històric | de Barcelona" 1393:L'Eixample, 150 anys d'Història 1022:The geometry of the expansion ( 746:Other projects: The project of 337:The walled city and the Citadel 281:in 1819 to hold burials in the 44:or discuss these issues on the 2089:El fracasado monumento a Cerdá 1753:Montaner, Josep Maria (1978). 980:He incorporated the layout of 938:General Theory of Urbanization 585:Monograph of the working class 537:Josep Oriol Mestres i Esplugas 432:to bombard Barcelona from the 1: 1328:Street furniture in Barcelona 2132:Santa-Maria, Glòria (2009). 2091:(in Spanish). La Vanguardia. 2074:Significación del Plan Cerdá 1299:Evolution of building height 1035:substantially densified it. 844:laid the first stone of the 805:foreseen in the Cerdá plan. 763:into an axis similar to the 693:Hygiene, comfort, and beauty 235:to allow better visibility. 2122:. Barcelona: Flor del Vent. 1965:"En el centenario de Cerdà" 1458:(in Spanish), Flor del Vent 1333:Urban planning of Barcelona 1274:The structure of the blocks 1269:Evolution of the Cerdá Plan 956:Structure of the Cerdá Plan 2218: 1601:(in Spanish), 15 June 2023 1548:(in Spanish), 15 June 2023 443:joined, from the pages of 314:Cholera pandemics in Spain 2202:Architecture of Barcelona 2157:http://ildefonscerda.org/ 2129:. Barcelona: Edicions 62. 2104:Permanyer, Lluís (2008). 2087:Permanyer, Lluís (2009). 2036:Cerdá Year Opening Speech 2014:Cuadernos de arquitectura 1988:Cuadernos de arquitectura 1969:Cuadernos de Arquitectura 1794:Torrent, Joaquim (2007). 1323:Street names in Barcelona 1318:Architecture of Barcelona 1216:Block design and grouping 1153:Standard block dimensions 905:The new language of Cerdá 776:The Antoni Rovira project 548:Josep Fontserè i Domènech 507:y Trías published in the 479:The need for an expansion 329:1865: cholera with 3,765. 326:1854: cholera with 6,419. 275:groundwater contamination 2152:http://www.anycerda.com/ 2049:Busquets, Joanl (2009). 1990:(in Spanish), p. 34 1574:ajuntament.barcelona.cat 1526:Garcia Espuche, Albert. 1244:Generalitat de Catalunya 1097:Exceptions to regularity 899:San Martín de Provensals 891:San Gervasio de Cassolas 668:Soler y Gloria Project: 466:deputies and especially 312:with 8,821 deaths (see: 287:San Pedro de las Puellas 2125:Bohigas, Oriol (1963). 1963:Bohigas, Oriol (1958). 1948:Navarro, Nuria (2009). 1918:"El web de l'Any Cerdà" 1811:"El web de l'Any Cerdà" 824:" that would claim the 769:Francisco Soler Mestres 387:Revolt of 1842 against 149:more precise citations. 75:Some of this article's 2034:Solà-Morales, Manuel. 1300: 1283: 1217: 1154: 1106: 1069: 1043: 1007: 1000: 965: 915: 785: 742: 717:José Fontseré Doménech 708: 670:Francisco Soler Gloria 664: 606: 491: 396:Barcelona City Council 391: 338: 300:, had been hit by the 252: 217:Barcelona City Council 213:Antonio Rovira y Trías 2197:Architecture in Spain 1298: 1281: 1252:Hospital de San Pablo 1215: 1152: 1115:San Andrés de Palomar 1104: 1067: 1041: 1005: 987: 963: 925:, as demanded by the 912: 895:San Andrés de Palomar 783: 740: 702: 662: 605:The current expansion 604: 581:San Andrés de Palomar 501:Miquel Garriga i Roca 486: 474:The expansion project 386: 336: 291:Fossar de les Moreres 283:Pueblo Nuevo cemetery 250: 243:Historical background 1179:Bernardino Rivadavia 1161:Cerdà justified the 1046:Cerdà proposed the " 977:the interior areas. 870:Exposición Universal 761:Passeig de Sant Joan 575:and Gracia and from 559:Joan Soler i Mestres 1971:(in Spanish): 7–13. 1248:Domènech i Montaner 1141:neighboring towns. 757:Tomás Bertrán Soler 460:Josep Beltran i Ros 400:Pedro Felipe Monlau 378:Down with the walls 348:jardinets de Gràcia 1301: 1284: 1236:anti-authoritarian 1218: 1155: 1145:Geometry of blocks 1135:Rambla de Cataluña 1111:Ensanche ilimitado 1107: 1070: 1048:Ensanche ilimitado 1044: 1008: 966: 916: 786: 743: 709: 691:. His motto was: " 665: 620:Marquis of Corvera 616:Laureano Figuerola 607: 497:Abajo las Murallas 492: 456:Manuel Durán y Bas 434:castle of Montjuic 405:Abajo las murallas 392: 350:", was considered 339: 323:with 3,344 deaths. 253: 1896:978-84-9850-071-4 1854:978-84-9850-071-4 1727:on 7 October 2009 1691:978-84-9850-071-4 1658:978-84-9850-071-4 1506:978-84-9850-131-5 1403:978-84-9850-131-5 1367:978-84-9850-131-5 1199:Iberian Peninsula 1193:(1856), known as 997: 992: 877:supported by the 850:Plaza de Cataluña 842:Queen Isabella II 752:José María Planas 689:Plaza de Cataluña 641:Passeig de Gracia 634:Municipal contest 589:optical telegraph 193: 192: 185: 175: 174: 167: 113: 112: 105: 59: 2209: 2093: 2092: 2084: 2078: 2077: 2069: 2060: 2059: 2057: 2046: 2040: 2039: 2031: 2025: 2024: 2023: 2021: 2005: 1999: 1998: 1997: 1995: 1979: 1973: 1972: 1960: 1954: 1953: 1945: 1934: 1933: 1931: 1929: 1922:www.anycerda.org 1913: 1907: 1906: 1905: 1903: 1880: 1874: 1871: 1865: 1864: 1863: 1861: 1838: 1827: 1826: 1824: 1822: 1815:www.anycerda.org 1806: 1800: 1799: 1791: 1785: 1784: 1783: 1781: 1765: 1759: 1758: 1750: 1737: 1736: 1734: 1732: 1726: 1720:. 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2159: 2154: 2149: 2142: 2141:External links 2139: 2138: 2137: 2130: 2123: 2116: 2109: 2100: 2097: 2095: 2094: 2079: 2061: 2041: 2026: 2000: 1974: 1955: 1935: 1908: 1895: 1875: 1866: 1853: 1828: 1801: 1786: 1760: 1738: 1703: 1690: 1670: 1657: 1637: 1611: 1586: 1558: 1533: 1518: 1505: 1482: 1444: 1437:(in Spanish). 1425: 1415: 1402: 1379: 1366: 1342: 1340: 1337: 1336: 1335: 1330: 1325: 1320: 1313: 1310: 1292: 1289: 1275: 1272: 1270: 1267: 1230: 1227: 1195:The Cerdá Plan 1146: 1143: 1098: 1095: 1027: 1020: 957: 954: 906: 903: 837: 836:The Cerdá Plan 834: 798:Léonce Reynaud 777: 774: 773: 772: 748:Josep Massanès 735: 734: 727:Garriga i Roca 724: 713:Josep Fontserè 705:Josep Fontserè 697: 696: 685: 656: 655:Major Projects 653: 635: 632: 624:Antonio Rovira 516: 513: 505:Antonio Rovira 480: 477: 475: 472: 380: 375: 331: 330: 327: 324: 317: 257: 254: 244: 241: 209:Ildefons Cerdà 191: 190: 173: 172: 127: 125: 118: 111: 110: 77:listed sources 74: 72: 65: 60: 34: 33: 31: 24: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 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1992:, retrieved 1987: 1977: 1968: 1958: 1949: 1926:. Retrieved 1924:(in Catalan) 1921: 1911: 1900:, retrieved 1885: 1878: 1869: 1858:, retrieved 1843: 1819:. Retrieved 1817:(in Catalan) 1814: 1804: 1795: 1789: 1778:, retrieved 1776:(in Spanish) 1773: 1763: 1754: 1729:. Retrieved 1722:the original 1695:, retrieved 1680: 1673: 1662:, retrieved 1647: 1640: 1629:, retrieved 1627:(in Spanish) 1624: 1614: 1603:, retrieved 1598: 1589: 1577:. 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