2350:
2069:
2479:
2349:
2427:
Southeast Asia, Arabic and the
Arabian brand of Islam were integrated further into the lives of Muslims in Southeast Asia. Through travel to Arab countries — for the Hajj-pilgrimage or religious study — Muslims in Southeast Asia have also undertaken the translation of Islamic texts into local languages. Southeast Asia has rich and poor countries and this differences are reflected when wealthy people from Singapore and Brunei staying in comfortable hotels near the main mosque while Cambodians reported staying on the floor of a single room shared by 45 people in a dormitory two miles away.
2204:
Sumatra. Over time these ports attracted
Muslims from India, China, and the Arabian peninsula. These communities surpassed their utilitarian functions for trade and were integrated into the global network of Islam. Islam was popular in Southeast Asia because it, unlike previous belief systems could be used to validate a ruler's power through the divine. The introduction of Islam throughout Southeast Asia and the Indonesian archipelago was an uneven, gradual and relatively pacific process that was heavily influenced by trade and interactions with merchants and sufi missionaries.
2263:
2259:
states, non-Islam states were slowly exposed to the faith. As it spread, Islam encountered pre-existing spiritual beliefs — including
Buddhism and Hinduism — which continued to be practiced alongside Islam or were incorporated into Islam. Indeed, the faith introduced by some of the religious merchants was Sufism, a mystical version of Islam that is rejected by more conservative Muslims. Islamic law was also formally practiced in most areas that had encountered Islam, affecting cultural practices.
1878:
6654:
2406:. Some of these movements have reflected a perceived tension between modernity and tradition, and they reflect movements taking place at the same time in other regions, like the Middle East. For example, Southeast Asian scholars who traveled to the Middle East during the early 1900s brought back ideas from the Modernist movement. In Indonesia, there are two large Muslim organisations. One,
4440:
6643:
3649:
1867:
789:
849:
198:
2374:, which indicates Islamic spiritual beings, has come to include Javanese spirits, as well. In countries such as Indonesia, in particular, animist traditions (as well as the traditions of other faiths, like Hindu and Buddhism) have become integral to the practice of Islam. Sufism has also shaped Islam in many Southeast Asian countries.
2305:. The Sufi missionaries played a significant role in spreading the faith by syncretising Islamic ideas with existing local beliefs and religious notions. Thirdly, the ruling classes embraced Islam which further aided the permeation of the religion throughout the region. The ruler of the region's most important port,
2367:
Asia draws on a number of traditions, often combining animism, tibbun (which contains pre-Islamic elements), and hikmah (which is based upon a lineage of Muslim scholars and influenced modern biomedical practice). Islamic banks are also founded on
Islamic principles and, for example, do not charge interest.
2258:
In 1511, the
Portuguese took over Malacca, but various other Muslim states began to grow in size and economic and political prominence. For example, Aceh dominated the region, both politically and economically, in the early seventeenth century. Through familial and trade relationships in these Muslim
2254:
By the end of the 15th century, several areas of northern
Sumatra, including what is now Java, were governed by Muslim rulers. It wasn't until 1641 that the first Sultan took their title in what is now Java. Islam initially arrived on the coast of Sumatra, and spread down and around the coast to the
2386:
movements mushroomed throughout
Southeast Asia. These movements, in general, aim to create a strong Islamic identity among the Muslims and are understood as a response to changes in society and values. These movements have been referred to as "revivalism," "revitalisation," "resurgence," "renewal,"
2004:
Muslim merchants dominated trade in
Southeast Asia by the 9th century or earlier. There existed a colony of foreign Muslims on the west coast of Sumatra by 674 AD; other Muslim settlements began to appear after 878 AD when Islam increasingly took root among the people. However, little remains from
2366:
In
Southeast Asia, Islam influences other aspects daily of life, and there is a close relationship among religion, nation, and ethnicity. For example, there are an increasing number of private Islamic schools, which often combine Islamic religion, culture, and life. Likewise, medicine in Southeast
2334:
Muslims in
Southeast Asia come from a variety of ethnic groups and backgrounds and speak a number of different languages, including Thai, Burmese, Malay, Marano, Tausug, Bahasa Indonesia, Javanese, and Chinese. Daily practices vary among countries and different regions within each country. Many of
2313:
refers to the legitimacy of a ruler, through the power of God, and suggests the strong relationship between rule, legitimacy, and the spread of Islam. A less influential factor for Islamisation was due to conquest. While mostly done for economic and territorial expansion, conquests could of led to
2203:
The first written sources of Islam in Southeast Asia in 916 AD came from a merchant describing his experience in 1851 on the Island of Sumatra. Over time a series of Muslim port villages emerged on the scarcely populated coast. Islamic teachers from these port villages ventured to the interior of
2317:
The spread of Islam to Southeast Asia also depended largely on the translation and availability of religious texts. This was largely through Malay, a language that transected class. There are also a number of works in Javanese, particularly related to Javanese-Islamic mysticism. Some of the most
1977:
having a large regional following. Mystic forms of Islam fit in well with already established traditions. The adaptation of Islam to local traditions is seen as a positive thing by Muslims in Southeast Asia. Islam is part of everyday life for adherents in Southeast Asia and is not separated from
3733:, has influenced modern Islam in Southeast Asia. Many governments in the region have joined antiterrorist coalitions or signed antiterrorist pacts. In some countries, such as the Philippines, the U.S. has sent troops to combat specific terrorist groups associated with Islamic extremism, such as
2417:
In today's modern age, Muslims interact with global technology, consumerism, and ideas in a variety of ways while practicing their faith. For some, this has resulted in an increase in religiosity and the observation of traditions such as Islamic devotional practices and fasting during Ramadan.
2426:
Muslims in Southeast Asia have performed pilgrimages to Mecca since the 17th century as pilgrimage to the Holy Cities of Mecca and Medina is one of the Five Pillars of Islam. The Hajj was made easier by the advent of the steamship in the 19th century. As the Hajj became more popular throughout
1985:
Southeast Asian identity varies by regions that include Brunei, Cambodia, East Timor, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam. The heterogeneous nature of Southeast Asia combined with the widely varying practices and meanings of Islam suggests Islam in
2116:
was an early stronghold of Islam as well, and it served as a starting point from which Islam was propagated along the trade routes in the region. There is no clear indication of when Islam first came to the region, but the first Muslim inscriptions have been dated to 1028 was found in
3897:
2063:
There are also mountain cattles, but they cannot be used for ploughing. They are only killed in sacrifice to the spirits. When they are about to be slaughtered, a medium is instructed to offer prayers, which sound thus: Allahu Akbar. In translation, this means: "May he be early
2346:, whose outlook is a blend of modernist ideals with Islamic thoughts. Along with these two major groups, other Islamic groups also played an important role in Indonesian society, politics and economy, with their followers forming Islamic civil groups and political parties.
2438:
pilgrims, he reported that most respondents said there was no racism and ethnocentrism in Mecca but some reported that Southeast Asian women reported feeling "physically smaller" and "pushed around" by people from all over the world including
2183:
Another driving force for the change of the ruling class in the region was the concept among the increasing Muslim communities of the region when ruling dynasties to attempt to forge such ties of kinship by marriage. By the time the
1990:
are the dominant group of Muslims in Indonesia. The practices of the Abangan are heavily influenced by mysticism and embody a unique form of Islamic practice that incorporates rituals inherited from their pre-Islamic ancestors.
2309:, embraced Islam in the 15th century, heralding a period of accelerated conversion of Islam throughout the region as the religion provided a unifying force among the ruling and trading classes. The word
5007:
2293:
and Southeast Asia helped the spread of the religion as Muslim traders brought Islam to the region. Muslim merchants from various regions in India and West Asia played a pivotal role in establishing
1362:
1101:
4904:
2314:
eventual conversions after the establishment of a Islamized kingdom, which often deployed missionaries and created religious infrastructure to aid in converting the newly acquired populations.
6393:
956:
2051:
are identical as those of the Arabs (Dashi or Tajik)," and "the Cham king, whenever he goes out, he wears a large shirt of Arab brocade or Sichuan brocade." An excerpt recorded in the
6275:
5643:
169:
6260:
1357:
1096:
3711:
2176:
into a Muslim and the adoption of the name Muhammad Iskandar Shah after his marriage to a daughter of the ruler of Pasai. In 1380, Sufi orders carried Islam from here on to
2068:
6359:
2363:(Faith, Prayer, Charity, Fasting, Pilgrimage) form a foundation for many individuals' faith. Likewise, there are other shared traditions, such as prayer before meals.
1469:
1436:
2338:
Islam in Southeast Asia is multi-faceted and multi-layered. Different interpretations of the faith have resulted in a variety of groups. In Indonesia, there is the
1481:
2246:, married the princess of Pasai, and their son converted to Islam. Soon Malacca became the centre of Islamic study and maritime trade; other rulers followed suit.
1986:
Southeast Asia has a multitude of variations in practice and belief. Islam in Southeast Asia has been adapted into varying local norms across Southeast Asia. The
1773:
4459:
3694:
divided some ethnic and religious groups, leading to several minority Muslim populations to live at the periphery of countries. Various organisations, like the
2557:
2478:
1421:
4531:
5011:
1506:
1431:
4729:
3957:
3934:
3874:
6290:
5133:
Mohd Taib Osman. "Islamisation of the Malays: A Transformation of Culture." In Bunga Rampai: Some Aspects of Malay Culture. KL: DBP, 1988 pp. 261–272.
3580:
1457:
2226:
and Malaiyur and the Malayan peninsula were attacked. Soon after, the King of Kedah Phra Ong Mahawangsa became the first ruler to abandon the traditional
3677:
1906:
906:
6364:
6280:
4835:
3231:
1763:
6381:
1426:
6344:
6265:
3691:
1768:
572:
2719:
1965:
Islam in Southeast Asia is heterogeneous and is manifested in many different ways. In some places in Southeast Asia, Islam is adapted to coexist
2391:
among Muslim women, for one example. Economic growth resulted in modest affluence which has translated into more religious investments like the
6285:
5175:
2040:
989:
911:
2104:
and finally consolidated by the expansion of the territories of converted rulers and their communities. The first Muslim communities arose in
6295:
6252:
4594:
4514:
4423:
4372:
4339:
4225:
4179:
4144:
3917:
3600:
2542:
459:
3550:
2335:
these differences relate to government policies and also on whether Muslims make up the majority or minority of the country's population.
2402:
The Malaysian government promotes Islam through its Islamisation policies covering society, economics and education and, most recently,
951:
4388:
2129:, modern-day Vietnam, followed by an Arabic gravestone of Abu Ibrahim dating 1039, also found in Champa. Then an Arabic engraving from
2100:
are thought to have been responsible for the introduction of Islam to Southeast and East Asia. The religion was then further spread by
1613:
4831:
2562:
2222:). The capital of the powerful maritime kingdom was sacked and the king was taken captive. Along with Kadaram, Pannai in present-day
6147:
6101:
5761:
5755:
4692:
4312:
4285:
4264:
3734:
3699:
3046:
1406:
921:
637:
4134:
1962:, or religious law. It is the official religion in Malaysia and Brunei while it is one of the six recognised faiths in Indonesia.
6688:
6678:
6018:
5874:
5351:
5247:
916:
237:
4562:
6512:
6318:
3301:
3146:
819:
2359:
Despite these differences, there are still common traditions practiced among many Muslims in Southeast Asia. For example, the
6577:
6125:
6023:
3670:
3221:
1899:
946:
764:
2387:
and "Islamisation". As a result, Islam began to assume a larger role in public life, underlined by the increased donning of
1978:"non-religious realms". Southeast Asia is the global region with the highest number of Muslims in the world, surpassing the
1663:
5935:
5694:
5371:
3575:
1623:
508:
6474:
4207:
4161:
2005:
these early communities, and the religion did not spread to significant parts of the population until the 12th century.
1950:
respectively. Significant minorities are located in the other Southeast Asian states. Most Muslims in Southeast Asia are
6497:
6084:
5940:
5930:
5836:
5489:
3241:
3081:
1979:
926:
540:
6464:
2274:
6693:
6599:
6270:
6038:
5831:
5208:
3498:
3316:
1108:
876:
587:
414:
4929:
6349:
6232:
5749:
5168:
3797:
3792:
3246:
2859:
2577:
1733:
1401:
1225:
1051:
982:
627:
6442:
6429:
6130:
5959:
5655:
5377:
5340:
5143:
4737:
3965:
3942:
3882:
3787:
3663:
3610:
3555:
3545:
3508:
1892:
1847:
1190:
961:
886:
881:
722:
434:
2459:. Others felt that Arabs treated their women very badly in Mecca and believed Southeast Asians "did it better".
17:
6594:
6313:
6137:
5910:
5390:
3827:
3620:
3421:
3416:
2991:
936:
654:
454:
2262:
4705:
4414:
Mansor, Suffian; Sundara Raja, Sivachandralingam; Mohd Noor, Arbaiyah; Mohd Rus, Ahmad Kamal Ariffin (2014).
6452:
5417:
5263:
4329:
2682:
2370:
Islam has intersected with other religious practices in Southeast Asia in many different ways. For example,
1810:
1550:
931:
249:
2156:
for the same time period while others record the presence of Muslim Chinese traders from provinces such as
1391:
6683:
6609:
6538:
6507:
6437:
5361:
5356:
5274:
3703:
3590:
3381:
3161:
2617:
2323:
2270:
1678:
1114:
703:
469:
4039:
1926:
with approximately 240 million adherents in the region (about 42% of its population), with majorities in
6555:
6533:
5284:
5161:
3802:
3074:
3041:
3001:
2744:
2734:
2522:
2360:
1751:
1590:
975:
896:
891:
698:
523:
307:
262:
1982:. Islam in Southeast Asia is neglected in Western study of Islam which centers around the Middle East.
6212:
6119:
6064:
3595:
3488:
3226:
3156:
3091:
2919:
2914:
2804:
2749:
2622:
2552:
2243:
2173:
2169:
1668:
1570:
1462:
1056:
901:
137:
113:
6447:
6323:
6217:
6033:
5472:
5269:
3695:
3458:
3411:
3391:
3131:
3051:
3026:
2931:
2904:
2854:
2824:
2814:
2729:
2709:
2689:
2662:
2647:
2602:
2537:
1835:
1805:
1036:
941:
812:
708:
342:
242:
93:
6614:
6528:
6369:
6305:
6113:
6089:
5766:
5744:
5704:
5449:
5400:
5366:
5257:
4646:
4638:
4536:
4231:
4185:
3822:
3807:
3540:
3451:
3386:
3256:
3201:
3171:
3086:
3011:
3006:
2986:
2874:
2864:
2667:
2235:
1931:
1780:
1756:
1618:
1396:
1381:
1291:
1144:
732:
689:
659:
642:
617:
562:
518:
230:
101:
5546:
5108:(Report). U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. September 2008
5069:
4971:
2020:, discovered ceramic shards with inscriptions in Indic script refer to a place near what is now
2148:
was Muslim, Chinese sources record the presence of a Muslim delegation to the emperor from the
6589:
6584:
6489:
6479:
6469:
6142:
6028:
5980:
5823:
5734:
5437:
5427:
5422:
5412:
5407:
5240:
4813:
4688:
4590:
4510:
4419:
4368:
4335:
4308:
4281:
4260:
4221:
4175:
4140:
4119:
3913:
3842:
3832:
3817:
3585:
3570:
3513:
3473:
3468:
3436:
3306:
3236:
3211:
3186:
3141:
3126:
3096:
3031:
2981:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2839:
2784:
2759:
2592:
2587:
2567:
2532:
2517:
2306:
2052:
2036:
2008:
In 2017, a group of Japanese archaeologists, while working on a tenth-century CE shipwreck in
1939:
1935:
1840:
1790:
1718:
1683:
1658:
1638:
1555:
1516:
1492:
1251:
1203:
1164:
1154:
1130:
1046:
1008:
773:
737:
684:
597:
557:
419:
161:
153:
145:
133:
97:
5051:
4989:
4886:
2242:
converted to Islam in the year 1267. In the early 15th century, the first Sultan of Malacca,
6619:
6604:
6354:
6059:
5781:
5719:
5709:
5699:
5684:
5432:
5335:
5307:
5195:
5130:
Heidhues, Mary, Somers. Southeast Asia: A Concise History. (London: Thames and Hudson. 2000)
5087:
4630:
4463:
4362:
4213:
4167:
4111:
4081:
3905:
3847:
3837:
3726:
3707:
3635:
3533:
3503:
3493:
3441:
3401:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3341:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3311:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3251:
3191:
3166:
3151:
3106:
3056:
2966:
2941:
2819:
2809:
2769:
2739:
2724:
2704:
2694:
2677:
2672:
2637:
2632:
2582:
2527:
2502:
2470:
2431:
1723:
1673:
1281:
1179:
1174:
1159:
582:
577:
528:
513:
498:
407:
286:
129:
117:
4957:
4839:
4467:
3909:
2056:
6545:
6242:
6187:
5673:
5633:
5522:
5478:
5252:
5033:
4566:
4133:
Ricklefs, M. C.; Lockhart, Bruce; Lau, Albert; Reyes, Portia; Aung-Thwin, Maitrii (2010).
3812:
3630:
3483:
3463:
3446:
3431:
3426:
3406:
3376:
3371:
3346:
3336:
3269:
3206:
3196:
3176:
3116:
3111:
3101:
3036:
3021:
2926:
2899:
2889:
2849:
2834:
2829:
2779:
2774:
2714:
2652:
2612:
2507:
2495:
2411:
2339:
2029:
1927:
1882:
1633:
1545:
1386:
1296:
1220:
1091:
1041:
871:
717:
533:
493:
482:
464:
367:
312:
225:
149:
141:
109:
5987:
4861:
4663:
6657:
6374:
6227:
6069:
5771:
4762:
4483:
4358:
4325:
3625:
3615:
3605:
3518:
3478:
3396:
3366:
3181:
3121:
3061:
3016:
2996:
2971:
2946:
2909:
2894:
2869:
2844:
2754:
2699:
2642:
2627:
2607:
2597:
2572:
2512:
2319:
2298:
2266:
2239:
2153:
2044:
1923:
1828:
1795:
1698:
1648:
1608:
1585:
1540:
1474:
1376:
1347:
1322:
1276:
805:
677:
664:
622:
567:
181:
157:
125:
121:
105:
82:
1877:
6672:
6560:
6387:
6237:
5776:
5739:
5714:
5551:
4650:
4559:
4235:
4189:
4112:
4074:
3852:
3715:
3565:
3560:
3216:
3136:
2976:
2936:
2884:
2879:
2797:
2764:
2657:
2547:
2403:
2219:
2160:. The spread of Islam generally followed the trade routes east through the primarily
2137:, a 1082 tombstone of a Muslim woman named Fatimah binti Maimun was also discovered.
1800:
1708:
1693:
1643:
1628:
1580:
1560:
1486:
1232:
1169:
742:
647:
607:
165:
848:
6647:
6572:
6222:
6074:
5952:
5668:
5216:
3653:
2407:
2343:
2282:
2189:
2093:
2021:
1871:
1852:
1728:
1713:
1653:
1535:
1342:
1327:
1286:
1215:
1186:
866:
840:
793:
749:
486:
218:
207:
5517:
5502:
5105:
4584:
4504:
6199:
5689:
5612:
5597:
5497:
5384:
4634:
3719:
2353:
2185:
2073:
1947:
1815:
1703:
1688:
1575:
1499:
545:
503:
427:
4787:
2152:
in 1282, other accounts provide instances of Muslim communities present in the
6502:
5584:
5541:
5512:
3998:. 588, Islam: Enduring Myths and Changing Realities (Jul., 2003), pp. 149-170.
2414:, is a more traditional organisation meant to oppose the values of Modernism.
2281:
There are several theories and factors that have been proposed to explain the
2193:
2141:
2009:
1966:
1943:
1785:
1565:
1337:
1084:
550:
43:
2125:. An Arabic pillar inscription dating between 1029 to 1035 was discovered in
6207:
5638:
5580:
5527:
5395:
5148:
4541:
3958:"The Middle East and Muslim Southeast Asia: Implications of the Arab Spring"
3935:"The Middle East and Muslim Southeast Asia: Implications of the Arab Spring"
3875:"The Middle East and Muslim Southeast Asia: Implications of the Arab Spring"
2452:
2286:
2285:
process of Southeast Asia. The first is trade. The expansion of trade among
2215:
2145:
2134:
1970:
1352:
1149:
449:
2382:
Since the late 1970s, an Islamic resurgence is taking place in the region.
2342:, which preaches closely to the Shafi`i school of legal accretion, and the
2047:
during the 10th century CE. The Chinese described that "the customs of the
4280:, Strategic Information and Research Development Centre, December 6, 2022
4217:
4171:
3698:, have advocated for the rights of these minority populations. There is a
1955:
6550:
6046:
5904:
5856:
5650:
5556:
5507:
5235:
2444:
2440:
2177:
2161:
2122:
2097:
2025:
1332:
1208:
1074:
1016:
759:
727:
441:
375:
6565:
6161:
5849:
5729:
5607:
5602:
5589:
5573:
5566:
5561:
5293:
4642:
2484:
2448:
2396:
2223:
2197:
2165:
2113:
2109:
2101:
2039:, there are several passages in Chinese chronicles compiled during the
2017:
1987:
1317:
1079:
592:
269:
4687:. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies Publications. 2006.
6079:
6053:
6012:
5973:
5890:
5803:
5724:
5626:
5536:
5467:
5462:
5229:
4393:
2383:
2157:
2130:
2126:
2118:
2085:
2028:, which led Islamic historian Do Truong Giang to interpret it as the
2013:
1238:
1136:
612:
602:
391:
359:
351:
336:
330:
214:
4506:
Islam in the Indonesian World: An Account of Institutional Formation
4364:
Islam in the Indonesian World: An Account of Institutional Formation
4331:
Islam in the Indonesian World: An Account of Institutional Formation
2255:
Malacca strait and jumped across the strait to the Malay Peninsula.
6459:
6328:
6153:
6107:
6095:
5897:
5883:
5842:
5619:
5457:
5314:
5300:
5221:
5184:
4623:
The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
4011:
Voices of Islam in Southeast Asia : a contemporary sourcebook
3996:
The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
2456:
2388:
2348:
2294:
2290:
2261:
2231:
2227:
2211:
2208:
2149:
2081:
2067:
2048:
1951:
1919:
1257:
1245:
1197:
1031:
754:
632:
323:
281:
274:
197:
189:
62:
4586:
Sultans, Shamans, and Saints: Islam and Muslims in Southeast Asia
4209:
A Maritime Vietnam: From Earliest Times to the Nineteenth Century
4163:
A Maritime Vietnam: From Earliest Times to the Nineteenth Century
5994:
5966:
5916:
5863:
5808:
5321:
4862:"Department of Economic Planning and Statistics - edata Library"
4389:"The Spread of Islam in Southeast Asia through the Trade Routes"
3730:
2435:
2392:
2302:
2172:
at the far end of the Archipelago form by the conversion of one
2105:
1974:
1959:
383:
291:
6414:
6182:
5798:
5157:
5153:
4621:
Houben, Vincent J. H. (July 2003). "Southeast Asia and Islam".
2144:
visited the area in 1292 he noted that the urban port state of
2410:, is associated with this Modernist movement while the other,
2318:
significant Malay authors that helped in this translation are
1973:
is a defining characteristic of Islam in Southeast Asia, with
4685:
Voices of Islam in Southeast Asia: A Contemporary Sourcebook
2024:. Inscriptions on some fragments end with a pentagram or a
4139:. Macmillan International Higher Education. p. 124.
4560:"Islam in Southeast Asia | Islam, Youth & New Media"
4044:
Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project
957:
Conversion of non-Islamic places of worship into mosques
4763:"Hajj Histories: Stories from Southeast Asian Pilgrims"
4278:
The New and Correct Date of the Terengganu Inscription
2133:
dated to 1048, marking the tomb of a Muslim woman. In
4788:"UN condemns 'devastating' Rohingya abuse in Myanmar"
2168:'s we see the first dynasty arise in the form of the
2043:(907–979 CE) mention some Islamic activities in the
6521:
6488:
6428:
6337:
6304:
6251:
6198:
6004:
5926:
5873:
5822:
5664:
5488:
5448:
5331:
5283:
5207:
4905:"Department of Statistics Malaysia Official Portal"
2218:
kingdom of Sangrama Vijayatunga Varman in Kadaram (
68:
56:
37:
4073:
2092:Muslim traders along the main trade-route between
5094:. Central Intelligence Agency. 28 September 2016.
5076:. Central Intelligence Agency. 28 September 2016.
5058:. Central Intelligence Agency. 28 September 2016.
5040:. Central Intelligence Agency. 28 September 2016.
4996:. Central Intelligence Agency. 28 September 2016.
4893:. Central Intelligence Agency. 28 September 2016.
4820:. Central Intelligence Agency. 28 September 2016.
4978:. Central Intelligence Agency. 14 November 2017.
4706:"BBC - Religions - Islam: Five Pillars of Islam"
4166:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 153–154.
18:The Coming and Spread of Islam in Southeast Asia
5008:"Population by religion, region and area, 2018"
4589:. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 35, 39.
3902:Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics
3746:Indonesia: 87%, one of six recognized religions
2061:
5106:2008 Report on International Religious Freedom
5169:
4730:"Focus On... - Oxford Islamic Studies Online"
4460:"Southeast Asia, Islam in - Oxford Reference"
4013:. Singapore: ISEAS Publications. p. 411.
3671:
2192:arrived in the 17th century the region up to
1900:
983:
813:
8:
4255:P. M. ( Peter Malcolm) Holt, Bernard Lewis,
4080:. San Francisco: Harper & Row. pp.
1470:Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam
32:
4832:"Statistik Umat Menurut Agama di Indonesia"
4532:"Gujarat helped establish Islam in SE Asia"
4259:, Cambridge University Press, pr 21, 1977,
4212:. Cambridge University Press. p. 154.
4028:. Leiden ; New York : E.J. Brill.
6425:
6411:
6195:
6179:
5819:
5795:
5204:
5176:
5162:
5154:
4484:"LibGuides: Islam in Southeast Asia: Home"
4201:
4199:
3678:
3664:
2466:
1907:
1893:
1001:
990:
976:
907:Islamization and Turkification of Xinjiang
831:
820:
806:
176:
3964:. Oxford University Press. Archived from
1922:is the most widely practised religion in
1764:Liberal and reform movements within Islam
4299:
4297:
4295:
4293:
2214:navy crossed the ocean and attacked the
1969:with already-existent local traditions.
4251:
4249:
4247:
4245:
3865:
2469:
2164:region and a half century later in the
1004:
839:
188:
4724:
4722:
4105:
4103:
4101:
4099:
4097:
4095:
4093:
4091:
4009:Fealy, Greg; Hooker, Virginia (2006).
3910:10.1163/1570-6699_eall_EALL_SIM_000030
2041:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period
912:Islamization of Bosnia and Herzegovina
31:
5144:The Spread Of Islam To Southeast Asia
4757:
4755:
4680:
4678:
4676:
4616:
4614:
4612:
4610:
4608:
4606:
4555:
4553:
4551:
4530:Prabhune, Tushar (27 December 2011).
4498:
4496:
4478:
4476:
4455:
4453:
4436:
4434:
4432:
4418:. University of Malaya Press. p. 34.
4353:
4351:
4067:
4065:
4063:
4061:
3989:
3987:
3985:
3983:
2301:. A second theory is the role of the
862:Late Antiquity - Middle Ages - Modern
7:
4468:10.1093/acref/9780195125580.001.0001
3898:"Polygenesis in the Arabic Dialects"
2434:interviewed Muslim Southeast Asians
4110:Taylor, Jean Gelman Taylor (2003).
2250:Islamic expansion in Southeast Asia
952:Conversion to Islam in U.S. prisons
27:Overview of Islam in Southeast Asia
4937:Singapore Department of Statistics
4307:, Allen & Unwin, July 1, 2003
4072:Denny, Fredrick Mathewson (1987).
3752:Malaysia: 63.5%, official religion
1482:Principles of State and Government
1458:The Caliphate or the Grand Imamate
25:
4509:. Mizan Pustaka. pp. 10–25.
1407:List of Islamic political parties
922:Spread of Islam in Southeast Asia
6653:
6652:
6641:
6162:Schools of islamic jurisprudence
5352:Timeline of the history of Islam
4257:"The Cambridge History of Islam"
3896:Al-Jallad, Ahmad (30 May 2011).
3749:Brunei: 82.1%, official religion
3647:
3232:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
2558:Democratic Republic of the Congo
2477:
1876:
1865:
917:Islamization of the Sudan region
847:
787:
196:
6513:List of ex-Muslim organisations
4367:. Mizan Pustaka. pp. 1–4.
4136:A New History of Southeast Asia
2196:was overwhelmingly Muslim with
4583:Federspiel, Howard M. (2007).
4114:Indonesia: Peoples and History
2330:Modern Islam in Southeast Asia
947:Conversion to Islam in prisons
1:
4838:. 15 May 2018. Archived from
4836:Ministry of Religious Affairs
4334:. Mizan Pustaka. p. 60.
4305:A Short History of Indonesia"
3962:Oxford Islamic Studies Online
2072:A Muslim "Food jar" from the
1624:Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani
6498:Apostasy in Islam by country
6365:Liberalism and progressivism
4734:www.oxfordislamicstudies.com
4441:"Gale - Enter Product Login"
4118:. New Haven: Yale. pp.
3994:"Southeast Asia and Islam".
1980:Middle East and North Africa
927:Spread of Islam in Indonesia
4635:10.1177/0002716203588001010
2455:while circumambulating the
1418:Militant Islamism based in
877:Islamic missionary activity
371:("Stories of the Prophets")
170:languages of Southeast Asia
6710:
5149:History of Malay Peninsula
4767:www.international.ucla.edu
4488:guides.library.cornell.edu
3798:Buddhism in Southeast Asia
3793:Hinduism in Southeast Asia
3690:The division of countries
2238:established in year 1136.
2150:Kingdom of Samudra (Pasai)
1734:Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab
1402:Tehreek-e-Labbaik Pakistan
6636:
6424:
6410:
6276:Geography and cartography
6194:
6178:
5818:
5794:
5203:
5192:
4664:"Islam in Southeast Asia"
3788:Jainism in Southeast Asia
2463:Persecution and terrorism
2207:In the 12th century, the
1848:Islam and other religions
1358:International propagation
1097:International propagation
962:List of converts to Islam
887:Islamization of Jerusalem
882:Islamization of Palestine
73:
61:
42:
33:Muslims in Southeast Asia
6595:Islamic view of miracles
4503:Azra, Azyumardi (2006).
4026:Islam in South-East Asia
3828:Islam in the Philippines
3706:, including the ongoing
3601:Northern Mariana Islands
2543:Central African Republic
1510:Governance of the Jurist
937:Islamization in Pakistan
460:Medieval Islamic science
6689:Maritime Southeast Asia
6679:Islam in Southeast Asia
6350:Creationism (evolution)
4670:. Retrieved 2016-10-24.
4573:. Retrieved 2016-11-05.
4571:islamtoday.berkeley.edu
4565:4 November 2016 at the
4490:. Retrieved 2016-10-24.
4447:. Retrieved 2016-11-07.
4416:Sejarah dan Kesarjanaan
3551:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
2275:Philippine–American War
2230:faith and converted to
1614:Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī
932:Islamization of Albania
6610:Persecution of Muslims
6508:List of former Muslims
5357:Succession to Muhammad
3939:Oxford Islamic Studies
3879:Oxford Islamic Studies
3704:persecution of Muslims
3302:Bosnia and Herzegovina
2356:
2278:
2271:United States military
2089:
2066:
2055:notes the practice of
1679:Taqi al-Din al-Nabhani
1115:Islamic fundamentalism
470:Succession to Muhammad
6394:Conversion to mosques
6261:Alchemy and chemistry
5010:. NSO. Archived from
4218:10.1017/9781009237628
4172:10.1017/9781009237628
3803:Muslim Southeast Asia
3729:, particularly since
3702:in some countries of
3222:Saint Kitts and Nevis
2720:São Tomé and Príncipe
2563:Republic of the Congo
2352:
2322:, Shams al-Din, and '
2265:
2174:Parameswara Dewa Shah
2080:, well known for its
2071:
1752:Criticism of Islamism
1746:Criticism of Islamism
1664:Necip Fazıl Kısakürek
1591:Hibatullah Akhundzada
897:Islamization of Egypt
892:Islamization of Syria
6120:Ma malakat aymanukum
5695:Association football
5594:Moderate Kharijites
3945:on 19 February 2013.
3885:on 19 February 2013.
3047:United Arab Emirates
2483:World percentage of
2361:five duties of Islam
2170:Sultanate of Malacca
1551:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
1508:Islamic Government:
902:Islamization of Iran
509:Association football
4842:on 3 September 2020
4740:on 19 February 2013
3968:on 19 February 2013
3712:Rohingya in Myanmar
3696:Muslim World League
3242:Trinidad and Tobago
3082:Antigua and Barbuda
1883:Politics portal
1836:Islam and modernity
1512:("Velayat-e faqih")
1494:Ma'alim fi al-Tariq
942:Conversion to Islam
835:Part of a series on
270:Profession of Faith
243:Day of Resurrection
34:
6694:Islam by continent
6615:Quran and miracles
6529:Criticism of Islam
6233:Geometric patterns
6085:Gender segregation
5656:Non-denominational
5092:The World Factbook
5074:The World Factbook
5056:The World Factbook
5038:The World Factbook
4994:The World Factbook
4976:The world Factbook
4891:The World Factbook
4818:The World Factbook
4537:The Times of India
4046:. 18 December 2012
3823:Islam in Singapore
3808:Islam in Indonesia
3692:during colonialism
3147:Dominican Republic
2430:Cornell professor
2378:Islamic revivalism
2357:
2279:
2236:Sultanate of Kedah
2090:
1781:Khaled Abu al-Fadl
1757:Criticism of Islam
1619:Qazi Hussain Ahmad
1437:Sub-Saharan Africa
1397:Muslim Brotherhood
1382:Iranian Revolution
1292:Islamic Golden Age
1145:Islamic governance
6666:
6665:
6632:
6631:
6628:
6627:
6600:Domestic violence
6590:Islamic terrorism
6585:Islamic extremism
6406:
6405:
6402:
6401:
6174:
6173:
6170:
6169:
5960:Marriage contract
5790:
5789:
5750:Political aspects
5479:Story of Prophets
5248:Prophets of Islam
4834:(in Indonesian).
4794:. 3 February 2017
4596:978-0-8248-3052-6
4516:978-979-433-430-0
4424:978-967-0380-40-7
4374:978-979-433-430-0
4341:978-979-433-430-0
4227:978-1-00923-762-8
4206:Li, Tana (2024).
4181:978-1-00923-762-8
4160:Li, Tana (2024).
4146:978-1-137-01554-9
3919:978-90-04-17702-4
3843:Islam in Cambodia
3833:Islam in Thailand
3818:Islam in Malaysia
3770:Timor-Leste: 0.3%
3735:the Islamic State
3688:
3687:
2578:Equatorial Guinea
2307:Malacca Sultanate
2188:powers and their
2059:among the Chams:
2053:Song Huiyao Jigao
2037:Edward H. Schafer
1944:parts of Mindanao
1940:Southern Thailand
1938:as well parts of
1917:
1916:
1791:Abdelwahab Meddeb
1719:Haji Shariatullah
1684:Yusuf al-Qaradawi
1669:Abul A'la Maududi
1659:Ruhollah Khomeini
1639:Rached Ghannouchi
1571:Alija Izetbegović
1556:Ruhollah Khomeini
1463:Rashīd Rīďha 1922
1363:by country/region
1252:Two-nation theory
1204:Islamic terrorism
1165:Islamic socialism
1155:Islamic democracy
1131:Apostasy in Islam
1102:by country/region
1000:
999:
830:
829:
175:
174:
16:(Redirected from
6701:
6656:
6655:
6648:Islam portal
6646:
6645:
6644:
6426:
6418:
6412:
6253:Medieval science
6196:
6186:
6180:
5837:Economic history
5820:
5796:
5782:Islam by country
5567:Bektashi Alevism
5205:
5196:Outline of Islam
5178:
5171:
5164:
5155:
5118:
5117:
5115:
5113:
5102:
5096:
5095:
5084:
5078:
5077:
5066:
5060:
5059:
5048:
5042:
5041:
5030:
5024:
5023:
5021:
5019:
5014:on 24 April 2021
5004:
4998:
4997:
4986:
4980:
4979:
4968:
4962:
4961:
4954:
4948:
4947:
4945:
4943:
4934:
4926:
4920:
4919:
4917:
4915:
4901:
4895:
4894:
4883:
4877:
4876:
4874:
4872:
4858:
4852:
4851:
4849:
4847:
4828:
4822:
4821:
4810:
4804:
4803:
4801:
4799:
4784:
4778:
4777:
4775:
4773:
4759:
4750:
4749:
4747:
4745:
4736:. Archived from
4726:
4717:
4716:
4714:
4712:
4702:
4696:
4682:
4671:
4661:
4655:
4654:
4618:
4601:
4600:
4580:
4574:
4557:
4546:
4545:
4527:
4521:
4520:
4500:
4491:
4480:
4471:
4457:
4448:
4445:go.galegroup.com
4438:
4427:
4412:
4406:
4405:
4403:
4401:
4385:
4379:
4378:
4355:
4346:
4345:
4322:
4316:
4301:
4288:
4274:
4268:
4253:
4240:
4239:
4203:
4194:
4193:
4157:
4151:
4150:
4130:
4124:
4123:
4117:
4107:
4086:
4085:
4079:
4069:
4056:
4055:
4053:
4051:
4036:
4030:
4029:
4021:
4015:
4014:
4006:
4000:
3999:
3991:
3978:
3977:
3975:
3973:
3956:Yusuf, Imtiyaz.
3953:
3947:
3946:
3941:. Archived from
3933:Yusuf, Imtiyaz.
3930:
3924:
3923:
3893:
3887:
3886:
3881:. Archived from
3873:Yusuf, Imtiyaz.
3870:
3848:Islam in Vietnam
3838:Islam in Myanmar
3755:Singapore: 15.6%
3727:War on Terrorism
3708:ethnic cleansing
3680:
3673:
3666:
3654:Islam portal
3652:
3651:
3650:
3611:Papua New Guinea
3576:Marshall Islands
3546:Christmas Island
3509:Northern Ireland
2481:
2471:Islam by country
2467:
2432:Eric Tagliacozzo
2076:, also known as
2016:of which is now
1909:
1902:
1895:
1881:
1880:
1872:Islam portal
1870:
1869:
1868:
1774:in North America
1724:Hassan Al-Turabi
1674:Abul Hasan Nadwi
1282:Anti-imperialism
1180:Islamic republic
1175:Islamic monarchy
1160:Islamic feminism
1019:
1013:
1012:
1002:
992:
985:
978:
851:
832:
822:
815:
808:
794:Islam portal
792:
791:
790:
200:
177:
51:
38:Total population
35:
21:
6709:
6708:
6704:
6703:
6702:
6700:
6699:
6698:
6669:
6668:
6667:
6662:
6642:
6640:
6624:
6546:Cultural Muslim
6517:
6484:
6430:Other religions
6420:
6416:
6398:
6333:
6300:
6247:
6190:
6188:Islamic studies
6184:
6166:
6000:
5945:
5922:
5869:
5814:
5813:
5786:
5735:Moral teachings
5678:
5660:
5634:Nation of Islam
5547:Twelver Shi'ism
5484:
5450:Religious texts
5444:
5362:Early conquests
5345:
5327:
5279:
5199:
5188:
5182:
5140:
5127:
5125:Further reading
5122:
5121:
5111:
5109:
5104:
5103:
5099:
5086:
5085:
5081:
5068:
5067:
5063:
5050:
5049:
5045:
5032:
5031:
5027:
5017:
5015:
5006:
5005:
5001:
4988:
4987:
4983:
4970:
4969:
4965:
4956:
4955:
4951:
4941:
4939:
4932:
4928:
4927:
4923:
4913:
4911:
4909:www.dosm.gov.my
4903:
4902:
4898:
4885:
4884:
4880:
4870:
4868:
4866:www.deps.gov.bn
4860:
4859:
4855:
4845:
4843:
4830:
4829:
4825:
4812:
4811:
4807:
4797:
4795:
4786:
4785:
4781:
4771:
4769:
4761:
4760:
4753:
4743:
4741:
4728:
4727:
4720:
4710:
4708:
4704:
4703:
4699:
4683:
4674:
4662:
4658:
4620:
4619:
4604:
4597:
4582:
4581:
4577:
4567:Wayback Machine
4558:
4549:
4529:
4528:
4524:
4517:
4502:
4501:
4494:
4481:
4474:
4458:
4451:
4439:
4430:
4413:
4409:
4399:
4397:
4387:
4386:
4382:
4375:
4359:Azra, Azyumardi
4357:
4356:
4349:
4342:
4326:Azra, Azyumardi
4324:
4323:
4319:
4302:
4291:
4275:
4271:
4254:
4243:
4228:
4205:
4204:
4197:
4182:
4159:
4158:
4154:
4147:
4132:
4131:
4127:
4109:
4108:
4089:
4071:
4070:
4059:
4049:
4047:
4038:
4037:
4033:
4023:
4022:
4018:
4008:
4007:
4003:
3993:
3992:
3981:
3971:
3969:
3955:
3954:
3950:
3932:
3931:
3927:
3920:
3895:
3894:
3890:
3872:
3871:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3813:Islam in Brunei
3783:
3761:Thailand: 5.4%
3758:Philippines: 6%
3743:
3684:
3648:
3646:
3641:
3640:
3621:Solomon Islands
3536:
3526:
3525:
3422:North Macedonia
3272:
3262:
3261:
3077:
3067:
3066:
2800:
2790:
2789:
2498:
2488:
2465:
2424:
2412:Nahdlatul Ulama
2380:
2340:Nahdlatul Ulama
2332:
2252:
2030:Seal of Solomon
2002:
1997:
1954:and follow the
1913:
1875:
1866:
1864:
1858:
1857:
1831:
1821:
1820:
1747:
1739:
1738:
1634:Hassan al-Banna
1604:
1596:
1595:
1546:Muammar Gaddafi
1531:
1523:
1522:
1509:
1452:
1444:
1443:
1387:Jamaat-e-Islami
1310:
1302:
1301:
1297:Islamic revival
1272:
1264:
1263:
1221:Political Islam
1126:
1118:
1117:
1111:
1092:Salafi movement
1070:
1062:
1061:
1027:
1015:
1014:
1006:
1005:
996:
967:
966:
872:Spread of Islam
859:
826:
788:
786:
779:
778:
723:Other religions
718:Arabic language
680:
670:
669:
598:Moral teachings
489:
475:
474:
465:Spread of Islam
410:
400:
399:
387:(jurisprudence)
369:Qisas al-Anbiya
318:
317:
297:
296:
265:
255:
254:
210:
92:
88:
87:
78:
46:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6707:
6705:
6697:
6696:
6691:
6686:
6681:
6671:
6670:
6664:
6663:
6661:
6660:
6650:
6637:
6634:
6633:
6630:
6629:
6626:
6625:
6623:
6622:
6617:
6612:
6607:
6602:
6597:
6592:
6587:
6582:
6581:
6580:
6570:
6569:
6568:
6563:
6558:
6548:
6543:
6542:
6541:
6536:
6525:
6523:
6522:Related topics
6519:
6518:
6516:
6515:
6510:
6505:
6500:
6494:
6492:
6486:
6485:
6483:
6482:
6477:
6472:
6467:
6462:
6457:
6456:
6455:
6450:
6445:
6434:
6432:
6422:
6421:
6415:
6408:
6407:
6404:
6403:
6400:
6399:
6397:
6396:
6391:
6384:
6379:
6378:
6377:
6367:
6362:
6357:
6352:
6347:
6341:
6339:
6335:
6334:
6332:
6331:
6326:
6321:
6316:
6310:
6308:
6302:
6301:
6299:
6298:
6293:
6288:
6283:
6278:
6273:
6268:
6263:
6257:
6255:
6249:
6248:
6246:
6245:
6240:
6235:
6230:
6225:
6220:
6215:
6210:
6204:
6202:
6192:
6191:
6183:
6176:
6175:
6172:
6171:
6168:
6167:
6165:
6164:
6159:
6158:
6157:
6145:
6143:Sources of law
6140:
6135:
6134:
6133:
6123:
6116:
6111:
6104:
6099:
6092:
6087:
6082:
6077:
6072:
6067:
6062:
6057:
6050:
6043:
6042:
6041:
6036:
6031:
6021:
6016:
6008:
6006:
6002:
6001:
5999:
5998:
5991:
5984:
5977:
5970:
5963:
5956:
5948:
5946:
5944:
5943:
5938:
5933:
5927:
5924:
5923:
5921:
5920:
5913:
5908:
5901:
5894:
5887:
5879:
5877:
5871:
5870:
5868:
5867:
5860:
5853:
5846:
5839:
5834:
5828:
5826:
5816:
5815:
5812:
5811:
5806:
5800:
5799:
5792:
5791:
5788:
5787:
5785:
5784:
5779:
5774:
5769:
5767:Social welfare
5764:
5759:
5752:
5747:
5742:
5737:
5732:
5727:
5722:
5717:
5712:
5707:
5702:
5697:
5692:
5687:
5681:
5679:
5677:
5676:
5671:
5665:
5662:
5661:
5659:
5658:
5653:
5648:
5647:
5646:
5636:
5631:
5630:
5629:
5624:
5623:
5622:
5617:
5616:
5615:
5610:
5605:
5592:
5578:
5577:
5576:
5571:
5570:
5569:
5559:
5554:
5549:
5539:
5534:
5533:
5532:
5531:
5530:
5520:
5515:
5510:
5505:
5494:
5492:
5486:
5485:
5483:
5482:
5475:
5470:
5465:
5460:
5454:
5452:
5446:
5445:
5443:
5442:
5441:
5440:
5435:
5430:
5425:
5420:
5415:
5410:
5405:
5393:
5388:
5381:
5374:
5372:Historiography
5369:
5364:
5359:
5354:
5348:
5346:
5344:
5343:
5338:
5332:
5329:
5328:
5326:
5325:
5318:
5311:
5304:
5297:
5289:
5287:
5281:
5280:
5278:
5277:
5272:
5267:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5245:
5244:
5243:
5233:
5226:
5225:
5224:
5213:
5211:
5201:
5200:
5193:
5190:
5189:
5183:
5181:
5180:
5173:
5166:
5158:
5152:
5151:
5146:
5139:
5138:External links
5136:
5135:
5134:
5131:
5126:
5123:
5120:
5119:
5097:
5079:
5061:
5043:
5025:
4999:
4981:
4963:
4949:
4921:
4896:
4878:
4853:
4823:
4805:
4779:
4751:
4718:
4697:
4672:
4656:
4629:(1): 149–170.
4602:
4595:
4575:
4547:
4522:
4515:
4492:
4482:Houissa, Ali.
4472:
4449:
4428:
4407:
4380:
4373:
4347:
4340:
4317:
4289:
4269:
4241:
4226:
4195:
4180:
4152:
4145:
4125:
4087:
4057:
4031:
4016:
4001:
3979:
3948:
3925:
3918:
3888:
3864:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3778:
3777:
3774:
3771:
3768:
3767:Cambodia: 1.9%
3765:
3762:
3759:
3756:
3753:
3750:
3747:
3742:
3739:
3686:
3685:
3683:
3682:
3675:
3668:
3660:
3657:
3656:
3643:
3642:
3639:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3537:
3532:
3531:
3528:
3527:
3524:
3523:
3522:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3499:United Kingdom
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3455:
3454:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3273:
3268:
3267:
3264:
3263:
3260:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3078:
3073:
3072:
3069:
3068:
3065:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2923:
2922:
2917:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2801:
2796:
2795:
2792:
2791:
2788:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2686:
2685:
2683:Western Sahara
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2499:
2494:
2493:
2490:
2489:
2482:
2474:
2473:
2464:
2461:
2423:
2420:
2379:
2376:
2331:
2328:
2320:Hamzah Fansuri
2299:Southeast Asia
2267:Moro Rebellion
2251:
2248:
2240:Samudera Pasai
2154:Melayu Kingdom
2045:Champa Kingdom
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1924:Southeast Asia
1915:
1914:
1912:
1911:
1904:
1897:
1889:
1886:
1885:
1860:
1859:
1856:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1844:
1843:
1832:
1829:Related topics
1827:
1826:
1823:
1822:
1819:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1796:Maryam Namazie
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1777:
1776:
1771:
1761:
1760:
1759:
1748:
1745:
1744:
1741:
1740:
1737:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1699:Ata Abu Rashta
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1649:Muhammad Iqbal
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1609:Muhammad Abduh
1605:
1603:Key ideologues
1602:
1601:
1598:
1597:
1594:
1593:
1588:
1586:House of Thani
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1541:Omar al-Bashir
1538:
1532:
1530:Heads of state
1529:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1521:
1520:
1503:
1496:("Milestones")
1490:
1478:
1466:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1440:
1439:
1434:
1432:Southeast Asia
1429:
1424:
1410:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1377:Hizb ut-Tahrir
1368:
1367:
1366:
1365:
1360:
1350:
1348:Sahwa movement
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1323:Dawat-e-Islami
1320:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1277:Anti-communism
1273:
1270:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1262:
1261:
1254:
1249:
1242:
1235:
1230:
1229:
1228:
1218:
1213:
1212:
1211:
1206:
1194:
1184:
1183:
1182:
1177:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1141:
1140:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1113:
1112:
1106:
1105:
1104:
1099:
1089:
1088:
1087:
1077:
1071:
1068:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1021:
1020:
998:
997:
995:
994:
987:
980:
972:
969:
968:
965:
964:
959:
954:
949:
944:
939:
934:
929:
924:
919:
914:
909:
904:
899:
894:
889:
884:
879:
874:
869:
860:
857:
856:
853:
852:
844:
843:
837:
836:
828:
827:
825:
824:
817:
810:
802:
799:
798:
797:
796:
781:
780:
777:
776:
770:
769:
768:
767:
762:
752:
747:
746:
745:
740:
730:
725:
720:
714:
713:
712:
711:
706:
701:
693:
692:
687:
681:
678:Related topics
676:
675:
672:
671:
668:
667:
662:
660:Social welfare
657:
652:
651:
650:
640:
635:
630:
625:
620:
615:
610:
605:
600:
595:
590:
585:
580:
575:
570:
565:
560:
555:
554:
553:
548:
538:
537:
536:
526:
521:
516:
511:
506:
501:
496:
490:
481:
480:
477:
476:
473:
472:
467:
462:
457:
452:
446:
445:
438:
431:
423:
422:
417:
411:
406:
405:
402:
401:
398:
397:
389:
380:
379:
373:
365:
357:
348:
347:
327:
319:
316:
315:
310:
304:
303:
302:
299:
298:
295:
294:
289:
284:
278:
277:
272:
266:
261:
260:
257:
256:
253:
252:
250:Predestination
246:
245:
240:
234:
233:
231:Revealed Books
228:
222:
221:
211:
206:
205:
202:
201:
193:
192:
186:
185:
173:
172:
86:
85:
83:Quranic Arabic
79:
74:
71:
70:
66:
65:
59:
58:
54:
53:
40:
39:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6706:
6695:
6692:
6690:
6687:
6685:
6684:Islam in Asia
6682:
6680:
6677:
6676:
6674:
6659:
6651:
6649:
6639:
6638:
6635:
6621:
6618:
6616:
6613:
6611:
6608:
6606:
6603:
6601:
6598:
6596:
6593:
6591:
6588:
6586:
6583:
6579:
6576:
6575:
6574:
6571:
6567:
6564:
6562:
6561:Post-Islamism
6559:
6557:
6554:
6553:
6552:
6549:
6547:
6544:
6540:
6537:
6535:
6532:
6531:
6530:
6527:
6526:
6524:
6520:
6514:
6511:
6509:
6506:
6504:
6501:
6499:
6496:
6495:
6493:
6491:
6487:
6481:
6478:
6476:
6473:
6471:
6468:
6466:
6463:
6461:
6458:
6454:
6453:Protestantism
6451:
6449:
6446:
6444:
6441:
6440:
6439:
6436:
6435:
6433:
6431:
6427:
6423:
6413:
6409:
6395:
6392:
6390:
6389:
6385:
6383:
6380:
6376:
6373:
6372:
6371:
6368:
6366:
6363:
6361:
6358:
6356:
6353:
6351:
6348:
6346:
6343:
6342:
6340:
6336:
6330:
6327:
6325:
6322:
6320:
6317:
6315:
6312:
6311:
6309:
6307:
6303:
6297:
6294:
6292:
6291:Ophthalmology
6289:
6287:
6284:
6282:
6279:
6277:
6274:
6272:
6269:
6267:
6264:
6262:
6259:
6258:
6256:
6254:
6250:
6244:
6241:
6239:
6236:
6234:
6231:
6229:
6226:
6224:
6221:
6219:
6216:
6214:
6211:
6209:
6206:
6205:
6203:
6201:
6197:
6193:
6189:
6181:
6177:
6163:
6160:
6156:
6155:
6151:
6150:
6149:
6146:
6144:
6141:
6139:
6136:
6132:
6129:
6128:
6127:
6124:
6122:
6121:
6117:
6115:
6112:
6110:
6109:
6105:
6103:
6100:
6098:
6097:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6073:
6071:
6068:
6066:
6063:
6061:
6058:
6056:
6055:
6051:
6049:
6048:
6044:
6040:
6039:Death penalty
6037:
6035:
6032:
6030:
6027:
6026:
6025:
6022:
6020:
6017:
6015:
6014:
6010:
6009:
6007:
6005:Other aspects
6003:
5997:
5996:
5992:
5990:
5989:
5985:
5983:
5982:
5978:
5976:
5975:
5971:
5969:
5968:
5964:
5962:
5961:
5957:
5955:
5954:
5950:
5949:
5947:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5929:
5928:
5925:
5919:
5918:
5914:
5912:
5909:
5907:
5906:
5902:
5900:
5899:
5895:
5893:
5892:
5888:
5886:
5885:
5881:
5880:
5878:
5876:
5872:
5866:
5865:
5861:
5859:
5858:
5854:
5852:
5851:
5847:
5845:
5844:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5829:
5827:
5825:
5821:
5817:
5810:
5809:Jurisprudence
5807:
5805:
5802:
5801:
5797:
5793:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5757:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5682:
5680:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5666:
5663:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5645:
5642:
5641:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5628:
5625:
5621:
5618:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5600:
5599:
5596:
5595:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5587:
5586:
5582:
5579:
5575:
5572:
5568:
5565:
5564:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5544:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5529:
5526:
5525:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5500:
5499:
5496:
5495:
5493:
5491:
5490:Denominations
5487:
5481:
5480:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5455:
5453:
5451:
5447:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5403:
5399:
5398:
5397:
5394:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5386:
5382:
5380:
5379:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5349:
5347:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5333:
5330:
5324:
5323:
5319:
5317:
5316:
5312:
5310:
5309:
5305:
5303:
5302:
5298:
5296:
5295:
5291:
5290:
5288:
5286:
5282:
5276:
5275:Holiest sites
5273:
5271:
5270:Judgement Day
5268:
5266:
5265:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5242:
5239:
5238:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5231:
5227:
5223:
5220:
5219:
5218:
5215:
5214:
5212:
5210:
5206:
5202:
5198:
5197:
5191:
5186:
5179:
5174:
5172:
5167:
5165:
5160:
5159:
5156:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5141:
5137:
5132:
5129:
5128:
5124:
5107:
5101:
5098:
5093:
5089:
5083:
5080:
5075:
5071:
5070:"Timor-Leste"
5065:
5062:
5057:
5053:
5047:
5044:
5039:
5035:
5029:
5026:
5013:
5009:
5003:
5000:
4995:
4991:
4985:
4982:
4977:
4973:
4972:"Philippines"
4967:
4964:
4959:
4958:"Philippines"
4953:
4950:
4938:
4931:
4930:"Census 2020"
4925:
4922:
4910:
4906:
4900:
4897:
4892:
4888:
4882:
4879:
4867:
4863:
4857:
4854:
4841:
4837:
4833:
4827:
4824:
4819:
4815:
4809:
4806:
4793:
4789:
4783:
4780:
4768:
4764:
4758:
4756:
4752:
4739:
4735:
4731:
4725:
4723:
4719:
4707:
4701:
4698:
4694:
4693:981-230-368-5
4690:
4686:
4681:
4679:
4677:
4673:
4669:
4665:
4660:
4657:
4652:
4648:
4644:
4640:
4636:
4632:
4628:
4624:
4617:
4615:
4613:
4611:
4609:
4607:
4603:
4598:
4592:
4588:
4587:
4579:
4576:
4572:
4568:
4564:
4561:
4556:
4554:
4552:
4548:
4543:
4539:
4538:
4533:
4526:
4523:
4518:
4512:
4508:
4507:
4499:
4497:
4493:
4489:
4485:
4479:
4477:
4473:
4469:
4465:
4461:
4456:
4454:
4450:
4446:
4442:
4437:
4435:
4433:
4429:
4425:
4421:
4417:
4411:
4408:
4396:
4395:
4390:
4384:
4381:
4376:
4370:
4366:
4365:
4360:
4354:
4352:
4348:
4343:
4337:
4333:
4332:
4327:
4321:
4318:
4314:
4313:1-86508-838-2
4310:
4306:
4303:Colin Brown,
4300:
4298:
4296:
4294:
4290:
4287:
4286:96709-6-079-7
4283:
4279:
4273:
4270:
4266:
4265:0-521-29137-2
4262:
4258:
4252:
4250:
4248:
4246:
4242:
4237:
4233:
4229:
4223:
4219:
4215:
4211:
4210:
4202:
4200:
4196:
4191:
4187:
4183:
4177:
4173:
4169:
4165:
4164:
4156:
4153:
4148:
4142:
4138:
4137:
4129:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4115:
4106:
4104:
4102:
4100:
4098:
4096:
4094:
4092:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4077:
4068:
4066:
4064:
4062:
4058:
4045:
4041:
4035:
4032:
4027:
4024:Hooker, M.B.
4020:
4017:
4012:
4005:
4002:
3997:
3990:
3988:
3986:
3984:
3980:
3967:
3963:
3959:
3952:
3949:
3944:
3940:
3936:
3929:
3926:
3921:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3892:
3889:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3869:
3866:
3859:
3854:
3853:Islam in Laos
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3773:Vietnam: 0.1%
3772:
3769:
3766:
3764:Myanmar: 4.3%
3763:
3760:
3757:
3754:
3751:
3748:
3745:
3744:
3740:
3738:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3725:Finally, the
3723:
3721:
3717:
3716:long struggle
3713:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3681:
3676:
3674:
3669:
3667:
3662:
3661:
3659:
3658:
3655:
3645:
3644:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3591:New Caledonia
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3538:
3535:
3530:
3529:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3501:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3453:
3450:
3449:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3382:Liechtenstein
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3274:
3271:
3266:
3265:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3247:United States
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3162:French Guiana
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3079:
3076:
3071:
3070:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2912:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2802:
2799:
2794:
2793:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2684:
2681:
2680:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2618:Guinea-Bissau
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2500:
2497:
2492:
2491:
2486:
2480:
2476:
2475:
2472:
2468:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2437:
2433:
2428:
2421:
2419:
2415:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2404:Islam Hadhari
2400:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2385:
2377:
2375:
2373:
2368:
2364:
2362:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2345:
2341:
2336:
2329:
2327:
2325:
2321:
2315:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2210:
2205:
2201:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2181:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2138:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2035:According to
2033:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2006:
1999:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1983:
1981:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1967:syncretically
1963:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1910:
1905:
1903:
1898:
1896:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1887:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1873:
1862:
1861:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1842:
1839:
1838:
1837:
1834:
1833:
1830:
1825:
1824:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1801:Maajid Nawaaz
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1766:
1765:
1762:
1758:
1755:
1754:
1753:
1750:
1749:
1743:
1742:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1709:Navvab Safavi
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1694:Tariq Ramadan
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1644:Safwat Hegazi
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1629:Muhammad Asad
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1606:
1600:
1599:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1581:House of Saud
1579:
1577:
1576:Mohammed Omar
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1561:Mohamed Morsi
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1527:
1526:
1518:
1517:Khomeini 1970
1514:
1513:
1511:
1504:
1501:
1497:
1495:
1491:
1488:
1484:
1483:
1479:
1476:
1472:
1471:
1467:
1464:
1460:
1459:
1455:
1454:
1448:
1447:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1419:
1417:
1416:
1415:
1414:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1373:
1372:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1314:
1306:
1305:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1268:
1267:
1260:
1259:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1247:
1243:
1241:
1240:
1236:
1234:
1233:Post-Islamism
1231:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1200:
1199:
1195:
1192:
1188:
1185:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1171:
1170:Islamic state
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1139:
1138:
1134:
1133:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1122:
1121:
1116:
1110:
1109:Shia Islamism
1107:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1094:
1093:
1090:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1066:
1065:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1023:
1022:
1018:
1010:
1003:
993:
988:
986:
981:
979:
974:
973:
971:
970:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
864:
863:
858:Islamizations
855:
854:
850:
846:
845:
842:
838:
834:
833:
823:
818:
816:
811:
809:
804:
803:
801:
800:
795:
785:
784:
783:
782:
775:
772:
771:
766:
763:
761:
758:
757:
756:
753:
751:
748:
744:
741:
739:
736:
735:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
716:
715:
710:
707:
705:
702:
700:
697:
696:
695:
694:
691:
688:
686:
683:
682:
679:
674:
673:
666:
663:
661:
658:
656:
653:
649:
646:
645:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
633:Proselytizing
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
619:
616:
614:
611:
609:
606:
604:
601:
599:
596:
594:
591:
589:
586:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
571:
569:
566:
564:
561:
559:
556:
552:
549:
547:
544:
543:
542:
541:Denominations
539:
535:
532:
531:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
491:
488:
484:
479:
478:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
448:
447:
444:
443:
439:
437:
436:
432:
430:
429:
425:
424:
421:
418:
416:
413:
412:
409:
404:
403:
396:
394:
390:
388:
386:
382:
381:
377:
374:
372:
370:
366:
364:
362:
358:
356:
354:
350:
349:
345:
344:
339:
338:
333:
332:
328:
326:
325:
321:
320:
314:
311:
309:
306:
305:
301:
300:
293:
290:
288:
285:
283:
280:
279:
276:
273:
271:
268:
267:
264:
259:
258:
251:
248:
247:
244:
241:
239:
236:
235:
232:
229:
227:
224:
223:
220:
216:
213:
212:
209:
204:
203:
199:
195:
194:
191:
187:
183:
179:
178:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
84:
81:
80:
77:
72:
67:
64:
60:
55:
50:
45:
41:
36:
30:
19:
6573:Islamophobia
6438:Christianity
6386:
6319:Contemporary
6213:Architecture
6152:
6118:
6106:
6094:
6052:
6045:
6011:
5993:
5988:Nikah mut'ah
5986:
5979:
5972:
5965:
5958:
5951:
5915:
5903:
5896:
5889:
5882:
5862:
5855:
5848:
5841:
5754:
5477:
5401:
5383:
5376:
5320:
5313:
5306:
5299:
5292:
5285:Five Pillars
5262:
5228:
5217:God in Islam
5194:
5110:. Retrieved
5100:
5091:
5082:
5073:
5064:
5055:
5046:
5037:
5028:
5016:. Retrieved
5012:the original
5002:
4993:
4984:
4975:
4966:
4952:
4940:. Retrieved
4936:
4924:
4912:. Retrieved
4908:
4899:
4890:
4881:
4869:. Retrieved
4865:
4856:
4846:24 September
4844:. Retrieved
4840:the original
4826:
4817:
4808:
4796:. Retrieved
4791:
4782:
4770:. Retrieved
4766:
4742:. Retrieved
4738:the original
4733:
4709:. Retrieved
4700:
4684:
4668:Asia Society
4667:
4659:
4626:
4622:
4585:
4578:
4570:
4535:
4525:
4505:
4487:
4444:
4415:
4410:
4398:. Retrieved
4392:
4383:
4363:
4330:
4320:
4304:
4277:
4276:Ahmat Adam,
4272:
4256:
4208:
4162:
4155:
4135:
4128:
4113:
4075:
4048:. Retrieved
4043:
4034:
4025:
4019:
4010:
4004:
3995:
3972:14 September
3970:. Retrieved
3966:the original
3961:
3951:
3943:the original
3938:
3928:
3901:
3891:
3883:the original
3878:
3868:
3724:
3689:
3556:Cook Islands
3042:Turkmenistan
3002:Saudi Arabia
2745:South Africa
2735:Sierra Leone
2523:Burkina Faso
2429:
2425:
2416:
2408:Muhammadiyah
2401:
2399:literature.
2381:
2371:
2369:
2365:
2358:
2344:Muhammadiyah
2337:
2333:
2324:Abd al-Ra-uf
2316:
2310:
2283:Islamisation
2280:
2269:against the
2257:
2253:
2206:
2202:
2200:minorities.
2190:missionaries
2182:
2139:
2108:in Northern
2094:Western Asia
2091:
2077:
2062:
2034:
2022:Hormuz, Iran
2007:
2003:
1984:
1964:
1918:
1863:
1853:Islamophobia
1729:Ahmed Yassin
1714:Ali Shariati
1654:Ali Khamenei
1536:Ali Khamenei
1507:
1505:
1493:
1480:
1468:
1456:
1412:
1411:
1370:
1369:
1328:Ahl-i Hadith
1312:
1287:Anti-Zionism
1256:
1244:
1237:
1216:Pan-Islamism
1196:
1191:of knowledge
1187:Islamization
1135:
1026:Fundamentals
867:Islamization
861:
841:Islamization
750:Islamophobia
529:Demographics
524:Circumcision
440:
433:
426:
392:
384:
368:
360:
352:
341:
335:
329:
322:
168:, and other
89:
75:
48:
29:
6443:Catholicism
6338:Other areas
6329:Theological
6324:Eschatology
6281:Mathematics
6218:Calligraphy
6148:Theological
6102:Inheritance
6019:Cleanliness
5391:Shi'a Imams
5385:Ahl al-Bayt
5112:19 December
4914:17 February
4814:"Indonesia"
4772:22 November
4744:22 November
4711:22 November
4400:21 December
3776:Laos: 0.01%
3720:Muslim Moro
3596:New Zealand
3489:Switzerland
3417:Netherlands
3227:Saint Lucia
3157:El Salvador
2992:Philippines
2920:South Korea
2915:North Korea
2805:Afghanistan
2750:South Sudan
2623:Ivory Coast
2389:headscarves
2354:Thai Malays
2273:during the
2244:Parameswara
2102:Sufi orders
2074:Philippines
1948:Philippines
1816:Bassam Tibi
1811:Olivier Roy
1704:Rashid Rida
1689:Sayyid Qutb
1475:Iqbal 1930s
1422:MENA region
1392:Millî Görüş
765:Laws of war
428:Ahl al-Bayt
313:Foundations
138:Minangkabau
114:Maguindanao
49:240 million
6673:Categories
6503:Ex-Muslims
6388:Shu'ubiyya
6382:Psychology
6370:Literature
6360:Inventions
6306:Philosophy
6114:Leadership
6090:Honorifics
5745:Philosophy
5552:Isma'ilism
5513:Maturidism
5396:Caliphates
5367:Golden Age
5258:Revelation
5052:"Cambodia"
4990:"Thailand"
4887:"Malaysia"
4798:4 February
4267:pg.123-125
4050:13 October
3860:References
3741:Prevalence
3581:Micronesia
3459:San Marino
3412:Montenegro
3392:Luxembourg
3132:Costa Rica
3052:Uzbekistan
3027:Tajikistan
2932:Kyrgyzstan
2905:Kazakhstan
2855:East Timor
2825:Bangladesh
2815:Azerbaijan
2730:Seychelles
2690:Mozambique
2663:Mauritania
2648:Madagascar
2538:Cape Verde
2487:by country
2441:Tanzanians
2422:Pilgrimage
2194:New Guinea
2142:Marco Polo
2010:Quang Ngai
1958:school of
1806:Sam Harris
1786:Farag Foda
1566:Zia ul-Haq
1427:South Asia
1338:Madkhalism
1313:Scholastic
1271:Influences
1085:Khomeinism
1069:Ideologies
1057:Secularism
618:Philosophy
355:(exegesis)
292:Pilgrimage
282:Almsgiving
94:Indonesian
76:Liturgical
6620:Symbolism
6578:Incidents
6556:Criticism
6448:Mormonism
6345:Astrology
6271:Cosmology
6266:Astronomy
6208:Arabesque
6075:Etiquette
6034:Blasphemy
5824:Economics
5639:Ahmadiyya
5581:Muhakkima
5528:Wahhabism
5518:Mu'tazili
5503:Ash'arism
5088:"Vietnam"
5034:"Myanmar"
4651:146612093
4542:Ahmedabad
4236:267013614
4190:267013614
4040:"Muslims"
3904:. BRILL.
3541:Australia
3452:Tatarstan
3387:Lithuania
3257:Venezuela
3202:Nicaragua
3172:Guatemala
3087:Argentina
3012:Sri Lanka
3007:Singapore
2987:Palestine
2875:Indonesia
2865:Hong Kong
2668:Mauritius
2453:Nigerians
2287:West Asia
2234:with the
2216:Srivijaya
2135:East Java
1971:Mysticism
1932:Indonesia
1841:Modernism
1769:in Europe
1500:Qutb 1965
1487:Asad 1961
1451:Key texts
1371:Political
1353:Wahhabism
1309:Movements
1150:Caliphate
1047:Economics
738:terrorism
690:Criticism
643:Sexuality
613:Mysticism
583:Festivals
563:Education
558:Economics
494:Academics
450:Caliphate
263:Practices
150:Banjarese
102:Sundanese
69:Languages
57:Religions
6658:Category
6551:Islamism
6534:Muhammad
6490:Apostasy
6465:Hinduism
6355:Feminism
6286:Medicine
6126:Military
6080:Gambling
6029:Apostasy
6024:Criminal
5936:Marriage
5905:Tayammum
5857:Murabaha
5730:Madrasas
5720:Holidays
5710:Clothing
5705:Children
5700:Calendar
5651:Quranism
5585:Khawarij
5557:Alawites
5508:Atharism
5402:Rashidun
5241:In Islam
5236:Muhammad
4871:21 March
4792:BBC News
4563:Archived
4361:(2006).
4328:(2006).
4315:pg.31-33
3781:See also
3571:Kiribati
3514:Scotland
3474:Slovenia
3469:Slovakia
3437:Portugal
3307:Bulgaria
3237:Suriname
3212:Paraguay
3187:Honduras
3142:Dominica
3127:Colombia
3097:Barbados
3075:Americas
3032:Thailand
2982:Pakistan
2962:Mongolia
2957:Maldives
2952:Malaysia
2840:Cambodia
2785:Zimbabwe
2760:Tanzania
2593:Ethiopia
2588:Eswatini
2568:Djibouti
2533:Cameroon
2518:Botswana
2445:Chechens
2186:colonial
2178:Mindanao
2162:Buddhist
2123:Malaysia
2098:Far East
2096:and the
2064:reborn."
2057:dhabīḥah
2026:hexagram
1936:Malaysia
1413:Militant
1333:Deobandi
1209:Jihadism
1125:Concepts
1075:Islamism
1052:Politics
1017:Islamism
1009:a series
1007:Part of
774:Glossary
760:Jihadism
733:Violence
728:Islamism
699:Muhammad
685:Apostasy
628:Politics
578:Feminism
573:Exorcism
534:Diaspora
519:Children
514:Calendar
442:Rashidun
420:Muhammad
415:Timeline
376:Mathnawi
238:Prophets
182:a series
180:Part of
162:Rohingya
154:Acehnese
146:Buginese
134:Madurese
98:Javanese
6605:Nursing
6566:Qutbism
6480:Sikhism
6475:Judaism
6470:Jainism
6460:Druzism
6296:Physics
6243:Pottery
6228:Gardens
6223:Carpets
6138:Slavery
6060:Divorce
6047:Dhabiĥa
5875:Hygiene
5850:Takaful
5832:Banking
5762:Science
5756:Qurbani
5725:Mosques
5685:Animals
5674:Culture
5608:Nukkari
5603:Azzabas
5590:Azariqa
5574:Zaydism
5562:Alevism
5438:Ottoman
5428:Almohad
5423:Fatimid
5418:Córdoba
5413:Abbasid
5408:Umayyad
5341:Leaders
5336:History
5294:Shahada
5209:Beliefs
5018:9 March
4942:16 June
4643:1049859
3718:of the
3714:or the
3710:of the
3700:history
3636:Vanuatu
3534:Oceania
3504:England
3494:Ukraine
3442:Romania
3402:Moldova
3362:Ireland
3357:Iceland
3352:Hungary
3342:Germany
3332:Finland
3327:Estonia
3322:Denmark
3317:Czechia
3312:Croatia
3297:Belgium
3292:Belarus
3287:Austria
3282:Andorra
3277:Albania
3252:Uruguay
3192:Jamaica
3167:Grenada
3152:Ecuador
3107:Bolivia
3092:Bahamas
3057:Vietnam
2967:Myanmar
2942:Lebanon
2860:Georgia
2820:Bahrain
2810:Armenia
2770:Tunisia
2740:Somalia
2725:Senegal
2710:Réunion
2705:Nigeria
2695:Namibia
2678:Morocco
2673:Mayotte
2638:Liberia
2633:Lesotho
2583:Eritrea
2553:Comoros
2528:Burundi
2503:Algeria
2485:Muslims
2449:Afghans
2397:Islamic
2277:in 1913
2224:Sumatra
2198:animist
2166:Malacca
2114:Malacca
2110:Sumatra
2018:Vietnam
2000:Origins
1995:History
1988:Abangan
1956:Shafi'i
1946:in the
1318:Barelvi
1226:aspects
1189: (
1080:Qutbism
1042:Culture
1037:History
655:Slavery
638:Science
593:Madrasa
588:Finance
499:Animals
487:society
483:Culture
455:Imamate
435:Sahabah
408:History
378:(Poems)
363:(creed)
287:Fasting
215:Oneness
208:Beliefs
130:Melanau
118:Maranao
47:
6417:
6375:poetry
6185:
6070:Ethics
6054:Dhimmi
6013:Baligh
5974:Mahram
5931:Family
5911:Toilet
5891:Miswak
5644:Lahori
5627:Najdat
5523:Salafi
5473:Seerah
5468:Tafsir
5463:Hadith
5433:Sokoto
5378:Sahaba
5253:Angels
5230:Tawhid
5187:topics
4691:
4649:
4641:
4593:
4513:
4422:
4394:UNESCO
4371:
4338:
4311:
4284:
4263:
4234:
4224:
4188:
4178:
4143:
3916:
3631:Tuvalu
3484:Sweden
3464:Serbia
3447:Russia
3432:Poland
3427:Norway
3407:Monaco
3377:Latvia
3372:Kosovo
3347:Greece
3337:France
3270:Europe
3207:Panama
3197:Mexico
3177:Guyana
3117:Canada
3112:Brazil
3102:Belize
3037:Turkey
3022:Taiwan
2927:Kuwait
2900:Jordan
2890:Israel
2850:Cyprus
2835:Brunei
2830:Bhutan
2780:Zambia
2775:Uganda
2715:Rwanda
2653:Malawi
2613:Guinea
2603:Gambia
2508:Angola
2496:Africa
2457:Kaabah
2384:Dakwah
2311:daulat
2209:Indian
2158:Fujian
2146:Perlak
2131:Brunei
2127:Champa
2119:Pahang
2088:inlay.
2086:silver
2014:Champa
1975:Sufism
1928:Brunei
1239:Sharia
1137:Takfir
709:Hadith
623:Poetry
603:Mosque
568:Ethics
393:Sharia
361:Aqidah
353:Tafsir
337:Hadith
331:Sunnah
275:Prayer
226:Angels
142:Betawi
110:Tausug
90:Common
6539:Quran
6419:Other
6314:Early
6238:Music
6154:Kalam
6108:Jizya
6096:Hudud
5981:Nikah
5898:Najis
5884:Ghusl
5843:Sukuk
5772:Women
5740:Music
5715:Flags
5620:Sufri
5613:Wahbi
5598:Ibadi
5498:Sunni
5458:Quran
5315:Zakat
5301:Salah
5264:Qadar
5222:Allah
5185:Islam
4933:(PDF)
4647:S2CID
4639:JSTOR
4232:S2CID
4186:S2CID
4076:Islam
3626:Tonga
3616:Samoa
3606:Palau
3586:Nauru
3519:Wales
3479:Spain
3397:Malta
3367:Italy
3182:Haiti
3122:Chile
3062:Yemen
3017:Syria
2997:Qatar
2972:Nepal
2947:Macau
2910:Korea
2895:Japan
2870:India
2845:China
2755:Sudan
2700:Niger
2643:Libya
2628:Kenya
2608:Ghana
2598:Gabon
2573:Egypt
2513:Benin
2303:Sufis
2295:Islam
2291:India
2232:Islam
2228:Hindu
2220:Kedah
2212:Chola
2140:When
2084:with
2082:brass
2078:gadur
2049:Chams
1952:Sunni
1920:Islam
1343:Nurcu
1258:Ummah
1246:Shura
1198:Jihad
1032:Islam
755:Jihad
704:Quran
665:Women
608:Music
546:Sunni
395:(law)
343:Sirah
324:Quran
308:Texts
190:Islam
158:Sasak
126:Bajau
122:Yakan
106:Malay
63:Islam
52:(42%)
6200:Arts
6131:POWs
6065:Diet
5995:Zina
5967:Mahr
5953:Haya
5917:Wudu
5864:Riba
5777:LGBT
5669:Life
5542:Shia
5537:Sufi
5322:Hajj
5308:Sawm
5114:2016
5020:2021
4944:2021
4916:2023
4873:2021
4848:2020
4800:2017
4774:2016
4746:2016
4713:2016
4689:ISBN
4591:ISBN
4511:ISBN
4420:ISBN
4402:2021
4369:ISBN
4336:ISBN
4309:ISBN
4282:ISBN
4261:ISBN
4222:ISBN
4176:ISBN
4141:ISBN
4052:2016
3974:2016
3914:ISBN
3731:9/11
3566:Guam
3561:Fiji
3217:Peru
3137:Cuba
2977:Oman
2937:Laos
2885:Iraq
2880:Iran
2798:Asia
2765:Togo
2658:Mali
2548:Chad
2451:and
2436:Hajj
2395:and
2393:Hajj
2372:jinn
2106:Aceh
1960:fiqh
1942:and
1934:and
648:LGBT
551:Shia
485:and
385:Fiqh
166:Cham
5941:Sex
5804:Law
5690:Art
4631:doi
4627:588
4464:doi
4214:doi
4168:doi
3906:doi
2297:in
743:war
504:Art
219:God
217:of
6675::
5090:.
5072:.
5054:.
5036:.
4992:.
4974:.
4935:.
4907:.
4889:.
4864:.
4816:.
4790:.
4765:.
4754:^
4732:.
4721:^
4675:^
4666:.
4645:.
4637:.
4625:.
4605:^
4569:.
4550:^
4540:.
4534:.
4495:^
4486:.
4475:^
4462:.
4452:^
4443:.
4431:^
4391:.
4350:^
4292:^
4244:^
4230:.
4220:.
4198:^
4184:.
4174:.
4120:66
4090:^
4060:^
4042:.
3982:^
3960:.
3937:.
3912:.
3900:.
3877:.
3737:.
3722:.
2447:,
2443:,
2326:.
2289:,
2180:.
2121:,
2112:.
2032:.
2012:,
1930:,
1011:on
340:,
184:on
164:,
160:,
156:,
152:,
148:,
144:,
140:,
136:,
132:,
128:,
124:,
120:,
116:,
112:,
108:,
104:,
100:,
96:,
44:c.
5583:/
5177:e
5170:t
5163:v
5116:.
5022:.
4960:.
4946:.
4918:.
4875:.
4850:.
4802:.
4776:.
4748:.
4715:.
4695:.
4653:.
4633::
4599:.
4544:.
4519:.
4470:.
4466::
4426:.
4404:.
4377:.
4344:.
4238:.
4216::
4192:.
4170::
4149:.
4122:.
4084:.
4082:6
4054:.
3976:.
3922:.
3908::
3679:e
3672:t
3665:v
1908:e
1901:t
1894:v
1519:)
1515:(
1502:)
1498:(
1489:)
1485:(
1477:)
1473:(
1465:)
1461:(
1193:)
991:e
984:t
977:v
821:e
814:t
807:v
346:)
334:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
