801:"Obviously the principal part of the book is the documentary section, which offers to the reader the original views of Muslim theologians and jurists on the general relationship between Muslims and non-Muslims, and on how non-Muslim minorities should be treated, as well as the testimony of both non-Muslim minority individuals and foreign observers as to what the Dhimmi's life was actually like. One might conceivably disagree here and there with Mme. Bat Ye'or's conclusions drawn from these documents, but one cannot challenge the original Muslim texts, or characterize all the factual accounts of both Dhimmis and foreign observers (some-if not most-of the latter were not exactly philosemites) as a pack of lies from beginning to end. These
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required to show public deference to
Muslims and faced restrictions in the Islamic court system, such as inability to testify against Muslims. These discriminatory conditions severely limited the legal rights and recourses available to non-Muslim minorities living under Islamic rule. The chapter argues that the inability of non-Muslims to testify against Muslims in Islamic courts inevitably resulted in denying justice to non-Muslim minorities living under Islamic rule. The chapter also documents decrees ordering the destruction of synagogues in Egypt, Syria, Iraq and Yemen over various periods. It also notes instances of forced conversion of Jews to Islam in Yemen, Morocco and Baghdad, despite Quranic prohibitions on forced conversion.
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traces how the status of minorities deteriorated over centuries under discriminatory rules that became part of the dhimmi system of 'protected' minorities. Dhimmis faced exclusions from public office, restrictions on building synagogues, and limitations on testimony in
Islamic courts. They were required to wear distinctive clothing and show public deference to Muslims. The book documents decrees ordering the destruction of synagogues in Egypt, Syria, Iraq and Yemen. Cases of forced conversion to Islam are also noted in Yemen, Morocco and Baghdad.
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562:("The Jews of Arab Lands: A History and Source Book") in 1981, noticed that "The need for a serious and objective source book on the history of the Jews in Arab lands untainted by ideological options, has long been felt by students of Middle Eastern history. The two titles under review both respond to this need albeit in quite different, if not complementary, manners."
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1010:"(...) the old debate of whether non-Muslims were generally oppressed under Islamic rule, "second-class citizens" suffering from Muslim fanaticism and oriental despotism, or whether, on the contrary, tolerance was the distinguishing mark of Islam and non-Muslims its prime beneficiaries, need not detain us long (...)"
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Professor of
Medieval Islamic history, David Waines, in a 1987 review of an English edition, writes that the "portrait of the dhimmi, however, is executed in monochrome." If the book portrayed the actual situation, he notes, it would be "inconceivable that the rich Judeo-Islamic cultural tradition of
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to the ill-treatment of minorities in
Christian lands (Muslim and Jewish). The book also contends that the safety of dhimmis in Arab lands has been fragile and at constant risk for centuries. To bolster her case, Ye'or provides a selection of primary sources describing cruel treatment of non-Muslims
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P. Fenton (1981). "The Jews of Arab lands, a history and source book. By Norman A. Stillman. pp. xxx, 473, 24 pl. Philadelphia, Jewish
Publication Society of America, 1979. $ 14.95.Le Dhimmi: Profil de L'Opprimé en Orient et en Afrique du Nord depuis la Conquête Arabe. By Bat Ye'Or. pp. 335. Paris,
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The chapter documents restrictions and regulations imposed on dhimmi communities under the dhimmi system, including exclusions from public office and military service, limitations on constructing synagogues and houses, and bans on riding horses, bearing arms or drinking wine in public. Dhimmis were
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in 1986, Leon Nemoy, curator of Hebrew and Arabic literature at Yale's
Sterling Memorial Library, wrote that while one might disagree "here and there" with the major thesis propounded by Bat Ye'or, it cannot be dismissed as "a pack of lies" since her documented evidence comes from "highly reliable
206:
Bat Ye'or's extensive research examines the conditions of non-Muslim minorities across history in Muslim-majority societies. The book highlights the differences between time periods and geographical regions. It includes a research and use of historical sources (Jew, Christian and Muslim). The book
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This
Chapter examines the early relations between Muhammad and the Jewish tribes of Medina. It notes that when the Jews of Medina refused to convert to Islam, two major Jewish tribes were expelled by Muhammad's followers. In 627, between 600-900 Jewish men were killed and the surviving women and
247:. Some of these were made available in European languages for the first time with the publication of the book. It also contains rare pictures and photographs depicting religious minority community under Islamic rule. Through these documents, Bat Ye'or gives her representation of the views of
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Allan Harris Cutler and Hellen Cutler reviewed the book in 1985 and wrote that it is a "documentary history of
Islamic antagonism toward Christians and Jews." They also note that more positive views of the relationship between Muslims and dhimmis exist among authoritative scholars.
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in Muslim lands, Gudrun Krämer notes that in contrast to the "white myth" of continuous peaceful coexistence between different religious groups under
Islamic rule, the portrayal offered in Ye'or's book is that of the "black myth". Krämer describes both positions as irrelevant.
242:
The second part contains correspondence and testimonies from inside and outside observers over the centuries, including speeches from various influential Arabs, texts from various middle-age sources, and eyewitness reports by
British
194:. The book provides a wealth of documents from diverse periods and regions, many of them previously unpublished and makes a clear distinction between factual history and biased interpretations, providing a comprehensive study of
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This chapter is about the superego of the dominating group, alienation of the Dhimmi, the Dhimmi syndrome, exclusion of the Dhimmi from history, the existential significance of the Dhimmis' condition and the community ties.
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the middle ages could ever have been created." He also strongly criticises what he perceives as a bias in the selection of primary sources and its political aims in undermining Palestinian Arab claims to land rights.
215:
In the first part of the book, the author provides a historical survey of the effects and consequences that living under Islamic rule, or using the term coined here, in "dhimmitude", had on the
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Letter sent by Muhammad to the Munzir Bin Sawa Al Tamimi, governor of Bahrain: "Of the people of Bahrain, whoever want to continue in their Jewish or Majusi faith, should be made to pay
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are essentially highly reliable testimonies by eyewitnesses on the actual circumstances of non-Muslim life under Muslim rule throughout the medieval and modern periods of history."
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This chapter is about Dhimmi archetype in Arab-Palestinian consciousness, toleration or oppression, fundamentalism and the challenge of the present and the future.
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This chapter is about commercial and political protections, interfaith relations, political manipulations, economic and religious rivalries and nationalism.
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This chapter is about the Jihad, Arab nationalism and Dhimmi condition, Arab Umma and Dhimmi state and opprobrium as a necessity
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populations that draws on numerous original source materials to convey an accurate portrait of their status under Islamic rule.
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by Bat Ye'or, published in CHOICE (Association of College and Research Libraries, United States ), September 1985, page 187
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theologians and jurists on the treatment of non-Muslim populations in lands ruled by Muslims from the 7th century onwards.
834:(1986). "The Dhimmi: Jews and Christians Under Islam. by Bat Ye'or; David Meisel; Paul Fenton Review by: Lionel Kochan".
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Karl E. Meyer World Policy Journal Vol. 23, No. 2 (Summer, 2006), pp. 109 Published by: Sage Publications,
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children were divided among Muhammad's followers, after the Jewish tribes rejected Muhammad's authority.
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The Dhimmi: Profile of the oppressed in the Orient and in North Africa since the Arab conquest
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Le Dhimmi : Profil de l'opprimé en Orient et en Afrique du Nord depuis la conquête Arabe
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Le Dhimmi: Profil de l'opprimé en Orient et en Afrique du Nord depuis la conquête Arabe
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Waines, David (1987). "The Dhimmi: Jews and Christians Under Islam. By Bat Ye'or".
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Paul Fenton, while reviewing the French edition of the book and another book by
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83:(Islamic law), Islamic Empire-Ethnic relations, Arab countries-Ethnic relations.
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David Maisel (author's text), Paul Fenton (document section), and David Littman.
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Krämer, Gudrun (2006). "Anti-semitism in the Muslim world. A critical review".
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Chapter 1: Aspects of the Dhimmis existence as observed, including
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Prestige and honor forbidden to Jews and Christians (circa 1220)
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domination after the conquest of their territories by Arabs by
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peoples - the non-Arab and non-Muslim communities subjected to
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Chapter 6: The Dhimmi archetype in modern Arab nationalism
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Leon Nemoy (October 1985). "Bat ye'or's "The Dhimmi"".
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Traditions and attitudes towards Dhimmis (18th century)
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Economic importance of Dhimmis and their exploitation
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Chapter 1: Historical Outline, Origins of the Dhimma.
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Fate of the annexed territories and conquered people
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516:The sultan of Morocco defines Jewish rights (1841)
501:Extinction of the Dhimmi peasantry, Armenia (1869)
391:Expulsion of the natives from state administration
749:"The Treatment of Jews in Arab/Islamic Countries"
326:Chapter 5: Jihad and Dhimma: Modern formulations
674:"The Dhimmi: Jews & Christians Under Islam"
565:Reviewing the English edition of the book for
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612:The Dhimmi: Jews & Christians Under Islam
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285:Chapter 2: Aspects of the Dhimmi condition
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513:Algeria and Morocco (19th century)
440:The manner of collecting the Jizya
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463:A Jewish Vizier in Baghdad (1290)
360:' texts on the following subjects
507:Dehumanization in Tunisia (1800)
434:Dismissal of Christian officials
342:Chapter 7: Psychological aspects
475:Abduction of Christian children
416:The Jizya's meaning (1101-1130)
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378:Dhimmi taxation and its usage
305:Chapter 3: Foreign Protection
753:www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org
481:Protestants in Nablus (1853)
431:Dhimmis distinctive clothing
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469:Visit to the Jews of Hebron
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1004:10.1163/157006006778942035
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913:MARGLIN, JESSICA (2017).
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428:Synagogues and Churches
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31:English edition cover
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