580:"Dreaming" is now also used as a term for a system of totemic symbols, so that an Aboriginal person may "own" a specific Dreaming, such as Kangaroo Dreaming, Shark Dreaming, Honey Ant Dreaming, Badger Dreaming, or any combination of Dreamings pertinent to their country. This is because in the Dreaming an individual's entire ancestry exists as one, culminating in the idea that all worldly knowledge is accumulated through one's ancestors. Many Aboriginal Australians also refer to the world-creation time as "Dreamtime". The Dreaming laid down the patterns of life for the Aboriginal people.
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provides for a total, integrated way of life ... a lived daily reality". It embraces past, present and future. Another definition suggests that it represents "the relationship between people, plants, animals and the physical features of the land; the knowledge of how these relationships came to be, what they mean and how they need to be maintained in daily life and in
483:
The concept of the
Dreaming is inadequately explained by English terms, and difficult to explain in terms of non-Aboriginal cultures. It has been described as "an all-embracing concept that provides rules for living, a moral code, as well as rules for interacting with the natural environment ...
617:
Dreaming existed before the life of the individual begins, and continues to exist when the life of the individual ends. Both before and after life, it is believed that this spirit-child exists in the
Dreaming and is only initiated into life by being born through a mother. The spirit of the child is
601:) were established, some of which could travel right across Australia, through as many as six to ten different language groupings. The dreaming and travelling trails of these heroic spirit beings are the songlines. The signs of the spirit beings may be of spiritual essence, physical remains such as
460:
In
English, anthropologists have variously translated words normally understood to mean Dreaming or Dreamtime in a variety of other ways, including "Everywhen", "world-dawn", "ancestral past", "ancestral present", "ancestral now" (satirically), "unfixed in time", "abiding events" or "abiding law".
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Ghelli's work appears as an authentic initiatory experience, with important ordeals to overcome. No
Aboriginal boy can be considered a man, nor can an Aboriginal girl marry, until he or she has overcome all the initiatory rituals. One of these, perhaps the most feared, is the interpretation of
644:
Dreaming stories vary throughout
Australia, with variations on the same theme. The meaning and significance of particular places and creatures is wedded to their origin in The Dreaming, and certain places have a particular potency or Dreaming. For example, the story of how the sun was made is
1466:("Into the Crystal Dreamtime", promotional pamphlet, late 1980s; "Crystal Woman: isters of the Dreamtime" 1987; p. 36:"the prescriptive New Age genre, which sells one-hundred-proof ethnological antimodernism without overmuch worry about bothersome ethnographic facts")
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of that part of their country and is taught the stories and songlines of that place. As Wolf (1994: p. 14) states: "A 'black fella' may regard his totem or the place from which his spirit came as his
Dreaming. He may also regard tribal law as his Dreaming."
782:
Stanner warned about uncritical use of the term and was aware of its semantic difficulties, while at the same time he continued using it and contributed to its popularisation; according to Swain it is "still used uncritically in contemporary literature".
622:
during the fifth month of pregnancy. When the mother felt the child move in the womb for the first time, it was thought that this was the work of the spirit of the land in which the mother then stood. Upon birth, the child is considered to be a special
325:
beliefs that
Aboriginal people were at a pre-religion "stage" of development (and thus could not believe in a supreme being), while Strehlow as a Christian missionary found presence of belief in the divine a useful entry point for proselytising.
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performed at such sites "are a re-creation of the events which created the site during The
Dreaming". The ceremony helps the life force at the site to remain active and to keep creating new life: if not performed, new life cannot be created.
88:", during which the land was inhabited by ancestral figures, often of heroic proportions or with supernatural abilities. These figures were often distinct from gods, as they did not control the material world and were not
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608:
Some of the ancestor or spirit beings inhabiting the
Dreamtime become one with parts of the landscape, such as rocks or trees. The concept of a life force is also often associated with sacred sites, and
257:, which Spencer and Gillen gave a corrupted transcription and a false etymology. "The native," Strehlow concluded, "knows nothing of 'dreamtime' as a designation of a certain period of their history."
282:
of the world and humankind. Strehlow describes him as a tall strong man with red skin, long fair hair, and emu legs, with many red-skinned wives (with dog legs) and children. In
Strehlow's account,
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genre, the songs and dances express themes related to death and regeneration. They are performed publicly with the singer composing from their daily lives or while Dreaming of a
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has an expansive meaning for Warlpiri people, encompassing their own law and related cultural knowledge systems, along with what non-Indigenous people refer to as 'dreaming
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ambiguous, sometimes describing a supreme being, and sometimes describing a totem being but not necessarily a supreme one. He attributes the clash partly to Spencer's
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144:, based on idealised or fictionalised conceptions of Australian mythology. Since the 1970s, Dreaming has also returned from academic usage via popular culture and
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96:. The concept of the Dreamtime has subsequently become widely adopted beyond its original Australian context and is now part of global popular culture.
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117:, although it has been argued that it is based on a misunderstanding or mistranslation. Some scholars suggest that the word's meaning is closer to "
653:. Stories cover many themes and topics, as there are stories about creation of sacred places, land, people, animals and plants, law and custom. In
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The station-master, magistrate, and amateur ethnographer Francis Gillen first used the terms in an ethnographical report in 1896. Along with
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2009:
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in Western Australia. The Noongar believe that the Waugal, or Wagyl, created the Swan River and is represented by the Darling scarp.
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However, by the time Strehlow was writing, his contacts had been converts to Christianity for decades, and critics suggested that
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as "the name applied to the far distant past with which the earliest traditions of the tribe deal". Five years later, in their
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1295:
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503:. Dreamings may be represented in artworks, for example "Pikilyi Jukurrpa" by Theo (Faye) Nangala represents the Dreaming of
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805:), was a convert to Christianity, and the adoption of his interpretation suffered from a methodological error, according to
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2215:
1935:
1822:
1800:
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2036:"'Dates add nothing to our culture': Everywhen explores Indigenous deep history, challenging linear, colonial narratives"
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1976:
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is named, believe that the sandstone escarpment that dominates the park's landscape was created in the Dreamtime when
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1863:(in Italian, English, and German). Poggibonsi (province of Siena), Italy: Carlo Cambi Editore. pp. 18, 70.
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149:
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242:
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Charlesworth, Max (2017). "Introduction". In Charlesworth, Max; Dussart, Françoise; Morphy, Howard (eds.).
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1903:"Mutilated hands or signal stencils? A consideration of irregular hand stencils from Central Queensland"
1614:
671:– a serpent being that meandered over the land creating rivers, waterways and lakes and who created the
499:
A dreaming is often associated with a particular place, and may also belong to specific ages, gender or
2067:"What does Jukurrpa ('Dreamtime', 'the Dreaming') mean? A semantic and conceptual journey of discovery"
329:
Linguist David Campbell Moore is critical of Spencer and Gillen's "Dreamtime" translation, concluding:
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Creation is believed to be the work of culture heroes who travelled across a formless land, creating
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339:", which held only over a limited geographical domain. There was some semantic relationship between "
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70:
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Early doubts about the precision of Spencer and Gillen's English gloss were expressed by the German
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2318:
1967:"Should the Subaltern Dream? "Australian Aborigines" and the Problem of Ethnographic Ventriloquism"
298:
198:
93:
50:, which may be memorials, signs from or appeals to totemic ancestors or records of Dreaming stories
691:(the crocodile-man) was badly burned during a ceremony and jumped into the water to save himself.
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427:
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345:" and "a dream", but to imagine that the latter captures the essence of "Altjira" is an illusion.
322:
1655:
1618:
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464:
Most translations of the Dreaming into other languages are based on the translation of the word
314:
from the 1890s that used the word to mean "associated with past times" or "eternal", not "god".
1980:
1609:
The Cunning of Recognition: Indigenous Alterities and the Making of Australian Multiculturalism
1275:
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and the implied criticism of Gillen and Spencer's original work. Spencer found attestations of
125:
said that the concept was best understood by non-Aboriginal people as "a complex of meanings".
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1966:
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1994:
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The Dreaming Universe: a mind-expanding journey into the realm where psyche and physics meet
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333:"Dreamtime" was a mistranslation based on an etymological connection between "a dream" and "
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and is now ubiquitous in the English vocabulary of Aboriginal Australians in a kind of "
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2783:
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1970:
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1607:
62:
527:, the Creator God and Sky Father in the dreaming of several Aboriginal language groups
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2303:
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1492:
662:
511:, and belongs to the Japanangka/ Nanpanangka and Japangardi/ Napanangka skin groups.
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251:, literally "to see God". Strehlow theorised that the noun is the somewhat rare word
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In 1926, Spencer conducted a field study to challenge Strehlow's conclusion about
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The complex of religious beliefs encapsulated by the Dreamings are also called:
241:, whose etymology was unknown, as an eternal being who had no beginning. In the
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2623:
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500:
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792:"he dim past to which the natives give the name of the 'Alcheringa'." (p.119)
535:
Waugals (yellow triangles with a black snake in the centre) are the official
214:, sees the Milky Way as a river connected to the dwelling of a Creator Deity.
2887:
2618:
1686:
1349:
726:
540:
287:
203:
176:, they gloss the far distant age as "the dream times", link it to the word
605:
of body impressions or footprints, among natural and elemental simulacra.
3154:
3134:
3109:
2358:
2348:
1180:
588:
219:
118:
809:, since his conversion made his views on pre-contact beliefs unreliable.
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1837:
A Place for Strangers: Towards a History of Australian Aboriginal Being
733:
676:
658:
504:
89:
633:
566:
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1930:
182:
meaning "dream", and affirm that the term is current also among the
587:
and significant places of interest in their travels. In this way, "
3139:
2698:
2668:
1884:
Wisdom of the Earth: the living legacy of the Aboriginal dreamtime
1277:
Storytracking: Texts, Stories & Histories in Central Australia
667:
654:
619:
518:
207:
197:
1476:. Middletown, Connecticut: Wesleyan University Press. p. 1.
286:
lives in the sky (which is a body of land through which runs the
3164:
3104:
3089:
2328:
3062:
2084:
1587:"'Dreamings' and dreaming narratives: What's the relationship?"
1447:
Exotics at Home: Anthropologies, Others, and American Modernity
881:
879:
1427:
Voices of the First Day: Awakening in the Aboriginal dreamtime
1683:
Religion and non-religion among Australian Aboriginal Peoples
1567:"'Dreamtime' and 'The Dreaming': Who dreamed up these terms?"
736:, the concept of the eternal or unlimited in Greek philosophy
480:
in Croatian (a gerund derived from the verb for "to dream").
757:, concepts of the eternal or limitless in Chinese philosophy
1647:
Dreaming: Anthropological and Psychological Interpretations
1473:
Songs, Dreamings, and Ghosts: The Wangga of North Australia
523:
Ku-ring-gai Chase-petroglyph, via Waratah Track, depicting
84:
The Dreaming is used to represent Aboriginal concepts of "
963:
961:
959:
957:
992:
990:
988:
896:
894:
140:
By the 1990s, Dreaming had acquired its own currency in
1323:
Australian Dreaming: 40,000 Years of Aboriginal History
866:
864:
862:
860:
858:
856:
854:
852:
65:
to refer to a religio-cultural worldview attributed to
1429:. Rochester, Vermont: Inner Traditions International.
1147:
Aboriginal Perth and Bibbulmun biographies and legends
1092:
2050:
Everywhen: Australia and the Language of Deep History
1346:
Long History, Deep Time: Deepening Histories of Place
1300:
Broken Song: T G H Strehlow and Aboriginal Possession
839:
837:
278:
meaning "good") as the Arrente word for the eternal
2947:
2802:
2712:
2609:
2552:
2450:
2372:
2214:
2166:
2118:
1068:
2510:Office of the Registrar of Indigenous Corporations
1807:. Canberra: Australian National University Press.
1606:
340:
334:
309:
273:
267:
261:
252:
246:
177:
104:
1547:"'Dreamtime' and 'The Dreaming': An introduction"
885:
237:). He noted that his Arrernte contacts explained
747:, an arts festival that ran from 1997 until 2012
297:had been used by missionaries as a word for the
33:"Everywhen" redirects here. For other uses, see
26:"Dreamtime" redirects here. For other uses, see
1876:symbols in paintings associated with Dreamtime.
1585:Nicholls, Christine Judith (5 February 2014b).
1565:Nicholls, Christine Judith (28 January 2014c).
1545:Nicholls, Christine Judith (22 January 2014a).
1517:"Nelson Jagamara, Michael; Metafisica Australe"
1221:. Vitality of Indigenous Religions. Routledge.
331:
2997:Northern Territory National Emergency Response
2500:National Congress of Australia's First Peoples
1642:"The waking dream in ethnographic perspective"
1219:Religion In Aboriginal Australia: An Anthology
618:culturally understood to enter the developing
592:
475:
3074:
2485:Australian Aboriginal Progressive Association
2096:
1886:. East Roseville, NSW: Simon & Schuster.
1044:
936:
924:
16:Sacred era in Australian Aboriginal mythology
8:
1407:"What is the 'Dreamtime' or the 'Dreaming'?"
1280:. Oxford University Press. pp. 93–103.
1177:Readings in Social Evolution and Development
557:Aboriginal Australian religion and mythology
469:
1805:White Man Got No Dreaming: Essays 1938–1973
1681:. In Cox, James L.; Possamai, Adam (eds.).
1344:. In McGrath, Ann; Jebb, Mary Anne (eds.).
1056:
1008:
168:, in 1899. In that work, they spoke of the
3081:
3067:
3059:
2592:South West Aboriginal Land and Sea Council
2577:Metropolitan Local Aboriginal Land Council
2549:
2103:
2089:
2081:
2053:(University of Nebraska, 2023), edited by
900:
317:Academic Sam Gill finds Strehlow's use of
2065:Goddard, Cliff; Wierzbicka, Anna (2015).
1929:
1859:Vanni, Maurizio; Pedretti, Carlo (2005).
1128:
1032:
996:
870:
81:, who, however, later revised his views.
1749:The northern tribes of central Australia
530:
99:The term is based on a rendition of the
41:
2314:National Indigenous Human Rights Awards
2186:People from politics and public service
1708:. Self-published. Bone-A–Fides section.
821:
775:
2112:Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders
1774:The Native Tribes of Central Australia
1116:
1199:"Catapult Wall Art: Pikilyi Jukurrpa"
1104:
1080:
1020:
979:
912:
843:
828:
245:, the proper verb for "to dream" was
7:
2294:Literature of Indigenous Australians
1882:Voigt, Anna; Drury, Neville (1997).
1350:Australian National University Press
967:
948:
740:Dreaming (Australian Aboriginal art)
174:Northern Tribes of Central Australia
1260:Working with Indigenous Australians
73:, quickly adopted by his colleague
2475:Aborigines Progressive Association
1950:. New York: Simon & Schuster.
1723:Native Tribes of Central Australia
166:Native Tribes of Central Australia
14:
1861:Giuliano Ghelli. Le vie del tempo
801:The Strehlows' informant, Moses (
164:, Gillen published a major work,
150:self-fulfilling academic prophecy
1969:. In Humphreys, Sarah C. (ed.).
1677:Price-Williams, Douglas (2016).
1640:Price-Williams, Douglas (1987).
1605:Povinelli, Elizabeth A. (2002).
701:
111:Aranda (Arunta, Arrernte) people
3186:Australian Aboriginal mythology
2813:Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1976
2034:Clark, Anna (6 February 2024).
1491:Moore, David (1 January 2016).
1405:Korff, Jens (8 February 2019).
488:". According to Simon Wright, "
474:in French ("dream spaces") and
67:Australian Aboriginal mythology
3025:Uluru Statement from the Heart
2442:Torres Strait Island languages
1922:10.1080/03122417.1979.12093358
561:Related entities are known as
515:Aboriginal beliefs and culture
77:and thereafter popularised by
1:
2490:Australian Aborigines' League
2470:Aborigines Advancement League
2387:Australian Aboriginal English
2074:Australian Aboriginal Studies
1644:. In Tedlock, Barbara (ed.).
1521:QAGOMA Collection Online Beta
1444:di Leonardo, Micaela (2000).
553:Aboriginal Australian culture
210:. The Dreaming, according to
129:is a widespread term used by
121:, uncreated". Anthropologist
61:, is a term devised by early
2530:National Reconciliation Week
1977:University of Michigan Press
1829:. Boyer Lecture Series. ABC.
1391:National Museum of Australia
1256:"The Dreaming: Sacred sites"
135:Western Desert cultural bloc
69:. It was originally used by
2582:NSW Aboriginal Land Council
2520:Registered Aboriginal Party
2505:National Indigenous Council
2392:Macro-Gunwinyguan languages
1706:Bone #46, Tenth Anniversary
1452:University of Chicago Press
1325:. Sydney: Lansdowne Press.
3209:
2960:Constitutional recognition
2829:Hawkesbury and Nepean Wars
2465:Aboriginal Medical Service
1842:Cambridge University Press
1652:Cambridge University Press
1613:. Durham, North Carolina:
1523:. Government of Queensland
1321:Isaacs, Jennifier (1980).
1093:The Dreaming: Sacred sites
675:. In another example, the
550:
35:Everywhen (disambiguation)
32:
28:Dreamtime (disambiguation)
25:
18:
3100:
2354:Traditional custodianship
2024:Resources in your library
937:Spencer & Gillen 1904
925:Spencer & Gillen 1899
765:(1982 album by Kate Bush)
507:(Vaughan Springs) in the
133:and other peoples of the
21:Dreaming (disambiguation)
2819:Australian Frontier Wars
2525:Reconciliation Australia
1946:Wolf, Fred Alan (1994).
1679:"Altjira, Dream and God"
745:Festival of the Dreaming
456:Translations and meaning
2871:Australian history wars
2732:Contemporary visual art
2148:Torres Strait Islanders
1972:Cultures of Scholarship
1965:Wolfe, Patrick (1997).
1766:Spencer, Walter Baldwin
1425:Lawlor, Robert (1991).
1241:Encyclopædia Britannica
1069:Encyclopædia Britannica
593:
341:
335:
310:
274:
268:
262:
253:
247:
243:Upper Arrernte language
178:
105:
3094:religion and mythology
2567:Kimberley Land Council
2417:Pama–Nyungan languages
2407:Loanwords into English
2324:Religion and mythology
2277:Torres Strait Islander
2128:Aboriginal Australians
2061:, and Laura Rademaker.
1910:Australian Archaeology
1539:, no.2, 2018, pp.52–3.
1494:Altjira, Dream and God
1470:Marett, Allan (2005).
927:, p. 73 n.1, 645.
548:
528:
476:
470:
388:Pitjantjatjara dialect
347:
222:pastor and missionary
215:
162:Walter Baldwin Spencer
57:, also referred to as
51:
2906:Native Title Act 1993
2841:Cummeragunja walk-off
2587:Northern Land Council
2437:Torres Strait English
2364:Torres Strait Islands
1901:Walsh, G. L. (1979).
1770:Gillen, Francis James
1615:Duke University Press
1340:James, Diana (2015).
1274:Gill, Sam D. (1998).
1169:"Religious Evolution"
1145:Bates, Daisy (1996).
886:Central Art: Jukurrpa
551:Further information:
539:trailmarkers between
534:
522:
323:cultural evolutionist
201:
45:
2562:Central Land Council
1834:Swain, Tony (1993).
1454:. p. 377 n.42.
1183:. pp. 211–244.
717:Aboriginal mythology
685:Kakadu National Park
19:For other uses, see
2319:Outstation movement
2158:Western Australians
1689:. pp. 85–108.
1497:. pp. 85–108.
1149:. Hesperion Press.
951:, pp. 140–141.
665:is the body of the
468:. Examples include
75:Sir Baldwin Spencer
3012:Stolen Generations
3002:Self-determination
2922:Stolen Generations
2856:Historical figures
2836:Caledon Bay crisis
2659:Fire-stick farming
2572:Maralinga Tjarutja
2191:Performing artists
1827:After The Dreaming
1776:. New York: Dover.
1754:Macmillan & Co
1728:Macmillan & Co
1352:. pp. 33–46.
1304:Knopf-Random House
982:, pp. 85–108.
970:, pp. 93–103.
755:Taiji (philosophy)
549:
529:
509:Northern Territory
428:Ngunnawal language
216:
52:
3173:
3172:
3160:Wheel of the Year
3056:
3055:
2939:Western Australia
2674:Possum-skin cloak
2605:
2604:
2597:Tiwi Land Council
2432:Taboo on the dead
2397:Australian Creole
2138:Aboriginal groups
2010:Library resources
1990:978-0-472-06654-4
1893:978-0-7318-0569-3
1851:978-0-521-44691-4
1814:978-0-7081-1802-3
1696:978-1-317-06795-5
1665:978-0-521-34004-5
1628:978-0-8223-2868-1
1504:978-1-4724-4383-0
1483:978-0-8195-6618-8
1461:978-0-226-47264-5
1359:9781--925-02253-7
1313:978-1-742-74940-2
1287:978-0-19-511587-1
1228:978-1-351-96127-1
1190:978-1-483-13786-5
1165:Bellah, Robert N.
1156:978-0-85905-135-4
1045:QAGOMA Collection
1023:, pp. 21–22.
831:, pp. 33–41.
751:Wuji (philosophy)
661:believe that the
651:Western Australia
603:petrosomatoglyphs
599:Warlpiri language
226:in his 1908 book
115:Central Australia
3198:
3083:
3076:
3069:
3060:
2550:
2382:Avoidance speech
2344:Smoking ceremony
2105:
2098:
2091:
2082:
2077:
2071:
2045:
2041:The Conversation
1998:
1995:Internet Archive
1961:
1942:
1941:on 30 July 2020.
1940:
1934:. Archived from
1933:
1907:
1897:
1878:
1855:
1830:
1818:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1777:
1761:
1758:Internet Archive
1740:Spencer, Baldwin
1735:
1732:Internet Archive
1714:Spencer, Baldwin
1709:
1700:
1673:
1670:Internet Archive
1636:
1633:Internet Archive
1612:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1591:The Conversation
1581:
1579:
1577:
1571:The Conversation
1561:
1559:
1557:
1551:The Conversation
1541:
1530:
1528:
1512:
1487:
1465:
1440:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1411:Creative Spirits
1401:
1399:
1397:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1363:
1336:
1317:
1291:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1232:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1194:
1173:Eisenstadt, S.N.
1160:
1132:
1126:
1120:
1114:
1108:
1102:
1096:
1090:
1084:
1078:
1072:
1066:
1060:
1054:
1048:
1042:
1036:
1030:
1024:
1018:
1012:
1006:
1000:
994:
983:
977:
971:
965:
952:
946:
940:
934:
928:
922:
916:
910:
904:
898:
889:
883:
874:
868:
847:
841:
832:
826:
810:
799:
793:
790:
784:
780:
711:
709:Australia portal
706:
705:
704:
596:
495:
479:
473:
471:Espaces de rêves
450:Noongar language
432:Ngarigo language
408:in the language
401:Ngarinyin people
344:
338:
313:
277:
271:
265:
256:
250:
181:
108:
3208:
3207:
3201:
3200:
3199:
3197:
3196:
3195:
3176:
3175:
3174:
3169:
3096:
3087:
3057:
3052:
2992:Media portrayal
2955:1967 Referendum
2943:
2851:Gurindji Strike
2846:Day of Mourning
2798:
2708:
2601:
2548:
2446:
2402:Language groups
2368:
2210:
2162:
2114:
2109:
2069:
2064:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2028:
2018:
2017:
2013:
2006:
2004:Further reading
2001:
1991:
1964:
1958:
1945:
1938:
1905:
1900:
1894:
1881:
1871:
1858:
1852:
1833:
1821:
1815:
1799:
1790:
1788:
1786:Noongar Culture
1780:
1764:
1738:
1712:
1703:
1697:
1676:
1666:
1639:
1629:
1604:
1595:
1593:
1584:
1575:
1573:
1564:
1555:
1553:
1544:
1526:
1524:
1515:
1505:
1490:
1484:
1469:
1462:
1443:
1437:
1424:
1415:
1413:
1404:
1395:
1393:
1385:
1376:
1374:
1366:
1360:
1342:"Tjukurpa Time"
1339:
1333:
1320:
1314:
1294:
1288:
1273:
1264:
1262:
1254:
1245:
1243:
1235:
1229:
1216:
1207:
1205:
1203:Catapult Design
1197:
1191:
1163:
1157:
1144:
1140:
1135:
1127:
1123:
1115:
1111:
1103:
1099:
1091:
1087:
1079:
1075:
1067:
1063:
1057:Catapult Design
1055:
1051:
1043:
1039:
1031:
1027:
1019:
1015:
1009:Noongar Culture
1007:
1003:
995:
986:
978:
974:
966:
955:
947:
943:
935:
931:
923:
919:
911:
907:
899:
892:
884:
877:
869:
850:
842:
835:
827:
823:
819:
814:
813:
800:
796:
791:
787:
781:
777:
772:
722:Rainbow Serpent
707:
702:
700:
697:
647:New South Wales
641:(dead spirit).
559:
537:Bibbulmun Track
517:
493:
458:
441:Dharug language
384:Warlpiri people
352:
260:Strehlow gives
196:
158:
142:popular culture
131:Warlpiri people
123:William Stanner
63:anthropologists
48:Carnarvon Gorge
46:Stencil art at
38:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3206:
3205:
3202:
3194:
3193:
3191:Creation myths
3188:
3178:
3177:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3101:
3098:
3097:
3088:
3086:
3085:
3078:
3071:
3063:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3050:
3045:
3044:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3021:
3020:
3019:
3017:Half-Caste Act
3009:
3007:Reconciliation
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2988:
2987:
2985:Protected Area
2982:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2951:
2949:
2945:
2944:
2942:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2930:
2929:
2919:
2914:
2912:Pilbara strike
2909:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2891:
2890:
2880:
2875:
2874:
2873:
2868:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2832:
2831:
2826:
2816:
2808:
2806:
2800:
2799:
2797:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2765:
2764:
2759:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2718:
2716:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2689:Spinifex resin
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2615:
2613:
2607:
2606:
2603:
2602:
2600:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2558:
2556:
2547:
2546:
2540:
2539:
2538:
2537:
2532:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2456:
2454:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2427:Sign languages
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2378:
2376:
2370:
2369:
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2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2280:
2279:
2274:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2220:
2218:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2208:
2203:
2201:Visual artists
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2172:
2170:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2124:
2122:
2116:
2115:
2110:
2108:
2107:
2100:
2093:
2085:
2079:
2078:
2062:
2046:
2027:
2026:
2020:
2019:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1999:
1989:
1962:
1956:
1943:
1898:
1892:
1879:
1869:
1856:
1850:
1831:
1823:Stanner, W. H.
1819:
1813:
1797:
1782:"Spirituality"
1778:
1762:
1736:
1710:
1701:
1695:
1674:
1664:
1637:
1627:
1602:
1582:
1562:
1542:
1533:Simon Wright,
1513:
1503:
1488:
1482:
1467:
1460:
1441:
1435:
1422:
1402:
1383:
1364:
1358:
1337:
1331:
1318:
1312:
1292:
1286:
1271:
1252:
1237:"the Dreaming"
1233:
1227:
1214:
1195:
1189:
1161:
1155:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1133:
1131:, p. 200.
1129:Povinelli 2002
1121:
1109:
1097:
1085:
1073:
1061:
1049:
1037:
1033:Nicholls 2014c
1025:
1013:
1001:
997:Nicholls 2014b
984:
972:
953:
941:
939:, p. 745.
929:
917:
905:
901:NMoA: Jukurrpa
890:
875:
871:Nicholls 2014a
848:
833:
820:
818:
815:
812:
811:
794:
785:
774:
773:
771:
768:
767:
766:
758:
748:
742:
737:
731:
730:
729:
724:
713:
712:
696:
693:
575:Pitjantjatjara
516:
513:
457:
454:
453:
452:
443:
434:
421:
417:in North-East
412:
403:
390:
369:
363:Ngarrarngkarni
351:
348:
195:
192:
157:
154:
109:, used by the
71:Francis Gillen
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3204:
3203:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3183:
3181:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3102:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3084:
3079:
3077:
3072:
3070:
3065:
3064:
3061:
3049:
3048:Voting rights
3046:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3028:
3027:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3015:
3014:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2977:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2946:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2907:
2903:
2901:
2900:Native police
2898:
2896:
2893:
2889:
2886:
2885:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2863:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2821:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2814:
2810:
2809:
2807:
2805:
2801:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2754:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2727:Bark painting
2725:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2717:
2715:
2711:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2639:Bush medicine
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2608:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2559:
2557:
2555:
2554:Land councils
2551:
2545:
2542:
2541:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2457:
2455:
2453:
2452:Organisations
2449:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2379:
2377:
2375:
2371:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2304:Message stick
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2244:Deadly Awards
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2221:
2219:
2217:
2213:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2165:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2106:
2101:
2099:
2094:
2092:
2087:
2086:
2083:
2075:
2068:
2063:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2031:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2003:
1996:
1992:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1959:
1957:0-671-74946-3
1953:
1949:
1944:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1904:
1899:
1895:
1889:
1885:
1880:
1877:
1872:
1870:88-88482-41-5
1866:
1862:
1857:
1853:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1838:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1801:Stanner, Bill
1798:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1750:
1745:
1744:Gillen, F. J.
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1724:
1719:
1718:Gillen, F. J.
1715:
1711:
1707:
1704:Smith, Jeff.
1702:
1698:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1611:
1610:
1603:
1592:
1588:
1583:
1572:
1568:
1563:
1552:
1548:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1537:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1500:
1496:
1495:
1489:
1485:
1479:
1475:
1474:
1468:
1463:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1448:
1442:
1438:
1436:0-89281-355-5
1432:
1428:
1423:
1412:
1408:
1403:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1338:
1334:
1332:0-7018-1330-X
1328:
1324:
1319:
1315:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1283:
1279:
1278:
1272:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1224:
1220:
1215:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1152:
1148:
1143:
1142:
1137:
1130:
1125:
1122:
1118:
1113:
1110:
1106:
1101:
1098:
1094:
1089:
1086:
1082:
1077:
1074:
1070:
1065:
1062:
1058:
1053:
1050:
1046:
1041:
1038:
1034:
1029:
1026:
1022:
1017:
1014:
1010:
1005:
1002:
998:
993:
991:
989:
985:
981:
976:
973:
969:
964:
962:
960:
958:
954:
950:
945:
942:
938:
933:
930:
926:
921:
918:
915:, p. 36.
914:
909:
906:
902:
897:
895:
891:
887:
882:
880:
876:
872:
867:
865:
863:
861:
859:
857:
855:
853:
849:
846:, p. 21.
845:
840:
838:
834:
830:
825:
822:
816:
808:
804:
798:
795:
789:
786:
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2980:Native title
2934:Tent embassy
2917:Pintupi Nine
2904:
2824:Bathurst War
2811:
2794:Yininmadyemi
2779:Sandpainting
2774:Papunya Tula
2769:NATSIA Award
2757:Music groups
2679:Scarred tree
2649:Dugout canoe
2339:Sacred sites
2254:The Dreaming
2253:
2196:Sportspeople
2073:
2055:Jakelin Troy
2048:
2039:
2014:
1993:– via
1971:
1947:
1936:the original
1916:(9): 33–41.
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1259:
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1202:
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1119:, p. 1.
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55:The Dreaming
54:
53:
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3130:Eschatology
2975:Land rights
2878:King plates
2694:Sweet foods
2664:Food groups
2634:Bush tucker
2374:Language(s)
2309:NAIDOC Week
2259:Enumeration
2168:Individuals
2133:Communities
2076:(1): 34–65.
2059:Ann McGrath
1979:. pp.
1654:. pp.
1372:Central Art
1296:Hill, Barry
1117:Marett 2005
683:, for whom
501:skin groups
419:Arnhem Land
386:and in the
367:Gija people
350:Other terms
254:altjirrinja
248:altjirerama
79:A. P. Elkin
3180:Categories
3150:Golden Age
3145:Heortology
3140:Eviternity
3125:Divination
2866:Prehistory
2789:Visual art
2742:Didgeridoo
2654:Fibrecraft
2629:Bush bread
2495:Mass media
2422:Placenames
2299:Marn Grook
2289:Kurdaitcha
2272:Aboriginal
2234:Corroboree
2153:Victorians
2143:Tasmanians
1617:. p.
1387:"Jukurrpa"
1368:"Jukurrpa"
1246:26 January
1105:Bates 1996
1081:Korff 2019
1021:Swain 1993
980:Moore 2016
913:James 2015
844:Swain 1993
829:Walsh 1979
807:Barry Hill
803:Tjalkabota
681:Arnhemland
679:people of
673:Swan River
611:ceremonies
424:Daramoolen
228:Die Aranda
170:Alcheringa
106:alcheringa
90:worshipped
2888:Black War
2883:Massacres
2722:Artefacts
2619:Boomerang
2611:Bushcraft
2535:Sorry Day
2349:Songlines
2224:Astronomy
2181:Musicians
2176:Activists
2015:Dreamtime
1772:(1968) .
1687:Routledge
1596:7 January
1576:7 January
1556:7 January
1167:(2013) .
968:Gill 1998
949:Hill 2003
817:Citations
727:Tjilbruke
625:custodian
589:songlines
563:Mura-mura
541:Kalamunda
380:Tjukurrpa
288:Milky Way
204:Milky Way
188:Unmatjera
156:Etymology
92:but only
86:Everywhen
59:Dreamtime
3155:Prophecy
3135:Eternity
3110:Calendar
2895:Missions
2747:Dreaming
2644:Coolamon
2515:Politics
2359:Tjurunga
1931:2328/708
1825:(1968).
1803:(1979).
1791:12 March
1746:(1904).
1720:(1899).
1536:Artlines
1527:18 March
1396:18 March
1377:18 March
1298:(2003).
1208:18 March
1181:Elsevier
695:See also
571:Tjukurpa
490:jukurrpa
486:ceremony
477:Snivanje
446:Nyitting
376:Tjukurpa
372:Jukurrpa
234:Arrernte
220:Lutheran
127:Jukurrpa
3120:Destiny
3115:Deities
2927:Apology
2861:History
2804:History
2704:Woomera
2480:AIATSIS
2334:Seasons
2284:Kinship
2249:Deities
2239:Country
2216:Culture
2206:Writers
2120:Peoples
1656:246–262
1175:(ed.).
1138:Sources
734:Apeiron
677:Gagudju
659:Noongar
649:and in
631:In the
597:in the
569:and as
565:by the
505:Pikilyi
448:in the
439:in the
406:Manguny
399:by the
382:by the
365:by the
342:Altjira
336:Altjira
319:Altjira
311:altjira
306:Altjira
295:Altjira
284:Altjira
280:creator
263:Altjira
239:altjira
194:Altjira
184:Kaitish
179:alcheri
146:tourism
119:eternal
101:Arandic
94:revered
3031:Treaty
2970:Health
2948:Issues
2412:Palawa
2268:Flags
2264:Elders
2012:about
1987:
1954:
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1416:2 July
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1265:2 July
1225:
1187:
1153:
657:, the
639:nyuidj
634:Wangga
591:" (or
545:Albany
525:Baiame
415:Wongar
397:Wungud
3041:Voice
3036:Truth
2965:Crime
2752:Music
2737:Dance
2699:Waddy
2684:Soaks
2669:Humpy
2460:ATSIC
2070:(PDF)
1981:57–96
1939:(PDF)
1906:(PDF)
1171:. In
770:Notes
689:Ginga
668:Wagyl
655:Perth
620:fetus
567:Dieri
466:dream
393:Ungud
208:Uluru
206:over
103:word
3165:Yuga
3105:Aeon
3090:Time
2784:Vibe
2762:Rock
2714:Arts
2624:Buka
2544:TSRA
2329:Riji
2229:Bora
1985:ISBN
1952:ISBN
1888:ISBN
1865:ISBN
1846:ISBN
1809:ISBN
1793:2023
1691:ISBN
1660:ISBN
1623:ISBN
1598:2019
1578:2019
1558:2019
1529:2021
1499:ISBN
1478:ISBN
1456:ISBN
1431:ISBN
1418:2020
1398:2021
1379:2021
1354:ISBN
1327:ISBN
1308:ISBN
1282:ISBN
1267:2020
1248:2013
1223:ISBN
1210:2021
1185:ISBN
1151:ISBN
753:and
594:Yiri
555:and
543:and
437:Nura
430:and
275:mara
232:The
202:The
186:and
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1918:doi
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