Duchy of Nassau - Knowledge (XXG)

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further discussion about elections until September 1850, when the government submitted a new proposal for a twenty-four member chamber elected using the Prussian three-class franchise, modelled on the Erfurt Parliament. There was no further consultation with Parliament about the new elections, since the Duke dissolved Parliament on 2 April 1851. On 25 November, the Duke finally brought regulations into effect for the election of a Parliament similar to the bicameral system that existed before 1848. The political groups and the few remaining societies made no attempt at campaigning. On 14 and 16 February 1852 the landowners and merchants in the highest tax-bracket (less than a hundred people in the whole duchy) voted first for the six members of the upper chamber. The electoral college for the lower house was elected on 9 February and the elected college met on 18 February. The eligible voters for the lower chamber numbered 70,490. Voter turnout was between 3–4%. In some areas, lack of interest meant that the elections could not take place at all. Unlike the previous Parliament, farmers were the largest group in the new lower house.

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liberals in parliament argued that the sale of the Abbey should not be completed. They argued that the buildings and estate were worth more than the price that they had been sold for, and that Parliament had a right to veto sales of land. The government's officials denied that Parliament had any such right and stressed the social value that the structure would have after its sale. In the course of the debate, which continued over several sittings, a fierce war of words developed between the pro- and anti-clerical members of Parliament. The anti-clerical members disapproved of giving the Catholic church oversight of children. In the end, the sale went ahead despite Parliament's opposition.

1807: 2434: 1479:. As the reaction against the revolution began, there were many new foundations, so that by the end of 1848, there were around fifty organisations in the Kirberger Union, many with their own sub-organisations. In the following months however, the democratic movement collapsed rapidly. After the middle of 1849, there were no active democratic societies. A few societies were formed, supporting constitutional monarchy. They gained an over-arching structure on 19 November 1848, when the Nassau and Hessian constitutional societies named themselves the Deutsche Vereine (German Society) as an umbrella organisation with its base in Wiesbaden. 1424: 602: 881:

previous regimes and the new subjects. According to the reports of Nassau officials, the new administrations were welcomed, or at least accepted without protest, in most regions, since the Nassau principalities were considered very liberal, compared to the former ecclesiastical rulers. Between December 1802 and September 1803, the wealth monasteries and religious communities were disbanded. The closures of monasteries without possessions continued until 1817 since the state had to provide pensions to monks and converses after disbanding their communities. Between October 1803 and February 1804, the territories of many

1779: 1763: 1679:, the city of Frankfurt, and Nassau. Both houses were asked to give their assent to a law bringing the Prussian constitution into force in those territories on 1 October 1867. The law was passed by both houses of the Prussian Landtag on 20 September 1866 and was published in the gazette. The next step was the publication of the notice of annexation, which made the citizens of the nine annexed regions into citizens of Prussia. After these official actions, further practical actions were taken to bring the annexed regions into full union with the rest of Prussia. 486: 1324:(20–23%). Turnout varied by region from very low to nearly full participation, but there was a tendency for higher participation in the cities than in the countryside. Many procedural irregularities were reported from the electoral assemblies. Ideological programmes played a minor role in the selection of electors. Promises of lower rates of taxation were thrown around in many of the hustings during the assemblies. In most cases they elected people who were already socially prominent, like mayors, teachers, forest rangers, or clergymen (especially in the 177: 1795: 594: 1950: 1539:

two districts had a turnout of more than 60%. In some places, the only participants were the polling officials themselves. In at least 27 of the 132 electoral districts, the vote could not take place at all because of low turnout and had to be rescheduled for 27 January. The men chosen to be members of the electoral colleges were all civil servants. In the following days, the constitutional monarchists nominated candidates to be elected as representative. On 31 January, the electoral colleges chose Carl Wirth, a local official in

1308:, began to encourage Catholic societies in rural areas. They had the clearest programme of any of the parties, with 21 core principles, which the Bishop had promulgated on 9 March. Additionally, pastoral letters and religious services provided a platform for propagating ecclesiastical politics. On 4 April, a radical liberal pamphlet was distributed in Wiesbaden, announcing the "Committee of the Republican Society" as the first party that stood against the Catholic political agitation. The next day, a special issue of the 2950: 433: 2066: 2357: 1249:. A draft bill was presented on 20 March and finally passed on 28 March. They decided in favour of an electoral college by 18 votes to three. On 5 April the electoral law came into effect. It stated that every hundred people would choose an elector, who in turn would meet in one of 14 electoral colleges, each of which would choose one member of parliament. The right to vote was extended to several groups that had hitherto been excluded, such as noblemen, officials, pensioners, and 2184: 2231: 189: 1091:

point, drafted several reform proposals, few of which were accepted. The issue of the Domain thus progressed to burning point. On 24 March, the deputies of the lower chamber put forward a proposal for the Domain to become property of the populace. The government forbade a public assemblies on this issue and announced the opposite opinion. To suppress any revolt following this decision, several hundred troops were called in from the neighbouring

1320:. Since this was the first time that such a task had been attempted, it was an incredibly difficult process in many areas to create the lists of voters. There were protests by the populace and newspapers against limitations on the right to vote that were considered unfair. In particular, they pushed back against the fact that the adult sons of artisans and farmers would not be allowed to vote if they worked in their father's business. 447: 1146: 1432:

Duke to veto decisions of Parliament. While the left wing in the Parliament did not recognise this power, the right wing and the Ducal government insisted on it. Soon this dispute led to unrest among the general population. Finally, Hergenhahn called in Prussian and Austrian troops from Mainz, who put down the riots in Wiesbaden. In September, after fighting in the streets in Frankfurt, Federal troops occupied part of the Taunus.

1280:. In Wiesbaden, a central safety committee for the whole of Nassau under the leadership of Augustus Hergenhahn was established and came to enjoy a level of authority throughout the Duchy. Hergenhahn developed into the moderate liberal leading light of the revolution and also secured the trust of Duke Adoplhe. After Emil August von Dungern resigned as Chief Minister, the Duke appointed Hergenhahn as his replacement on 16 April. 2280: 613: 3334: 1135: 1593: 1061: 2375: 2307: 1488: 1198: 1241:

lords sought to discuss voting rights as well, there were protests among the populace of Wiesbaden. Around 500 people gathered in Wiesbaden in the evening to publicly debate the question of voting rights. Smaller meetings occurred in other cities of nassau. By the middle of the month however, these public discussions had faded away. Meanwhile, the lower chamber agreed that the future parliament should be

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lords voted down a targeted action of the bourgeois against Bieberstein. In the following months, there were ever more assemblies, rallies, newspaper articles (especially from outside Nassau), and pamphlets by the different parties of the conflict. Officials who had expressed sympathies for the bourgeois were reprimanded or fired and liberal newspapers from outside Nassau were banned.

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of the people, they were mainly peasants, armed with scythes, cudgels, and axes, seeking the abolition of old Feudal impositions and an easing of forest and hunting laws. As the crowd moved restlessly through the city, the Duke announced from the balcony of his residence that he would meet all their demands. Then the crowd happily dispersed.

976:(cultivation ordinance) promoted the autonomous management of soil and land. After a transitional period with four districts, the new Duchy was consolidated into three districts on 1 August 1809: Wiesbaden, Weilburg, and Ehrenbreitstein. In turn, these were abolished in 1816, with the establishment of Wiesbaden as sole capital. The number of 1189:. The government attempted some tentative reforms in 1845 with a somewhat more liberal municipalities law and with a law about district courts in 1846. In 1847, Parliament drafted laws on press freedom and damage to the land by animals, in response to complaints from the rural population about the consequences of Ducal hunts. 1535:, where they were stationed as representatives of the German Federation to prevent revolutionary movements. Beyond that, they wanted the reconstitution of a German parliament with full powers. The Catholic political societies had already disappeared by this point. The church itself made no effort to influence the election. 743:(1792–1797), Nassau-Dietz lost its possessions in Belgium and the Netherlands, while Nassau-Usingen and Nassau-Weilburg lost all their territories west of the Rhine to France. On the other hand, like other German secular principalities, the Nassaus gained territory that had formerly belonged to the church as a result of 1608:. It had been secularised in 1803 and passed into private ownership. In 1841 the site was put up for sale and the government made plans to turn the abbey into the first state-run home for the elderly and poor in Nassau. The Minister of Construction estimated the costs for the required renovations at 34,000 1538:

Preparation for elections to the Erfurt Parliament began in December 1849. On 20 January 1850, the initial election of the electoral college took place in Nassau. Due to the higher voting age, the number of voters participating was a bit lower than in 1848. The turnout varied between 1% and 20%. Only

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all sought a high voter turnout in the hope that this would add legitimacy to the Prussian plans for a monarchist Germany. The so-called Gotha Post-Parliament, an informal successor of the Frankfurt Parliament, came decisively under the influence of Max van Gagern. August Hergenhahn also participated

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won with 82% of the vote. Von Gagern had been approached to be a candidate by the liberals, but was also a devoted Catholic and close confidant of the Duke. This position between the camps provided opportunities for Catholics and Liberals to attack him, but these attacks ultimately had little impact,

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In accordance with a proclamation of Hergenhahn, around 40,000 men assembled in Wiesbaden on 4 March. There was a clear conflict in this action, which would shape the subsequent development of events: while the circle around Hergenhahn hoped to receive confirmation of their demands by the acclamation

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In March 1832, there was a new election for the lower chamber. However, the bourgeois deputies demanded that the house of lords were reduced to their previous numbers. Since the government refused this, the deputies ended the session and left the chamber on 17 April. The three ecclesiastical members,

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of 1830 sparked unrest in neighbouring countries. In 1831, the government prevented the submission of petitions to the Duke on the subject and held a joint manoeuvre in Rheingau with Austrian troops from the fortress in Mainz. At its next sitting, Parliament, which had not been very active up to this

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Only four years after the establishment of the constitution, in 1818, did the first election in the Duchy take place. As a result, Parliament was prevented from playing a role in the establishment of the Duchy. The electorate consisted of 39 nobles, 1448 owners of substantial amounts of land, and 128

998:, who originally came from Nassau and had substantial holdings there. The princes encouraged his involvement because he was part of the class of Imperial Knights who had been dispossessed by them and due to his involvement, the opposition of the Knights was diminished. However, the legislation of the 880:

Even before the actual Imperial Recess, in September and October 1802, both principalities deployed troops in the territories of Cologne and Mainz that they had received. In November and December, after civilian officials had taken possession of the territory, new oaths were sworn by officials of the

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announced a Democratic-Monarchist opposition party, which was formally founded on 7 April. On 5 April, there were significant protests calling for the establishment of a Wiesbaden committee for electoral preparation. In the morning, the Liberals called for a public assembly to take place at 1 pm, at

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subdivisions was slowly reduced, from sixty-two in 1806 to forty-eight in 1812. Due to the religious heterogeneity of the territory, a system of "combined schools" was introduced on 24 March 1817. On 14 March 1818, a state-wide public health system was established – the first such system in Germany.

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were occupied and annexed. Only in August/September 1806 were these acquisitions confirmed by edict, affirmed by the treaty of the Confederation of the Rhine. This process encountered considerable resistance, led by the Imperial Knights, but this resistance had no serious consequences and ultimately

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In 1849, the government submitted a proposal for new elections to Parliament, which were to elect a bicameral system in which the upper chamber would be elected by wealthy citizens. This proposal was opposed by the Liberals, while the constitutional monarchists supported it. After that there was no

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on 21 October 1831. At the end of 1831, the Nassau court began investigations against Herber. On 3 December 1832, Herber was finally sentenced to three years in prison for 'Abuse of the sovereign' and 'libel' against Bieberstein. On the night of 4 December, the president of the chamber was arrested

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On 2 September 1814, a constitution was promulgated. It was the first modern constitution in any of the German states. Because there was (very limited) parliamentary involvement in government, especially in taxation, it was considered to be a "Parliamentary Constitution" in the language of the day.

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were another religious society, which soon took charge of care for the sick within the diocese. After some initial problems at lower levels, they were tolerated by the government of the Duchy and even tacitly supported, because they had received enthusiastic commendation by doctors. In many places

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Shortly before this, in the 25 November 1863 elections, the liberals had won a large majority in the lower chamber of Parliament. Their manifesto had proposed, among other things, that the privileges held by the Catholic church should also be extended to other religious groups. On 9 June 1864, the

1411:. As the Frankfurt Parliament collapsed, Max von Gagern resigned his position along with 65 other monarchist representatives on 21 May 1849. He was followed shortly after by Hergehahn, Schepp and Schenk. Hehner and Schulz remained members until the final dissolution of the Parliament in June 1849. 1121:

The Ducal government had already prepared to expand the house of lords in the course of 1831 and this was effected by an edict on 29 October 1831. The bourgeois were thus put into a minority and failed in their attempt to prevent the levying of taxation in November 1831. Additionally, the house of

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At its foundation in 1806, the Duchy had 302,769 inhabitants. The citizens were mostly farmers, day labourers, or artisans. In 1819, 7% of Nassauers lived in settlements with more than 2,000 inhabitants, while the rest lived in 850 smaller settlements and 1,200 isolated homesteads. Wiesbaden, with

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The Nassau Parliament met for the first time on 22 May 1848. Over the summer, groupings based on the Left-Right schema began to appear in the parliament. The unrest in Nassau was not calmed after the elections. In July 1848, it reached a new crisis point, with physical clashes on the right of the

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In the election for the Nassau parliament on 1 May, which was also carried out by the 4,000 members of the electoral colleges, local interests played a much larger role than in the elections for the Frankfurt Parliament. The parties and societies did not have a serious impact. The majority of the

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From the second week of March, electoral reform took centre stage in the political scene. The most important demand of the liberals was that the right to vote should no longer be tied to a minimum property requirement. On 6 March, the lower chamber held a debate on this subject. When the house of

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The 4,000 electors chose the six representatives of Nassau for the Frankfurt Parliament on 25 April. It proved difficult to find suitable and willing candidates. Only with difficulty did the Wiesbaden electoral committee (as representatives of the moderate liberals, the Catholic church and its

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Finally, on 18 April, the election of the electoral colleges took place. In each town and region they were chosen by assemblies of voters. The total number of the 420,000 inhabitants of the Duchy who voted could not be determined for certain. Estimates varied between 84,000 and 100,000 people

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As a result, chaotic conditions developed in rural areas. Many officials had lost their jobs at the beginning of the revolution, so there was no ordered administration. The farmers completely stopped paying taxes and drove out the forest rangers. Many young officials and teachers proved to be

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which the electoral college would be chosen for which they had already prepared a list of candidates. In midmorning, the Moderates secured a two hour postponement, which they used to draft their own list, which secured a large majority of the votes when the meeting took place.

1965:. However, settlements with more than one religion were unusual. Most villages and cities were clearly dominated by the members of one of the two major Christian groups. As was common in Protestant parts of Germany, the constitution placed the church under state control. The 1827:

In foreign affairs, the Duchy's geographic location and economic weakness greatly limited its room to manoeuvre – in the Napoleonic period, it had no autonomy at all. The Nassau 'army' was at the beck and call of Napoleon. In 1806, they were stationed as occupation troops in

1923:. In order to finance schools and university scholarships, on 29 March 1817, Duke William established the Nassau Central Study Fund, which still exists today, by consolidating a number of older secular and religious funds, and endowed it with farmland, forests, and bonds. 1515:

in that Post-Parliament in June 1849. On 16 December, the constitutional monarchists organised a large electoral assembly in Wiesbaden, at which nominations took place. By contrast, the democrats tried to ensure a low voter turnout and sought the implementation of the

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At the foundation of the Duchy, Minister von Bieberstein established a strong fiscal distinction between the treasury of the general domain and that of the regional taxes. The domain, which included court estates and land, and mineral water springs, as well as the

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Nassau's military policy was shaped by Duchy's membership of the German Confederation. Like the rest of the administration, the military was reformed in order to unite the various military forces inherited from Nassau's predecessor states into a single body.

1585:, who took his position on 7 February 1852. With his help, the Duke reduced the freedoms that had been granted over the following years and began to remove liberal officials from office. By the middle of 1852, nearly all political societies had been banned. 1077:

and other feudal dues was the property of the Ducal House, which could not be used for paying state expenses and which Parliament had no power over. Even in the very earliest years of the Duchy, this system was loudly criticised. The parliamentary president

1383:, who pushed a reformist line, which in his opinion would lead to a Republic. For this ambitious plan, which was criticised as "fantastical", Schulz was criticised by the liberals. But in the end, Schulz secured 85% of the vote in his district. District 5 ( 1289: 901:

joined the Confederation of the Rhine. Prince Frederick Augustus, the senior member of the House of Nassau received the title of Sovereign Duke of Nassau, while Frederick William was granted the title of Sovereign Prince of Nassau. Under pressure from

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revolutionary agitators for a radical democracy. The Ducal government contributed to this situation with hectic actions to calm the rural population, like amnesties (particularly for poaching, rural, and forest crimes), conceding free elections of the

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as only a transitional stage and kept his main focus on a Republic. Probably because of this radical position, he secured only 61% of the vote in his district. In District 6 (Wiesbaden), Augustus Hergenhahn himself stood and won with 80% of the vote.

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of the Princely house was considerably extended to more than 52,000 hectares of forests and agricultural land. These domains encompassed 11.5% of the flat land and yielded around a million guilders per year – the largest part of their total income.

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After the collapse of the Frankfurt Parliament, there was conflict between Prussia, Austria, and the smaller German states. The Duchy of Nassau was among the small German principalities which supported the Prussians and their plans to convoke a

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From 1844, there was a wave of community foundations in Nassau, especially trade and athletic associations. These were initially apolitical, but they would play a role in the upcoming Revolution. Wiesbaden was additionally one of the centres of

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In parallel with the Parliament, the landscape of political societies and publications also began to develop a firmer ideological divide and became increasingly active. Many petitions and rallies took place in the second half of the year. The

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on 30 August 1806, under the joint rule of Frederick Augustus and Frederick William. This decision was encouraged by the fact that Frederick Augustus had no male heirs and Frederick William was thus in line to inherit his principality anyway.

1226:, who immediately approved the formation of a citizens' militia, freedom of the press, and the convocation of the lower chamber of Parliament to discuss electoral reform. Decisions on the other demands were reserved for the Duke, who was in 1616:

began to be interested in acquiring it, in order to make it into an orphanage. The government was also interested in selling it because of the costs of maintaining the unused complex. The abbey was sold on 18 May 1864 for 20,900 guilders.

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In the following years, there was more debate with and within Parliament, as well as with the government, about the division between Ducal and state funds. The conflict only came out into the open, however, in the course of the

2398:, which had little agricultural value and represented a substantial barrier to internal transport. Even so, more than a third of the population worked on their own farmland, which was broken up into small areas as a result of 1253:. Those who received poor relief or were bankrupt were not allowed to vote. All citizens were eligible to serve as members of Parliament except for the highest administrative officials, military officers, and court officials. 1328:). The Catholics provided their followers with pre-prepared ballot papers with the Catholic candidates marked on them. This was explicitly forbidden by the electoral law and was strongly criticised by the liberals. 1118:, later the revolutionary Chief Minister of Nassau, attempted to get him a reduced sentence, but he was prevented. However, the sentence was never enforced, because Herber, who was very sick, died on 11 March 1833. 1612:. In 1842, the Duchy bought the Abbey for 19,500 guilders. Shortly after that it was reported the buildings were in too bad a condition for the project. By the 1860s, the buildings had declined even further. The 1296:

Since the elections for the Parliament of Nassau were drawing near, political societies began to form and these eventually consolidated into true political parties. From the end of March, the Bishop of Limburg,

2851: 1268:. Fifteen of its deputies were drawn from the lower chamber of the Nassau parliament and two from the Nassau house of lords. There were another nine citizens of the Duchy in the Pre-Parliament as well. 1217:

Hotel in Wiesbaden to present a list of moderate liberal nationalist demands to the government. This list included civil freedoms, a German national assembly, and a new electoral law. The next day, the

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With the advent of press freedom, thirteen political newspapers appeared within weeks, including five in Wiesbaden alone. Numerous local gazettes in rural areas also began to print political texts.

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in particular complained about this in letters to Bieberstein and petitions to the Duke, with ever greater frequency. His hostile position was one of the justifications for his impeachment in 1821.

1276:, the abolition of the last feudal dues, and the removal of various unpopular administrative officials. In the cities, the people often reacted to the general lawlessness by establishing their own 3299: 1041:). The eleven members of the house of lords were all princes of the House of Nassau or representatives of the nobility. The twenty-two members of the chamber of deputies were mostly elected by 1778: 577:

still uses "Duke of Nassau" as his secondary title, and "Prince" or "Princess of Nassau" is used as a title by other members of the grand ducal family. Nassau is also part of the name of the

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with 40–60 members and that the property requirement for voting should be abolished. Most controversial was whether the members of the new parliament should be elected directly or by an

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and had been temporarily expelled from state service in 1831 for his political views, but had risen by March 1848 to one of the highest positions in the government. Hehner considered a

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all papers ceased publishing in the second half of the year, because sales rapidly dropped and the Ducal government began to suppress the press. As a result of these developments, the

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successful candidates were civil servants and mayors, with a couple of merchants, industrialists, and farmers. Noticeably few Catholics and absolutely no Catholic clergy were elected.

732:(later Orange-Nassau), with large, scattered territories in what is now the Netherlands and Belgium. From 1736, many treaties and agreements were made between the different lines (The 1095:. However, no revolt actually broke out. In the press within the state and in the neighbouring principalities, articles in newspapers and pamphlets supported both sides of the issue. 2003:

Alongside the actual church policy, there were other points of interaction between state politics and ecclesiastical matters. The relocation of a religious society, the order of the

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As a result of the disparate territories that were joined together to form the Duchy, Nassau was not a religiously unified state. In 1820, the breakdown of religious groups was: 53%

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In the course of 1848, the Nassau deputies in the Frankfurt Parliament aside from Schenk developed into factions. Von Gagern, Hergenhahn and Schep joined the moderate liberal

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was elected in the former with 76% of the vote, while Friedrich Schepp, a member of the governing council, was chosen in the latter with 90% of the vote. In District 2 (

1930:, meaning 'someone who partakes of a privilege they are not entitled to' is said to derive from this practice, although etymologists report that the word is actually a 3292: 1556: 1440:

became the mouthpiece of the left wing of the National assembly over the course of the summer and frequently criticised the governments of Prussia and Nassau. The

2791: 2765: 1519:. In June 1849, the organised people's assemblies all over Nassau for this purpose. The largest assembly, with around 500 participants, took place on 10 June in 1166: 838:; and several cloisters were received from Mainz. Thus Nassau-Usingen regained its lost population and increased its annual income by around 130,000 guilders. 1510:

Although the political movements had passed their peak, there was even so an electoral campaign for the positions. Constitutionalists, the government and the

2197: 954: 898: 680:, with around 2,600 inhabitants, was the second-largest. By 1847, Wiesbaden had grown to 14,000 inhabitants and Limburg to 3,400. The third-largest city was 30:

This article is about the former state in present-day Germany. For its ruling family, including its branches in present-day Netherlands and Luxembourg, see

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The majority of the troops consisted of two regiments of infantry, created in 1808/09. During the Napoleonic Wars, these were supported by squadrons of

1336: 3829: 2699: 2473:, valued at a quarter of a kreutzer, was introduced as the smallest denomination. After the Vienna Currency Treaty of 1857, the Duchy also minted the 1332:

societies, and the various ideological newspapers) find candidates for the six vacancies. Everyone in the committee's list was a government employee.

995: 849:, and its third of Saarwerden (15,500 inhabitants and 178,000 guilders in revenue). For these, it received many small possessions of Trier, including 527: 235: 1580: 1467:

The political societies, which had formed by autumn 1848, mostly took up democratic positions, including explicitly political clubs, but also many

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of 162 kreutzer (i.e. 2.7 guilders). Between 1816 and 1828, the mint of the Duchy was located in buildings in Limburg, which are now the Bishop's

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After a brief period of calm, Duke Adolphe began a reactionary programme. There were ever more conflicts between the Duke and the Chief Minister

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the member for teachers and one other deputy declared that the rest had forfeited their right to participate and approved the Ducal tax levy.

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as Nassau's deputies to the Erfurt Parliament. Although a nobleman, the Prince of Wied was the most liberal of the elected representatives.

2481:(500 g) of silver was equivalent to 52.5 guilder or 30 taler. The Heller was replaced by the Pfennige, also worth a quarter of a Kreutzer. 1888:, the Duchy raised an artillery company, which became an artillery division with two companies in it after 1833. Further units were added ( 1170: 1926:

In Göttingen, non-Nassau students occasionally participated illicitly in a free dinner funded by the Central Study Fund. The German term

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The ancestral and core coat of arms of Nassau, which formed the heart shield of the greater coat of arms. It is almost identical to the

2244: 918:, there was a further territorial expansion. When the Orange-Nassau line received the Dutch crown on 31 May, they had to surrender the 3308: 2059: 1892:, Jägers, baggage trains, reserves). Further contingents were added as required during wartime. The whole military was placed under a 1408: 894: 321: 247: 2402:. This smallholdings generally had to supplement their income from other sources – often in the Westerwald, this was by service as a 1010: 2721: 2687: 2621: 2570:

Brigitte Meier-Hussing: "Das Volksbegehren von 1956 zur Rückgliederung des Regierungsbezirk Montabaur/Rheinland-Pfalz nach Hessen."

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In the following weeks, the Ducal government began preparations for the Parliamentary elections and for elections to the Pan-German

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rather than Nassau was its capital. In 1865, the Duchy of Nassau had 465,636 inhabitants. After being occupied and annexed into the

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on 3 July and the "victory" of Nassau over Prussia at the Battle of Zorn near Wiesbaden on 12 July 1866 did nothing to prevent the

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became increasingly dependent on the Ducal government for money and content. From the end of 1849, there was again a comprehensive

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On 28 December 1849, the constitution was replaced by a reformed constitution which took account of the democratic demands of the

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wealthy city dwellers. Given that the population of the Duchy at the time was about 287,000, this was a tiny number of electors.

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in the course of its nearly one-thousand-year history. Up to the 18th century, the three main lines were the small princedoms of

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largely accorded with the desires of Nassau-Usingen and Nassau-Weilburg. Orange-Nassau had already agreed separate terms with

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is the last patrilineal descendant of the House of Nassau though she descends from a family considered to be non-dynastic

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in 1835, which Bieberstein had energetically resisted. In 1839, Duke William also died and his twenty-two-year-old son

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After the Domain Dispute, the politics of Nassau became quiet. After the death of von Bieberstein, Nassau entered the

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was also legal tender and was minted in small quantities. Two dollars were equivalent to 3.5 guilders. In 1842, the

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but had to be land owners, except for three representatives of ecclesiastics and one representative of teachers.

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abandoned strict neutrality and transformed into a supporter of a constitutional monarchy, as did the Weilburg

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In 1868, Nassau, along with Frankfurt and the Electorate of Hesse were united in the new Prussian province of

2266: 1223: 2454: 2082: 1837: 1702: 1544: 1396: 1384: 1186: 930: 791: 608:, residence of the Princes of Nassau-Weilburg before 1816, and a residence of the Dukes of Nassau thereafter 333: 297: 81: 35: 2394:

The economic situation of the small Duchy was precarious. The majority of the land area of the country was

3775: 3745: 3712: 3227: 3158: 2149: 1745: 1660: 1516: 652: 582: 382: 2575: 2485: 1388: 3704: 3610: 3552: 3180: 3153: 3018: 2971: 1978: 1691: 1476: 1162: 1138: 807: 2829: 2293: 2271: 1298: 1108: 2799: 2065: 3737: 3560: 3544: 3430: 3405: 3400: 3222: 3212: 3059: 3054: 2919: 2914: 2414:

The Duchy belonged the south German currency area. The most important denomination was therefore the

2399: 1865: 1753: 1740:. Wiesbaden remained an administrative region within Hesse until 1968, when it was incorporated into 1524: 1317: 1213:

in France in 1848. On 1 March a liberal group headed by the jurist August Hergenhahn gathered at the

1092: 991: 775: 744: 644: 535: 519: 251: 1720:, which had previously been the capital of the Electorate of Hesse. Nassau and Frankfurt became the 3568: 3384: 3064: 2987: 2744: 2675: 2183: 2021: 1916: 1881: 1532: 1376: 1277: 965: 756: 752: 677: 555: 2230: 1335: 1102:

was the main figure on the side of the deputies, especially in a polemical piece published in the

643:

river separated the two mountain ranges. The neighbouring territory to the east and south was the

3450: 3363: 3353: 3348: 3277: 3137: 2888: 2785: 2759: 2458: 1997: 1889: 1885: 1861: 1849: 1741: 1725: 1668: 1649: 1613: 1528: 957:. Von Gagern resigned in 1811, after which von Bieberstein served alone until his death in 1834. 915: 886: 795: 733: 567: 551: 386: 2583: 1682:

Duke Adolphe, the last Duke of Nassau, received 15,000,000 guilders as compensation, as well as

2526:

Provinzial-Correspondenz vom 12. September 1866: Die Erweiterung des preußischen Staatsgebietes

2008: 1856:

farm which hold out against Napoleon, 1/1 rgt. was heavily battered after the French taking of

873: 3528: 3455: 3358: 3046: 2893: 2807: 2717: 2683: 2617: 2579: 1733: 1601: 1265: 1246: 999: 866: 831: 717: 2011:

led to conflict between the state and the Bishop. The Redemptorists stayed in Bornhofen. The

1840:. Two regiments of infantry and two cavalry squadrons fought for more than five years in the 1696: 1629:

When the Austro-Prussian War broke out on 14 June 1866, the Duchy of Nassau took the side of

1391:, who held the most radical views of any of the representatives. He was a former member of a 1013:. On 25 November 1851, this constitution was repealed and the old constitution was restored. 968:

in 1810, and a fundamental tax reform in 1812, which replaced 991 direct taxes with a single

106: 3648: 3515: 3483: 3200: 3115: 2550: 1897: 1896:

command structure. At its head was the Duke, but day-to-day operations were organised by an

1721: 1687: 1372: 1003: 926: 842: 616: 605: 2441: 2298: 1600:

Bitter political strife returned once more in 1864, when the Government made plans to sell

1303: 1113: 945:

Ernst Franz Ludwig Freiherr Marschall von Bieberstein, Chief Minister of Nassau (1806–1834)

933:

who became the first sole Duke of Nassau after Frederick Augustus' death on 24 March 1816.

3854: 3658: 3638: 3620: 3499: 3491: 3323: 3239: 3190: 3105: 3100: 2130: 1970: 1683: 1630: 1087: 1042: 969: 890:

failed since the Nassau princes' seizures were enforced by French officials and soldiers.

882: 815: 725: 713: 563: 539: 507: 438: 157: 31: 1025:

The City School in Marktplatz, Wiesbaden, seat of the Nassau Parliament from 1818 to 1844

2279: 1915:

The Duchy could not afford its own university, so Duke William I made a treaty with the

1574:

who was only moderately conservative and resigned at the end of 1851. His successor was

1379:, in the centre of the duchy). He was a deputy headmaster in Weilburg and editor of the 990:

The constitution guaranteed the freedom of the individual, religious tolerance, and the

612: 3770: 3576: 3536: 3473: 3069: 2470: 2419: 2138: 1857: 1841: 1404: 1392: 1367: 1145: 1134: 960:

A series of reforms were carried out in the first years of the Duchy: the abolition of

823: 721: 656: 452: 2658: 2461:, which set the silver mark (233.855 g) at 24.5 guilders. After the conclusion of the 1592: 1060: 3813: 3689: 3605: 3600: 3507: 3185: 3175: 3110: 3079: 2474: 2395: 1931: 1904: 1273: 1107:

as he slept in his bed. On 7 January 1833, he was released on bail. Herber's lawyer,

1065: 648: 619:, seat of the Dukes of Nassau from 1817 to 1841 and their summer residence thereafter 2374: 2306: 2020:'hospitals' or mobile medical stations were established, the fore-runners of modern 1487: 1471:

and workers' clubs. On 12 November, the democratic societies joined together as the

1448:. Even in 1848, an abatement of the revolutionary force was notable. Except for the 1197: 2478: 2450: 2430:. Small change was minted in silver and copper, at 6, 3, 1, 0.5, and 0.25 grammes. 2026: 1713: 1676: 1497: 1352: 1257: 1099: 729: 632: 479: 404: 17: 2484:

Banknotes, known as Landes-Credit-Casse-Scheine were produced at Wiesbaden by the

1559:

August Ludwig zu Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg, Chief Minister of Nassau (1852–1866)

1348: 751:(1797) and in Paris, in order to secure the territories of the Prince-Bishops of 3074: 2806:. Limburg-Weilburg: Der Kreisausschuss des Landkreises Limburg-Weilburg: 65–67. 2644:

Konrad Fuchs (1968). "Die Bergwerks- und Hüttenproduktion im Herzogtum Nassau".

2423: 2145: 1903:

After the annexation of the Duchy, most of the officers and soldiers joined the

1468: 1288: 1174: 810:

some districts on the east bank of the Rhine; from Bavaria, the sub-district of

48: 1427:

The ministerial buildings in Wiesbaden, seat of the Nassau Parliament from 1844

3410: 2488:

from 1840. They had a face value of one, five, ten, and twenty-five guilders.

1962: 1853: 1756:. In 1956, a referendum on joining the state of Hesse was rejected by voters. 1706: 1605: 1461: 1356: 1325: 1242: 1202: 1154: 628: 359: 205: 1141:, built in 1841, which replaced Biebrich as the residence of the Nassau Dukes 514:) was an independent state between 1806 and 1866, located in what is now the 2731:

Winfried Schüler (1980). "Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft im Herzogtum Nassau".

1985:, making it the first united Protestant church in the German Confederation. 1935: 1833: 1360: 862: 854: 799: 779: 691: 547: 273: 1523:

and formulated ten demands, including the withdrawal of Nassau troops from

1209:

Like most of Europe, Nassau was engulfed in a revolutionary wave after the

217: 2137:(Nassau-Weilburg). The reigning Grand Duke still uses Duke of Nassau as a 2088: 3122: 2873: 2538:

Provinzial-Correspondenz vom 26. September 1866: Die neuerworbenen Länder

1993: 1966: 1672: 1364: 1344: 922:

to Prussia, which passed part of it to the Duchy of Nassau the next day.

903: 827: 819: 803: 782:, and some smaller territories (totalling 60,000 inhabitants and 447,000 764: 265: 3780: 2427: 2415: 2403: 2133:. Members of the Walram line of the House of Nassau still reign in the 1989: 1982: 1938: 1893: 1609: 1520: 972:

on land and trade. Degrading corporal punishment was abolished and the

961: 783: 664: 660: 515: 2203: 1173:

in Wiesbaden. In 1842, Adolphe was one of the founding members of the

1006:

of 1819, marked a new restriction of freedoms in Nassau as elsewhere.

941: 2466: 1829: 1717: 1501: 1363:, in the northwest), there had been a much more heated campaign, but 1227: 631:

mountain ranges. The southern and western borders were formed by the

624: 2631:

Bernd von Egidy (1971). "Die Wahlen im Herzogtum Nassau 1848–1852".

1992:

of Nassau, but it was only in 1821 that the Duchy of Nassau and the

1860:. Of 7507 men inc. volunteers, 887 were killed in action. After the 1371:

since he retained the church's support. Controversy also surrounded

869:. This totalled 37,000 inhabitants and 147,000 guilders of revenue. 1844:; only half of them came back. In November 1813, Nassau joined the 1728:. In 1945, the majority of the old Duchy of Nassau fell within the 2714:

Das Herzogtum Nassau 1806–1866. Deutsche Geschichte im Kleinformat

2440: 2432: 1948: 1737: 1554: 1543:, Max von Gagern, August Hergenhahn and the Duke's brother-in-law 1486: 1334: 1287: 1196: 1178: 1165:

in 1841 and in January 1845, he married the Russian Grand Duchess

1144: 1133: 1074: 1020: 940: 690: 636: 611: 600: 592: 523: 2823:

Forstorganisation und Forstverwaltung in Nassau von 1803 bis 1866

1222:(Nine Demands of the Nassauers) were presented to Chief Minister 1169:, who died in childbirth a year later. To honour her, he had the 2700:

Quellen und Abhandlungen zur mittelrheinischen Kirchengeschichte

1900:. Ordinarily, the Nassau army contained roughly 4,000 soldiers. 1800:

Boundary stone of the Duchy of Nassau and the Kingdom of Prussia

1250: 858: 811: 640: 3281: 2833: 2504:

Grand Duchess Charlotte abdicated in 1964, but she died in 1985

786:

of income per year). In compensation, it received: from Mainz,

2437:

Memorial plaque in Limburg for the mint of the Duchy of Nassau

1667:, on 16 August 1866, the king announced to both houses of the 977: 623:

The territory of the duchy was essentially congruent with the

42: 2540:

zitiert nach Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin: Amtspresse Preußens.

2528:

zitiert nach Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin: Amtspresse Preußens.

1709:

in 1890 after the male line of Orange-Nassau became extinct.

2802:(2011). "Die Gründung des Nassauischen Feuerwehrverbandes". 2682:(2 ed.). Wiesbaden: Historische Kommission für Nassau. 2680:

Nassauische Biographie. Kurzbiographien aus 13 Jahrhunderten

2406:. Among tradesmen, the overwhelming majority were artisans. 216: 204: 2597:

Nassauische Kunst- und Gewerbeausstellung in Wiesbaden 1863

2422:. Up to 1837, there were 24 guilders to the Cologne silver 2660:

Statistische Beschreibung des Regierungs-Bezirks Wiesbaden

1663:

on 23 August 1866 and two days before the creation of the

699:

and is also included as the third and fourth field in the

562:. The area today is a geographical and historical region, 2614:

Herzogtum Nassau 1806–1866. Politik – Wirtschaft – Kultur

1988:

Even in 1804 there was an effort to establish a Catholic

1161:

replaced him as Duke. Adolphe moved his residence to the

865:, Limburg an der Lahn, three abbeys, and the holdings of 2129:

The Dukes of Nassau derived from the Walram line of the

1848:

against Napoleon. Nassau troops fought at the battle of

1491:

The Erfurt Union Parliament at St. Augustine's Monastery

2697:

Klaus Schatz (1983). "Geschichte des Bistums Limburg".

1052:

The Parliament met for the first time on 3 March 1818.

224:

The Duchy of Nassau in the German Confederation in 1815

2616:. Wiesbaden: Historische Kommission für Nassau. 1981. 1744:. A small part of the Duchy of Nassau fell within the 1351:, southwest), there was not much conflict; Procurator 3845:

Former states and territories of Rhineland-Palatinate

2457:. From 1837, the Duchy was one of the members of the 1177:, which was intended to establish a German colony in 1033:) of Nassau had two chambers: a chamber of deputies ( 1812:

Boundary column of the Duchy of Nassau in Dillenburg

925:

Frederick William died from a fall on the stairs at

659:

of the Kingdom of Prussia, which also controlled an

542:. The duchy was named for its historical core city, 3763: 3736: 3703: 3629: 3589: 3527: 3482: 3439: 3393: 3377: 3341: 3316: 3146: 3093: 3045: 3036: 3006: 2980: 2964: 2957: 2928: 2907: 2881: 2869: 2426:(233.856 grammes). The guilder was divided into 60 1919:, which allowed citizens of Nassau to study at the 639:, while in the northern part of the territory, the 597:

Declaration of Nassau's sovereignty, 30 August 1806

400: 379: 369: 355: 339: 327: 315: 303: 293: 283: 261: 231: 147: 73:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 747:. The Nassaus participated in negotiations at the 676:5,000 inhabitants, was the largest settlement and 2245:Friedrich Anton Georg Karl von Bock und Hermsdorf 1996:came to an agreement on the establishment of the 1961:Protestant, 45% Catholic, 1.7% Jewish, and 0.06% 1941:and that this story was invented after the fact. 1852:: 1/2 rgt. was part of the crew of the fortified 1407:, while Schulz and Hehner joined the centre left 2716:. Wiesbaden: Historische Kommission für Nassau. 1292:Peter Joseph Blum, Bishop of Limburg (1842–1884) 1029:Under the constitution of 1814, the Parliament ( 2657:Königliche Regierung zu Wiesbaden (1876–1882). 2152:, which split from the Walramian line in 1255. 1953:Map of majority religions in Nassau (1816–1866) 1784:East side of a boundary stone, inscribed with 1768:West side of a boundary stone, inscribed with 3293: 2845: 1576:August Ludwig von Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg 1347:, in the north of the duchy) and District 4 ( 8: 2804:Jahrbuch für den Kreis Limburg-Weilburg 2012 2344:August Ludwig zu Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg 2198:Ernst Franz Ludwig Marschall von Bieberstein 1375:, the committee's candidate for District 3 ( 1068:, an important business of the Nassau domain 701:coat of arms of the Grand Duke of Luxembourg 655:were also to the east. To the west was the 538:. Its ruling dynasty, now extinct, was the 3593: 3443: 3300: 3286: 3278: 3042: 2961: 2878: 2852: 2838: 2830: 2825:. Wiesbaden: Georg-Ludwig-Hartig-Stiftung. 2790:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2764:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2373: 2355: 2305: 2278: 2229: 2202: 2182: 2159: 2110: 2087: 2064: 2038: 2000:, which was formally established in 1827. 212:The Duchy of Nassau and surrounding states 144: 1973:churches agreed to unite into the single 996:Heinrich Friedrich Karl vom und zum Stein 872:In the course of these arrangements, the 133:Learn how and when to remove this message 3835:States of the Confederation of the Rhine 1748:and became the administrative region of 1648:of Nassau by Prussia. Nassau become the 1591: 1422: 1059: 570:within the borders of the former duchy. 2669:Nassaus Beitrag für das heutige Hessen. 2497: 1758: 2783: 2757: 2551:"Image Gallery of the Coins of Nassau" 1716:. The capital of the new province was 929:on 9 January 1816, and it was his son 663:in the eastern part of Nassau, called 2775:Geschichte von Nassau: Vol. 2. Teil: 2749:Geschichte von Nassau: Vol. 1. Teil: 2572:Verein für Nassauische Altertumskunde 2514:Clotilde Countess of Nassau-Merenberg 566:, and Nassau is also the name of the 378: 368: 364: 338: 326: 314: 310: 302: 7: 1864:in 1815, Nassau was a member of the 899:Frederick William of Nassau-Weilburg 895:Frederick Augustus of Nassau-Usingen 71:adding citations to reliable sources 2123:20 August 1839 – 20 September 1866 1483:Elections for the Erfurt Parliament 3840:States of the German Confederation 3309:States of the German Confederation 2148:derives from the Ottonian line of 955:Ernst Franz Ludwig von Bieberstein 25: 949:The Chief ministers in 1806 were 906:both counties merged to form the 3830:1866 disestablishments in Europe 3332: 2948: 2777:Kultur und Wirtschaftsgeschichte 1805: 1793: 1777: 1761: 484: 459: 445: 431: 187: 175: 47: 2178:Hans Christoph Ernst von Gagern 2100:24 March 1816 – 20 August 1839 2077:30 August 1806 – 24 March 1816 1701:and Luxemburgisches Schloss in 994:. It was heavily influenced by 951:Hans Christoph Ernst von Gagern 697:coat of arms of the Netherlands 558:, it was incorporated into the 58:needs additional citations for 3659:Reuß-Lobenstein und Ebersdorf 2578:, Volume 111, Wiesbaden 2000, 2218:Carl Wilderich von Walderdorff 2013:Poor Handmaids of Jesus Christ 1506:Prussian three-class franchise 1064:A flask of mineral water from 1: 3825:1806 establishments in Europe 2418:. This was minted for use as 1659:Before the conclusion of the 1220:Neun Forderungen der Nassauer 1098:The president of the chamber 1080:Carl Friedrich Emil von Ibell 1011:German revolutions of 1848–49 964:in 1806, the introduction of 920:Principality of Orange-Nassau 467:Principality of Orange-Nassau 2773:Christian Spielmann (1926). 2671:2nd edition. Wiesbaden 1994. 2663:. Wiesbaden: Verlag Limbart. 2599:; Seite: 43; Wiesbaden 1863. 1387:, the southeast) was won by 1256:Meanwhile, on 31 March, the 1149:Coat of arms of Nassau, 1846 1035:Landesdeputiertenversammlung 2449:From 1816, there were also 2321:Friedrich von Wintzingerode 1975:Protestant Church in Nassau 1565:Friedrich von Wintzingerode 1475:, which was to serve as an 3871: 2862:Confederation of the Rhine 2463:Dresden Coinage Convention 1705:. He became Grand Duke of 1665:North German Confederation 1181:, but was not successful. 749:Second Congress of Rastatt 741:War of the First Coalition 532:Confederation of the Rhine 240:Confederation of the Rhine 29: 27:European state (1806–1866) 3794: 3596: 3446: 3330: 3252: 2946: 2712:Winfried Schüler (2006). 2135:Grand Duchy of Luxembourg 1671:that Prussia would annex 1633:. The war was won at the 1130:Accession of Duke Adolphe 1056:The Nassau Domain dispute 410: 396: 365: 351: 311: 201: 171: 166: 2144:The royal family of the 1730:American occupation zone 1654:Province of Hesse-Nassau 1037:) and a house of lords ( 893:On 17 July 1806, Prince 885:and other possessors of 770:Nassau-Usingen had lost 575:Grand Duke of Luxembourg 560:Province of Hesse-Nassau 2267:Emil August von Dungern 1921:University of Göttingen 1732:and became part of the 1545:Hermann, Prince of Wied 1397:constitutional monarchy 1224:Emil August von Dungern 1201:August Hergenhahn in a 1171:Russian orthodox church 1002:period, especially the 761:Imperial Recess of 1803 298:Constitutional monarchy 2459:Munich Currency Treaty 2446: 2438: 1954: 1836:were stationed at the 1746:French occupation zone 1597: 1560: 1517:Frankfurt Constitution 1512:Nassauische Allgemeine 1492: 1458:Nassauische Allgemeine 1442:Nassauische Allgemeine 1428: 1340: 1293: 1206: 1150: 1142: 1069: 1026: 946: 897:and his cousin Prince 704: 653:Free City of Frankfurt 647:. The Landgraviate of 620: 609: 598: 581:, which styles itself 554:in 1866 following the 221: 209: 34:. For other uses, see 2821:Stefan Wöhrl (1994). 2751:Politische Geschichte 2739:. Wiesbaden: 131–144. 2652:. Wiesbaden: 368–376. 2639:. Wiesbaden: 215–306. 2444: 2436: 1952: 1722:administrative region 1595: 1558: 1490: 1477:umbrella organisation 1426: 1419:End of the Revolution 1338: 1310:Nassauische Allgemein 1291: 1278:neighbourhood watches 1200: 1167:Elizabeth Mikhailovna 1163:Wiesbaden City Palace 1148: 1139:Wiesbaden City Palace 1137: 1063: 1024: 944: 841:Nassau-Weilburg lost 694: 615: 604: 596: 284:Common languages 220: 208: 3421:Mecklenburg-Strelitz 3416:Mecklenburg-Schwerin 3133:Mecklenburg-Strelitz 3128:Mecklenburg-Schwerin 2400:partible inheritance 1866:German Confederation 1754:Rhineland-Palatinate 1635:Battle of Königgrätz 1318:Frankfurt Parliament 1093:Grand Duchy of Hesse 992:freedom of the press 985:Constitution of 1814 645:Grand Duchy of Hesse 536:German Confederation 520:Rhineland-Palatinate 252:German Confederation 67:improve this article 3621:Waldeck and Pyrmont 2745:Christian Spielmann 2733:Nassauische Annalen 2646:Nassauische Annalen 2633:Nassauische Annalen 2576:Nassauische Annalen 2486:Landes-Credit-Casse 2445:Nassau Kronenthaler 1917:Kingdom of Hannover 1788:for Hesse-Darmstadt 1389:Karl Philipp Hehner 1211:February Revolution 966:freedom of movement 678:Limburg an der Lahn 556:Austro-Prussian War 371:• Established 18:The Duchy of Nassau 2447: 2439: 2060:Frederick Augustus 1998:diocese of Limburg 1955: 1934:term derived from 1886:Battle of Waterloo 1862:Congress of Vienna 1692:Jagdschloss Platte 1669:Landtag of Prussia 1614:diocese of Limburg 1598: 1561: 1529:Schleswig-Holstein 1493: 1429: 1341: 1294: 1207: 1193:Revolution of 1848 1187:German Catholicism 1151: 1143: 1070: 1027: 947: 916:Congress of Vienna 887:Imperial immediacy 818:, the lordship of 734:Nassau Family Pact 705: 621: 610: 599: 579:Dutch royal family 568:Nassau Nature Park 552:Kingdom of Prussia 322:Frederick Augustus 288:Moselle Franconian 222: 210: 3805: 3804: 3759: 3758: 3685: 3672: 3585: 3584: 3529:Ernestine duchies 3275: 3274: 3248: 3247: 3032: 3031: 2944: 2943: 2813:978-3-927006-48-5 2667:Michael Hollman: 2387: 2386: 2370:August Hergenhahn 2294:August Hergenhahn 2127: 2126: 1772:for Orange-Nassau 1602:Marienstatt Abbey 1596:Marienstatt Abbey 1299:Peter Joseph Blum 1266:Frankfurt-am-Main 1262:St. Paul's Church 1247:electoral college 1215:Vier Jahreszeiten 1175:Mainz Adelsverein 1155:German Zollverein 1109:August Hergenhahn 1000:Concert of Europe 867:Limburg Cathedral 832:Sayn-Altenkirchen 534:and later of the 500: 499: 496: 495: 492: 491: 472: 471: 341:• 1839–1866 329:• 1816–1839 317:• 1806–1816 279: 271: 257: 245: 161: 143: 142: 135: 117: 82:"Duchy of Nassau" 16:(Redirected from 3862: 3850:Former countries 3729: 3728: 3719: 3718: 3696: 3695: 3683: 3678: 3677: 3670: 3665: 3664: 3655: 3654: 3649:Reuss-Lobenstein 3645: 3644: 3616:Schaumburg-Lippe 3594: 3573: 3565: 3557: 3549: 3541: 3520: 3512: 3504: 3496: 3484:Anhalt (Ascania) 3465: 3444: 3336: 3302: 3295: 3288: 3279: 3218:Schaumburg-Lippe 3043: 2962: 2952: 2879: 2854: 2847: 2840: 2831: 2826: 2817: 2800:Franz-Josef Sehr 2795: 2789: 2781: 2769: 2763: 2755: 2740: 2727: 2708: 2693: 2664: 2653: 2640: 2627: 2600: 2593: 2587: 2568: 2562: 2561: 2559: 2557: 2547: 2541: 2535: 2529: 2523: 2517: 2511: 2505: 2502: 2377: 2359: 2352: 2329: 2309: 2302: 2282: 2275: 2253: 2233: 2226: 2206: 2186: 2160: 2120:17 November 1905 2114: 2091: 2068: 2039: 2030: 1977:in 1817, at the 1898:Adjutant general 1838:Siege of Kolberg 1809: 1797: 1781: 1765: 1752:in the state of 1700: 1688:Schloss Weilburg 1650:Wiesbaden Region 1647: 1625:End of the Duchy 1584: 1573: 1498:Union Parliament 1373:Friedrich Schulz 1307: 1260:gathered in the 1230:at that moment. 1117: 1004:Carlsbad Decrees 974:Kulturverordnung 927:Schloss Weilburg 914:In 1815, at the 883:Imperial Knights 830:; from Prussia, 774:, two-thirds of 718:collateral lines 617:Schloss Biebrich 606:Schloss Weilburg 512:Herzogtum Nassau 488: 487: 476: 475: 463: 462: 449: 448: 435: 434: 428: 427: 412: 411: 277: 269: 255: 243: 225: 213: 191: 179: 155: 153:Herzogtum Nassau 145: 138: 131: 127: 124: 118: 116: 75: 51: 43: 21: 3870: 3869: 3865: 3864: 3863: 3861: 3860: 3859: 3820:Duchy of Nassau 3810: 3809: 3806: 3801: 3790: 3755: 3732: 3726: 3725: 3716: 3715: 3699: 3693: 3692: 3675: 3674: 3662: 3661: 3652: 3651: 3642: 3641: 3639:Reuss-Ebersdorf 3625: 3581: 3571: 3563: 3561:Gotha-Altenburg 3555: 3547: 3545:Coburg-Saalfeld 3539: 3523: 3518: 3510: 3502: 3494: 3478: 3463: 3435: 3431:Weimar-Eisenach 3406:Hesse-Darmstadt 3389: 3373: 3337: 3328: 3312: 3306: 3276: 3271: 3244: 3142: 3089: 3085:Weimar-Eisenach 3060:Gotha-Altenburg 3055:Coburg-Saalfeld 3038: 3028: 3002: 2976: 2953: 2940: 2924: 2903: 2871: 2865: 2858: 2820: 2814: 2798: 2782: 2772: 2756: 2743: 2730: 2724: 2711: 2696: 2690: 2674: 2656: 2643: 2630: 2624: 2612: 2609: 2604: 2603: 2595:Otto Satorius: 2594: 2590: 2569: 2565: 2555: 2553: 2549: 2548: 2544: 2536: 2532: 2524: 2520: 2512: 2508: 2503: 2499: 2494: 2412: 2392: 2346: 2323: 2296: 2269: 2247: 2220: 2158: 2156:Chief ministers 2131:House of Nassau 2037: 2024: 2022:Sozialstationen 1947: 1913: 1874: 1846:Sixth Coalition 1825: 1823:Foreign affairs 1820: 1813: 1810: 1801: 1798: 1789: 1782: 1773: 1766: 1694: 1684:Biebrich Palace 1641: 1627: 1578: 1567: 1553: 1551:The Restoration 1485: 1473:Kirberger Union 1421: 1343:In District 1 ( 1301: 1286: 1195: 1132: 1111: 1104:Hanauer Zeitung 1088:July Revolution 1058: 1043:census suffrage 1019: 987: 970:progressive tax 939: 908:Duchy of Nassau 851:Ehrenbreitstein 836:Sayn-Hachenburg 816:Hesse-Darmstadt 726:Nassau-Weilburg 714:House of Nassau 710: 689: 682:Höchst am Main. 673: 591: 540:House of Nassau 504:Duchy of Nassau 485: 460: 446: 439:Nassau-Weilburg 432: 389: 372: 342: 330: 318: 276: 272: 268: 254: 246: 242: 227: 226: 223: 214: 211: 197: 196: 195: 192: 184: 183: 180: 162: 150: 149:Duchy of Nassau 139: 128: 122: 119: 76: 74: 64: 52: 39: 32:House of Nassau 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3868: 3866: 3858: 3857: 3852: 3847: 3842: 3837: 3832: 3827: 3822: 3812: 3811: 3803: 3802: 3800: 3799: 3795: 3792: 3791: 3789: 3788: 3783: 3778: 3773: 3767: 3765: 3761: 3760: 3757: 3756: 3754: 3753: 3748: 3742: 3740: 3734: 3733: 3731: 3730: 3720: 3709: 3707: 3701: 3700: 3698: 3697: 3687: 3679: 3666: 3656: 3646: 3635: 3633: 3627: 3626: 3624: 3623: 3618: 3613: 3608: 3603: 3597: 3591: 3590:Principalities 3587: 3586: 3583: 3582: 3580: 3579: 3574: 3569:Hildburghausen 3566: 3558: 3550: 3542: 3533: 3531: 3525: 3524: 3522: 3521: 3513: 3505: 3497: 3488: 3486: 3480: 3479: 3477: 3476: 3471: 3466: 3458: 3453: 3447: 3441: 3437: 3436: 3434: 3433: 3428: 3423: 3418: 3413: 3408: 3403: 3397: 3395: 3391: 3390: 3388: 3387: 3381: 3379: 3375: 3374: 3372: 3371: 3366: 3361: 3356: 3351: 3345: 3343: 3339: 3338: 3331: 3329: 3327: 3326: 3320: 3318: 3314: 3313: 3307: 3305: 3304: 3297: 3290: 3282: 3273: 3272: 3270: 3269: 3266: 3263: 3260: 3257: 3253: 3250: 3249: 3246: 3245: 3243: 3242: 3237: 3236: 3235: 3230: 3220: 3215: 3210: 3209: 3208: 3203: 3198: 3193: 3183: 3178: 3173: 3168: 3167: 3166: 3161: 3150: 3148: 3147:Principalities 3144: 3143: 3141: 3140: 3135: 3130: 3125: 3120: 3119: 3118: 3113: 3108: 3097: 3095: 3091: 3090: 3088: 3087: 3082: 3077: 3072: 3067: 3065:Hildburghausen 3062: 3057: 3051: 3049: 3040: 3034: 3033: 3030: 3029: 3027: 3026: 3021: 3016: 3010: 3008: 3007:Principalities 3004: 3003: 3001: 3000: 2995: 2990: 2984: 2982: 2978: 2977: 2975: 2974: 2968: 2966: 2959: 2958:States created 2955: 2954: 2947: 2945: 2942: 2941: 2939: 2938: 2932: 2930: 2926: 2925: 2923: 2922: 2917: 2911: 2909: 2905: 2904: 2902: 2901: 2896: 2891: 2885: 2883: 2876: 2867: 2866: 2860:States of the 2859: 2857: 2856: 2849: 2842: 2834: 2828: 2827: 2818: 2812: 2796: 2770: 2741: 2728: 2722: 2709: 2694: 2688: 2672: 2665: 2654: 2641: 2628: 2622: 2608: 2605: 2602: 2601: 2588: 2563: 2542: 2530: 2518: 2506: 2496: 2495: 2493: 2490: 2420:currency money 2411: 2408: 2391: 2388: 2385: 2384: 2381: 2378: 2371: 2367: 2366: 2363: 2360: 2353: 2339: 2338: 2335: 2332: 2330: 2317: 2316: 2313: 2310: 2303: 2290: 2289: 2286: 2283: 2276: 2263: 2262: 2259: 2256: 2254: 2241: 2240: 2237: 2234: 2227: 2214: 2213: 2210: 2207: 2200: 2194: 2193: 2190: 2187: 2180: 2174: 2173: 2170: 2167: 2164: 2163:Chief minister 2157: 2154: 2139:courtesy title 2125: 2124: 2121: 2118: 2115: 2108: 2102: 2101: 2098: 2097:20 August 1839 2095: 2092: 2085: 2079: 2078: 2075: 2072: 2069: 2062: 2056: 2055: 2052: 2049: 2046: 2043: 2036: 2033: 1946: 1943: 1932:Berlin dialect 1912: 1909: 1873: 1870: 1858:La Haye Sainte 1842:Peninsular war 1824: 1821: 1819: 1816: 1815: 1814: 1811: 1804: 1802: 1799: 1792: 1790: 1783: 1776: 1774: 1767: 1760: 1626: 1623: 1552: 1549: 1484: 1481: 1420: 1417: 1405:Casino faction 1393:Burschenschaft 1368:Max von Gagern 1339:Max von Gagern 1285: 1284:1848 elections 1282: 1258:Pre-Parliament 1194: 1191: 1131: 1128: 1057: 1054: 1018: 1015: 986: 983: 938: 935: 824:Katzenelnbogen 745:secularisation 722:Nassau-Usingen 716:produced many 709: 706: 688: 685: 672: 669: 657:Rhine Province 590: 587: 498: 497: 494: 493: 490: 489: 482: 473: 470: 469: 464: 456: 455: 453:Nassau-Usingen 450: 442: 441: 436: 424: 423: 418: 408: 407: 402: 398: 397: 394: 393: 392:23 August 1866 390: 380: 377: 376: 375:30 August 1806 373: 370: 367: 366: 363: 362: 357: 356:Historical era 353: 352: 349: 348: 343: 340: 337: 336: 331: 328: 325: 324: 319: 316: 313: 312: 309: 308: 305: 301: 300: 295: 291: 290: 285: 281: 280: 263: 259: 258: 233: 229: 228: 215: 203: 202: 199: 198: 193: 186: 185: 181: 174: 173: 172: 169: 168: 164: 163: 151: 148: 141: 140: 123:September 2014 55: 53: 46: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3867: 3856: 3853: 3851: 3848: 3846: 3843: 3841: 3838: 3836: 3833: 3831: 3828: 3826: 3823: 3821: 3818: 3817: 3815: 3808: 3797: 3796: 3793: 3787: 3784: 3782: 3779: 3777: 3774: 3772: 3769: 3768: 3766: 3762: 3752: 3751:Sondershausen 3749: 3747: 3744: 3743: 3741: 3739: 3735: 3724: 3721: 3714: 3711: 3710: 3708: 3706: 3702: 3691: 3690:Reuss-Schleiz 3688: 3686: 3680: 3673: 3671:(Junior Line) 3667: 3660: 3657: 3650: 3647: 3640: 3637: 3636: 3634: 3632: 3628: 3622: 3619: 3617: 3614: 3612: 3609: 3607: 3606:Liechtenstein 3604: 3602: 3601:Hesse-Homburg 3599: 3598: 3595: 3592: 3588: 3578: 3575: 3570: 3567: 3562: 3559: 3554: 3551: 3546: 3543: 3538: 3535: 3534: 3532: 3530: 3526: 3517: 3514: 3509: 3506: 3501: 3498: 3493: 3490: 3489: 3487: 3485: 3481: 3475: 3472: 3470: 3467: 3462: 3459: 3457: 3454: 3452: 3449: 3448: 3445: 3442: 3438: 3432: 3429: 3427: 3424: 3422: 3419: 3417: 3414: 3412: 3409: 3407: 3404: 3402: 3399: 3398: 3396: 3394:Grand duchies 3392: 3386: 3383: 3382: 3380: 3376: 3370: 3367: 3365: 3362: 3360: 3357: 3355: 3352: 3350: 3347: 3346: 3344: 3340: 3335: 3325: 3322: 3321: 3319: 3315: 3310: 3303: 3298: 3296: 3291: 3289: 3284: 3283: 3280: 3267: 3264: 3261: 3258: 3255: 3254: 3251: 3241: 3238: 3234: 3233:Sondershausen 3231: 3229: 3226: 3225: 3224: 3221: 3219: 3216: 3214: 3211: 3207: 3204: 3202: 3199: 3197: 3194: 3192: 3189: 3188: 3187: 3184: 3182: 3181:Lippe-Detmold 3179: 3177: 3176:Liechtenstein 3174: 3172: 3169: 3165: 3162: 3160: 3157: 3156: 3155: 3152: 3151: 3149: 3145: 3139: 3136: 3134: 3131: 3129: 3126: 3124: 3121: 3117: 3114: 3112: 3109: 3107: 3104: 3103: 3102: 3099: 3098: 3096: 3094:Other duchies 3092: 3086: 3083: 3081: 3078: 3076: 3073: 3071: 3068: 3066: 3063: 3061: 3058: 3056: 3053: 3052: 3050: 3048: 3047:Saxon duchies 3044: 3041: 3035: 3025: 3022: 3020: 3017: 3015: 3014:Aschaffenburg 3012: 3011: 3009: 3005: 2999: 2996: 2994: 2991: 2989: 2986: 2985: 2983: 2981:Grand Duchies 2979: 2973: 2970: 2969: 2967: 2963: 2960: 2956: 2951: 2937: 2934: 2933: 2931: 2927: 2921: 2918: 2916: 2913: 2912: 2910: 2908:Grand Duchies 2906: 2900: 2897: 2895: 2892: 2890: 2887: 2886: 2884: 2880: 2877: 2875: 2870:Rank elevated 2868: 2863: 2855: 2850: 2848: 2843: 2841: 2836: 2835: 2832: 2824: 2819: 2815: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2787: 2779: 2776: 2771: 2767: 2761: 2753: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2729: 2725: 2723:3-930221-16-0 2719: 2715: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2701: 2695: 2691: 2689:3-922244-90-4 2685: 2681: 2677: 2676:Otto Renkhoff 2673: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2661: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2629: 2625: 2623:3-922244-46-7 2619: 2615: 2611: 2610: 2606: 2598: 2592: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2567: 2564: 2552: 2546: 2543: 2539: 2534: 2531: 2527: 2522: 2519: 2515: 2510: 2507: 2501: 2498: 2491: 2489: 2487: 2482: 2480: 2476: 2475:Vereinsthaler 2472: 2468: 2465:in 1838, the 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2443: 2435: 2431: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2409: 2407: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2396:Mittelgebirge 2389: 2382: 2379: 2376: 2372: 2369: 2368: 2364: 2361: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2345: 2341: 2340: 2336: 2333: 2331: 2327: 2322: 2319: 2318: 2314: 2311: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2295: 2292: 2291: 2287: 2284: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2268: 2265: 2264: 2260: 2257: 2255: 2251: 2246: 2243: 2242: 2238: 2235: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2219: 2216: 2215: 2211: 2208: 2205: 2201: 2199: 2196: 2195: 2191: 2188: 2185: 2181: 2179: 2176: 2175: 2171: 2168: 2165: 2162: 2161: 2155: 2153: 2151: 2150:Orange-Nassau 2147: 2142: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2122: 2119: 2116: 2113: 2109: 2107: 2104: 2103: 2099: 2096: 2093: 2090: 2086: 2084: 2081: 2080: 2076: 2074:24 March 1816 2073: 2071:23 April 1738 2070: 2067: 2063: 2061: 2058: 2057: 2053: 2050: 2047: 2044: 2041: 2040: 2034: 2032: 2028: 2023: 2018: 2015:, founded in 2014: 2010: 2006: 2005:Redemptorists 2001: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1986: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1951: 1944: 1942: 1940: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1924: 1922: 1918: 1910: 1908: 1906: 1905:Prussian Army 1901: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1878: 1871: 1869: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1832:. Then three 1831: 1822: 1817: 1808: 1803: 1796: 1791: 1787: 1780: 1775: 1771: 1764: 1759: 1757: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1710: 1708: 1704: 1698: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1680: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1657: 1655: 1651: 1645: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1624: 1622: 1618: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1577: 1571: 1566: 1557: 1550: 1548: 1546: 1542: 1536: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1513: 1508: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1489: 1482: 1480: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1465: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1450:Freie Zeitung 1447: 1443: 1439: 1438:Freie Zeitung 1433: 1425: 1418: 1416: 1412: 1410: 1406: 1401: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1369: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1327: 1321: 1319: 1314: 1311: 1305: 1300: 1290: 1283: 1281: 1279: 1275: 1269: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1254: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1238: 1235: 1231: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1216: 1212: 1204: 1199: 1192: 1190: 1188: 1182: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1147: 1140: 1136: 1129: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1110: 1105: 1101: 1096: 1094: 1089: 1083: 1081: 1076: 1067: 1066:Niederselters 1062: 1055: 1053: 1050: 1046: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1023: 1016: 1014: 1012: 1007: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 984: 982: 979: 975: 971: 967: 963: 958: 956: 952: 943: 937:Reform period 936: 934: 932: 928: 923: 921: 917: 912: 909: 905: 900: 896: 891: 888: 884: 878: 875: 870: 868: 864: 860: 856: 852: 848: 844: 839: 837: 833: 829: 825: 821: 817: 813: 809: 805: 801: 797: 793: 789: 785: 781: 777: 773: 768: 766: 762: 758: 754: 750: 746: 742: 737: 735: 731: 727: 723: 719: 715: 708:Establishment 707: 702: 698: 693: 686: 684: 683: 679: 670: 668: 666: 662: 658: 654: 650: 649:Hesse-Homburg 646: 642: 638: 634: 630: 626: 618: 614: 607: 603: 595: 588: 586: 584: 583:Orange-Nassau 580: 576: 571: 569: 565: 561: 557: 553: 549: 545: 541: 537: 533: 529: 525: 521: 517: 513: 509: 505: 483: 481: 478: 477: 474: 468: 465: 458: 457: 454: 451: 444: 443: 440: 437: 430: 429: 426: 425: 422: 419: 417: 414: 413: 409: 406: 403: 399: 395: 391: 388: 384: 374: 361: 358: 354: 350: 347: 344: 335: 332: 323: 320: 306: 299: 296: 292: 289: 286: 282: 275: 267: 264: 260: 253: 249: 241: 237: 234: 230: 219: 207: 200: 190: 178: 170: 165: 159: 154: 146: 137: 134: 126: 115: 112: 108: 105: 101: 98: 94: 91: 87: 84: – 83: 79: 78:Find sources: 72: 68: 62: 61: 56:This article 54: 50: 45: 44: 41: 37: 33: 19: 3807: 3727:(until 1850) 3717:(until 1850) 3705:Hohenzollern 3694:(until 1848) 3684:(Elder Line) 3682:Reuss-Greiz 3653:(until 1824) 3643:(until 1824) 3572:(until 1826) 3564:(until 1826) 3553:Coburg-Gotha 3548:(until 1826) 3519:(until 1847) 3511:(until 1863) 3503:(until 1863) 3468: 3385:Hesse-Kassel 3154:Hohenzollern 3037:Pre-existing 2935: 2822: 2803: 2780:. Montabaur. 2778: 2774: 2754:. Wiesbaden. 2752: 2748: 2736: 2732: 2713: 2707:. Wiesbaden. 2704: 2698: 2679: 2668: 2659: 2649: 2645: 2636: 2632: 2613: 2607:Bibliography 2596: 2591: 2571: 2566: 2554:. Retrieved 2545: 2533: 2521: 2509: 2500: 2483: 2451:Kronenthaler 2448: 2413: 2393: 2143: 2128: 2117:24 July 1817 2094:14 June 1792 2002: 1987: 1979:Unionskirche 1956: 1927: 1925: 1914: 1902: 1884:. After the 1879: 1875: 1826: 1785: 1769: 1714:Hesse-Nassau 1711: 1681: 1677:Hesse-Kassel 1661:Prague Peace 1658: 1628: 1619: 1599: 1587: 1562: 1537: 1511: 1509: 1494: 1472: 1469:sports clubs 1466: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1434: 1430: 1413: 1402: 1380: 1353:Carl Schenck 1342: 1330: 1322: 1315: 1309: 1295: 1274:Schultheißen 1270: 1255: 1239: 1236: 1232: 1219: 1214: 1208: 1183: 1152: 1124: 1120: 1103: 1100:Georg Herber 1097: 1084: 1071: 1051: 1047: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1028: 1008: 988: 973: 959: 948: 924: 913: 907: 892: 879: 871: 840: 769: 738: 730:Nassau-Dietz 711: 674: 622: 572: 511: 503: 501: 480:Hesse-Nassau 421:Succeeded by 420: 415: 405:Kronenthaler 194:Coat of arms 152: 129: 120: 110: 103: 96: 89: 77: 65:Please help 60:verification 57: 40: 3764:Free cities 3738:Schwarzburg 3723:Sigmaringen 3676:(from 1848) 3669:Reuss-Gera 3663:(1824-1848) 3556:(from 1826) 3540:(from 1826) 3495:(from 1863) 3464:(from 1839) 3378:Electorates 3369:Württemberg 3311:(1815–1866) 3223:Schwarzburg 3164:Sigmaringen 2899:Württemberg 2864:(1806–1813) 2347: [ 2324: [ 2297: [ 2270: [ 2248: [ 2221: [ 2146:Netherlands 2025: [ 1695: [ 1642: [ 1579: [ 1568: [ 1409:Westendhall 1302: [ 1112: [ 772:Saarbrücken 573:Today, the 546:, although 526:. It was a 416:Preceded by 278:(1816–1866) 270:(1806–1816) 256:(1815–1866) 244:(1806–1813) 3814:Categories 3746:Rudolstadt 3411:Luxembourg 3268:until 1811 3262:until 1809 3259:until 1810 3228:Rudolstadt 3201:Lobenstein 3024:Regensburg 2972:Westphalia 2492:References 1834:battalions 1707:Luxembourg 1703:Königstein 1639:annexation 1606:Westerwald 1533:Palatinate 1531:, and the 1462:censorship 1454:Allgemeine 1385:Königstein 1357:Dillenburg 1326:Westerwald 1243:unicameral 1203:lithograph 1039:Herrenbank 1031:Landstände 1017:Parliament 904:Napoleon I 792:Königstein 776:Saarwerden 739:After the 671:Population 629:Westerwald 518:states of 360:Modern era 294:Government 93:newspapers 3798:partially 3776:Frankfurt 3713:Hechingen 3577:Meiningen 3537:Altenburg 3474:Lauenburg 3451:Brunswick 3426:Oldenburg 3265:from 1809 3256:from 1810 3191:Ebersdorf 3159:Hechingen 3138:Oldenburg 3070:Meiningen 2993:Frankfurt 2786:cite book 2760:cite book 2584:0077-2887 2009:Bornhofen 1963:Mennonite 1936:Rotwelsch 1911:Education 1854:Hougemont 1750:Montabaur 1742:Darmstadt 1726:Wiesbaden 1652:into the 1381:Lahnboten 1361:Montabaur 1349:Nastätten 874:Kammergut 863:Montabaur 855:Vallendar 843:Kirchheim 800:Lahnstein 780:Ottweiler 589:Geography 548:Wiesbaden 274:Wiesbaden 167:1806–1866 3500:Bernburg 3456:Holstein 3342:Kingdoms 3171:Isenburg 3123:Arenberg 3106:Bernburg 3080:Eisenach 2998:Würzburg 2965:Kingdoms 2882:Kingdoms 2874:Napoleon 2747:(1909). 2678:(1992). 2428:kreutzer 2410:Currency 2017:Dernbach 1994:Holy See 1971:Reformed 1967:Lutheran 1945:Religion 1928:nassauer 1890:pioneers 1872:Military 1850:Waterloo 1818:Politics 1673:Hannover 1610:guilders 1464:regime. 1452:and the 1446:Lahnbote 1365:Freiherr 1345:Rennerod 828:Braubach 820:Eppstein 804:Rheingau 802:and the 796:Cronberg 784:guilders 765:Napoleon 651:and the 635:and the 401:Currency 266:Weilburg 3781:Hamburg 3461:Limburg 3440:Duchies 3364:Hanover 3354:Bavaria 3349:Prussia 3324:Austria 3317:Empires 3240:Waldeck 3206:Schleiz 2929:Duchies 2889:Bavaria 2556:5 April 2416:guilder 2404:peddler 2390:Economy 2342:Prince 2106:Adolphe 2083:William 1990:diocese 1983:Idstein 1939:Yiddish 1894:brigade 1631:Austria 1604:in the 1541:Selters 1521:Idstein 1377:Limburg 1159:Adolphe 962:serfdom 931:William 814:; from 808:Cologne 806:; from 687:History 665:Wetzlar 661:exclave 530:of the 387:Prussia 383:Annexed 381:• 334:William 262:Capital 250:of the 238:of the 107:scholar 3855:Taunus 3786:Lübeck 3771:Bremen 3516:Köthen 3508:Dessau 3492:Anhalt 3469:Nassau 3359:Saxony 3116:Köthen 3111:Dessau 3101:Anhalt 3075:Weimar 3039:states 2936:Nassau 2894:Saxony 2810: 2720: 2686: 2620: 2582: 2471:Heller 2467:Thaler 2172:Until 2054:Reign 1959:United 1830:Berlin 1718:Kassel 1502:Erfurt 1228:Berlin 1205:, 1848 826:, and 788:Höchst 759:. 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