476:). Rather, the Board of Trustees, acting through the school's president, suppressed any criticism of the status quo. Many faculty members were dismissed, driven out or denied promotion because of their political activities or views. Sinclair says that academic freedom was suppressed at church-sponsored and tax-supported (state) schools, as well as at private ones. Only one or two faculty members allowed Sinclair to use their names.
453:--until he made this survey." Of the boards of the 29 largest universities, "the plutocratic classâŠcomposed 56 per cent of the membership of the privately controlled boards, and 68 per cent of the publicly controlled boards.â In contrast, the board members included 4-6 per cent farmers, no representatives of labor, and no inhouse professors to represent the
987:
A paper presented at the Annual
Meeting of the National Council for the Social Studies (64th, Washington, DC, November 15â19, 1984). "Upton Sinclair and the New Critics of Education" by Jack L Nelson. Abstract: Upton Sinclair's critique of education is examined, and what today's critics of education
468:
This occurs in various ways. The school president serves the board rather than the educational interest of the students. Unqualified but politically conservative men are hired as administrators or professors. University funds are invested at artificially low interest rates at favored banks. Schools
787:
Briefer references to: MIT, Cincinnati, Washington
University, Temple, Nebraska, Oklahoma, Iowa, Ohio State, Beloit, Marietta College, Rockford College, Williams College, Delaware, Bryn Mawr. Religious colleges: Wooster, Muskingum, Allegheny, Washburn, American University, Trinity, Baylor, SMU,
535:
for bringing an enormous mass of information together in an engaging and readable book. It is âmuckraking at its bestâ, an âhonest effort to find out the truthâ and "indispensable to any student of present
American life." While they rarely if ever find errors of fact, they criticize Sinclair's
469:
purchase land from people in their administration. The administration represses radical students and prohibits speeches by
Socialists like Sinclair. Students at state universities, which are funded by the public, are nevertheless taught to serve the interests of the rich.
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its sources, critical history, and relationship to criticisms of higher education." A Ph.D. dissertation in the history of education by
Abraham Blinderman at New York University (1963). Dissertation Abstracts International, 25, no. 04, (1963): 2334. Accession No:
464:
For each school (see below), Sinclair describes how the interlocking directorate exercises its influence on the school's Board of
Trustees. Bankers and powerful local businessmen dominate the boards, ensuring that school policies support their class interest.
165:
control of
American colleges and universities. Sinclair writes, âOur educational system is not a public service, but an instrument of special privilege; its purpose is not to further the welfare of mankind, but merely to keep America capitalist." (p. 18)
484:, who does not want his name used. I asked him what he thought about the status of his profession, and he gave the best description of academic freedom in America that I have yet come upon. He said, 'We are good cows; we stand quietly in our
35:
341:. With the title, Sinclair implies that students in American universities and colleges were being trained to think in unison like German students. This is not surprising, he implies, as the presidents of major universities--
523:(only 2-3 per cent were unionized). He also wanted college students to experience real life: they should visit jails and work in factories, or alternatively have prisoners and labor leaders speak at their schools.
492:
Other chapters deal with the importance of keeping the support of wealthy and politically conservative alumni/donors, and the influence of plutocrat-founded policy organizations like
488:, and give down our milk at regular hours. We are free, because we have no desire to do anything but what we are told we ought to do. And we die of premature senility.'" (p. 247)
272:
against suspected radicals occurred in 1919, and superpatriotic organizations like the business-sponsored, anti-union Better
America Foundation worked to shape public opinion.
197:(literature). Using "Dead Hand" as the title of the series, Sinclair tried to show the difference between the reality of a 'Dead Hand' of greed in human life and the ideal of
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Regarding suppression of academic freedom, one critic argues that âmany , perhaps a majority, were the result of war hysteria and should not be regarded as typical.â
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Sinclair originally intended to also critique elementary and high schools, but because of length he saved that material for another book, published in 1924 as
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The
Commercial Federation of California, renamed the Better America Federation in 1920 and well funded by large corporate interests, was "a kind of
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A critical and appreciative study of the controversial author examines his literary significance as well as his impact on
American social history
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for the school follows; it refers to the major source of plutocratic influence on the Board of Directors or school administration.
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society of the rich." The Commercial Federation had been founded by Harry Haldeman, a Los Angeles businessman (and grandfather of
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950:"Jabbergrab: Heroes of Finance" is a publication Sinclair invented for a satirical short story titled "A Captain of Industry."
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on June 19, 2005 discusses the current commercialization of academia. Available through Proquest (subscription required).
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Sinclair spent a year traveling the country for the book and interviewed over a thousand persons. Sinclair also used
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To explain how higher education is controlled by financial interests, Sinclair quotes from a report of the 1913
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interpretation as oversimplified: plutocrats are not responsible for all the problems with higher education.
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students and applicants. Final chapters support the alternative of workersâ education and labor colleges.
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of the corporations, sometimes several on each board, and their orders are obeyed because they control
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under their control, manage the financial affairs and direct the policies of a hundred and twelve key
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Among his prescriptions for change, Sinclair wanted more professors to unionize by joining the
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373:(p. 314)--had studied in Germany. âEveryone (sic) of them learned the Goose-step under the
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The book is one of the âDead Handâ series: six books Sinclair wrote on American
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and florid patriotism of the war years had stirred up passions against
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in the United States. On the left, there was widespread interest in
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228:. It was a time of great political awareness and activism on both
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The interlocking directorate was equally well represented on the
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Bethany, Emory and Henry, and Drew Theological Seminary (later
512:," concerns some institutionsâ efforts to reduce the number of
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Also Eells, Walter Crosby, "Criticisms of Higher Education",
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Critiques of higher education had recently appeared, such as
576:: The University of U.G.I. (United Gas Improvement Company)
146:
is a book, published in 1923, by the American novelist and
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can learn from him is discussed. Available online through
433:, which is the life-blood of our business world." (p. 19)
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and âforeignâ ideas such as Socialism and Communism. The
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Print (Hardcover first edition, softcover second edition)
457:. (Clark's findings were confirmed by a 1917 study by
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Contemporary readers would have recognized the title,
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All page numbers refer to the second edition (1923).
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of American universities. Sinclair cites a survey by
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Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching
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Reprinted 2004 by Kessinger Publishing in paperback
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884:Hicks, Granville, "The Survival of Upton Sinclair"
992:, Accession no. ED260954 (subscription required).
811:(Denver), Y.M.C.A. College (Springfield, MA),
28:The Goose-step: A Study of American Education
1288:The Goose-step: A Study of American Education
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521:American Association of University Professors
256:was in the news, with the Italian anarchists
143:The Goose-step: A Study of American Education
8:
609:(Eugene, Or.): The University of the Lumber
594:(Berkeley): The University of the Black Hand
27:
857:Bloodworth, William A. (December 1, 1977).
845:, an online database of academic journals.
1229:The Flivver King: A Story of Ford-America
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841:The cited references can be found through
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1447:History of education in the United States
920:Lovett, Robert Morss, "Upton Sinclair,"
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906:The Mississippi Valley Historical Review
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718:(Detroit): The University of Automobiles
624:(four schools): The Universities of the
244:, especially in the results of the 1917
187:(elementary and high school education),
978:A book review by Russell Jacoby in the
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618:(Seattle): The University of the Chimes
1386:1934 California gubernatorial election
417:; and the two trust companies are the
391:United States House of Representatives
193:(great literature, art and music) and
670:-Grand Forks: The University of Wheat
7:
1304:Mental Radio: Does it work, and how?
480:"I talked with another professor at
1312:Upton Sinclair Presents William Fox
961:5 (4) (Apr. 1934), pp. 187â9.
413:, the First National Bank, and the
333:as referring to the authoritarian
861:. Twayne Publishers. p. 101.
25:
782:University of Southern California
664:North Dakota Agricultural College
558:: The University of the House of
363:University of California-Berkeley
959:The Journal of Higher Education,
409:of America. The three banks are
369:(p. 115), and the chancellor of
908:10 (3) (Dec., 1923), pp. 336-7.
795:Institutions Sinclair praises:
772:College of the City of New York
683:University of WisconsinâMadison
425:. Their directors sit upon the
1173:The Journal of Arthur Stirling
829:New School for Social Research
767:: The University of Jabbergrab
724:: The University of the Steel
658:: The Colleges of the Smelter
282:The Higher Learning in America
209:concept of guiding economics.
1:
531:Critics have usually praised
924:17 (9) (Nov., 1928), 706-14.
825:University of North Carolina
676:: The University of the Ore
648:: The Mining Camp University
252:ideas were still alive, and
221:was written during the postâ
888:4 (4) (Jan., 1943), 213-20.
770:City Colleges of New York (
508:. A chapter, "The Academic
173:. The series also includes
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797:Union Theological Seminary
668:University of North Dakota
574:University of Pennsylvania
1381:End Poverty in California
399:Interlocking directorates
296:like student newspapers.
158:into the consequences of
32:
1154:The Return of Lanny Budd
1008:(Free, from Archive.org)
809:Iliff School of Theology
801:Berkeley Divinity School
745:Johns Hopkins University
722:University of Pittsburgh
656:Colorado School of Mines
639:: The University of the
616:University of Washington
592:University of California
411:J. P. Morgan and Company
299:Sinclair had studied at
1437:Books by Upton Sinclair
1272:The Profits of Religion
1023:, Bloomington, Indiana.
697:Northwestern University
674:University of Minnesota
506:General Education Board
176:The Profits of Religion
1452:Sociology of education
1432:1923 non-fiction books
1197:They Call Me Carpenter
1011:Sinclairâs papers for
716:University of Michigan
706:University of Illinois
543:Institutions mentioned
309:Nicholas Murray Butler
1442:Books about education
900:Alvord, Clarence W.,
688:University of Chicago
622:University of Montana
18:The Goose-step (book)
1457:Self-published books
1397:Upton Sinclair House
1130:Presidential Mission
733:: The University of
699:: The University of
690:: The University of
646:University of Denver
607:University of Oregon
588:: The Bull-Dogâs Den
580:Princeton University
567:: The University of
451:Princeton University
1391:Mary Craig Sinclair
1363:There Will Be Blood
922:The English Journal
765:New York University
760:Wesleyan University
731:Syracuse University
631:University of Idaho
598:Stanford University
556:Columbia University
502:John D. Rockefeller
371:New York University
301:Columbia University
217:Published in 1923,
29:
1146:O Shepherd, Speak!
1106:Presidential Agent
1082:Between Two Worlds
1021:Indiana University
750:Cornell University
637:University of Utah
582:: The Tigerâs Lair
565:Harvard University
527:Critical reactions
439:boards of trustees
415:National City Bank
292:like letters, and
258:Sacco and Vanzetti
246:Russian Revolution
134:The Goslings
1467:1923 in education
1419:
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1403:ÂĄQue viva MĂ©xico!
1066:Lanny Budd series
1003:Full PDF copy of
981:Los Angeles Times
803:(Middletown CT),
641:Latter Day Saints
605:(Portland, Or.),
377:!â (p. 115)
294:secondary sources
139:
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99:Publication place
16:(Redirected from
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1355:The Gnome-Mobile
1331:Film adaptations
1264:The Fasting Cure
1098:Wide is the Gate
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603:Reed College
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355:Pennsylvania
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185:The Goslings
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171:institutions
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120:
1256:Non-fiction
1074:World's End
1015:are at the
975:AAG6406547.
941:). (p. 129)
813:Harvard Law
547:Sinclair's
443:Evans Clark
339:World War I
223:World War I
160:plutocratic
154:. It is an
150:journalist
1426:Categories
1393:(2nd wife)
1339:The Jungle
1181:The Jungle
935:black hand
904:(Review),
837:References
821:Swarthmore
701:Judge Gary
486:stanchions
329:Goose-step
199:Adam Smith
163:capitalist
148:muckraking
82:California
1296:Mammonart
1189:King Coal
1057:Works by
447:preceptor
423:Equitable
343:Princeton
254:Anarchism
242:Communism
238:Socialism
226:Red Scare
190:Mammonart
73:Publisher
67:Sociology
778:: women)
633:(Moscow)
626:Anaconda
421:and the
419:Guaranty
367:Stanford
347:Columbia
335:Prussian
266:pacifism
262:jingoism
250:Populist
78:Pasadena
55:Language
1374:Related
817:Amherst
805:Oberlin
774:: men;
549:epithet
482:Chicago
455:faculty
389:of the
351:Harvard
213:Context
63:Subject
58:English
1366:(2007)
1358:(1967)
1350:(1932)
1342:(1914)
1323:(1956)
1315:(1933)
1307:(1930)
1299:(1925)
1291:(1923)
1283:(1919)
1275:(1917)
1267:(1911)
1248:(1976)
1240:(1938)
1232:(1937)
1224:(1931)
1216:(1928)
1213:Boston
1208:(1927)
1200:(1922)
1192:(1917)
1184:(1906)
1176:(1903)
1157:(1953)
1149:(1949)
1141:(1948)
1133:(1947)
1125:(1946)
1117:(1945)
1109:(1944)
1101:(1943)
1093:(1942)
1085:(1941)
1077:(1940)
865:
735:Heaven
560:Morgan
514:Jewish
510:Pogrom
431:credit
427:boards
375:Kaiser
124:
76:Self (
45:Author
843:JSTOR
726:Trust
678:Trust
660:Trust
611:Trust
445:, "a
321:Title
234:right
1410:Mank
1205:Oil!
990:ERIC
863:ISBN
500:and
365:and
359:Yale
327:The
240:and
232:and
230:left
201:âs "
94:1923
792:).
504:âs
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461:.)
449:in
303:in
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331:,
284:.
84:)
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