Glorious First of June - Knowledge (XXG)

2972:. Montagu had returned to England after his unsuccessful May cruise, and was refitting in Portsmouth when ordered to sea again. His force of ten ships was intended to both cover Howe's withdrawal from Biscay, and find and attack the French grain convoy. Montagu returned to sea on 3 June, and by 8 June was off Ushant searching for signs of either the French or Howe; unknown to him, neither had yet entered European waters. At 15:30 on 8 June Montagu spotted sails, and soon identified them as the enemy. He had located Cornic's squadron, which was also patrolling for the convoy and the returning fleets. Montagu gave chase and drove Cornic into Bertheaume Bay, where he blockaded the French squadron overnight, hoping to bring them to action the following day. However, on 9 June, Montagu sighted 19 French ships appearing from the west—the remnants of Villaret's fleet. Hastily turning his ships, Montagu sailed south to avoid becoming trapped between two forces which might easily overwhelm him. Villaret and Cornic gave chase for a day before turning east towards the safety of the French ports. 3116:

reward for their part in the battle. The list included Vice-Admirals Graves and Hood, Rear-Admirals Bowyer, Gardner, and Pasley, and Captains Seymour, Pakenham, Cranfield Berkeley, Gambier, John Harvey, Payne, Henry Harvey, Pringle, Duckworth, Elphinstone, Nichols, and Hope. Also mentioned were Lieutenants Monkton and Donnelly. The list had omitted a number of officers who had served in the battle, and the justice of their omission was a highly controversial issue in the Navy. Rear-Admiral Caldwell was the sole British flag officer present not to receive a hereditary honour, although he was promoted to Vice-Admiral on 4 July (as were Bowyer and Gardner). After studying the ship's logs and reports of the battle, the Admiralty minted a medal to be awarded to the living captains on the list only (although Captain

3101: 1510:, Howe spent two weeks searching the Bay of Biscay for the grain convoy, returning to Brest on 18 May to discover that Villaret had sailed the previous day. Returning to sea in search of his opponent, Howe pursued Villaret deep into the Atlantic. Also at sea during this period were the squadrons of Nielly (French) and Montagu (British), both of whom had met with some success; Nielly had captured a number of British merchant ships and Montagu had taken several back. Nielly was the first to encounter the grain convoy, deep in the Atlantic in the second week of May. He took it under escort as it moved closer to Europe, while Montagu was searching fruitlessly to the south. 1342: 1226: 2937:), records made by the French captains of their losses at the time are incomplete. The only immediately available casualty counts are the sketchy reports of Saint-André and the records made by British officers aboard the captured ships, neither of which can be treated as completely reliable. Most sources accept that French casualties in the campaign numbered approximately 7,000, including around 3,000 captured, but these figures are vague and frequently do not agree with each other on details. British casualties are easier to confirm but here, too, there are some discrepancies; overall British casualties are generally given as around 1,200. 1386:. Saint-André's job was to report directly to the National Convention on the revolutionary ardour of both the fleet and its admiral. He frequently intervened in strategic planning and tactical operations. Shortly after his arrival, Saint-André proposed issuing a decree ordering that any officer deemed to have shown insufficient zeal in defending his ship in action should be put to death on his return to France, although this highly controversial legislation does not appear to have ever been acted upon. Although his interference was a source of frustration for Villaret, Saint-André's dispatches to Paris were published regularly in 2548: 200: 1470: 169: 1626: 70: 1564: 1190:, with many experienced sailors being executed, imprisoned or dismissed from the service for perceived disloyalty. The shortage of provisions was more than a navy problem though; France itself was starving because the social upheavals of the previous year had combined with a harsh winter to ruin the harvest. By this time at war with all her neighbours, France had nowhere to turn for overland imports of fresh provisions. Eventually a solution to the food crisis was agreed by the 2946: 2850: 1555:, enabling him to further attack Villaret at a time of his choosing. Three French ships were sent back to port with damage, but these losses were offset by reinforcements gained the following day with the arrival of Nielly's detached squadron. Battle was postponed during the next two days because of thick fog, but when the haze lifted on 1 June 1794, the battle lines were only 6 miles (10 km) apart and Howe was prepared to force a decisive action. 2836: 212: 181: 3044: 2753: 2227: 2772:, having successfully broken contact with the British flagship and slipped away to the north, managed to gather 11 ships of the line around him and formed them up in a reconstituted battle squadron. At 11:30, with the main action drawing to a close, he began a recovery manoeuvre intended to lessen the tactical defeat his fleet had suffered. Aiming his new squadron at the battered 1477: 5309: 3023:. Kerguelen was disgusted by Villaret's failure to renew the battle after he had reformed his squadron, and felt that the French fleet could have been successful tactically as well as strategically if only Villaret had made greater efforts to engage the remains of Howe's fleet. The French Navy had suffered its worst losses in a single day since the 1541:, still locked in combat behind them. These two ships parted company during the night and eventually returned to their respective home ports. By this stage Villaret knew through his patrolling frigates that the grain convoy was close, and deliberately took his fleet to the west, hoping to decoy Howe away from the vital convoy. 3152:. Molloy was accused of cowardice by fellow officers for his failure to follow Howe's orders on both 29 May and 1 June. Molloy's request for an official court-martial to clear his name failed, and although his personal courage was not called into question, his professional ability was. Molloy was dismissed from his ship. 1612:, Howe's plan began to falter. Many of the British captains had either misunderstood or ignored the signal and were hanging back in the original line. Other ships were still struggling with damage from Howe's earlier engagements and could not get into action fast enough. The result was a ragged formation tipped by 3004:

precluded extensive awards, but Villaret was promoted to vice-admiral on 27 September 1794 and other minor awards were distributed to the admirals of the fleet. In addition the fleet's officers took part in a celebratory parade from Brest to Paris, accompanying the recently arrived food supplies. The

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In fact, the British fleet was unable to pursue Villaret, having only 11 ships still capable of battle to the French 12, and having numerous dismasted ships and prizes to protect. Retiring and regrouping, the British crews set about making hasty repairs and securing their prizes; seven in total,

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There was, however, a bitter consequence of the awards, rooted in Howe's official dispatch to the Admiralty concerning the battle, which according to some accounts was actually written by Curtis. Howe had appended a list to his report containing the names of officers whom he believed merited special

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Ultimately the revolutionary excesses of the period would prove disastrous for the French Navy. Poor leadership, conflicting and arbitrary orders and the decimation of the experienced seamen in the ranks promoted a negative attitude in the French officer corps. The French battlefleet did not contest

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12 years earlier). Instead, Howe ordered each of his ships to turn individually towards the French line, intending to breach it at every point and rake the French ships at both bow and stern. The British captains would then pull up on the leeward side of their opposite numbers, cutting them off

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away, often without either side losing a ship or taking an enemy. In contrast, Howe was counting on the professionalism of his captains and crews combined with the advantage of the weather gage to attack the French directly, driving through their line. However, this time he did not plan to manoeuvre

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responded instantly by executing a swathe of senior officers and ship's non-commissioned officers. Hundreds more officers and sailors were imprisoned, banished or dismissed from naval service. The effect of this purge was devastating, seriously degrading the fighting ability of the fleet by removing

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The Glorious First of June demonstrated a number of the major problems inherent in the French and British navies at the start of the Revolutionary Wars. Both admirals were faced with disobedience from their captains, along with ill-discipline and poor training among their shorthanded crews, and they

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It has been suggested by historian Peter Padfield that allowing Villaret to escape Brest was part of a deliberate strategy on Howe's part. If Howe could draw Villaret into the open ocean, he could rely on superior training and tactics to destroy the French fleet in battle. If successful, this would

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that headed unevenly for Villaret's fleet. The French responded by firing on the British ships as they approached, but the lack of training and coordination in the French fleet was obvious; many ships which did obey Howe's order and attacked the French directly arrived in action without significant

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Despite Howe's pursuit, the main French sortie found initial success, running into a Dutch convoy and taking 20 ships from it on Villaret's first day at sea. For the next week Howe continued to follow the French, seizing and burning a trail of French-held Dutch ships and enemy corvettes. On 25

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and engage their immediate opponent. This unexpected order was not understood by all of his captains, and as a result, his attack was more piecemeal than he intended. Nevertheless, his ships inflicted a severe tactical defeat on the French fleet. In the aftermath of the battle both fleets were left

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on 12 June, joined soon afterwards by Montagu. Villaret had anchored with Cornic in Bertheaume Bay the day before, but Saint-André refused to allow him to enter Brest until the republican attitudes of the town's population had been assessed. On 12 June, the convoy from America finally arrived off

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was engaging the French closely, his subordinates in the forward division were less active. Instead of moving in on their opposite numbers directly, the forward division sedately closed with the French in line ahead formation, engaging in a long distance duel which did not prevent their opponents

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The manpower problem was compounded by the supply crisis which was affecting the entire nation, with the fleet going unpaid and largely unfed for months at times. In August 1793, these problems came to a head in the fleet off Brest, when a lack of provisions resulted in a mutiny among the regular

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The battle is generally known in both English and French by its date rather than its geographical location. Naval battles were traditionally known by the closest land feature to the battle or a particularly prominent coastal feature nearby. In the case of the Glorious First of June, however, the

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Howe benefited from Montagu's withdrawal, as his own battered fleet passed close to the scene of this stand-off on 10 June, pushing north into the English Channel. With Villaret and Cornic fortuitously pursuing Montagu to the south, Howe was free to pass Ushant without difficulty and arrived off

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Both Britain and France claimed victory in the battle: Britain by virtue of capturing or sinking seven French ships without losing any of her own and remaining in control of the battle site; France because the vital convoy had passed through the Atlantic unharmed and arrived in France without

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Although Howe was in a favourable position, Villaret had not been idle during the night. He had attempted, with near success, to distance his ships from the British fleet; when dawn broke at 05:00 he was within a few hours of gaining enough wind to escape over the horizon. Allowing his men to

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five years earlier. Consequently, the high standard of ships and ordnance was not matched by that of the available crews, which were largely untrained and inexperienced. With the Terror resulting in the death or dismissal of many senior French sailors and officers, political appointees and

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The navies of Britain and France in 1794 were at very different stages of development. Although the British fleet was numerically superior, the French ships were larger (even if more lightly built), and carried a heavier weight of shot. The largest French ships were three-decker

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British dominance in Northern European waters again, and their raiding operations repeatedly ended in failure at the hands of more confident British squadrons and the unforgiving Atlantic weather. By 1805, when the last great French fleet to take to the sea was crushed at the

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breakfast, Howe took full advantage of his position on the weather gage to close with Villaret, and by 08:12 the British fleet was just four miles (6 km) from the enemy. By this time, Howe's formation was deployed in an organised line parallel to the French, with

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nearest land was hundreds of miles away and bore no relation to the battle. Thus the date has instead been commonly used to represent the action. The discrepancy between English and French renditions is a result of the different calendars then in use: for Britain the

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and commanding six other ships, was to escort the convoys for the rest of their passage. The third force consisted of 26 ships of the line, with several supporting vessels, under Howe's direct command. They were to patrol the Bay of Biscay for the arriving French.

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and wounded in his official dispatch and James assesses total French killed, wounded, and captured as no fewer than 7,000. British casualty returns are easier to establish due to surviving records although there are discrepancies here too. The official total was

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at the time, had been an eyewitness to the sinking—publicly challenged Carlyle's tale, dismissing both Barrère's version of the tale and Carlyle's own poetic license, Carlyle set out to get to the bottom of the story, eventually unearthing the official report of

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Several of these ships had already signified surrender by lowering their flags, only to re-hoist them once out of danger. This was a severe breach of the customs of naval warfare at the time and provoked outrage in the British naval establishment. (Woodman, p.

2804:, and the two short lines engaged one another at a distance before Villaret abandoned his manoeuvre and hauled off to collect several of his own dismasted ships that were endeavouring to escape British pursuit. Villaret was subsequently joined by the battered 1052:, Villaret had bought enough time for the French grain convoy to reach safety unimpeded by Howe's fleet, securing a strategic success. However, he was also forced to withdraw his battle fleet back to port, leaving the British free to conduct a campaign of 1370:

at a stroke many of its most capable personnel. In their places were promoted junior officers, merchant captains and even civilians who expressed sufficient revolutionary zeal, although few of them knew how to fight or control a battle fleet at sea.

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Having escaped to the east, Villaret made what sail his battered fleet could muster to return to France, and dispatched his frigates in search of the convoy. Villaret was also hoping for reinforcements; eight ships of the line, commanded by Admiral

1551:, failed to follow orders. Much damage was done to both fleets but the action was inconclusive, and the two forces again separated without having settled the issue. Howe had however gained an important advantage during the engagement by seizing the 2776:, Villaret's attack created consternation in the British fleet, which was unprepared for a second engagement. However, discerning Villaret's intention, Howe also pulled his ships together to create a new force. His reformed squadron consisted of 3059:

and the entire royal household. Numerous honours were bestowed on the fleet and its commanders. Admiral Howe, already an earl, refused any further elevation, and one of Howe's political opponents dissuaded King George III from making him a

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were unanimously passed to all who fought at the action and various other gifts and awards were distributed among the fleet. A memorial to Captains John Hutt and John Harvey, both of whom had died of their wounds on 30 June, was raised in

1126:, Britain prepared for an extensive naval campaign and dispatched troops to the Netherlands for service against the French. Throughout the remainder of 1793, the British and French navies undertook minor operations in Northern waters, the 3412:

attributes the sinking to failure of the crew to close damaged lower gunports, claims that a good part of the crew evacuated the ship, and describes the patriotic cries as those of wounded men trapped on the sinking ship with no hope of

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The situation in Europe remained volatile into 1794. Off northern France, the French Atlantic Fleet had mutinied due to errors in provisions and pay. In consequence, the French Navy officer corps suffered greatly from the effects of the

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took no part in the initial action at all, standing well away from the British line and failing to engage the enemy despite the signal for close engagement hanging limply from her mainmast. The French rear ships were no less idle, with

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for the remainder of the war. In the immediate aftermath, both sides claimed victory and the outcome of the battle was seized upon by the press of both nations as a demonstration of the prowess and bravery of their respective navies.

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By early spring of 1794, the situation in France was dire. With famine looming after the failure of the harvest and the blockade of French ports and trade, the French government was forced to look overseas for sustenance. Turning to

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during the campaign, while the individual ship totals listed in James do not add up to his eventual total of 1,148, coming in slightly under this figure. Most sources agree however that the total casualty figure is approximately

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with five ships of the line and assorted cruising warships to rendezvous with the convoy in the mid-Atlantic. This left Villaret with 25 ships of the line at Brest to meet the threat posed by the British fleet under Lord Howe.

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due to lack of supplies. With British dockyards now readily turning out cannon, shot, sails, provisions and other essential equipment, the only remaining problem was that of manning the several hundred ships on the Navy list.

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in the Indian Ocean during the American war. However, Villaret's attempts to mould his new officer corps into an effective fighting unit were hampered by another new appointee, a deputy of the National Convention named

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The weather gage was a vital advantage in sailing warfare because the ships required wind of the correct volume and direction to conduct offensive operations. When the wind was in the wrong direction, a captain could

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significant loss. The two fleets were showered by their respective nations with both praise and criticism—the latter particularly directed at those captains not felt to have contributed significantly to the fighting.

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was awarded one as well). The captains excluded from the list were furious, and the furore from this selective commendation lasted years: in 1795 Vice-Admiral Caldwell quit the service in anger as a result, while

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s few remaining unwounded crew to attempt to salvage what they could—a task made harder when some of her sailors broke into the spirit room and became drunk. Ultimately the ship's pumps became unmanageable, and

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Although some sources differ (Smith, p. 82 claims only 50 km from Ushant, which may be a typographical error), the accepted position of the battle is approximately 400 nautical miles (740 km) west of

1813:, who totally failed in his duty to engage the enemy. Molloy completely ignored Howe's signal and continued ahead as if the British battleline was following him rather than engaging the French fleet directly. 3353:

was in all likelihood the white flag with a canton of three equal columns of red, white, and blue, and not the tricolour which, even though it had been officially introduced, was flown only by the flagship

584: 5293: 1170:. The aftermath of this siege was punctuated by recriminations and accusations of cowardice and betrayal among the allies, eventually resulting in Spain switching allegiance with the signing of the 2824:—all of which lay within reach of the unengaged British ships—before turning eastwards towards France. At this stage of the battle, Howe retired below and the British consolidation was left to his 1251:

ten years earlier, when an ill-prepared Royal Navy had taken too long to reach full effectiveness and was consequently unable to support the North American campaign, which ended in defeat at the

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to badly damage her rigging in the early stages, although later commentators blamed damage received on 29 May for her poor start to the action. There were no such excuses, however, for Captain

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especially was badly damaged and unable to make the British lines again, wallowing between the newly reformed French fleet and the British battleline along with several other shattered ships.

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was at various times engaged with six British ships and took heavy damage, possibly striking her colours late in the action. As darkness fell the British and French fleets separated, leaving

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have been extensive and bitter. French accounts report a great patriotic gesture, mainly due to the report of the action made to the French National Convention in a celebrated speech by

1763:, Graves's flagship, was less successful due to a miscalculation of distance that resulted in her pulling up too far from the French line and coming under heavy fire from her opponent 1146:

had come to an engagement was when it had narrowly missed intercepting the French convoy from the Caribbean, escorted by 15 ships of the line on 2 August. The only major clash was the

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Within an hour of their opening volleys the British and French lines were hopelessly confused, with three separate engagements being fought within sight of one another. In the van,

1485: 2832:. Curtis was subsequently blamed by some in the Navy for not capturing more of the dismasted French ships, and was also accused of dissuading Howe from attempting further pursuit. 2375:

fell out of the line to windward and joined a growing collection of French ships forming a new line on the far side of the action. Villaret was leading this line in his flagship

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led Howe straight to his opponent's location. Having finally found Villaret, on 28 May Howe attacked, using a flying squadron of his fastest ships to cut off its rearmost vessel

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Unfortunately for the British, gathering sufficient manpower was difficult and never satisfactorily accomplished throughout the entire war. The shortage of seamen was such that

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Lord Howe however debunks that report entirely, claiming that it never occurred, a position followed by many British sources. Some interesting light is thrown on this story by

528: 75: 533: 5339: 3015:, giving birth to an exalted legend. Opinion in France concerning the battle's outcome was divided; while many celebrated Saint-André's exaggerated accounts of victory in 891: 523: 1436:

The convoy had also been augmented by the United States government, in both cargo and shipping, as repayment for French financial, moral and military support during the

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was in a state of confusion. Although the quality of the fleet's ships was high, the fleet hierarchy was riven by the same crises that had torn through France since the

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over the previous month in which both sides had captured numerous merchant ships and minor warships and had engaged in two partial, but inconclusive, fleet actions. The

332: 1182:. More might have been achieved had the Spanish raiding parties that accompanied Smith not been issued with secret orders to stall the destruction of the French fleet. 1588:

in the way he had during the two previous encounters, each ship following in the wake of that in front to create a new line arrowing through his opponent's force (as

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provides an alternative theory when he suggests that any person who behaved in such a manner on the stricken ship was acting under the influence of alcohol. In his

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were forced to take thousands of men with no experience on the sea, meaning that training and preparing them for naval life would take quite some time. The lack of

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have been variously reported as "very low besides the badly wounded", (James, p. 164) 150 survivors, (Gardiner, p. 33) and "over 600 drowned". (Tracy, p. 106)

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in a bitter exchange, but were also too badly damaged themselves to take possession. All four ships were among those left drifting in the gap between the fleets.

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headland. Behind him to the west, the British took the whole night to secure their ships and prizes, not setting out to return to Britain until 05:00 on 2 June.

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to compensate, but possessing the weather gage meant that a ship could use the wind to attack its opponent directly, without the need for complicated manoeuvre.

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appeared through the smoke and collided with both ships. The three entangled ships continued exchanging fire for some time, all suffering heavy casualties with

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this conglomeration of ships was said to be over 350 strong, although he disputes this figure, citing the number as 117 (in addition to the French warships).

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had been dispatched, with five ships including two of the line, to meet the much-needed French grain convoy off the American eastern seaboard. Rear-Admiral

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were both still suffering the effects of their exertions earlier in the week and did not breach the enemy line. Instead they pulled along the near side of

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It was normal in fleet actions of the 18th century for the two lines of battle to pass one another sedately, exchanging fire at long ranges and then

690: 405: 3084:, and Bowyer and Pasley also received pensions of £1,000 a year to compensate them for their severe wounds. All first lieutenants were promoted to 2914:

was clearly beyond salvage and only the very worst of the wounded, the dead, and the drunk remained aboard. Several sailors are said to have waved

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from their retreat downwind, and engage them directly, hopefully forcing each to surrender and consequently destroying the French Atlantic Fleet.

769: 3133:, refused all awards for future service until the Glorious First of June medal was presented to him as well. He eventually received it after the 2574:

was oddly one-sided, the French flagship failing to make use of her lower-deck guns and consequently suffering extensive damage and casualties.

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With a large portion of his fleet no longer battleworthy, Howe was unable to resume his search for the French convoy in the Bay of Biscay. The

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crew could not open their gunports and had to fire through the closed lids, the ships battering each other from a distance of just a few feet.

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Taking the bait, the following day Howe attacked again, but his attempt to split the French fleet in half was unsuccessful when his lead ship,

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who likewise did little until the action was decided, at which point he took the surrender of several already shattered French ships. Finally

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sailors. The crews overruled their officers and brought their ships into harbour in search of food, leaving the French coast undefended. The

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in 1759. In the spring of 1794, with the French convoy's arrival in European waters imminent, Howe had dispersed his fleet in three groups.

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should be cut loose, to which Harvey replied "No; we have got her and we will keep her". The two ships swung so close to each other that

5233: 2969: 2657:, already damaged, was totally dismasted in the exchange and briefly surrendered, although her crew rescinded this when it became clear 1994: 1418: 1299: 1244: 1225: 790: 745: 475: 1625: 3383:, who originally included the legend in his history of the French Revolution. When Admiral John Griffiths—who, as a lieutenant on HMS 3264: 3138: 2923: 2638: 2133: 1341: 1800: 558: 5272: 5193: 5166: 5139: 5112: 5082: 5019: 4989: 4967: 4940: 3243: 2547: 2188: 2054: 1286:

Despite these difficulties, the Channel Fleet was possessed of one of the best naval commanders of the age; its commander-in-chief,

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later hauled off to join Villaret to the north, Gambier requested support for his ship from the fleet's frigates and was aided by

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and threw herself into the melee as well. The rest of the British and French rearguard did not participate in this close combat;

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soon found herself in difficulty due to the failure of those ships behind her to properly follow up. This left her vulnerable to

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arrived to provide assistance. Thornbrough brought his small ship between the ships of the French battleline and opened fire on

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During the battle, Howe defied naval convention by ordering his fleet to turn towards the French and for each of his vessels to

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Of the captured ships, several were purchased and enjoyed long careers in the Royal Navy, in particular the two 80-gun ships

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failed to achieve the broader strategic aim of intercepting a vital grain convoy bound for the famine-ridden French populace.

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firing at any British ships in range but refusing to close or participate in the melees on either side. The French rear ship

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for these ships was £201,096 (the equivalent of £29,000,000 as of 2024), divided among the ships under Lord Howe's command.

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The centre of the two fleets was divided by two separate squadrons of the British line: the forward division under admirals

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shattered; in no condition for further combat, Howe and Villaret returned to their home ports. Despite losing seven of his

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received a rebuke from Howe for the delay. Spurred by this signal, Harvey pushed his ship forward and almost outstripped

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Pocock had been an officer with the British Fleet at the Glorious First of June, serving aboard the repeating frigate

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directly through the ship's bottom, and after her surrender no British ship had managed to get men aboard. This left

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then made what sail she could in an attempt to join Villaret to the north. It was not until 12:45 that the shattered

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French losses have been estimated by various commentators and historians with some variation: N. A. M. Rodger gives

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continued their bitter combat, locked together and firing main broadsides from point blank range. Captain Harvey of

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set her remaining sails and slipped to the north to create a new focal point for the survivors of the French fleet.

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and the two lines began exchanging long-range gunfire at 09:24, whereupon Howe unleashed his innovative battleplan.

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taking serious damage to her rigging. This left her unable to manoeuvre and in danger from her opponents, of which

2127: 1954: 1922: 1874: 1757: 1743: 1737: 1606: 1378: 1248: 1194:: food produced in France's overseas colonies would be concentrated on board a fleet of merchant ships gathered in 1036:. The two forces clashed in the Atlantic Ocean, some 400 nautical miles (700 km) west of the French island of 1002: 860: 830: 490: 365: 326: 61: 3019:, senior naval officers disagreed. Among the dissenters was the highly experienced but recently dismissed Admiral 1159: 3393: 2468:

was unable to hold any of her various opponents to a protracted duel, and by 13:00 was threatened by the damaged

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under Bowyer did later enter the action, but Bowyer was not present, having lost a leg in the opening exchanges.

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of 1790, the Royal Navy had been at sea in a state of readiness for over three years. The Navy's dockyards under

1167: 995: 855: 820: 779: 750: 683: 657: 606: 470: 3242:. The name Third Battle of Ushant follows the nearest landmark tradition and also acknowledges the two previous 1361:

conscripts—many of whom had never been to sea at all, let alone in a fighting vessel—filled the Atlantic fleet.

1806: 1671: 1086: 987: 485: 460: 420: 173: 1670:, the seventh ship of the British line, successfully cut the French line between its sixth and seventh ships; 1647:

pressed on all sail, she was not the first through the enemy line. That distinction belonged to a ship of the

1799:

was criticised at the time for failing to get to grips with the enemy more closely and allowing her opponent

5334: 3743: 2103: 2090: 1383: 740: 715: 710: 668: 450: 360: 1440:. In supporting the French Revolution in this way, the American government, urged especially by Ambassador 69: 4484: 3156: 2526: 2271: 1723: 1703: 1295: 1147: 1108: 835: 705: 647: 636: 625: 548: 543: 415: 3738: 2254:

which caused her to slip down the two embattled fleets without contributing significantly to the battle.

4907: 3181:(both 74s built in the late 1770s) were broken up as unserviceable soon after arrival in Britain, while 3137:

in 1797. Over five decades later the battle was among the actions recognised by a clasp attached to the

2961:, though unaware of Howe's specific circumstances, knew a battle had taken place through the arrival of 2439: 2031: 1859: 1593: 1388: 1314: 1276: 1230: 1010: 991: 815: 800: 430: 380: 375: 345: 185: 1953:

and support his admiral directly, but was not fast enough to reach her and so attempted to cut between

1563: 1395:

The French Atlantic fleet was even more dispersed than the British in the spring of 1794: Rear-Admiral

825: 455: 2210:

did not attempt to join the action either, but could not avoid becoming embroiled in the group around

5215: 3126: 3080:, Gardner, Pasley and Curtis (the last-named was promoted from captain on 4 July 1794) were all made 3061: 2962: 2906:

crew from drowning, these ships taking off nearly 500 sailors between them. Lieutenant John Winne of

2825: 2598: 2587: 2181: 2141: 1935: 1730: 1535: 1078: 929: 795: 774: 764: 513: 3376: 3145: 3032: 3012: 2892: 2761: 2174: 1880: 1437: 1400: 1374: 1366: 1191: 1103: 1082: 518: 480: 440: 435: 5290:

Campagnes, thriomphes, revers, désastres et guerres civiles des Français de 1792 à la paix de 1856

2049:

suffering severely from the earlier actions in which her masts were badly damaged and her captain

1279:

served aboard Royal Navy ships during the campaign; their descendant regiments still maintain the

4840: 4265: 3503: 3308: 3268: 3235: 3065: 3024: 2477: 2282: 2120: 2004: 1987: 1796: 1781: 1656: 1503: 1326: 1074: 850: 805: 425: 410: 385: 355: 4469: 2945: 2849: 1069:

Since early 1792 France had been at war with four of its neighbours on two fronts, battling the

2085:

Of the British rear ships, only two made a determined effort to break the French line. Admiral

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surrender after a brief cannonade but was unable to board her and instead pursued the fleeing

2536:

and was only brought back into line by the quick reactions of two junior officers, Lieutenant

2426:

losing all three of their masts. This combat continued for several hours. Captain Berkeley of

2298: 2275: 2163: 1842: 1545: 1441: 1357: 1303: 1252: 1094: 1070: 1049: 872: 867: 2933:

Casualties in the battle are notoriously hard to calculate exactly. With only one exception (

2835: 2109: 2035: 2024: 1396: 1247:

were all fully fitted and prepared for conflict. This was quite unlike the disasters of the

445: 4835: 5260: 5100: 3763: 3170: 2578:

in her turn was damaged by fire from nearby ships and was therefore unable to follow when

2518: 1637: 1318: 1187: 1123: 720: 370: 17: 3088:

and numerous other officers were promoted in consequence of their actions. The thanks of

2274:

sought to extract his ship from her perilous position and called up support; the frigate

2363:, her crew boarding the vessel to make her a prize (although later replaced by men from 5070: 4348: 4269: 4188: 3779: 3514: 3380: 3346: 3043: 2915: 2533: 1972: 1941:

had initially struggled to join the action. Labouring behind the flagship, her captain

1426: 1195: 1116: 1025: 108: 5043:

Les gloires maritimes de la France: notices biographiques sur les plus célèbres marins

4816: 2169:

which engaged the French line at extreme range without noticeable effect, and Captain

2059:, which was soon dismasted and left attempting to escape on only the stump of a mast. 37:"Fourth Battle of Ushant" redirects here. For other engagements named for Ushant, see 5323: 5203: 5037: 3486: 3105: 2239: 2137: 1749: 1663: 1589: 1507: 1422: 1280: 1264: 1237: 1150:, a confused and bloody affair in which the British force holding the town—alongside 1143: 1127: 1090: 1006: 652: 2023:, and badly damaged her before pressing on sail to join the embattled van division. 294: 5007: 3069: 2829: 2752: 2559: 2537: 2525:. Among the other ships of the division there were only minor casualties, although 2457:

was in too damaged a state to move at all, and was soon seized by sailors from HMS

2431: 2148: 1552: 1429:, where Admiral Vanstabel would wait for them. According to contemporary historian 1268: 983: 2226: 5292:, F. Ladimir et E. Moreau. Librairie Populaire des Villes et des Campagnes, 1856 5041: 3509: 2677:

was only able to return to the British side of the line after being supported by

1833:

as well, roaming unchecked through the melee developing at the head of the line.

1694:

and the ships following them, with which she began a furious fusillade. However,

3201: 2250:

had finally attempted to join the fight, only to have a vital spar shot away by

1927:, and exchanged fire with her too, causing serious damage to both French ships. 1448:

which came into effect in 1796; by 1798 the two nations would be engaged in the

1353: 1260: 1214: 1135: 1044: 1029: 883: 503: 3510:"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)" 2162:

Three other British ships failed to respond to the signal from Howe, including

1986:

Behind this combat, other ships of the centre division struck the French line,

4338: 3056: 1709:

executed Howe's manoeuvre perfectly, raking and then entangling his ship with

1577: 1527: 1499: 1445: 1163: 5282: 5252: 5149: 5029: 4999: 4798: 4255: 3185:

was destroyed in a dockyard fire on 24 August 1794 while undergoing repairs.

3141:, awarded upon application to all British participants still living in 1847. 2339:

got the better of her, knocking away a topmast and escaping to windward with

1817:

did participate in a desultory exchange of fire with the leading French ship

1666:, a notoriously dour officer nicknamed "Dismal Jimmy" by his contemporaries. 1217:, carrying 110 or 120 guns, against 100 guns on the largest British vessels. 129: 116: 5223: 5176: 5122: 5092: 4950: 4912:

The Naval History of Great Britain, From the Year MDCCLXXXIII. to MDCCCXXXVI

3085: 1576:

acting as repeaters for the admiral's commands. The French were likewise in

1449: 1131: 1112: 1061:

failed to control their fleets effectively during the height of the combat.

5308: 5053:

The Line upon a Wind: The Greatest War Fought at Sea Under Sail 1793–1815

3109: 3081: 3052: 2977: 2918:

from the bow of the ship and cried "Vive la Nation, vive la République!"

2371:

lost Admiral Graves to a serious wound and lost her opponent as well, as

1698:

was not the only ship of the van to break the French line; minutes later

1495: 1174:

two years later. Nevertheless, the siege produced one major success: Sir

1053: 4473: 2430:

had to retire below with serious wounds, and command fell to Lieutenant

1502:

on 2 May, taking his entire fleet to both escort British convoys to the

3169:, which was a popular command until her decommissioning in 1802 at the 2391:

engaged next, pursuing her close to the new French line accompanied by

1573: 1310: 5360:

Naval battles of the French Revolutionary Wars involving Great Britain

3284:

eliminate the threat from the French Atlantic Fleet for years to come.

2645:, but refused to quit the deck, ordering more fire into his opponent. 1873:

was badly damaged by her lone charge but managed to engage the larger

3221: 3162:, which was decommissioned in 1802 but not broken up until 1842, and 2927: 2136:

was killed in the opening exchanges, command devolving to Lieutenant

1179: 1037: 1021: 1018: 104: 2453:

freed herself and made for the regrouped French fleet to the north.

2887:

began to sink. Only the timely arrival of boats from the undamaged

2661:

was in no position to take possession. With her colours rehoisted,

2653:

off from her far side when the French ship attempted to intervene.

1748:

respectively and brought them to close gunnery duels. Rear-Admiral

1514:

May Howe spotted a straggler from Villaret's fleet and gave chase;

4933:

Fleet Battle and Blockade: The French Revolutionary War, 1793–1797

3099: 3042: 2944: 2848: 2834: 2751: 2546: 2495:, to which Bentinck responded with several broadsides of his own. 2225: 2132:

which damaged neither ship severely, although the British captain

1893:

led the fleet by example, sailing directly at the French flagship

1624: 1562: 1340: 1224: 1777:

suffered a severe pounding and Admiral Graves was badly wounded.

1584: 1494:

The French convoy, escorted by Vanstabel, departed America from

1273:

2nd. Regiment of Foot – The Queen's (Royal West Surrey Regiment)

1098: 5355:

Naval battles of the French Revolutionary Wars involving France

3472:

As an example of this, the losses sustained aboard the sinking

2617:

as they passed, and was successful in forcing the surrender of

2289:, helping to drive off three ships of the line and then towing 887: 573: 298: 5222:. The historians' history of the world. Vol. 12. London: 3200:

in July 1795 and remained in service until 1813. The combined

1756:

was an early casualty, losing a leg in the opening exchanges.

1605:

Within minutes of issuing the signal and turning his flagship

1506:

and intercept the French. Checking that Villaret was still in

4931:

Gardiner, Robert, ed. (2001) . "The Glorious First of June".

2981:

France, having lost just one ship in passage during a storm.

1313:

to guard British convoys to the East Indies, West Indies and

2910:

was especially commended for this hazardous work. By 18:15,

1917:

to engage in a close-range artillery battle. As she did so,

1489:

Map of the Atlantic Ocean showing the position of the battle

4491:. Vol. 7. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. p. 1906. 3358:

due to a lack of appropriate fabric in Brest. Furthermore,

2968:

in Portsmouth, and was preparing a second expedition under

2445:, which had the assignment of repeating signals, and towed 1858:

just ahead of them. Of all the ships in this squadron only

1567:

The British and French fleets on the morning of 1 June 1794

1271:

were drafted into the fleet for service at sea. Men of the

2351:

then fired on several passing French ships before joining

5186:

The Star Captains, Frigate Command in the Napoleonic Wars

2147:

ignored her opponent completely and sailed west, Captain

1373:

The newly appointed commander of this troubled fleet was

3189:, the final prize, was taken into the Royal Navy as HMS 3104:

French cannon, captured by Lord Howe, now on display at

3047:

1802 engraving commemorating the Glorious First of June.

2673:

pulled apart, both largely dismasted and very battered.

4982:

The Naval History of Great Britain, Volume 1, 1793–1796

3489:

was already in use as the title of his cousin, Admiral

2760:

breaking loose to reform the French forces. Drawing by

2434:, who signalled for help from the frigates in reserve. 4319:

Biographical Memoir of Rear-Admiral John Willett Payne

1085:

in Italy. On 2 January 1793, almost one year into the

2053:

mortally wounded. Both ships bore down on the French

2155:, his brother's ship, in the confused action around 1345:Louis Thomas Villaret de Joyeuse, 1839 painting by 1166:to prevent its imminent defeat at the hands of the 1017:attempted to prevent the passage of a vital French 2517:, where she was forced to surrender to Lieutenant 27:1794 naval battle of the French Revolutionary Wars 2262:were in the thick of the action, the outnumbered 1780:More disturbing to Lord Howe were the actions of 1392:, and did much to popularise the Navy in France. 76:Lord Howe's action, or the Glorious First of June 4272:, (subscription required), retrieved 10 May 2012 2335:had not broken the French line and her opponent 2325:after a two-hour duel, sailing at 11:50 to join 4533:. 10 December 1838. p. 236. Archived from 3449:and the same number captured. Saint-André gave 3345:This depiction is somewhat fantastical, as the 2410:. Badly damaged and on the verge of surrender, 1352:In contrast to their British counterparts, the 50: 30:For the play by Richard Brinsley Sheridan, see 5234:British Warships in the Age of Sail; 1793–1817 4231:Biographical Memoir of Captain James Manderson 4184: 4182: 4180: 2601:was seriously wounded by this fire. Following 1476: 1309:, was sent with six ships of the line and two 1229:Richard Howe, 1st Earl Howe; 1794 painting by 4922:(1956). "Chapitre IX: Révolution française". 3421: 3419: 2949:Although a tactical British victory, Admiral 2637:was mortally wounded early in this action by 1208:Order of battle at the Glorious First of June 899: 585: 310: 8: 4197:, J. K. Laughton, retrieved 24 December 2007 3323:Manderson served as a lieutenant aboard HMS 2999: 2898:, as well as the services of the cutter HMS 2800:. Howe deployed this squadron in defence of 2355:in attacking the centre of the French line. 2077:, both ships battering each other severely. 1849:and the rear under Lord Howe. While Howe in 1829:rigging and was subsequently able to attack 1267:was even more urgent, and soldiers from the 976: 968: 4825:, C. H. H. Owen, retrieved 31 December 2007 4807:, J. K. Laughton, retrieved 8 December 2007 3148:directed at Anthony Molloy, captain of HMS 2007:and unable to take their ship into battle. 2003:which pulled away, her crew suffering from 3788:, Roger Knight, retrieved 23 December 2007 3224:in the Eastern Atlantic. (Padfield, p. 13) 3064:. Vice-Admiral Graves was elevated to the 2998:In France the revolutionary principles of 2586:also took fire during the engagement from 906: 892: 884: 592: 578: 570: 317: 303: 295: 68: 47: 5340:Battles of the War of the First Coalition 4751: 4749: 4727: 4725: 4679: 4677: 4675: 4656: 4654: 3506:inflation figures are based on data from 3371:The arguments about the final minutes of 1634:at the Battle of the Glorious 1 June 1794 1122:Protected from immediate invasion by the 103:400 nautical miles (740 km) west of 5159:The Naval Chronicle, Volume 1, 1793–1798 4763: 4761: 4603: 4456: 4430: 4428: 4426: 4385: 4383: 4381: 4359: 4357: 4292: 4290: 4280: 4278: 4242: 4240: 4238: 4144: 4142: 4120: 4118: 4108: 4106: 4104: 4102: 4083: 4081: 4079: 4077: 4054: 4052: 4050: 4000: 3998: 3967: 3965: 3963: 3961: 3959: 3838: 3836: 3834: 3709: 3707: 3688: 3686: 3684: 3660: 3658: 3636: 3634: 3632: 3622: 3620: 2861:, Monument to the Republic, Paris, 1883. 4822:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 4804:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 4567: 4371: 4369: 4344:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 4313: 4311: 4261:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 4225: 4223: 4221: 4194:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 4170: 4168: 4166: 4156: 4154: 4132: 4130: 3979: 3977: 3785:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 3725: 3723: 3721: 3719: 3674: 3672: 3670: 3648: 3646: 3565: 3563: 3537: 3212: 3055:was treated with a Royal visit by King 1722:the rest of the van had mixed success. 5350:Military history of the Atlantic Ocean 4579: 2126:fought a long range gunnery duel with 1821:but her fire had little effect, while 5077:. Ware: Wordsworth Military Library. 4636: 4624: 4591: 4555: 4501: 2874:had been holed by cannon firing from 2395:, and beginning a long-range action. 7: 4844:. 26 January 1849. pp. 236–245. 4742:The Biographical memoir of Lord Howe 4513: 3263:was under the command of Lieutenant 1869:, ranged close to the French lines. 1001:The action was the culmination of a 3072:, while Vice-Admiral Hood was made 2724:and she had to be abandoned later. 1921:also became briefly entangled with 1107:. A few weeks later, following the 4914:. Vol. 1. London: H. Colburn. 4856:The Naval History of Great Britain 3768:Queen's Royal West Surrey Regiment 3362:is seen listing on the wrong side. 3267:, who later commanded the frigate 2697:, which soon surrendered as well. 2015:, which had already been raked by 1913:raked both and hauled up close to 1162:troops—had to be evacuated by the 986:of the naval conflict between the 25: 5237:. Barnsley: Seaforth Publishing. 5014:. London: Conway Maritime Press. 4984:. London: Conway Maritime Press. 2359:boats also took the surrender of 1498:on 2 April, and Howe sailed from 1419:France's colonies in the Americas 962:(1 June 1794), also known as the 39:Battle of Ushant (disambiguation) 32:The Glorious First of June (play) 5307: 5267:. London: Constable Publishers. 2301:, had been more successful than 2270:also suffered severely. Captain 2011:instead turned her attention on 1769:. In the time it took to engage 1475: 1468: 1138:, where both nations maintained 210: 198: 179: 167: 4958:Gardiner, Robert, ed. (2001) . 4924:Histoire de la Marine française 3757:The Glorious First of June 1794 3739:The Glorious First of June 1794 3406:Histoire de la Marine Française 2924:Pierre-François Cornic Dumoulin 2472:moving from the east. Although 2108:, engaging both closely, while 3491:Samuel Hood, 1st Viscount Hood 3274:at the Glorious First of June. 1290:, had learned his trade under 150: 1: 5132:The Napoleonic Wars Data Book 3240:French Revolutionary calendar 3173:. Of the four 74-gun prizes, 2708:forced the surrender of both 2552:Lord Howe on the deck of HMS 2115:came through the line behind 2045:both attacked the same ship, 1963:. This manoeuvre failed when 1854:from harassing the embattled 1462:Atlantic campaign of May 1794 1292:Edward Hawke, 1st Baron Hawke 1028:, which was protected by the 917:Atlantic Campaign of May 1794 554:Italian campaign of 1796-1797 5220:History of France, 1715–1815 5157:Tracy, Ed. Nicholas (1998). 3747:, retrieved 23 December 2007 2866:including the badly damaged 2406:, inextricably tangled with 2309:despite receiving fire from 2218:and suffered severe damage. 1967:anchors became entangled in 1032:, commanded by Rear-Admiral 982:) was the first and largest 970:Bataille du 13 prairial an 2 277:6 ships of the line captured 81:Philip James de Loutherbourg 4962:. London: Caxton Editions. 4489:The world's famous orations 3139:Naval General Service Medal 2926:, were patrolling near the 2685:was unable to move at all. 2414:was briefly reprieved when 2236:in the aftermath of battle. 1288:Richard Howe, 1st Earl Howe 1242:First Lord of the Admiralty 1089:, republican-held forts at 1005:that had criss-crossed the 5376: 5208:The Glorious First of June 4531:The Carlyle Letters Online 4351:, retrieved 2 January 2008 3770:, retrieved 1 January 2008 3248:American Revolutionary War 2736:had between them disabled 1459: 1249:American Revolutionary War 1205: 966:, (known in France as the 328:War of the First Coalition 62:War of the First Coalition 36: 29: 18:The Glorious First of June 4882:Fleet Battle and Blockade 4869:Fleet Battle and Blockade 4769:Fleet Battle and Blockade 4445:Fleet Battle and Blockade 4418:Fleet Battle and Blockade 4069:Fleet Battle and Blockade 4033:Fleet Battle and Blockade 3942:Fleet Battle and Blockade 3911:Fleet Battle and Blockade 3808:Fleet Battle and Blockade 3555:Fleet Battle and Blockade 3144:Bitterest of all was the 3135:Battle of Cape St Vincent 3051:In Britain, the fleet in 2845:, engraving by P. Ozanne. 2379:, which had escaped from 2305:, her gunnery dismasting 1825:inflicted much damage to 1700:George Cranfield Berkeley 1682:. Raking both opponents, 1168:French Revolutionary Army 996:French Revolutionary Wars 925: 616: 534:Rhine campaign of 1793–94 341: 283:~4,000 killed and wounded 265: 222: 191: 160: 86: 67: 55: 5105:The Command of the Ocean 5012:The British Battle-Fleet 3400:in subsequent editions. 2599:Sir Andrew Snape Douglas 2071:, and soon fell in with 1087:French Revolutionary War 1081:, and the Austrians and 988:Kingdom of Great Britain 696:Croisière du Grand Hiver 271:1,200 killed and wounded 5231:Winfield, Rif (2008) . 4960:Nelson Against Napoleon 4485:Bryan, William Jennings 3880:Nelson Against Napoleon 3744:Worcestershire Regiment 3508:Clark, Gregory (2017). 2063:was too slow to engage 1379:Pierre André de Suffren 1172:Treaty of San Ildefonso 1111:of the imprisoned King 964:Fourth Battle of Ushant 280:1 ship of the line sunk 5330:Glorious First of June 5314:Glorious First of June 5188:. Chatham Publishing. 5107:. London: Allan Lane. 5101:Rodger, Nicholas A. M. 5051:Mostert, Noel (2007). 5046:(in French). Bertrand. 4908:Brenton, Edward Pelham 4799:Caldwell, Sir Benjamin 3112: 3048: 3000: 2954: 2862: 2846: 2765: 2649:also managed to drive 2563: 2513:onto the broadside of 2272:William Johnstone Hope 2243: 1640: 1601:British break the line 1568: 1349: 1296:Battle of Quiberon Bay 1233: 977: 969: 960:Glorious First of June 945:Glorious First of June 549:Rhine campaign of 1796 544:Rhine campaign of 1795 509:Mediterranean campaign 192:Commanders and leaders 51:Glorious First of June 5216:Williams, Henry Smith 5184:Wareham, Tom (2001). 5130:Smith, Digby (1998). 4817:Collingwood, Cuthbert 3103: 3046: 2948: 2852: 2838: 2755: 2720:was unable to secure 2566:The conflict between 2550: 2229: 2032:John Thomas Duckworth 1903:and the next in line 1628: 1594:Battle of the Saintes 1566: 1534:and her final enemy, 1460:Further information: 1389:Le Moniteur Universel 1344: 1277:29th Regiment of Foot 1231:John Singleton Copley 1228: 1206:Further information: 1030:French Atlantic Fleet 1011:British Channel Fleet 992:First French Republic 266:Casualties and losses 5316:at Wikimedia Commons 4926:. Paris: Flammarion. 4615:Gardiner, 2001; p.38 3762:5 March 2016 at the 3433:; Digby Smith gives 3127:Cuthbert Collingwood 3062:Knight of the Garter 2826:Captain of the Fleet 2491:passed she fired on 1486:class=notpageimage| 1384:Jean-Bon Saint-André 1079:Austrian Netherlands 716:Cornwallis's Retreat 252:26 ships of the line 231:25 ships of the line 5161:. London: Chatham. 5134:. Greenhill Books. 4935:. London: Chatham. 4474:"On the Heroism of 3238:and for France the 3146:whispering campaign 3033:Battle of Trafalgar 2902:, saved any of the 2853:The sinking of the 2839:The sinking of the 2762:Antoine Morel-Fatio 2449:out of the line as 2230:The dismasted ship 2096:pierced it between 1438:American Revolution 1401:Joseph-Marie Nielly 1375:Villaret de Joyeuse 1367:National Convention 1192:National Convention 529:East Indies Theatre 519:War of the Pyrenees 126: / 4841:The London Gazette 4256:Donnelly, Sir Ross 3504:Retail Price Index 3236:Gregorian calendar 3129:, flag captain of 3113: 3066:Peerage of Ireland 3049: 3025:Battle of La Hogue 2955: 2863: 2847: 2766: 2564: 2283:Edward Thornbrough 2244: 1971:rigging. Harvey's 1899:. Passing between 1797:John Willett Payne 1641: 1569: 1504:Western Approaches 1350: 1294:and fought at the 1234: 1142:. The closest the 978:Combat de Prairial 826:Croisière de Bruix 791:Îles Saint-Marcouf 609:Revolutionary Wars 5345:Conflicts in 1794 5312:Media related to 5244:978-1-84415-700-6 5062:978-0-7126-0927-2 5055:. Vintage Books. 4527:"TC to Mary Rich" 4339:Otway, Sir Robert 3443:3,500 casualties; 3373:Vengeur du Peuple 3244:Battles of Ushant 3095:Westminster Abbey 3074:Viscount Bridport 3011:was mythified by 3008:Vengeur du Peuple 2868:Vengeur du Peuple 2857:, haut relief by 2855:Vengeur du Peuple 2842:Vengeur du Peuple 2631:Vengeur du Peuple 2621:. To the east of 2299:Lord Hugh Seymour 2238:Lithograph after 2233:Vengeur du Peuple 1997:passing close to 1961:Vengeur du Peuple 1906:Vengeur du Peuple 1843:Benjamin Caldwell 1442:Gouverneur Morris 1253:Siege of Yorktown 1245:Charles Middleton 1071:Habsburg monarchy 1050:ships of the line 953: 952: 881: 880: 811:St. George's Caye 752:Droits de l'Homme 567: 566: 559:Anglo-Spanish War 539:Atlantic campaign 524:Italian campaigns 514:War in the Vendée 499:Flanders campaign 293: 292: 156: 155: 130:47.400°N 17.450°W 16:(Redirected from 5367: 5311: 5296:, pp. 17–27 5286: 5265:The Sea Warriors 5261:Woodman, Richard 5256: 5227: 5211: 5210:. B.T. Batsford. 5199: 5180: 5153: 5126: 5096: 5066: 5047: 5033: 5003: 4973: 4954: 4927: 4915: 4894: 4891: 4885: 4878: 4872: 4865: 4859: 4852: 4846: 4845: 4832: 4826: 4814: 4808: 4796: 4790: 4787: 4781: 4778: 4772: 4765: 4756: 4753: 4744: 4738: 4732: 4731:Padfield, p. 163 4729: 4720: 4717: 4711: 4708: 4702: 4699: 4693: 4690: 4684: 4681: 4670: 4669:Williams, p. 382 4667: 4661: 4658: 4649: 4646: 4640: 4634: 4628: 4622: 4616: 4613: 4607: 4601: 4595: 4589: 4583: 4577: 4571: 4565: 4559: 4553: 4547: 4546: 4544: 4542: 4523: 4517: 4511: 4505: 4499: 4493: 4492: 4480: 4470:Barère, Bertrand 4466: 4460: 4454: 4448: 4441: 4435: 4432: 4421: 4414: 4408: 4405: 4399: 4396: 4390: 4387: 4376: 4373: 4364: 4361: 4352: 4336: 4330: 4327: 4321: 4315: 4306: 4303: 4297: 4294: 4285: 4282: 4273: 4253: 4247: 4244: 4233: 4227: 4216: 4213: 4207: 4204: 4198: 4186: 4175: 4172: 4161: 4158: 4149: 4146: 4137: 4134: 4125: 4122: 4113: 4110: 4097: 4094: 4088: 4085: 4072: 4065: 4059: 4056: 4045: 4042: 4036: 4029: 4023: 4020: 4014: 4011: 4005: 4002: 3993: 3990: 3984: 3981: 3972: 3969: 3954: 3951: 3945: 3938: 3932: 3929: 3923: 3920: 3914: 3907: 3901: 3898: 3892: 3889: 3883: 3876: 3870: 3867: 3861: 3858: 3852: 3849: 3843: 3840: 3829: 3826: 3820: 3817: 3811: 3804: 3798: 3795: 3789: 3777: 3771: 3754: 3748: 3736: 3730: 3727: 3714: 3711: 3702: 3699: 3693: 3690: 3679: 3676: 3665: 3662: 3653: 3650: 3641: 3640:Williams, p. 381 3638: 3627: 3624: 3615: 3612: 3606: 3605:Williams, p. 387 3603: 3597: 3594: 3588: 3585: 3579: 3576: 3570: 3569:Williams, p. 373 3567: 3558: 3551: 3545: 3542: 3527: 3526: 3524: 3522: 3500: 3494: 3483: 3477: 3470: 3464: 3461: 3457: 3452: 3448: 3447:3,500 casualties 3444: 3440: 3436: 3435:4,270 casualties 3432: 3428: 3427:4,200 casualties 3423: 3414: 3394:Captain Renaudin 3377:Bertrand Barrère 3369: 3363: 3343: 3337: 3333: 3327: 3321: 3315: 3305: 3299: 3291: 3285: 3281: 3275: 3257: 3251: 3231: 3225: 3217: 3076:. Rear-Admirals 3013:Bertrand Barrère 3003: 2830:Sir Roger Curtis 2595:Thomas Mackenzie 2542:Charles Dashwood 2485:William Bentinck 2189:Albemarle Bertie 2140:. Next in line, 1930:To the right of 1592:had done at the 1479: 1478: 1472: 1403:had sailed from 1397:Pierre Vanstabel 1040:on 1 June 1794. 1034:Villaret-Joyeuse 980: 972: 920: 918: 908: 901: 894: 885: 760:Cape St. Vincent 611: 594: 587: 580: 571: 336: 329: 319: 312: 305: 296: 217:Villaret-Joyeuse 215: 214: 213: 203: 202: 201: 184: 183: 182: 172: 171: 170: 141: 140: 138: 137: 136: 131: 127: 124: 123: 122: 119: 88: 87: 72: 58:naval operations 48: 21: 5375: 5374: 5370: 5369: 5368: 5366: 5365: 5364: 5320: 5319: 5304: 5299: 5275: 5259: 5245: 5230: 5214: 5202: 5196: 5183: 5169: 5156: 5142: 5129: 5115: 5099: 5085: 5071:Padfield, Peter 5069: 5063: 5050: 5036: 5022: 5006: 4992: 4976: 4970: 4957: 4943: 4930: 4920:Farrère, Claude 4918: 4906: 4902: 4897: 4892: 4888: 4879: 4875: 4866: 4862: 4853: 4849: 4834: 4833: 4829: 4815: 4811: 4797: 4793: 4788: 4784: 4779: 4775: 4766: 4759: 4754: 4747: 4739: 4735: 4730: 4723: 4718: 4714: 4709: 4705: 4700: 4696: 4691: 4687: 4682: 4673: 4668: 4664: 4659: 4652: 4647: 4643: 4635: 4631: 4623: 4619: 4614: 4610: 4602: 4598: 4590: 4586: 4578: 4574: 4566: 4562: 4554: 4550: 4540: 4538: 4537:on 13 July 2010 4525: 4524: 4520: 4512: 4508: 4500: 4496: 4478: 4468: 4467: 4463: 4455: 4451: 4442: 4438: 4433: 4424: 4415: 4411: 4406: 4402: 4398:Padfield, p. 38 4397: 4393: 4388: 4379: 4375:Padfield, p. 37 4374: 4367: 4362: 4355: 4337: 4333: 4329:Padfield, p. 33 4328: 4324: 4316: 4309: 4304: 4300: 4295: 4288: 4283: 4276: 4254: 4250: 4245: 4236: 4228: 4219: 4214: 4210: 4205: 4201: 4187: 4178: 4174:Padfield, p. 31 4173: 4164: 4160:Padfield, p. 32 4159: 4152: 4147: 4140: 4136:Padfield, p. 24 4135: 4128: 4123: 4116: 4111: 4100: 4096:Padfield, p. 29 4095: 4091: 4086: 4075: 4066: 4062: 4057: 4048: 4044:Padfield, p. 22 4043: 4039: 4030: 4026: 4022:Padfield, p. 18 4021: 4017: 4012: 4008: 4003: 3996: 3991: 3987: 3983:Padfield, p. 16 3982: 3975: 3970: 3957: 3952: 3948: 3939: 3935: 3930: 3926: 3921: 3917: 3908: 3904: 3899: 3895: 3891:Padfield, p. 17 3890: 3886: 3877: 3873: 3868: 3864: 3859: 3855: 3851:Padfield, p. 13 3850: 3846: 3841: 3832: 3827: 3823: 3818: 3814: 3805: 3801: 3796: 3792: 3778: 3774: 3764:Wayback Machine 3755: 3751: 3737: 3733: 3728: 3717: 3712: 3705: 3700: 3696: 3691: 3682: 3677: 3668: 3664:Mostert, p. 132 3663: 3656: 3651: 3644: 3639: 3630: 3625: 3618: 3613: 3609: 3604: 3600: 3595: 3591: 3587:Mostert, p. 102 3586: 3582: 3578:Padfield, p. 15 3577: 3573: 3568: 3561: 3552: 3548: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3530: 3520: 3518: 3507: 3501: 3497: 3484: 3480: 3471: 3467: 3459: 3455: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3441:Padfield lists 3439:3,254 captured; 3438: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3424: 3417: 3370: 3366: 3344: 3340: 3334: 3330: 3322: 3318: 3306: 3302: 3292: 3288: 3282: 3278: 3258: 3254: 3232: 3228: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3171:Peace of Amiens 3041: 2996: 2987: 2943: 2782:Royal Sovereign 2778:Queen Charlotte 2750: 2748:French recovery 2623:Queen Charlotte 2607:Queen Charlotte 2584:Queen Charlotte 2576:Queen Charlotte 2568:Queen Charlotte 2554:Queen Charlotte 2540:and Midshipman 2521:in a boat from 2519:Henry Blackwood 2515:Queen Charlotte 2501:Queen Charlotte 2436:Robert Stopford 2400:Royal Sovereign 2389:Royal Sovereign 2381:Queen Charlotte 2369:Royal Sovereign 2365:Royal Sovereign 2329:in the centre. 2327:Queen Charlotte 2237: 2224: 2157:Queen Charlotte 2083: 2017:Queen Charlotte 1947:Queen Charlotte 1932:Queen Charlotte 1919:Queen Charlotte 1911:Queen Charlotte 1891:Queen Charlotte 1867:Thomas Pakenham 1851:Queen Charlotte 1839: 1775:Royal Sovereign 1760:Royal Sovereign 1645:Queen Charlotte 1638:Nicholas Pocock 1623: 1614:Queen Charlotte 1609:Queen Charlotte 1603: 1561: 1532:Révolutionnaire 1523:Révolutionnaire 1492: 1491: 1490: 1488: 1482: 1481: 1480: 1464: 1458: 1414: 1339: 1319:Cape Finisterre 1283:"1 June 1794". 1223: 1210: 1204: 1188:Reign of Terror 1160:French Royalist 1158:, Austrian and 1148:Siege of Toulon 1124:English Channel 1067: 956: 955: 954: 949: 921: 916: 914: 912: 882: 877: 612: 608: 604: 600: 598: 568: 563: 495: 337: 327: 325: 323: 289: 261: 246: 211: 209: 199: 197: 180: 178: 168: 166: 135:47.400; -17.450 134: 132: 128: 125: 120: 117: 115: 113: 112: 111: 73: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5373: 5371: 5363: 5362: 5357: 5352: 5347: 5342: 5337: 5335:1794 in France 5332: 5322: 5321: 5318: 5317: 5303: 5302:External links 5300: 5298: 5297: 5287: 5273: 5257: 5243: 5228: 5218:, ed. (1907). 5212: 5204:Warner, Oliver 5200: 5194: 5181: 5167: 5154: 5140: 5127: 5113: 5097: 5083: 5067: 5061: 5048: 5038:Levot, Prosper 5034: 5020: 5004: 4990: 4978:James, William 4974: 4968: 4955: 4941: 4928: 4916: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4895: 4893:Wareham, p. 64 4886: 4873: 4860: 4847: 4827: 4809: 4791: 4782: 4773: 4757: 4745: 4740:Tracy, p. 99, 4733: 4721: 4712: 4703: 4694: 4685: 4671: 4662: 4650: 4641: 4639:, p. 152. 4629: 4627:, p. 153. 4617: 4608: 4596: 4584: 4582:, p. 430. 4572: 4570:, p. 271. 4560: 4558:, p. 164. 4548: 4518: 4506: 4494: 4461: 4459:, p. 381. 4449: 4436: 4422: 4409: 4400: 4391: 4377: 4365: 4353: 4349:J. K. Laughton 4331: 4322: 4317:Tracy, p. 98, 4307: 4298: 4286: 4274: 4270:Andrew Lambert 4266:J. K. Laughton 4248: 4234: 4229:Tracy, p. 99, 4217: 4208: 4199: 4176: 4162: 4150: 4138: 4126: 4114: 4098: 4089: 4073: 4060: 4046: 4037: 4024: 4015: 4006: 3994: 3985: 3973: 3971:Rodger, p. 430 3955: 3946: 3933: 3924: 3915: 3902: 3893: 3884: 3871: 3862: 3860:Mosert, p. 133 3853: 3844: 3830: 3821: 3812: 3799: 3790: 3772: 3749: 3731: 3715: 3713:Rodger, p. 429 3703: 3694: 3680: 3666: 3654: 3642: 3628: 3616: 3607: 3598: 3589: 3580: 3571: 3559: 3546: 3536: 3534: 3531: 3529: 3528: 3515:MeasuringWorth 3495: 3478: 3465: 3431:3,300 captured 3415: 3410:Claude Farrère 3381:Thomas Carlyle 3364: 3338: 3328: 3316: 3300: 3286: 3276: 3252: 3226: 3211: 3209: 3206: 3179:Northumberland 3118:William Parker 3040: 3037: 2995: 2992: 2986: 2983: 2970:George Montagu 2942: 2941:Convoy arrives 2939: 2859:Léopold Morice 2749: 2746: 2710:Northumberland 2483:under Captain 2281:under Captain 2223: 2220: 2171:Charles Cotton 2082: 2079: 2067:as closely as 2065:Northumberland 2056:Northumberland 2041:under Admiral 1995:Thomas Pringle 1838: 1835: 1807:Anthony Molloy 1773:more closely, 1662:under Captain 1653:Admiral Graves 1622: 1619: 1602: 1599: 1560: 1557: 1484: 1483: 1474: 1473: 1467: 1466: 1465: 1457: 1454: 1427:Chesapeake Bay 1413: 1410: 1338: 1335: 1300:George Montagu 1222: 1219: 1203: 1200: 1196:Chesapeake Bay 1117:Dutch Republic 1066: 1063: 1013:under Admiral 951: 950: 948: 947: 942: 937: 932: 926: 923: 922: 913: 911: 910: 903: 896: 888: 879: 878: 876: 875: 870: 865: 864: 863: 858: 848: 843: 838: 833: 828: 823: 818: 813: 808: 803: 798: 793: 788: 777: 772: 767: 762: 757: 756: 755: 743: 738: 733: 728: 723: 718: 713: 708: 703: 698: 693: 688: 681: 676: 671: 666: 655: 650: 645: 634: 623: 617: 614: 613: 599: 597: 596: 589: 582: 574: 565: 564: 562: 561: 556: 551: 546: 541: 536: 531: 526: 521: 516: 511: 506: 501: 494: 493: 488: 483: 478: 473: 468: 463: 458: 453: 448: 443: 438: 433: 428: 423: 418: 413: 408: 403: 398: 393: 388: 383: 378: 373: 368: 363: 358: 353: 348: 342: 339: 338: 324: 322: 321: 314: 307: 299: 291: 290: 288: 287: 286:3,000 captured 284: 281: 278: 274: 272: 268: 267: 263: 262: 260: 259: 256: 253: 249: 247: 245: 244: 241: 238: 235: 232: 228: 225: 224: 220: 219: 207: 194: 193: 189: 188: 176: 163: 162: 158: 157: 154: 153: 147: 143: 142: 109:Atlantic Ocean 102: 100: 96: 95: 92: 84: 83: 65: 64: 53: 52: 46: 45: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5372: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5327: 5325: 5315: 5310: 5306: 5305: 5301: 5295: 5291: 5288: 5284: 5280: 5276: 5274:1-84119-183-3 5270: 5266: 5262: 5258: 5254: 5250: 5246: 5240: 5236: 5235: 5229: 5225: 5221: 5217: 5213: 5209: 5205: 5201: 5197: 5195:1-86176-169-4 5191: 5187: 5182: 5178: 5174: 5170: 5168:1-86176-091-4 5164: 5160: 5155: 5151: 5147: 5143: 5141:1-85367-276-9 5137: 5133: 5128: 5124: 5120: 5116: 5114:0-7139-9411-8 5110: 5106: 5102: 5098: 5094: 5090: 5086: 5084:1-84022-225-5 5080: 5076: 5072: 5068: 5064: 5058: 5054: 5049: 5045: 5044: 5039: 5035: 5031: 5027: 5023: 5021:0-85177-723-6 5017: 5013: 5009: 5008:Jane, Fred T. 5005: 5001: 4997: 4993: 4991:0-85177-905-0 4987: 4983: 4979: 4975: 4971: 4969:1-86176-026-4 4965: 4961: 4956: 4952: 4948: 4944: 4942:1-86176-018-3 4938: 4934: 4929: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4909: 4905: 4904: 4899: 4890: 4887: 4883: 4877: 4874: 4870: 4864: 4861: 4857: 4851: 4848: 4843: 4842: 4837: 4831: 4828: 4824: 4823: 4818: 4813: 4810: 4806: 4805: 4800: 4795: 4792: 4786: 4783: 4780:James, p. 181 4777: 4774: 4770: 4764: 4762: 4758: 4755:James, p. 179 4752: 4750: 4746: 4743: 4737: 4734: 4728: 4726: 4722: 4719:James, p. 175 4716: 4713: 4710:James, p. 174 4707: 4704: 4698: 4695: 4692:James, p. 173 4689: 4686: 4683:James, p. 172 4680: 4678: 4676: 4672: 4666: 4663: 4660:James, p. 171 4657: 4655: 4651: 4648:James, p. 153 4645: 4642: 4638: 4633: 4630: 4626: 4621: 4618: 4612: 4609: 4606:, p. 39. 4605: 4604:Padfield 2000 4600: 4597: 4594:, p. 83. 4593: 4588: 4585: 4581: 4576: 4573: 4569: 4564: 4561: 4557: 4552: 4549: 4536: 4532: 4528: 4522: 4519: 4516:, p. 95. 4515: 4510: 4507: 4504:, p. 95. 4503: 4498: 4495: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4477: 4471: 4465: 4462: 4458: 4457:Williams 1907 4453: 4450: 4446: 4440: 4437: 4434:James, p. 169 4431: 4429: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4413: 4410: 4407:James, p. 151 4404: 4401: 4395: 4392: 4389:James, p. 164 4386: 4384: 4382: 4378: 4372: 4370: 4366: 4363:James, p. 149 4360: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4346: 4345: 4340: 4335: 4332: 4326: 4323: 4320: 4314: 4312: 4308: 4305:James, p. 154 4302: 4299: 4296:James, p. 168 4293: 4291: 4287: 4284:James, p. 163 4281: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4262: 4257: 4252: 4249: 4246:James, p. 167 4243: 4241: 4239: 4235: 4232: 4226: 4224: 4222: 4218: 4215:James, p. 165 4212: 4209: 4206:James, p. 161 4203: 4200: 4196: 4195: 4190: 4185: 4183: 4181: 4177: 4171: 4169: 4167: 4163: 4157: 4155: 4151: 4148:James, p. 159 4145: 4143: 4139: 4133: 4131: 4127: 4124:James, p. 156 4121: 4119: 4115: 4112:James, p. 157 4109: 4107: 4105: 4103: 4099: 4093: 4090: 4087:James, p. 158 4084: 4082: 4080: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4064: 4061: 4058:James, p. 155 4055: 4053: 4051: 4047: 4041: 4038: 4034: 4028: 4025: 4019: 4016: 4010: 4007: 4004:James, p. 146 4001: 3999: 3995: 3989: 3986: 3980: 3978: 3974: 3968: 3966: 3964: 3962: 3960: 3956: 3953:James, p. 138 3950: 3947: 3943: 3937: 3934: 3931:James, p. 132 3928: 3925: 3922:James, p. 130 3919: 3916: 3912: 3906: 3903: 3900:James, p. 128 3897: 3894: 3888: 3885: 3881: 3875: 3872: 3869:James, p. 124 3866: 3863: 3857: 3854: 3848: 3845: 3842:James, p. 123 3839: 3837: 3835: 3831: 3825: 3822: 3816: 3813: 3809: 3803: 3800: 3797:James, p. 125 3794: 3791: 3787: 3786: 3781: 3780:Howe, Richard 3776: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3761: 3758: 3753: 3750: 3746: 3745: 3740: 3735: 3732: 3726: 3724: 3722: 3720: 3716: 3710: 3708: 3704: 3698: 3695: 3692:James, p. 127 3689: 3687: 3685: 3681: 3675: 3673: 3671: 3667: 3661: 3659: 3655: 3649: 3647: 3643: 3637: 3635: 3633: 3629: 3626:James, p. 122 3623: 3621: 3617: 3611: 3608: 3602: 3599: 3593: 3590: 3584: 3581: 3575: 3572: 3566: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3550: 3547: 3541: 3538: 3532: 3517: 3516: 3511: 3505: 3499: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3487:Viscount Hood 3482: 3479: 3475: 3469: 3466: 3422: 3420: 3416: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3402:William James 3399: 3395: 3391: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3368: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3352: 3348: 3347:French ensign 3342: 3339: 3332: 3329: 3326: 3320: 3317: 3313: 3312: 3304: 3301: 3297: 3290: 3287: 3280: 3277: 3273: 3272: 3266: 3265:Robert Barlow 3262: 3256: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3230: 3227: 3223: 3216: 3213: 3207: 3205: 3203: 3199: 3198: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3167: 3161: 3160: 3153: 3151: 3147: 3142: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3123: 3119: 3111: 3107: 3106:Royal Arsenal 3102: 3098: 3096: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3058: 3054: 3045: 3038: 3036: 3034: 3028: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3009: 3002: 2993: 2991: 2984: 2982: 2979: 2973: 2971: 2967: 2966: 2960: 2952: 2947: 2940: 2938: 2936: 2931: 2929: 2925: 2919: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2896: 2890: 2886: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2860: 2856: 2851: 2844: 2843: 2837: 2833: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2763: 2759: 2754: 2747: 2745: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2700:To the east, 2698: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2639:langrage fire 2636: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2591: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2561: 2558:, painted by 2557: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2532:lost several 2531: 2530: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2511: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2481: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2462: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2443: 2438:responded in 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2396: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2383:, and it was 2382: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2279: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2241: 2240:Auguste Mayer 2235: 2234: 2228: 2221: 2219: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2208: 2203: 2202: 2197: 2196: 2190: 2186: 2185: 2179: 2178: 2172: 2168: 2167: 2160: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2145: 2139: 2138:Ross Donnelly 2135: 2134:James Montagu 2131: 2130: 2125: 2124: 2118: 2114: 2113: 2107: 2106: 2101: 2100: 2095: 2094: 2088: 2080: 2078: 2076: 2075: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2057: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2039: 2033: 2029: 2028: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2002: 2001: 1996: 1992: 1991: 1984: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1957: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1939: 1933: 1928: 1926: 1925: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1907: 1902: 1898: 1897: 1892: 1887: 1885: 1884: 1878: 1877: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1863: 1857: 1852: 1848: 1847:George Bowyer 1844: 1836: 1834: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1803: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1785: 1778: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1767: 1762: 1761: 1755: 1751: 1750:Thomas Pasley 1747: 1746: 1741: 1740: 1735: 1734: 1728: 1727: 1721: 1716: 1714: 1713: 1708: 1707: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1680: 1675: 1674: 1669: 1665: 1664:James Gambier 1661: 1660: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1620: 1618: 1615: 1611: 1610: 1600: 1598: 1595: 1591: 1586: 1581: 1579: 1575: 1565: 1559:First of June 1558: 1556: 1554: 1550: 1549: 1542: 1540: 1539: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1524: 1519: 1518: 1511: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1487: 1471: 1463: 1455: 1453: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1434: 1432: 1431:William James 1428: 1424: 1423:Hampton Roads 1420: 1411: 1409: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1393: 1391: 1390: 1385: 1380: 1376: 1371: 1368: 1362: 1359: 1355: 1348: 1343: 1336: 1334: 1331: 1330: 1324: 1323:Peter Rainier 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1307: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1284: 1282: 1281:battle honour 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1265:Royal Marines 1262: 1257: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1243: 1239: 1238:Nootka Crisis 1232: 1227: 1220: 1218: 1216: 1209: 1201: 1199: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1183: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1144:Channel Fleet 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1128:Mediterranean 1125: 1120: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1105: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1064: 1062: 1058: 1055: 1051: 1046: 1041: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1026:United States 1023: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1007:Bay of Biscay 1004: 999: 997: 993: 989: 985: 981: 979: 973: 971: 965: 961: 946: 943: 941: 938: 936: 933: 931: 928: 927: 924: 919: 909: 904: 902: 897: 895: 890: 889: 886: 874: 871: 869: 866: 862: 859: 857: 854: 853: 852: 849: 847: 844: 842: 839: 837: 834: 832: 829: 827: 824: 822: 819: 817: 814: 812: 809: 807: 804: 802: 799: 797: 794: 792: 789: 787: 786: 782: 778: 776: 773: 771: 768: 766: 763: 761: 758: 754: 753: 749: 748: 747: 744: 742: 739: 737: 734: 732: 731:Levant Convoy 729: 727: 724: 722: 719: 717: 714: 712: 709: 707: 704: 702: 701:Gulf of Roses 699: 697: 694: 692: 689: 687: 686: 682: 680: 677: 675: 672: 670: 667: 665: 664: 660: 656: 654: 651: 649: 646: 644: 643: 639: 635: 633: 632: 628: 624: 622: 619: 618: 615: 610: 603: 602:Naval battles 595: 590: 588: 583: 581: 576: 575: 572: 560: 557: 555: 552: 550: 547: 545: 542: 540: 537: 535: 532: 530: 527: 525: 522: 520: 517: 515: 512: 510: 507: 505: 502: 500: 497: 496: 492: 489: 487: 484: 482: 479: 477: 474: 472: 469: 467: 464: 462: 459: 457: 454: 452: 449: 447: 444: 442: 439: 437: 434: 432: 429: 427: 424: 422: 419: 417: 414: 412: 409: 407: 404: 402: 399: 397: 394: 392: 389: 387: 384: 382: 379: 377: 374: 372: 369: 367: 364: 362: 359: 357: 354: 352: 349: 347: 344: 343: 340: 334: 330: 320: 315: 313: 308: 306: 301: 300: 297: 285: 282: 279: 276: 275: 273: 270: 269: 264: 257: 254: 251: 250: 248: 242: 239: 236: 233: 230: 229: 227: 226: 221: 218: 208: 206: 196: 195: 190: 187: 177: 175: 174:Great Britain 165: 164: 159: 152: 148: 145: 144: 139: 110: 106: 101: 98: 97: 93: 90: 89: 85: 82: 78: 77: 71: 66: 63: 59: 54: 49: 44: 40: 33: 19: 5289: 5264: 5232: 5219: 5207: 5185: 5158: 5131: 5104: 5075:Nelson's War 5074: 5052: 5042: 5011: 4981: 4959: 4932: 4923: 4911: 4900:Bibliography 4889: 4881: 4876: 4868: 4863: 4855: 4850: 4839: 4830: 4820: 4812: 4802: 4794: 4789:Tracy, p. 90 4785: 4776: 4768: 4741: 4736: 4715: 4706: 4701:Levot, p.544 4697: 4688: 4665: 4644: 4632: 4620: 4611: 4599: 4587: 4575: 4568:Farrère 1956 4563: 4551: 4539:. 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Retrieved 3513: 3498: 3481: 3473: 3468: 3451:3,000 killed 3405: 3397: 3389: 3384: 3372: 3367: 3359: 3355: 3350: 3341: 3331: 3324: 3319: 3310: 3303: 3289: 3279: 3270: 3260: 3255: 3229: 3215: 3196: 3193:but renamed 3190: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3165: 3158: 3154: 3149: 3143: 3130: 3121: 3114: 3070:Baron Graves 3050: 3029: 3016: 3007: 2997: 2988: 2974: 2964: 2956: 2934: 2932: 2920: 2916:the tricolor 2911: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2894: 2888: 2884: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2864: 2854: 2841: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2768:Villaret in 2767: 2757: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2730:Royal George 2729: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2699: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2589: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2565: 2560:Mather Brown 2555: 2551: 2538:Robert Otway 2528: 2522: 2514: 2509: 2505:Invincible's 2504: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2479: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2463: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2441: 2432:John Monkton 2427: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2397: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2331: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2317:in passing. 2314: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2277: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2245: 2232: 2215: 2212:Royal George 2211: 2206: 2200: 2195:Entreprenant 2194: 2183: 2176: 2165: 2161: 2156: 2152: 2149:Henry Harvey 2143: 2128: 2122: 2116: 2111: 2104: 2098: 2093:Royal George 2092: 2089:'s flagship 2084: 2073: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2055: 2046: 2043:Alan Gardner 2037: 2026: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2008: 1999: 1989: 1985: 1980: 1976: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1955: 1950: 1946: 1937: 1931: 1929: 1923: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1905: 1900: 1895: 1890: 1888: 1882: 1875: 1870: 1861: 1855: 1850: 1840: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1801: 1792: 1788: 1783: 1779: 1774: 1770: 1765: 1759: 1753: 1744: 1738: 1732: 1725: 1719: 1718:In front of 1717: 1711: 1705: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1678: 1672: 1667: 1658: 1649:van squadron 1644: 1642: 1633: 1629: 1621:Van squadron 1613: 1608: 1604: 1582: 1570: 1553:weather gage 1547: 1543: 1537: 1531: 1522: 1516: 1512: 1493: 1435: 1415: 1394: 1387: 1372: 1363: 1351: 1328: 1315:Newfoundland 1305: 1285: 1269:British Army 1258: 1235: 1211: 1184: 1176:Sidney Smith 1121: 1102: 1097:the British 1093:in Brittany 1068: 1059: 1042: 1000: 984:fleet action 975: 967: 963: 959: 957: 944: 831:Malta Convoy 784: 780: 751: 741:Newfoundland 736:Saldanha Bay 684: 678: 662: 658: 641: 637: 630: 626: 451:Newfoundland 416:Altenkirchen 205:Richard Howe 161:Belligerents 74: 56:Part of the 43: 4836:"No. 20939" 4580:Rodger 2004 4013:Jane, p. 95 3729:Jane, p. 94 3678:Jane, p. 96 3544:Tracy, p. 3 3460:811 wounded 3246:during the 3202:prize money 3159:Sans Pareil 3017:Le Moniteur 2822:Républicain 2756:Villaret's 2742:Sans Pareil 2716:, although 2615:Républicain 2556:1 June 1794 2529:Impregnable 2507:guns drove 2474:Républicain 2470:Républicain 2464:Dismasted, 2447:Marlborough 2428:Marlborough 2420:Marlborough 2404:Marlborough 2303:Bellerophon 2293:to safety. 2291:Bellerophon 2264:Bellerophon 2256:Bellerophon 2216:Républicain 2117:Sans Pareil 2105:Sans Pareil 2099:Républicain 1981:Brunswick's 1965:Brunswick's 1943:John Harvey 1831:Bellerophon 1754:Bellerophon 1726:Bellerophon 1720:Marlborough 1706:Marlborough 1354:French Navy 1337:French Navy 1261:press gangs 1215:first rates 1136:East Indies 1083:Piedmontese 994:during the 940:29 May 1794 935:28 May 1794 816:Tory Island 801:Dives River 504:Chouannerie 258:2 corvettes 237:2 fireships 133: / 94:1 June 1794 60:during the 5324:Categories 4880:Gardiner, 4867:Gardiner, 4767:Gardiner, 4637:James 2002 4625:James 2002 4592:Smith 1998 4556:James 2002 4502:Tracy 1998 4481:s Sailors" 4443:Gardiner, 4416:Gardiner, 4067:Gardiner, 4031:Gardiner, 3940:Gardiner, 3909:Gardiner, 3878:Gardiner, 3806:Gardiner, 3553:Gardiner, 3533:References 3485:The title 3456:287 killed 3090:parliament 3057:George III 2605:s escape, 2523:Invincible 2497:Invincible 2321:only left 1871:Invincible 1862:Invincible 1578:line ahead 1528:first rate 1500:Portsmouth 1446:Jay Treaty 1358:Revolution 1317:as far as 1236:Since the 1221:Royal Navy 1164:Royal Navy 1065:Background 930:7 May 1794 846:Copenhagen 775:Camperdown 770:Santa Cruz 765:Jean-Rabel 711:April 1795 691:Den Helder 406:Den Helder 401:Guadeloupe 396:Martinique 366:Thionville 346:Porrentruy 255:5 frigates 234:7 frigates 5283:231895733 5253:216617748 5224:The Times 5150:231766509 5073:(2000) . 5030:163816462 5010:(1997) . 5000:165702223 4980:(2002) . 4854:Brenton, 4514:Jane 1997 4472:(1906) . 3445:Gardiner 3349:flown by 3197:Impetueux 3183:Impétueux 3122:Audacious 3086:commander 3027:in 1692. 3021:Kerguelen 2985:Aftermath 2965:Audacious 2959:Admiralty 2904:Vengeur's 2876:Brunswick 2818:Jemmappes 2798:Thunderer 2790:Leviathan 2722:Jemmappes 2714:Jemmappes 2691:Vengeur's 2687:Ramillies 2679:Ramillies 2675:Brunswick 2671:Brunswick 2659:Brunswick 2647:Brunswick 2635:Brunswick 2627:Brunswick 2603:Montagne' 2590:Gibraltar 2489:Impétueux 2455:Impétueux 2424:Impétueux 2412:Impétueux 2408:Impétueux 2357:Russell's 2353:Leviathan 2337:Témeraire 2319:Leviathan 2295:Leviathan 2260:Leviathan 2201:Pelletier 2184:Thunderer 2153:Brunswick 2144:Ramillies 2051:John Hutt 2021:Brunswick 2005:contagion 1975:asked if 1969:Vengeur's 1938:Brunswick 1889:Howe and 1802:Téméraire 1793:Russell's 1733:Leviathan 1712:Impétueux 1692:Tourville 1679:Tourville 1643:Although 1538:Audacious 1517:Audacieux 1450:Quasi War 1405:Rochefort 1156:Sardinian 1113:Louis XVI 1109:execution 1024:from the 1015:Lord Howe 851:Algeciras 706:2nd Genoa 685:Alexander 653:1st Genoa 638:Embuscade 631:Cléopâtre 491:Diersheim 481:Fishguard 441:Neresheim 351:Quiévrain 240:2 cutters 151:aftermath 5263:(2001). 5206:(1961). 5177:60158681 5123:43500487 5103:(2004). 5093:43500487 5040:(1866). 4951:36666951 4910:(1837). 4858:, p. 227 3882:, p. 148 3760:Archived 3385:Culloden 3356:Montagne 3261:Childers 3131:Barfleur 3110:Woolwich 3082:baronets 3053:Spithead 3005:role of 2978:Plymouth 2895:Culloden 2880:Vengeur' 2806:Terrible 2794:Barfleur 2770:Montagne 2758:Montagne 2681:, while 2609:engaged 2593:, under 2580:Montagne 2572:Montagne 2385:Montagne 2377:Montagne 2373:Terrible 2297:, under 2177:Majestic 2151:seeking 2074:Jemmapes 2000:Patriote 1915:Montagne 1901:Montagne 1896:Montagne 1883:Barfleur 1865:, under 1827:Caesar's 1795:captain 1787:and HMS 1771:Terrible 1766:Terrible 1617:damage. 1574:frigates 1496:Virginia 1456:May 1794 1311:frigates 1275:and the 1140:colonies 1130:and the 1104:Childers 1095:fired on 1054:blockade 1003:campaign 990:and the 868:Boulogne 674:May 1794 669:Guernsey 659:Crescent 621:Sardinia 471:Biberach 466:2nd Kehl 456:Würzburg 431:1st Kehl 426:Kircheib 411:Siegburg 391:Sardinia 386:Jemappes 356:Marquain 223:Strength 99:Location 4884:, p. 40 4871:, p. 41 4771:, p. 39 4487:(ed.). 4476:Vengeur 4447:, p. 33 4420:, p. 38 4071:, p. 32 4035:, p. 31 3944:, p. 28 3913:, p. 27 3810:, p. 16 3474:Vengeur 3413:rescue. 3398:Vengeur 3390:Vengeur 3360:Vengeur 3351:Vengeur 3311:Pegasus 3271:Pegasus 3191:America 3187:America 3175:Achille 3120:of HMS 3039:Britain 3001:égalité 2935:Scipion 2912:Vengeur 2908:Rattler 2900:Rattler 2885:Vengeur 2872:Vengeur 2810:Scipion 2786:Valiant 2738:Scipion 2695:Achille 2683:Vengeur 2667:Vengeur 2663:Achille 2655:Achille 2651:Achille 2643:Vengeur 2611:Jacobin 2493:Phaeton 2480:Phaeton 2466:Defence 2459:Russell 2442:Aquilon 2398:Behind 2393:Valiant 2361:America 2349:Russell 2333:Russell 2323:America 2307:America 2207:Scipion 2129:Neptune 2123:Montagu 2013:Achille 2009:Valiant 1990:Valiant 1977:Vengeur 1956:Achille 1951:Jacobin 1924:Jacobin 1856:Defence 1784:Russell 1745:America 1696:Defence 1684:Defence 1668:Defence 1659:Defence 1632:Defence 1585:wearing 1526:. This 1425:in the 1329:Suffolk 1152:Spanish 1077:in the 1075:Prussia 836:Dunkirk 785:Hercule 746:Ireland 663:Réunion 605:of the 486:Neuwied 476:Ireland 461:Limburg 421:Wetzlar 243:1 sloop 121:17°27′W 118:47°24′N 5294:Tome 5 5281: 5271: 5251: 5241: 5192: 5175: 5165: 5148: 5138: 5121: 5111: 5091: 5081: 5059: 5028: 5018: 4998: 4988: 4966: 4949: 4939: 4541:29 May 3557:, p. 9 3463:1,200. 3222:Ushant 3150:Caesar 3078:Bowyer 2994:France 2928:Ushant 2889:Alfred 2820:, and 2814:Mucius 2796:, and 2451:Mucius 2416:Mucius 2387:which 2341:Trajan 2315:Trajan 2278:Latona 2252:Trajan 2248:Caesar 2187:under 2166:Alfred 2030:under 1993:under 1973:master 1837:Centre 1823:Trajan 1819:Trajan 1815:Caesar 1811:Caesar 1789:Caesar 1688:Mucius 1673:Mucius 1651:under 1590:Rodney 1548:Caesar 1412:Convoy 1347:Guérin 1306:Hector 1202:Fleets 1180:Toulon 1038:Ushant 1022:convoy 796:Ostend 726:Hyères 679:Ushant 648:Toulon 642:Boston 627:Nymphe 607:French 446:Amberg 436:Malsch 361:Verdun 186:France 146:Result 105:Ushant 4483:. In 4479:' 3521:7 May 3325:Queen 3208:Notes 3166:Juste 2802:Queen 2774:Queen 2734:Glory 2726:Queen 2718:Queen 2706:Queen 2702:Orion 2689:took 2641:from 2619:Juste 2534:yards 2510:Juste 2487:. As 2222:Melee 2112:Glory 2069:Orion 2061:Queen 2047:Queen 2038:Queen 2027:Orion 1876:Juste 1636:, by 1508:Brest 1325:, in 1302:, in 1091:Brest 1019:grain 841:Malta 821:Texel 721:Groix 381:Mainz 376:Lille 371:Valmy 5279:OCLC 5269:ISBN 5249:OCLC 5239:ISBN 5190:ISBN 5173:OCLC 5163:ISBN 5146:OCLC 5136:ISBN 5119:OCLC 5109:ISBN 5089:OCLC 5079:ISBN 5057:ISBN 5026:OCLC 5016:ISBN 4996:OCLC 4986:ISBN 4964:ISBN 4947:OCLC 4937:ISBN 4543:2008 4268:and 3523:2024 3458:and 3437:and 3429:and 3309:HMS 3296:tack 3269:HMS 3259:HMS 3195:HMS 3177:and 3164:HMS 3157:HMS 2963:HMS 2951:Howe 2893:HMS 2891:and 2740:and 2732:and 2712:and 2704:and 2669:and 2629:and 2613:and 2588:HMS 2570:and 2527:HMS 2478:HMS 2440:HMS 2422:and 2402:was 2345:Eole 2343:and 2313:and 2311:Eole 2287:Eole 2276:HMS 2268:Eole 2258:and 2214:and 2198:and 2182:HMS 2175:HMS 2164:HMS 2142:HMS 2121:HMS 2110:HMS 2102:and 2091:HMS 2087:Hood 2081:Rear 2036:HMS 2034:and 2025:HMS 2019:and 1988:HMS 1959:and 1936:HMS 1881:HMS 1860:HMS 1845:and 1782:HMS 1758:HMS 1742:and 1739:Éole 1731:HMS 1729:and 1724:HMS 1704:HMS 1676:and 1657:HMS 1630:HMS 1607:HMS 1546:HMS 1536:HMS 1327:HMS 1304:HMS 1134:and 1132:West 1101:HMS 1099:brig 1073:and 1045:rake 958:The 873:Mahé 806:Nile 783:vs. 781:Mars 661:vs. 640:vs. 629:vs. 333:List 149:See 91:Date 3502:UK 3392:by 3336:36) 3068:as 2367:). 2173:in 1809:of 1752:of 1702:in 974:or 861:2nd 856:1st 5326:: 5277:. 5247:. 5171:. 5144:. 5117:. 5087:. 5024:. 4994:. 4945:. 4838:. 4819:, 4801:, 4760:^ 4748:^ 4724:^ 4674:^ 4653:^ 4529:. 4425:^ 4380:^ 4368:^ 4356:^ 4347:, 4341:, 4310:^ 4289:^ 4277:^ 4264:, 4258:, 4237:^ 4220:^ 4191:, 4179:^ 4165:^ 4153:^ 4141:^ 4129:^ 4117:^ 4101:^ 4076:^ 4049:^ 3997:^ 3976:^ 3958:^ 3833:^ 3782:, 3766:, 3741:, 3718:^ 3706:^ 3683:^ 3669:^ 3657:^ 3645:^ 3631:^ 3619:^ 3562:^ 3512:. 3418:^ 3408:, 3108:, 3097:. 2870:. 2828:, 2816:, 2812:, 2792:, 2788:, 2784:, 2780:, 2625:, 2544:. 2503:. 2461:. 2347:. 2159:. 1934:, 1909:, 1879:. 1791:. 1715:. 1690:, 1655:: 1452:. 1321:. 1154:, 1119:. 998:. 107:, 79:, 5285:. 5255:. 5226:. 5198:. 5179:. 5152:. 5125:. 5095:. 5065:. 5032:. 5002:. 4972:. 4953:. 4545:. 3525:. 3493:. 3314:. 3250:. 2764:. 2562:. 2242:. 907:e 900:t 893:v 593:e 586:t 579:v 335:) 331:( 318:e 311:t 304:v 41:. 34:. 20:)

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