214:, Alfonso Moran, Carnell Smith, Charles Wheeler, Ellis and George Buckner, Harold Newton, Hezekiah Baker, Isaac Knight, James Gibson, John Maynor, Johnny Daniels, Lemuel Newton, Livingston Roberts, Mary Ann Carroll, Robert Butler, Rodney Demps, and Willie Daniels. Most of the paintings are signed, but there are a number of paintings that weren't, there are a number of paintings that are sold as "Highwaymen Style" that emulate the iconic landscapes of the Highwaymen artists. Older paintings from the 1950s and early 60s era are more sought after by collectors.
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the leader and catalyst "who set the tone for the group through the 1960s." They attracted a group of a "young, energetic" artists who painted large quantities of brilliantly colorful impressionistic landscapes that they each sold from their cars. In 1970, the group lost its charismatic leader when Hair was killed in a barroom brawl at age 29 and the prodigious output of the movement's artists began to wane. By the 1980s, a shift in public tastes and the growth of corporate entities like
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128:, the Highwaymen painted on inexpensive upson board or masonite and framed their paintings with crown molding (brushed with gold or silver paint to "antique" them). They packed these paintings into the trunks of their cars and sold them door-to-door throughout the south-eastern coast of Florida. Sometimes the paintings were stacked before the oil paint was dry. Painting
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paint to this day, more than 50 years since they first started to paint, even though most artists are now in their 70s and some nearing their 80s. Over time their style has evolved into more carefully created works and away from the original "fast painting" techniques that enabled them to produce large quantities of paintings in their early years.
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began taking formal art lessons from Backus and, after three years, also began selling landscape paintings. Newton and Hair inspired a loose-knit group of
African American artists to follow their leads. Newton is recognized by fellow artists for his technical inspiration while Hair is the considered
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The
Highwaymen created large numbers of relatively inexpensive landscape paintings using construction materials rather than traditional art supplies. As no galleries would accept their work, they sold them in towns and cities and along roadsides throughout Florida, often still wet, out of the trunks
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Their renown grew internationally during the early 2000s and the 26 members have been recognized for their extensive contribution and vivid documentation of mid-twentieth century
Florida culture and history. Of the remaining artists in the original group (13 deceased) all but one artist continue to
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style, the
Highwaymen artists "eschew any formal color theory and rel on instinct and intuition to depict their steady stream of beaches, palm trees and Everglades scenes. Organic colors were not their main focus; they wanted to wow buyers with burnt-orange Florida skies or unnaturally florescent
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was convinced by A. E. Backus, a prominent
Florida landscape artist, to create paintings of landscapes rather than religious scenes. Newton sold his landscapes from the trunk of his car because art galleries in South Florida refused to represent African Americans. The following year, 14-year-old
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It was not a formal movement and represented no "official" group, yet The
Highwaymen thrived as artists and entrepreneurs through their sheer determination to succeed as painters and not as laborers in citrus groves, their expected social role. The works are also classified as
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In August thru to
October 2011, at Howard University, Washington, D.C. Entitled "The Road to Freedom," a section of early Highwaymen paintings, was on view over the summer at Blackburn Gallery at Howard University, the historically black university.
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In
February 2016, an exhibition in Ottawa, Canada was sponsored by the United States Embassy for US Black History month. The exhibit at the SAW Gallery included 30 paintings by all members of the Florida Highwaymen and a documentary.
165:, Mary Ann Carroll (the only woman in the group), brothers Johnny and Willie Daniels, Rodney Demps, James Gibson, Alfred Hair, Isaac Knight, Robert Lewis, John Maynor, Roy McLendon, Alfonso "Poncho" Moran, brothers Sam, Lemuel and
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in Ocala in 2003 and was picked up by PBS. It generally airs during Black
History month. Narrated by Spencer Christian, the Hambrick team was responsible for this one as well and the second, more commercial oriented documentary.
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of natural settings in
Florida igniting sales of the paintings. This activity increased the value of the artwork and created further demand. All 26 Florida Highwaymen were inducted into the Florida Artists Hall of Fame in 2004.
107:, wrote several newspaper articles about the group whom Fitch dubbed "The Florida Highwaymen" for their business of selling art door-to-door along Florida's Highway 1. The attention created new interest for their idyllic
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and made a living selling them door-to-door to businesses and individuals throughout Florida from the mid-1950s through the 1980s. They also sold their work from the trunks of their cars along the eastern coastal roads
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of their cars. Their success and longevity is remarkable considering they began their career in the racially unsettled and violent times of the 50s in Florida and amid the social conditions of the
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146:", or "Folk Art". They honed techniques to rapidly produce their paintings and developed strategies to sell and market their artwork outside of the formal world of art galleries and
327:
Christiansen, Tess. "The Florida Highwaymen: From the Roadside to the National Collection." Washington, DC: National Museum of African American History and Culture, 2017.
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South where the stirrings of the civil rights movement were only just beginning. They have been called "The Last Great American Art Movement of the 20th century".
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53:. It is believed they may have created a body of work of over 200,000 paintings. They challenged many racial and cultural barriers. Mostly from the
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In 2017, an exhibit titled “The Florida Highwaymen: Art Innovators in a Civil Rights Epoch” was held at Homer & Dolly Hand Art Center at
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169:, Willie Reagan, Livingston "Castro" Roberts, Carnell "Pete" Smith Sr., Charles Walker, Sylvester Wells, and Charles "Chico" Wheeler.
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The lone "Highwaywoman" Mary Ann Carroll (1940-2019) lived in obscurity for many years. Carroll was the guest of honor at First Lady
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Washington, DC: Humanities, a publication of the National Endowment for the Humanities, September/October 2014, Volume 35, Number 5
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The Highwaymen were mostly self-taught painters, who mentored each other. Excluded from the traditional world of art shows and
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documentary film was released called "The Highwaymen: Legends of the Road". It was produced by father and son team Jack and
150:. Their story is one of African Americans who carved out unique economic opportunities despite the social conditions of the
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in 2004 as the Highwaymen and include: Curtis Arnett, Hezekiah Baker, Al "Blood" Black, brothers Ellis and George Buckner,
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Hurd, Gordon K. "Alfred Hair (1941-1970) - A charismatic businessman who created a movement for Florida’s black artists."
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202:(both veteran TV news journalists). The original, titled "The Highwaymen: Florida's Outsider Artists" premiered at the
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In 2004, twenty-six African-American artists were identified as Highwaymen. These artists were inducted into the
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191:, Roy McLendon, James Gibson, Livingston Roberts, Mary Ann Carroll, Sam Newton, Willie Daniels, and Al Black.
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506:"Alfred Hair and the Florida Highwaymen - Division of Arts and Culture - Florida Department of State"
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The Highwaymen, a School of African-American Artists Who Hawked Their Work on the Side of the Road.
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https://www.neh.gov/humanities/2014/septemberoctober/statement/selling-art-the-side-the-road
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722:"Florida Artists Hall of Fame - Division of Arts and Culture - Florida Department of State"
658:"Alfred Hair: A charismatic businessman who created a movement for Florida's black artists"
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903:"'There will never be another Charles Walker': Fort Pierce Highwaymen artist dies at 77"
848:"Highwaymen artist Willie Daniels remembered by family as gifted painter, giving person"
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816:"Local history: Florida Highwaymen started unique art form, movement on Treasure Coast"
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566:"PBS - Freedom Never Dies: The Story of Harry T. Moore - Florida Terror - Lynchings"
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Of these twenty six, nine are considered "original" (or the earliest) Highwaymen:
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In the mid-1990s Jim Fitch, a Florida art historian, and Jeff Klinkenberg, of the
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https://view.publitas.com/artstlucie/art-st-lucie-magazine-spring-2022/page/36-37
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in Tallahassee has paintings by twenty-three of the original twenty-six artists.
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https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/obituaries/alfred-hair-overlooked.html
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http://web.archive.org/web/20220120035136/http://www.aarf.com/fews9501.htm
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This article is about the landscape painters. For other artists, see
1088:"The Highwaymen's Legacy: Capturing the Beauty of Old-time Florida"
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https://nmaahc.si.edu/explore/stories/collection/florida-highwaymen
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newspaper article on Mary Ann Carroll for her appearance in Ottawa
1022:"US Embassy hosts "Florida Highwaymen" exhibit at the SAW Gallery"
232:
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Traveling exhibition at The Orange County History Center, Florida
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In March 2020, the Florida legislature passed a bill creating
176:'s First Lady's Luncheon on May 18, 2011. Carroll presented a
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from floridaembassy.com Highwaymen Exhibit in Washington D.C.
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The Highwaymen: Florida's African-American Landscape Painters
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The Highwaymen: Florida's African-American Landscape Painters
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Florida Highwaymen Paintings, History, News, Videos and more
1041:"Stetson Hosts Florida Highwaymen Art Exhibit With Rare Art"
933:. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida. p. 39.
357:
Fort Pierce, FL: A. E. Backus Museum and Gallery, 2008. DVD.
302:
Adams, J. Marshall. "Fasterpieces: The Florida Highwaymen.”
278:(Orlando, Florida), The Florida House (Washington, D.C.),
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article by Nick Friedman with several images of paintings
746:"Voices of the Highwaymen | Arts and Entertainment"
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Venues for other exhibits have included the Smithsonian
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holds an annual exhibition of the Highwaymen's artwork.
1188:. Historical Society of Central Florida, Incorporated.
272:
National Museum of African American History and Culture
388:. Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida.
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Amazing art story: The Florida Highwaymen (and woman)
316:
Historical Society of Central Florida, Incorporated.
244:, and other Florida artists such as "The Highwaymen".
1111:"Specialty license plates await Ron DeSantis' stamp"
698:"Antiques & Art Around Florida - The Highwaymen"
530:"The Highwaymen | History of the Florida Highwaymen"
680:"Art, Race And Murder: Meet Florida's 'Highwaymen'"
100:further reduced the demand for the movement's art.
416:The Highwaymen Murals: Al Black's Concrete Dreams.
386:Mary Ann Carroll: The First Lady of the Highwaymen
1266:The Highwaymen Murals: Al Black's Concrete Dreams
841:
839:
636:"ARTS IN AMERICA; Sunshine for Windy Dreamscapes"
433:. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2007.
1309:Florida House Washington D.C. Highwaymen Exhibit
1212:Mary Ann Carroll: First Lady of the Highwaymen
931:Mary Ann Carroll: First Lady of the Highwaymen
286:), and The Florida Aquarium (Tampa, Florida).
1349:The Florida Highwaymen Collection For Exhibit
997:"Museum of Florida History - News and Events"
86:In 1955, 19-year-old African American artist
8:
362:The Highwaymen: Florida’s Outsider Artists.
314:Florida's Highwaymen: Legendary Landscapes.
1185:Florida's Highwaymen: Legendary Landscapes
846:Holsman, Melissa E. (21 September 2021).
823:& Historical Society of Martin County
364:Harrington Park: Janson Media, 2003. DVD.
1321:the Highwaymen on "The Arts Connection"
1295:, a Florida Highwaymen resource website
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339:http://www.thehighwaymen.com/index.html
210:As of May 2022, eighteen are deceased,
1380:American artist groups and collectives
1347:African American Impressionist artists
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613:Painting isn't Just One Man's Treasure
553:History of Harry T and Harriette Moore
379:Tropical Light: The Art of A.E. Backus
1375:20th-century African-American artists
882:. Vol. 6, no. 1. p. 32
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347:, Winter/Spring 1995, 133 & 139.
276:Orange County Regional History Center
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1361:Museum devoted to the work of Backus
615:St. Petersburg Times August 20, 2005
355:The Highwaymen: Legends of the Road.
1315:The Highwaymen, Legends of the Road
1058:Mondale, Arthur (15 October 2021).
814:Banta, Debbie (December 12, 2021).
306:, Spring-Summer 2022, pages 36-37.
1060:"Who were the Florida Highwaymen?"
590:"Civil Rights Movement in Florida"
337:New York: Harry N. Abrams, 2009.
14:
1385:African-American cultural history
1136:"HB 1135 (2020) - License Plates"
238:A. E. Backus Gallery & Museum
219:A. E. Backus Gallery & Museum
16:African-American group of artists
978:. floridahighwaymenpaintings.com
955:"Who are the Florida Highwaymen"
901:McKelvey, Olivia (2 June 2022).
678:Montagne, Renee (27 June 2012).
468:
454:
403:. University Press of Florida.
381:. New York: Vendome Press, 2016.
1269:. University Press of Florida.
1242:. University Press of Florida.
1215:. University Press of Florida.
1109:Downey, Renzo (13 March 2020).
634:Derr, Mark (27 November 2001).
418:. University Press of Florida.
345:Antiques and Art Around Florida
343:Fitch, Jim. “The Highwaymen.”
41:. Two of the original artists,
1299:ON THE TRAIL OF THE HIGHWAYMEN
1086:Deusinger, Raye (April 2019).
1039:Anderson, Kaia (16 May 2017).
874:Harris, Susan (January 2016).
534:floridahighwaymenpaintings.com
335:The Journey of the Highwaymen.
1:
804:by Ken Hall, from go-star.com
774:www.floridahighwaymenbook.com
429:Monroe, Gary. Harold Newton:
180:tree painting to Mrs. Obama.
976:"Florida Highwaymen Artists"
371:"Overlooked" Series, 2019.
194:In 2008, a second hour-long
159:Florida Artists Hall of Fame
1305:article by Jeff Klinkenberg
876:"Cruising Down Memory Lane"
293:to honor the group's work.
21:Highwayman (disambiguation)
1416:
1303:South Florida Sun Sentinel
1020:Clarke, MacAndrew (2016).
1001:museumoffloridahistory.com
29:, also referred to as the
18:
1092:The Okeechenobee Magazine
250:Museum of Florida History
49:, received training from
1336:Voices of the Highwaymen
686:. National Public Radio.
656:Hurd, Gordon K. (2019).
291:specialty license plates
957:. floridahighwaymen.com
431:The Original Highwayman
1317:, 2008 PBS documentary
1163:Cite journal requires
304:Art St. Lucie Magazine
245:
51:Alfred “Beanie” Backus
1395:American folk artists
1263:Monroe, Gary (2009).
1236:Monroe, Gary (2001).
1209:Monroe, Gary (2014).
929:Monroe, Gary (2014).
414:Monroe, Gary (2009).
399:Monroe, Gary (2001).
384:Monroe, Gary (2014).
377:Kuzmanovic, Natasha.
236:
37:landscape artists in
1400:Fort Pierce, Florida
1390:Artists from Florida
1182:Beatty, Bob (2005).
880:Vero Beach Portfolio
484:African American art
476:United States portal
312:Beatty, Bob (2005).
223:Fort Pierce, Florida
105:St. Petersburg Times
33:, are a group of 26
333:Enns, Catherine M.
274:(Washington D.C.),
57:area, they painted
1026:Black Ottawa Scene
799:2007-10-18 at the
462:Visual arts portal
369:The New York Times
265:Stetson University
246:
240:houses artwork by
31:Florida Highwaymen
1341:Sarasota Observer
1276:978-0-8130-3359-4
1249:978-0-8130-2281-9
1222:978-0-8130-4969-4
1195:978-0-9772344-2-4
726:dos.myflorida.com
510:dos.myflorida.com
424:978-0-8130-3359-4
409:978-0-8130-2281-9
322:978-0-9772344-2-4
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