2637:. Kohl argues that Anthony's linguistic model is overly simple on the development of the Indo-European languages as products of divergence originating from one single source, though he admits that Anthony pays some attention to loanwords and the influence of neighboring cultures. Kohl is critical that Anthony's linguistic model guides "the archaeological interpretation rather than the reverse." According to Kohl, "such a procedure almost necessarily means that the archaeological record is consistently manipulated to fit the linguistic model that it is meant to confirm; the reasoning is circular." Kohl further notes that Anthony's reconstruction is bold and imaginative but is also "necessarily selective" and sometimes misleading when it relies on a rather limited number of items. According to Kohl,
2467:, a real folk migration of Proto-Indo-European-speakers from the Yamna-culture took place into the Danube Valley, moving along Usatovo territory toward specific destinations, reaching as far as Hungary, where as many as 3000 kurgans may have been raised. Bell Beaker sites at Budapest, dated c. 2800–2600 BCE, may have aided in spreading Yamna dialects into Austria and southern Germany in the west, where Proto-Celtic may have developed. Pre-Italic may have developed in Hungary, and spread toward Italy via the
2442:
2621:
linguistic roots, not the older
Anatolian-Near Eastern origins that Renfrew proposed, mark PIE after 4000 B.C.E.... David Anthony has produced convincingly detailed evidence that plants the origins of Indo-European culture firmly on the Russian-Ukrainian steppes by 3500 B.C.E. and demonstrates the spread of its horseback-riding innovations westward up the Danube River in Central Europe and eastward over the Iranian plateau into the Indus Valley.
2654:. According to Kohl, horseback riding was almost invisible in the Ancient Near Eastern pictorial record until practically the end of the 3rd millennium BCE. Finally, Kohl notes that past fantasies about superior Aryans are dismissed by Anthony but that his descriptions of the influence of the Indo-European cultures on the Eurasian world may nevertheless feed into "fantasies about peculiarly gifted and creative Indo-Europeans–Aryans."
143:
2434:, it is contemporary with the Yamna culture and resembles it in significant ways. According to Anthony, it may have originated with "steppe clans related to the Yamnaya horizon who were able to impose a patron-client relationship on Tripolye farming villages." According to Anthony, the Pre-Germanic dialects may have developed in the culture between the Dniestr (western Ukraine) and the
2274:(4400–3300 BCE) appears at the same location as the Dniepr-Donets culture but shows influences from people who came from the Volga River region. The Sredni Stog culture was "the archaeological foundation for the Indo-European steppe pastoralists of Marija Gimbutas," and the period "was the critical era when innovative Proto-Indo-European dialects began to spread across the steppes."
2189:
2241:, which was connected with the Danube Valley by trade networks, also had cattle and sheep, but they were "more important in ritual sacrifices than in the diet." According to Anthony, "the set of cults that spread with the first domesticated animals was at the root of the Proto-Indo-European conception of the universe" in which cattle had an essential role. The
2368:
2233:(5200–3500 BCE) appears east of the Carpathian mountains, moving the cultural frontier to the Southern Bug valley, and the foragers at the Dniepr Rapids shifted to cattle herding, marking the shift to Dniepr-Donets II (5200/5000-4400-4200 BCE). The Dniepr-Donets culture kept cattle not only for ritual sacrifices but also for their daily diet. The
2408:
2245:(early 5th millennium BCE), north of the Khvalynsk culture, interacted with the same. The steppe cultures were markedly different, economically and probably linguistically, from the Danube Valley and Balkan cultures at their west despite trade between them, the foragers of the northern forest zone, and from the cultures east of the Ural river.
2539:, and the Sintashta settlements reveal an extensive copper producing industry, producing copper for the Middle Eastern market. The Sintashta culture was shaped by warfare, which occurred in tandem with a growing long-distance trade. Chariots were an important weapon in the Sintashta culture and spread from there to the Middle East.
2319:(3600—3000 BCE), on the Black Sea coast between the Dniestr and the Dniepr. Mikhailovka I people looked less like the Suvorovo-Novodanilovka people and may have intermarried more with Tripolye culture people or people from the Danube valley. Mikhailovka II upper level (3300–3000 BCE) imported pottery from the
2288:. According to Anthony, their languages "probably included archaic Proto-Indo-European dialects of the kind partly preserved later in Anatolian." According to Anthony their descendants later moved into Anatolia at an unknown time, maybe as early as 3000 BCE. According to Anthony, the herders, forming the
2058:
Anthony introduces the similarities between a broad range of languages and their common ancestor, Proto-Indo-European (PIE). He proposes that "the Proto-Indo-European homeland was located in the steppes north of the Black and
Caspian Seas in what is today southern Ukraine and Russia." Anthony gives a
2661:
the book's enduring value will be its rich and vivid synthesis of an extremely complex corpus of archaeological data from
Neolithic times through the Bronze Age, stretching from the Balkans to Central Asia. Anthony writes extremely well and masterfully describes material culture remains, teasing out
2390:
The early
Yamnaya horizon spread quickly across the Pontic-Caspian steppes between ca. 3400 and 3200 BCE. According to Anthony, "the spread of the Yamnaya horizon was the material expression of the spread of late Proto-Indo-European across the Pontic-Caspian steppes." Anthony further notes that "the
2526:
After ca. 2500 BCE, the
Eurasian steppes became drier, peaking in ca. 2000 BCE, with the steppes southeast of the Ural mountains becoming even drier than the Middle Volga steppe. In ca. 2100 BCE, Poltavka and Abashevo herders moved into the upper Tobol and Ural river valleys, close to marshes which
2261:
with signs of bit wear gives clues for the dating of the appearance of horse-riding. The presence of domesticated horses in the steppe cultures was an important clue for Marija
Gimbutas's development of her Kurgan hypothesis. According to Anthony, horseback riding may have appeared as early as 4200
2021:
Part Two covers the development of the Steppe cultures and the subsequent migrations out of the Pontic-Caspian region into Europe, Central Asia, and South Asia. The splitting of the major branches of Indo-European (except perhaps Greek) can be correlated with archaeological cultures, showing steppe
2017:
Part One covers theoretical considerations on language and archaeology. It gives an introductory overview of Indo-European linguistics (ch. 1); investigates the reconstruction of Proto-Indo-European (ch. 2); the dating of Proto-Indo-European (ch. 3); the specific vocabulary for wool and wheels (ch.
2026:
River (in western
Ukraine) and the introduction of cattle (ch. 8); the spread of cattle-herding during the Copper Age and the accompanying social division between high and low status (ch. 9); the domestication of the horse (ch. 10); the end of the Balkan cultures and the early migrations of Steppe
2216:
area was the next part of the Pontic-Caspian steppes to shift to cattle-herding. It was the most densely-populated area of the Pontic-Caspian steppes at the time and had been inhabited by various hunter-gatherer populations since the end of the Ice Age. From ca. 5800–5200, it was inhabited by the
27:
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The eastern part (Volga-Ural-North
Caucasian) of the Yamna horizon was more mobile than the western part (South Bug-lower Don), which was more farming-oriented. The eastern part more male-oriented, and the western part was more female-inclusive. The eastern part also had a higher number of males
2641:
the central problem with this book is its assumption that Indo-Europeans exclusively or nearly exclusively practiced certain cultural features, including technologies and even religious rituals. Was such exclusivity characteristic of the late prehistoric world or, rather, were peoples who spoke
2115:
Neither woven wool textiles nor wheeled vehicles existed before about 4000 BCE. It is possible that neither existed before about 3500 BCE. Yet Proto-Indo-European speakers spoke regularly about wheeled vehicles and some sort of wool textile. This vocabulary suggests that Proto-Indo-European was
2013:
When the climate changed between 3500 and 3000 BCE, with the steppes becoming drier and cooler, those inventions led to a new way of life in which mobile herders moved into the steppes, developing a new kind of social organisation with patron-client and host-guest relationships. That new social
2620:
Anthony offers convincing logic that the rate of linguistic change, as preserved in the first inscribed-tablet evidence of Indo-European branches as
Hittite and the Vedic texts in India, rests on the invention of the wagon wheel and domesticated wool sheep between 4000 and 3500 B.C.E. These
2196:
According to
Anthony, the development of the Proto-Indo-European cultures started with the introduction of cattle at the Pontic-Caspian steppes, which, until ca. 5200–5000 BCE, were populated by hunter-gatherers. The first cattle herders arrived from the Danube Valley at ca. 5800–5700 BCE,
2386:
The Yamna horizon was an adaptation to a climate change between 3500 and 3000 BCE. The steppes became drier and cooler, herds needed to be moved frequently to feed them sufficiently, which was made possible by the use of wagons and horseback riding, leading to "a new, more mobile form of
2589:, noting the longstanding debate among scholars over the origins of the Indo-European language group, stated, "Anthony is not the first scholar to make the case that Proto-Indo-European came from , but given the immense array of evidence he presents, he may be the last one who has to."
2040:(Baltic, Slavic) (ch. 14); migrations eastward which gave rise to the Sintashta culture and Proto-Indo-Iranian (ch. 15); migrations of the Indo-Aryans southward through the Bactria-Margiana archaeological complex into Anatolia and India (ch. 16); and concluding thoughts (ch. 17).
2498:
The expansion eastwards of the Corded Ware culture, north of the steppe zone, led to the Sintashta culture, east of the Ural Mountains, which is considered to be the birthplace of the Indo-Iranians. Anthony skips over the post-Yamna cultures in the steppe zone (Late Yamnaya,
2309:(3700–3000 BCE), in the northern Caucasus. To the west, Tripolye pottery begins to resemble Sredni Stog pottery, showing a process of assimilation between the Tripolye culture and the steppe cultures and a gradual breakdown of the cultural border between the two.
2035:
as the culmination of these developments at the Pontic-Caspian steppes (ch. 13); the migration of Yamna people into the Danube Valley and the origins of the western Indo-European languages at the Danube Valley (Celtic, Italic), the Dniester (Germanic) and the
2629:
called the work "an archaeological feat" that "bridges the stubborn gap between linguists and archaeologists." The review noted with approval Anthony's drawing upon Soviet and Eastern European studies that had previously been unknown to western researchers.
2666:
Kohl's critique was challenged by others, who noted that Anthony's extensive review of archaeological evidence suggested that he was using the linguistic model not to "'confirm' the 'archaeological record'" but "to interact with and help to explain ."
2022:
influences in a way that makes sense chronologically and geographically in light of linguistic reconstructions. Anthony gives an introduction to Part Two (ch. 7); describes the interaction between Balkan farmers and herders and steppe foragers at the
2387:
pastoralism." It was accompanied by new social rules and institutions to regulate the local migrations in the steppes, creating a new social awareness of a distinct culture, and of "cultural Others", who did not participate in the new institutions.
2354:(lower Volga): the Repin culture developed by contact with the late Maikop-Novosvobodyana culture (Lower Don), which penetrated deeply into the Lower Volga steppe. Anthony also believes that Repin was highly significant to the establishment of the
2394:
The Yamna horizon is reflected in the disappearance of long-term settlements between the Don and the Ural and the brief periods of usage of kurgan cemeteries, which begin to appear deep into the steppes between the major river valleys.
2700:
David Anthony: "Germanic shows a mixture of archaic and derived traits that make its place uncertain; it could have branched off at about the same time as the root of Italic and Celtic it also shared many traits with Pre-Baltic and
2262:
BCE, and horse artifacts show up in greater amounts after 3500 BCE. Horseback riding greatly increased the mobility of herders, allowing for greater herds, but also led to increased warfare by the need for additional grazing land.
2323:(see below) and is regarded as early western Yamna. In the steppes northwest of the Black Sea l, the Mikhailovka culture was replaced by the Usatovo culture after 3300 BCE. The Mikhailovka culture at the Crimea developed into the
2174:
as a nucleus candidate, the original recruitment would be to a way of life in which intensive use of horses allowed herd animals to be pastured in areas of the Ukrainian / South Russian steppe, outside of river valleys.
2010:. Anthony describes the development of local cultures at the northern Black Sea coast, from hunter-gatherers to herders, under the influence of the Balkan cultures, which introduced cattle, horses and bronze technology.
2564:. In the forest zone are the Late Middle Dniepr and the Late Abashevo cultures. East of the Urals are the Sintashta and the Petrovka cultures. East of the Caspian Sea is the non-Indo-European Late Kelteminar culture.
2391:
Yamnaya horizon is the visible archaeological expression of a social adjustment to high mobility – the invention of the political infrastructure to manage larger herds from mobile homes based in the steppes."
4200:"Review of The Horse, the Wheel and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World by David W. Anthony | Academic World History Articles and Essays | Middle Ground Journal"
2018:
4); the location of the Proto-Indo-European homeland (ch. 5); and the correlation of these linguistic discoveries with archaeological evidence and the role of elite recruitment in language shift (ch. 6).
2304:
The collapse of Old Europe led to a decrease in copper grave gifts in the North Pontic steppes. Between 3800 and 3300, substantial contact took place between the steppe cultures and Mesopotamia via the
2059:
short overview of the history of the linguistical study of PIE and then presents six major problems that hinder a "broadly acceptable union between archaeological and linguistic evidence."
2014:
organisation, with its related Indo-European languages, spread throughout Europe, Central Asia and South Asia because of its ability to include new members within its social structures.
1990:, and combined with the introduction of bronze technology and new social structures of patron-client relationships gave an advantage to the Indo-European societies. The book won the
2281:
settlements in the lower Danube Valley were burned and abandoned, and the Cucuteni-Tripolye culture showed an increase in fortifications and moved eastwards, towards the Dniepr.
2111:
Anthony proposes that Proto-Indo-European emerged after ca. 3500 BCE. He bases that especially on his analysis of Indo-European terms for wool textiles and wheeled vehicles:
2002:
Anthony gives a broad overview of the linguistic and archaeological evidence for the early origins and spread of the Indo-European languages, describing a revised version of
2031:, including the interaction with the Mesopotamian world after the collapse of the Balkan cultures and the role of Proto-Indo-European as a regional language (ch. 12); the
2170:
A key insight is that early expansions of the area in which Indo-European was spoken were often caused by "recruitment", rather than only by military invasions. With the
2379:(4700–3800 BCE) and the Don-based Repin culture (ca.3950–3300 BCE), and late pottery from these two cultures can barely be distinguished from early Yamna pottery. The
1928:
2490:
in Europe during the Copper and Bronze Ages. According to Anthony, the Corded ware horizon may have introduced Germanic, Baltic and Slavic into Northern Europe.
2284:
Steppe herders, archaic Proto-Indo-European-speakers, spread into the lower Danube valley in about 4200–4000 BCE, causing or taking advantage of the collapse of
2067:
Using a mathematical analysis borrowed from evolutionary biology, Don Ringe and Tandy Warnow propose the following evolutionary tree of Indo-European branches:
4154:
Lock, Suneeti Chhettri (Autumn 2010). "Review of The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World".
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2532:
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Between 3800 and 3300 BCE, five eneolithic steppe cultures can be discerned, and Proto-Indo-European dialects may have then served as a regional language.
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4250:
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The most critical review was Philip Kohl's "Perils of Carts before Horses: Linguistic Models and the Underdetermined Archaeological Record" in
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Anthony notes that "the details of the funeral sacrifices at Sintashta showed startling parallels with the sacrificial funeral rituals of the
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2840:(1 January 2008). "Review of The Horse, the Wheel and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World".
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1921:
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2908:
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2725:
142:
2728:, dates Samara culture at cal. C-14 5200–4500 BCE, with a possible continuation into the first half of the 5th millennium, and the
2677:
2662:
incredible amounts of information on the nature and scale of subsistence activities, social structure, and even ritual practices.
1991:
1885:
649:
2814:
Kohl, Philip L. (March 2009). "Perils of Carts before Horses: Linguistic Models and the Underdetermined Archaeological Record".
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160:
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2520:
2512:
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920:
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different languages continuously interacting with each other, adopting and transforming other peoples' practices and beliefs?
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1516:
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2608:, which proposed that early Proto-Indo-European developed by around 6500 BCE, originating in the famous Neolithic site at
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755:
692:
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379:
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1174:
750:
677:
488:
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373:
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The domestication of the horse had a wide-ranging effect on the steppe cultures, and Anthony has done fieldwork on it.
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1491:
986:
687:
566:
552:
533:
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2337:, near the Donets River. According to Ina Potekhina, the people looked most like the Suvorovo-Novodanilovka people.
1979:
787:
387:
68:
2942:
1963:
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developed in southeastern Central Europe at around 3300–3200 BCE at the Dniestr. Although closely related to the
2383:, at the western Altai Mountains, at the far eastern end of the steppes, was an offshoot from the Repin culture.
1531:
1496:
1169:
473:
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The Yamna horizon (3300–2500 BCE) originated in the Don-Volga area, where it was preceded by the Middle Volga's
815:
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1955:
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1501:
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711:
513:
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The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World
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The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World
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The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World
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The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World
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1100:
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570:
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239:
194:
134:
126:
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Around 4200–4100 BCE, a climate change occurred, causing colder winters. Between 4200 and 3900 BCE, many
2212:(6300–5500 BCE) was a local forager culture from which cattle-breeding spread to the steppe peoples. The
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1823:
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560:
556:
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Nonetheless, Kohl also called the book a "magisterial synthesis of steppe archaeology" and stated that
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is dated at ca. 4600–3900 BCE. The data are based on synchronisation, not the carbon dating or
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Also called Skelya culture, Suvorovo culture, Utkonsonovka group, and Novodanilovka culture.
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2500:
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Chapter Ten: The Domestication of the Horse and the Origins of Riding: The Tale of the Teeth
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were needed for the survival of their herds. They build fortified strongholds, forming the
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complex, probably were a chiefly elite from the Sredni Stog culture at the Dniepr Valley.
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people into the Danube Valley (ch. 11); the development of the steppe cultures during the
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Kohl cautions about Anthony's proposal that horseback riding developed very early in the
2445:
Approximate extent of the Corded Ware horizon with the adjacent 3rd-millennium cultures (
2125:
Anthony, following the methodology of Ringe and Warnow, proposes the following sequence:
2419:
According to Anthony, Pre-Italic, Pre-Celtic and Pre-Germanic may have split off in the
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Chapter Twelve: Seeds of Change on the Steppe Borders. Maikop Chiefs and Tripolye Towns
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1967:
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Chapter Thirteen: Wagon Dwellers of the Steppes. The Speakers of Proto-Indo-European
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in Middle Europe probably played an essential role in the origin and spread of the
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2718:О скипетрах, о лошадях, о войне: Этюды в защиту миграционной концепции М. Гимбутас
2258:
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1423:
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Between 3100 and 2800/2600 BCE, when the Yamna horizon spread fast across the
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1975:
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1314:
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957:
2205:(5800–5300 BCE), creating a cultural frontier at the Prut-Dnister watershed.
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2063:
Chapter Three: Language and Time 1. The Last Speakers of Proto-Indo-European
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1380:
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1365:
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1344:
1212:
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93:
89:
2221:, a hunter-gatherer culture contemporaneous with the Bug-Dniestr culture.
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2023:
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175:
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2865:. Linguistic history of English, v. 1. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
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2965:
2438:(Poland) in c. 3100–2800 BCE, and spread with the Corded Ware culture.
2435:
2107:
Chapter Four: Language and Time 2: Wool, Wheels and Proto-Indo-European
2037:
1596:
1560:
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624:
604:
2507:(2700–2100 BCE)) but gives an extensive treatment of the intermediate
2407:
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Chapter Eight: First Farmers and Herders: The Pontic-Caspian Neolithic
4115:"The Horse, the Wheel, and Language – David W. Anthony – Book Review"
2958:'Horseback Riding and Bronze Age Pastoralism in the Eurasian Steppes'
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2420:
2412:
1319:
1273:
792:
609:
2567:
The Catacomb, Poltavka and Potapovka cultures were succeeded by the
2511:(3200–2300 BCE) and of the Corded Ware cultures in the forest zone (
2475:. According to Anthony, Slavic and Baltic developed in the Middle
2440:
2406:
2366:
2333:(early phase 3800–3300 BCE, late phase 3300–2800 BCE): around the
2238:
2187:
1983:
1418:
1292:
1286:
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639:
614:
2600:. According to Krim, Anthony's "debate is with the archaeologist
2571:, and the Sintashta and Petrovka cultures were succeeded by the
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Chapter Eleven: The End of Old Europe and the Rise of the Steppe
1810:
2054:
Chapter One: The Promise and Politics of the Mother Language
2536:
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3024:
2560:(2200–1800 BCE)(Dniepr-Don-Volga), Filatovka culture, and
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3937:
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3224:
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3195:
2494:
Chapter Fifteen: Chariot Warriors of the Northern Steppes
2535:, they stood in contact with middle eastern cities like
2423:
Valley and the Dniestr-Dniepr from Proto-Indo-European.
2166:(2200 BCE), split between Iranian and Old Indic 1800 BCE
2399:
buried in kurgans, and its deities were male-oriented.
2696:
2694:
2479:(Ukraine) in c. 2800 BCE, spreading north from there.
2583:
Anthony's work received generally positive reviews.
2531:
at the southern range of the Ural mountains. Via the
2403:
Chapter Fourteen: The Western Indo-European Languages
4198:
Ostrowski, Don (Spring 2012). Maus, Tanya S. (ed.).
2743:, gives the bare date "fifth millennium BC" and the
2552:
Chapter Sixteen: The Opening of the Eurasian Steppes
4181:
4179:
4177:
4137:
4135:
2747:, its reported successor, is dated at 4900–3500 BC.
108:
100:
84:
74:
64:
54:
46:
36:
2556:Steppe cultures between 2200 and 1800 BCE are the
2625:The Rocky Mountain Modern Language Association's
2659:
2639:
2618:
2113:
1986:mobilized the steppe herding societies in the
2257:is a sign of horse-riding, and the dating of
2179:Part Two: The Opening of the Eurasian Steppes
1950:, in which the author describes his "revised
1922:
8:
2229:At ca. 5200–5000 BCE, the non-Indo-European
19:
2893:
2891:
2089:Pre-Armenian and Pre-Greek (after 2500 BCE)
2084:Pre-Italic and Pre-Celtic (before 2500 BCE)
2863:From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic
1929:
1915:
1893:Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch
121:
25:
18:
2121:Chapter Six: The Archaeology of Language
4100:
4088:
4076:
4064:
4052:
4040:
4028:
4016:
4004:
3992:
3977:
3965:
3953:
3941:
3924:
3912:
3900:
3888:
3876:
3864:
3852:
3840:
3828:
3816:
3804:
3792:
3780:
3768:
3756:
3744:
3732:
3720:
3708:
3696:
3684:
3672:
3657:
3645:
3633:
3621:
3609:
3597:
3585:
3573:
3561:
3542:
3530:
3518:
3506:
3494:
3482:
3470:
3458:
3446:
3434:
3422:
3410:
3395:
3380:
3368:
3356:
3344:
3329:
3317:
3305:
3293:
3281:
3269:
3254:
3242:
3230:
3215:
3203:
3186:
3174:
3162:
3150:
3138:
3126:
3114:
3102:
3090:
3078:
3066:
3042:
3030:
3015:
3003:
2991:
2979:
2972:
2887:
2690:
2237:(4700–3800 BCE), located at the middle
133:
2344:(Dniepr-Donets-Don), c. 4000–3500 BCE.
4113:Kenneally, Christine (2 March 2008).
3054:
2741:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture
2710:There are several datings available:
2456:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture
2358:in eastern Siberia, c. 3700–3300 BCE.
2225:Chapter Nine: Cows, Copper and Chiefs
1946:is a 2007 book by the anthropologist
1900:Indo-European Etymological Dictionary
1872:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture
7:
4185:
4141:
2716:According to V.A. Dergachev (2007),
2150:Pre-Italic and Pre-Celtic (3000 BCE)
2736:of Samara culture sites themselves.
1857:Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European
2049:Part One: Language and Archaeology
1879:The Horse, the Wheel, and Language
14:
2962:University of Pennsylvania Museum
2900:The Horse, The Wheel and Language
4251:Princeton University Press books
2830:10.1111/j.1548-1433.2009.01086.x
2678:Society for American Archaeology
1992:Society for American Archaeology
1886:Journal of Indo-European Studies
650:Bible translations into Armenian
141:
2371:Location of early Yamna culture
161:List of Indo-European languages
2800:, Princeton University Press,
2782:, Princeton University Press,
2713:Gimbutas dated it to 5000 BCE.
1:
1487:Proto-Indo-European mythology
756:Paleolithic continuity theory
16:2007 book by David W. Anthony
4256:Proto-Indo-European language
4206:. College of St. Scholastica
2928:Complete text at archive.org
2652:Proto-Indo-European homeland
1175:Northern Black Polished Ware
374:Proto-Indo-European language
4246:History books about culture
3723:, p. 274-277, 317–320.
2558:Multi-cordoned ware culture
2156:Pre-Balto-Slavic (2800 BCE)
2116:spoken after 4000–3500 BCE.
1492:Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism
4287:
2796:Anthony, David W. (2010),
2778:Anthony, David W. (2007),
788:Domestication of the horse
69:Princeton University Press
31:Cover of the first edition
4236:Books by David W. Anthony
2861:Ringe, Donald A. (2006).
2231:Cucuteni-Tripolye culture
2092:Proto-Germanic c. 500 BCE
1982:and the invention of the
1497:Historical Vedic religion
774:Chalcolithic (Copper Age)
24:
3915:, p. ,361–362, 367.
2451:Globular Amphora culture
1502:Ancient Iranian religion
865:Novotitarovskaya culture
712:Indo-European migrations
59:Indo-European migrations
3903:, p. 345, 361–367.
3687:, p. 300, 317–320.
2817:American Anthropologist
2635:American Anthropologist
2488:Indo-European languages
2153:Pre-Armenian (2800 BCE)
1960:Indo-European languages
1003:Northern/Eastern Steppe
4261:Indo-Europeanist works
4241:English-language books
4231:2007 non-fiction books
2664:
2644:
2623:
2616:. According to Krim,
2596:discussed the work in
2460:
2416:
2372:
2219:Dnieper-Donets culture
2199:first European farmers
2193:
2118:
1474:Religion and mythology
1433:Medieval Scandinavians
724:Alternative and fringe
4204:Middle Ground Journal
4156:Rocky Mountain Review
2948:Entry at Google Books
2938:New York Times review
2627:Rocky Mountain Review
2519:(2500–1900 BCE), and
2509:Middle Dniepr culture
2503:(2800–2200 BCE), and
2444:
2410:
2370:
2331:Post-Mariupol culture
2197:descendants from the
2191:
1964:Pontic–Caspian steppe
1824:Indo-European studies
1187:Peoples and societies
2960:, David W. Anthony,
2606:Anatolian hypothesis
2210:Bug-Dniester culture
2159:Pre-Greek (2500 BCE)
1994:'s 2010 Book Award.
731:Anatolian hypothesis
683:Proto-Indo-Europeans
590:Hittite inscriptions
135:Indo-European topics
3956:, p. 368, 380.
3891:, p. 360, 368.
3795:, pp. 303–304.
3747:, p. 300, 336.
3296:, p. 161, 191.
3218:, p. 185, 190.
3141:, p. 145, 147.
3129:, p. 132, 145.
2842:Geographical Review
2739:Mallory and Adams,
2680:'s 2010 Book Award.
2598:Geographical Review
2484:Corded Ware culture
2342:Sredny Stog culture
2317:Mikhaylovka culture
2272:Sredny Stog culture
2217:first phase of the
1978:. He shows how the
1954:." He explores the
987:Multi-cordoned ware
858:Mikhaylovka culture
746:Indigenous Aryanism
736:Armenian hypothesis
595:Hieroglyphic Luwian
21:
4119:The New York Times
4079:, p. 397-405.
4031:, p. 389-390.
4007:, p. 375-389.
3879:, p. 359-360.
3771:, p. 301-302.
3735:, p. 307-311.
3699:, p. 317-320.
3660:, p. 307-310.
3624:, p. 274-277.
3612:, p. 273-274.
3600:, p. 271-273.
3545:, p. 268-271.
3497:, p. 249-251.
3383:, p. 244-245.
3320:, p. 201–213.
3308:, p. 193–201.
3284:, p. 161-162.
3245:, p. 134-135.
3153:, p. 155-157.
2903:. 15 August 2010.
2586:The New York Times
2473:Villanovan culture
2461:
2417:
2373:
2201:. They formed the
2194:
1980:domesticated horse
1956:origins and spread
567:Proto-Indo-Iranian
553:Proto-Balto-Slavic
534:Proto-Italo-Celtic
4271:Linguistics books
4266:Archaeology books
2953:Entry at AbeBooks
2943:Dreamflesh Review
2789:978-0-691-14818-2
2745:Khvalynsk culture
2730:Khvalynsk culture
2573:Andronovo culture
2529:Sintashta culture
2523:(3200–2300 BCE).
2515:(3200–2300 BCE),
2381:Afanasevo culture
2377:Khvalynsk culture
2356:Afanasevo culture
2352:Khvalynsk culture
2235:Khvalynsk culture
2075:(before 3500 BCE)
2008:Kurgan hypothesis
1939:
1938:
1200:Anatolian peoples
1170:Painted Grey Ware
1058:Nordic Bronze Age
707:Kurgan hypothesis
660:Old Irish glosses
625:Gaulish epigraphy
120:
119:
115:978-0-691-14818-2
4278:
4216:
4215:
4213:
4211:
4195:
4189:
4183:
4172:
4171:
4151:
4145:
4139:
4130:
4129:
4127:
4125:
4110:
4104:
4098:
4092:
4086:
4080:
4074:
4068:
4062:
4056:
4050:
4044:
4038:
4032:
4026:
4020:
4014:
4008:
4002:
3996:
3990:
3981:
3975:
3969:
3963:
3957:
3951:
3945:
3939:
3928:
3922:
3916:
3910:
3904:
3898:
3892:
3886:
3880:
3874:
3868:
3862:
3856:
3850:
3844:
3838:
3832:
3826:
3820:
3814:
3808:
3802:
3796:
3790:
3784:
3778:
3772:
3766:
3760:
3754:
3748:
3742:
3736:
3730:
3724:
3718:
3712:
3706:
3700:
3694:
3688:
3682:
3676:
3670:
3661:
3655:
3649:
3643:
3637:
3631:
3625:
3619:
3613:
3607:
3601:
3595:
3589:
3583:
3577:
3571:
3565:
3559:
3546:
3540:
3534:
3528:
3522:
3516:
3510:
3504:
3498:
3492:
3486:
3480:
3474:
3468:
3462:
3456:
3450:
3444:
3438:
3432:
3426:
3420:
3414:
3408:
3399:
3393:
3384:
3378:
3372:
3366:
3360:
3354:
3348:
3342:
3333:
3327:
3321:
3315:
3309:
3303:
3297:
3291:
3285:
3279:
3273:
3267:
3258:
3252:
3246:
3240:
3234:
3228:
3219:
3213:
3207:
3201:
3190:
3184:
3178:
3172:
3166:
3160:
3154:
3148:
3142:
3136:
3130:
3124:
3118:
3112:
3106:
3100:
3094:
3088:
3082:
3076:
3070:
3064:
3058:
3052:
3046:
3040:
3034:
3033:, p. 56-58.
3028:
3019:
3018:, p. 15-19.
3013:
3007:
3001:
2995:
2989:
2983:
2977:
2915:
2914:
2895:
2876:
2857:
2833:
2810:
2792:
2759:
2756:
2750:
2734:dendrochronology
2708:
2702:
2698:
2469:Urnfield culture
2432:Tripolye culture
2325:Kemi Oba culture
2095:Pre-Balto-Slavic
1948:David W. Anthony
1931:
1924:
1917:
1772:
1765:
1751:
1744:
1737:
1723:
1716:
1709:
1702:
1695:
1620:
1606:
1599:
1585:
1563:
1556:
1549:
1540:
1375:
1368:
1361:
1354:
1347:
1330:Germanic peoples
1320:Hellenic peoples
1309:
1302:
1295:
1218:Mycenaean Greeks
1207:
1135:Thraco-Cimmerian
1033:Globular Amphora
1010:Abashevo culture
949:
942:
912:
867:
860:
853:
846:
839:
832:
825:
818:
655:Tocharian script
358:
351:
344:
337:
330:
323:
316:
309:
276:
262:
255:
248:
234:
210:
203:
184:
145:
122:
76:Publication date
41:David W. Anthony
29:
22:
4286:
4285:
4281:
4280:
4279:
4277:
4276:
4275:
4221:
4220:
4219:
4209:
4207:
4197:
4196:
4192:
4184:
4175:
4153:
4152:
4148:
4140:
4133:
4123:
4121:
4112:
4111:
4107:
4099:
4095:
4087:
4083:
4075:
4071:
4063:
4059:
4051:
4047:
4039:
4035:
4027:
4023:
4015:
4011:
4003:
3999:
3991:
3984:
3976:
3972:
3964:
3960:
3952:
3948:
3940:
3931:
3923:
3919:
3911:
3907:
3899:
3895:
3887:
3883:
3875:
3871:
3863:
3859:
3851:
3847:
3839:
3835:
3827:
3823:
3815:
3811:
3803:
3799:
3791:
3787:
3779:
3775:
3767:
3763:
3755:
3751:
3743:
3739:
3731:
3727:
3719:
3715:
3707:
3703:
3695:
3691:
3683:
3679:
3671:
3664:
3656:
3652:
3644:
3640:
3632:
3628:
3620:
3616:
3608:
3604:
3596:
3592:
3584:
3580:
3572:
3568:
3560:
3549:
3541:
3537:
3529:
3525:
3517:
3513:
3505:
3501:
3493:
3489:
3481:
3477:
3469:
3465:
3457:
3453:
3445:
3441:
3433:
3429:
3421:
3417:
3409:
3402:
3394:
3387:
3379:
3375:
3367:
3363:
3355:
3351:
3343:
3336:
3328:
3324:
3316:
3312:
3304:
3300:
3292:
3288:
3280:
3276:
3268:
3261:
3253:
3249:
3241:
3237:
3229:
3222:
3214:
3210:
3202:
3193:
3185:
3181:
3173:
3169:
3161:
3157:
3149:
3145:
3137:
3133:
3125:
3121:
3113:
3109:
3101:
3097:
3089:
3085:
3077:
3073:
3065:
3061:
3053:
3049:
3041:
3037:
3029:
3022:
3014:
3010:
3006:, p. 6-15.
3002:
2998:
2990:
2986:
2978:
2974:
2924:
2919:
2918:
2911:
2897:
2896:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2873:
2860:
2836:
2813:
2808:
2795:
2790:
2777:
2773:
2771:Printed sources
2768:
2763:
2762:
2757:
2753:
2709:
2705:
2699:
2692:
2687:
2673:
2581:
2554:
2496:
2428:Usatovo culture
2405:
2365:
2350:(Don) and late
2302:
2268:
2251:
2227:
2186:
2181:
2172:Yamnaya culture
2123:
2109:
2065:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2004:Marija Gimbutas
2000:
1988:Eurasian Steppe
1935:
1906:
1905:
1838:Marija Gimbutas
1826:
1816:
1815:
1807:Winter solstice
1797:Horse sacrifice
1768:
1761:
1747:
1740:
1733:
1719:
1712:
1705:
1698:
1691:
1644:
1629:
1616:
1602:
1595:
1581:
1572:
1559:
1552:
1545:
1536:
1527:
1506:
1475:
1467:
1466:
1409:
1396:
1371:
1364:
1357:
1350:
1343:
1305:
1298:
1291:
1282:
1264:
1251:
1238:
1209:
1203:
1188:
1180:
1179:
1153:
1130:
1117:
1105:
1086:
1028:
1005:
967:
960:
954:
945:
938:
929:
927:Northern Europe
908:
904:
891:
878:
863:
856:
849:
842:
835:
828:
821:
814:
810:Steppe cultures
783:
776:
769:
761:
760:
751:Baltic homeland
725:
721:
717:Eurasian nomads
701:
697:
673:
665:
664:
635:Runic epigraphy
630:Latin epigraphy
585:
577:
576:
514:Proto-Anatolian
498:
453:
449:Thraco-Illyrian
434:Graeco-Phrygian
424:Graeco-Armenian
419:Graeco-Albanian
398:
376:
363:
354:
347:
340:
333:
326:
319:
312:
305:
272:
258:
251:
244:
230:
206:
199:
180:
165:
157:
155:
85:Media type
77:
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4284:
4282:
4274:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4223:
4222:
4218:
4217:
4190:
4173:
4162:(2): 218–220.
4146:
4131:
4105:
4103:, p. 436.
4093:
4091:, p. 413.
4081:
4069:
4067:, p. 393.
4057:
4055:, p. 391.
4045:
4043:, p. 390.
4033:
4021:
4019:, p. 389.
4009:
3997:
3995:, p. 375.
3982:
3980:, p. 360.
3970:
3968:, p. 101.
3958:
3946:
3944:, p. 367.
3929:
3927:, p. 362.
3917:
3905:
3893:
3881:
3869:
3867:, p. 359.
3857:
3855:, p. 349.
3845:
3843:, p. 344.
3833:
3831:, p. 329.
3821:
3819:, p. 305.
3809:
3807:, p. 304.
3797:
3785:
3783:, p. 303.
3773:
3761:
3759:, p. 321.
3749:
3737:
3725:
3713:
3711:, p. 275.
3701:
3689:
3677:
3675:, p. 300.
3662:
3650:
3648:, p. 297.
3638:
3636:, p. 319.
3626:
3614:
3602:
3590:
3588:, p. 272.
3578:
3576:, p. 320.
3566:
3564:, p. 271.
3547:
3535:
3533:, p. 299.
3523:
3521:, p. 264.
3511:
3509:, p. 263.
3499:
3487:
3485:, p. 251.
3475:
3473:, p. 262.
3463:
3461:, p. 229.
3451:
3449:, p. 133.
3439:
3437:, p. 232.
3427:
3425:, p. 230.
3415:
3413:, p. 227.
3400:
3398:, p. 240.
3385:
3373:
3371:, p. 244.
3361:
3359:, p. 222.
3349:
3347:, p. 221.
3334:
3332:, p. 214.
3322:
3310:
3298:
3286:
3274:
3272:, p. 191.
3259:
3257:, p. 189.
3247:
3235:
3233:, p. 186.
3220:
3208:
3206:, p. 182.
3191:
3189:, p. 175.
3179:
3177:, p. 173.
3167:
3165:, p. 164.
3155:
3143:
3131:
3119:
3117:, p. 138.
3107:
3105:, p. 135.
3095:
3093:, p. 132.
3083:
3081:, p. 100.
3071:
3059:
3047:
3035:
3020:
3008:
2996:
2984:
2971:
2970:
2969:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2933:Sample chapter
2930:
2923:
2922:External links
2920:
2917:
2916:
2909:
2886:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2877:
2871:
2858:
2848:(4): 571–573.
2834:
2824:(1): 109–111.
2811:
2807:978-1400831104
2806:
2793:
2788:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2761:
2760:
2751:
2749:
2748:
2737:
2714:
2703:
2689:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2682:
2681:
2672:
2669:
2580:
2577:
2569:Srubna culture
2553:
2550:
2495:
2492:
2411:Course of the
2404:
2401:
2364:
2361:
2360:
2359:
2345:
2340:Late/Phase II
2338:
2335:Dnieper Rapids
2328:
2307:Maikop culture
2301:
2298:
2267:
2264:
2250:
2247:
2243:Samara culture
2226:
2223:
2192:Ukraine rivers
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2168:
2167:
2160:
2157:
2154:
2151:
2148:
2141:
2134:
2122:
2119:
2108:
2105:
2104:
2103:
2096:
2093:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2076:
2064:
2061:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
1999:
1996:
1968:Western Europe
1937:
1936:
1934:
1933:
1926:
1919:
1911:
1908:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1896:
1889:
1882:
1875:
1867:
1866:
1860:
1859:
1853:
1852:
1846:
1845:
1840:
1834:
1833:
1827:
1822:
1821:
1818:
1817:
1814:
1813:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1792:Fire sacrifice
1788:
1787:
1781:
1780:
1775:
1774:
1773:
1766:
1754:
1753:
1752:
1745:
1738:
1726:
1725:
1724:
1717:
1710:
1703:
1696:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1637:
1636:
1624:
1623:
1622:
1621:
1609:
1608:
1607:
1600:
1588:
1587:
1586:
1583:Zoroastrianism
1565:
1564:
1557:
1550:
1543:
1542:
1541:
1520:
1519:
1513:
1512:
1505:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1483:
1482:
1476:
1473:
1472:
1469:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1453:
1452:
1450:Medieval India
1441:
1440:
1435:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1404:
1403:
1391:
1390:
1384:
1383:
1378:
1377:
1376:
1369:
1362:
1355:
1348:
1332:
1327:
1325:Italic peoples
1322:
1317:
1312:
1311:
1310:
1303:
1296:
1277:
1276:
1271:
1259:
1258:
1246:
1245:
1233:
1232:
1226:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1196:
1195:
1189:
1186:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1172:
1161:
1160:
1148:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1125:
1124:
1112:
1111:
1104:
1103:
1101:Gandhara grave
1098:
1093:
1081:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1023:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1000:
999:
994:
989:
984:
979:
974:
962:
961:
953:
952:
951:
950:
947:Middle Dnieper
943:
924:
923:
918:
913:
902:Eastern Europe
899:
898:
886:
885:
873:
872:
871:
870:
869:
868:
861:
847:
840:
833:
830:Dnieper–Donets
826:
819:
807:
805:Kurgan culture
802:
801:
800:
790:
778:
777:
770:
767:
766:
763:
762:
759:
758:
753:
748:
743:
741:Beech argument
738:
733:
727:
726:
720:
719:
714:
709:
703:
702:
696:
695:
690:
685:
680:
674:
671:
670:
667:
666:
663:
662:
657:
652:
647:
642:
637:
632:
627:
622:
617:
612:
607:
602:
597:
592:
586:
583:
582:
579:
578:
575:
574:
564:
550:
545:
531:
524:Proto-Germanic
521:
519:Proto-Armenian
516:
511:
509:Proto-Albanian
505:
504:
497:
496:
491:
486:
481:
476:
471:
466:
460:
459:
452:
451:
446:
441:
436:
431:
426:
421:
416:
411:
405:
404:
397:
396:
395:
394:
370:
369:
362:
361:
360:
359:
352:
345:
338:
331:
324:
317:
310:
298:
293:
287:
286:
280:
279:
278:
277:
265:
264:
263:
256:
249:
237:
236:
235:
223:
218:
213:
212:
211:
204:
192:
187:
186:
185:
172:
171:
164:
163:
156:
151:
150:
147:
146:
138:
137:
131:
130:
118:
117:
112:
106:
105:
102:
98:
97:
86:
82:
81:
78:
75:
72:
71:
66:
62:
61:
56:
52:
51:
48:
44:
43:
38:
34:
33:
30:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4283:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4228:
4226:
4205:
4201:
4194:
4191:
4187:
4182:
4180:
4178:
4174:
4169:
4165:
4161:
4157:
4150:
4147:
4143:
4138:
4136:
4132:
4120:
4116:
4109:
4106:
4102:
4097:
4094:
4090:
4085:
4082:
4078:
4073:
4070:
4066:
4061:
4058:
4054:
4049:
4046:
4042:
4037:
4034:
4030:
4025:
4022:
4018:
4013:
4010:
4006:
4001:
3998:
3994:
3989:
3987:
3983:
3979:
3974:
3971:
3967:
3962:
3959:
3955:
3950:
3947:
3943:
3938:
3936:
3934:
3930:
3926:
3921:
3918:
3914:
3909:
3906:
3902:
3897:
3894:
3890:
3885:
3882:
3878:
3873:
3870:
3866:
3861:
3858:
3854:
3849:
3846:
3842:
3837:
3834:
3830:
3825:
3822:
3818:
3813:
3810:
3806:
3801:
3798:
3794:
3789:
3786:
3782:
3777:
3774:
3770:
3765:
3762:
3758:
3753:
3750:
3746:
3741:
3738:
3734:
3729:
3726:
3722:
3717:
3714:
3710:
3705:
3702:
3698:
3693:
3690:
3686:
3681:
3678:
3674:
3669:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3654:
3651:
3647:
3642:
3639:
3635:
3630:
3627:
3623:
3618:
3615:
3611:
3606:
3603:
3599:
3594:
3591:
3587:
3582:
3579:
3575:
3570:
3567:
3563:
3558:
3556:
3554:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3539:
3536:
3532:
3527:
3524:
3520:
3515:
3512:
3508:
3503:
3500:
3496:
3491:
3488:
3484:
3479:
3476:
3472:
3467:
3464:
3460:
3455:
3452:
3448:
3443:
3440:
3436:
3431:
3428:
3424:
3419:
3416:
3412:
3407:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3392:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3377:
3374:
3370:
3365:
3362:
3358:
3353:
3350:
3346:
3341:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3326:
3323:
3319:
3314:
3311:
3307:
3302:
3299:
3295:
3290:
3287:
3283:
3278:
3275:
3271:
3266:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3251:
3248:
3244:
3239:
3236:
3232:
3227:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3212:
3209:
3205:
3200:
3198:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3183:
3180:
3176:
3171:
3168:
3164:
3159:
3156:
3152:
3147:
3144:
3140:
3135:
3132:
3128:
3123:
3120:
3116:
3111:
3108:
3104:
3099:
3096:
3092:
3087:
3084:
3080:
3075:
3072:
3069:, p. 59.
3068:
3063:
3060:
3057:, p. 67.
3056:
3051:
3048:
3045:, p. 57.
3044:
3039:
3036:
3032:
3027:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3012:
3009:
3005:
3000:
2997:
2993:
2988:
2985:
2981:
2976:
2973:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2925:
2921:
2912:
2910:9780691148182
2906:
2902:
2901:
2894:
2892:
2888:
2881:
2874:
2872:0-19-955229-0
2868:
2864:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2818:
2812:
2809:
2803:
2799:
2794:
2791:
2785:
2781:
2776:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2755:
2752:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2726:5-98187-173-3
2723:
2719:
2715:
2712:
2711:
2707:
2704:
2697:
2695:
2691:
2684:
2679:
2675:
2674:
2670:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2649:
2643:
2638:
2636:
2631:
2628:
2622:
2617:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2602:Colin Renfrew
2599:
2595:
2590:
2588:
2587:
2578:
2576:
2574:
2570:
2565:
2563:
2559:
2551:
2549:
2547:
2546:
2540:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2524:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2493:
2491:
2489:
2485:
2480:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2465:Pontic Steppe
2458:
2457:
2452:
2448:
2447:Baden culture
2443:
2439:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2424:
2422:
2414:
2409:
2402:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2382:
2378:
2369:
2362:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2348:Repin culture
2346:
2343:
2339:
2336:
2332:
2329:
2326:
2322:
2321:Repin culture
2318:
2315:
2314:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2299:
2297:
2295:
2294:Novodanilovka
2291:
2287:
2282:
2280:
2275:
2273:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2256:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2215:
2214:Dniepr Rapids
2211:
2208:The adjacent
2206:
2204:
2200:
2190:
2183:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2165:
2161:
2158:
2155:
2152:
2149:
2146:
2142:
2139:
2135:
2132:
2128:
2127:
2126:
2120:
2117:
2112:
2106:
2101:
2097:
2094:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2077:
2074:
2070:
2069:
2068:
2062:
2060:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2034:
2033:Yamna culture
2030:
2025:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2009:
2005:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1952:Kurgan theory
1949:
1945:
1944:
1932:
1927:
1925:
1920:
1918:
1913:
1912:
1910:
1909:
1902:
1901:
1897:
1895:
1894:
1890:
1888:
1887:
1883:
1881:
1880:
1876:
1874:
1873:
1869:
1868:
1865:
1862:
1861:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1844:
1843:J. P. Mallory
1841:
1839:
1836:
1835:
1832:
1829:
1828:
1825:
1820:
1819:
1812:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1786:
1783:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1771:
1767:
1764:
1760:
1759:
1758:
1755:
1750:
1746:
1743:
1739:
1736:
1732:
1731:
1730:
1727:
1722:
1718:
1715:
1711:
1708:
1704:
1701:
1697:
1694:
1690:
1689:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1672:
1669:
1666:
1663:
1660:
1657:
1654:
1650:
1647:
1646:
1645:
1643:
1642:
1635:
1632:
1631:
1630:
1628:
1619:
1615:
1614:
1613:
1610:
1605:
1601:
1598:
1594:
1593:
1592:
1589:
1584:
1580:
1579:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1573:
1571:
1570:
1562:
1558:
1555:
1551:
1548:
1544:
1539:
1535:
1534:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1528:
1526:
1525:
1518:
1515:
1514:
1511:
1508:
1507:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1484:
1481:
1480:Reconstructed
1478:
1477:
1471:
1470:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1458:
1457:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1446:
1445:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1410:
1408:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1397:
1395:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1382:
1379:
1374:
1370:
1367:
1363:
1360:
1356:
1353:
1349:
1346:
1342:
1341:
1340:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1308:
1307:Insular Celts
1304:
1301:
1297:
1294:
1290:
1289:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1283:
1281:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1266:
1265:
1263:
1257:
1254:
1253:
1252:
1250:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1239:
1237:
1231:
1228:
1227:
1224:
1223:Indo-Iranians
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1190:
1184:
1183:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1166:
1165:
1159:
1156:
1155:
1154:
1152:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1131:
1129:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1118:
1116:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1088:
1087:
1085:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1029:
1027:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1006:
1004:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
969:
968:
966:
965:Pontic Steppe
959:
956:
955:
948:
944:
941:
937:
936:
935:
932:
931:
930:
928:
922:
919:
917:
914:
911:
907:
906:
905:
903:
897:
894:
893:
892:
890:
884:
881:
880:
879:
877:
866:
862:
859:
855:
854:
852:
848:
845:
841:
838:
834:
831:
827:
824:
820:
817:
813:
812:
811:
808:
806:
803:
799:
798:Kurgan stelae
796:
795:
794:
791:
789:
786:
785:
784:
782:
781:Pontic Steppe
775:
772:
771:
765:
764:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
728:
723:
722:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
704:
699:
698:
694:
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
676:
675:
669:
668:
661:
658:
656:
653:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
596:
593:
591:
588:
587:
581:
580:
572:
571:Proto-Iranian
568:
565:
562:
558:
554:
551:
549:
546:
543:
539:
535:
532:
529:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
506:
503:
500:
499:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
461:
458:
455:
454:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
414:Daco-Thracian
412:
410:
407:
406:
403:
400:
399:
393:
389:
385:
381:
378:
377:
375:
372:
371:
368:
367:Reconstructed
365:
364:
357:
353:
350:
346:
343:
339:
336:
332:
329:
325:
322:
318:
315:
311:
308:
304:
303:
302:
299:
297:
294:
292:
289:
288:
285:
282:
281:
275:
271:
270:
269:
266:
261:
257:
254:
250:
247:
243:
242:
241:
238:
233:
229:
228:
227:
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
209:
205:
202:
198:
197:
196:
193:
191:
188:
183:
179:
178:
177:
174:
173:
170:
167:
166:
162:
159:
158:
154:
149:
148:
144:
140:
139:
136:
132:
128:
124:
123:
116:
113:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
73:
70:
67:
63:
60:
57:
53:
49:
45:
42:
39:
35:
28:
23:
4208:. Retrieved
4203:
4193:
4159:
4155:
4149:
4122:. Retrieved
4118:
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2838:Krim, Arthur
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2701:Pre-Slavic."
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2203:Criş culture
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2164:Indo-Iranian
2124:
2114:
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2100:Indo-Iranian
2066:
2057:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2001:
1972:Central Asia
1942:
1941:
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1864:Publications
1863:
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1649:Paleo-Balkan
1639:
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1462:Greater Iran
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1335:Paleo-Balkan
1300:Celtiberians
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816:Bug–Dniester
809:
780:
779:
645:Gothic Bible
561:Proto-Baltic
557:Proto-Slavic
542:Proto-Italic
538:Proto-Celtic
501:
456:
444:Italo-Celtic
439:Indo-Hittite
429:Graeco-Aryan
402:Hypothetical
401:
366:
301:Paleo-Balkan
283:
240:Indo-Iranian
195:Balto-Slavic
168:
2882:Web-sources
2594:Arthur Krim
2592:Geographer
2259:horse teeth
1966:throughout
1742:Continental
1735:Anglo-Saxon
1438:Middle Ages
1388:Middle Ages
1243:Indo-Aryans
1236:Indo-Aryans
1043:Bell Beaker
1038:Corded ware
934:Corded ware
823:Sredny Stog
768:Archaeology
548:Proto-Greek
528:Proto-Norse
4225:Categories
4210:16 January
4124:16 January
3055:Ringe 2006
2685:References
2610:Çatalhöyük
2604:" and his
2286:Old Europe
2147:(3300 BCE)
2140:(3700 BCE)
2133:(4200 BCE)
2102:(2000 BCE)
2029:Eneolithic
1976:South Asia
1850:Institutes
1770:Lithuanian
1524:Indo-Aryan
1510:Historical
1444:Indo-Aryan
1401:Tocharians
1315:Cimmerians
1193:Bronze Age
1084:South Asia
958:Bronze Age
896:Afanasievo
700:Mainstream
464:Vocabulary
384:Sound laws
246:Indo-Aryan
4186:Kohl 2009
4142:Krim 2008
2579:Reception
2562:Potapovka
2513:Fatyanova
2138:Tocharian
2131:Anatolian
2080:Tocharian
2073:Anatolian
1962:from the
1785:Practices
1604:Yarsanism
1414:Albanians
1394:East Asia
1381:Scythians
1373:Phrygians
1366:Paeonians
1359:Illyrians
1345:Thracians
1262:East Asia
1213:Armenians
1140:Hallstatt
1122:Chernoles
1063:Terramare
1053:Trzciniec
1020:Sintashta
1015:Andronovo
916:Cernavodă
889:East Asia
844:Khvalynsk
584:Philology
494:Particles
380:Phonology
321:Liburnian
296:Tocharian
291:Anatolian
260:Nuristani
153:Languages
94:Paperback
90:Hardcover
65:Publisher
4168:29765447
2854:40377356
2545:Rig Veda
2521:Balanovo
2517:Abashevo
2505:Poltavka
2501:Catacomb
2415:, in red
2290:Suvorovo
2255:Bit wear
2145:Germanic
2044:Contents
2024:Dniester
1998:Synopsis
1831:Scholars
1729:Germanic
1700:Scottish
1665:Thracian
1659:Illyrian
1653:Albanian
1641:European
1634:Armenian
1618:Ossetian
1612:Scythian
1597:Yazidism
1547:Buddhism
1538:Hinduism
1429:Norsemen
1339:Anatolia
1256:Iranians
1249:Iranians
1230:Iron Age
1205:Hittites
1158:Colchian
1151:Caucasus
1109:Iron Age
1078:Lusatian
1073:Urnfield
997:Srubnaya
992:Poltavka
982:Catacomb
921:Cucuteni
876:Caucasus
693:Religion
678:Homeland
620:Behistun
600:Linear B
489:Numerals
484:Pronouns
409:Balkanic
356:Thracian
349:Phrygian
342:Paeonian
328:Messapic
314:Illyrian
226:Hellenic
221:Germanic
190:Armenian
182:Albanian
176:Albanoid
127:a series
125:Part of
47:Language
2968:(video)
2966:YouTube
2766:Sources
2650:in the
2436:Vistula
2038:Dnieper
1958:of the
1763:Latvian
1721:Cornish
1591:Kurdish
1577:Persian
1569:Iranian
1561:Sikhism
1554:Jainism
1517:Hittite
1456:Iranian
1352:Dacians
1145:Jastorf
1068:Tumulus
1048:Únětice
977:Yamnaya
972:Chariot
910:Usatovo
851:Yamnaya
688:Society
672:Origins
605:Rigveda
457:Grammar
284:Extinct
274:Romance
253:Iranian
88:Print (
55:Subject
50:English
4166:
2907:
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2804:
2786:
2724:
2671:Awards
2614:Turkey
2477:Dniepr
2421:Danube
2413:Danube
2162:Proto-
2098:Proto-
1974:, and
1778:Slavic
1757:Baltic
1707:Breton
1687:Celtic
1671:Dacian
1627:Others
1407:Europe
1280:Europe
1274:Yuezhi
1128:Europe
1115:Steppe
1026:Europe
883:Maykop
837:Samara
793:Kurgan
610:Avesta
392:Ablaut
388:Accent
335:Mysian
307:Dacian
268:Italic
216:Celtic
208:Slavic
201:Baltic
169:Extant
37:Author
4164:JSTOR
2850:JSTOR
2239:Volga
1984:wheel
1749:Norse
1714:Welsh
1693:Irish
1682:Roman
1677:Greek
1532:Vedic
1424:Slavs
1419:Balts
1293:Gauls
1287:Celts
1269:Wusun
1164:India
940:Baden
640:Ogham
615:Homer
502:Other
479:Nouns
474:Verbs
232:Greek
101:Pages
4212:2017
4126:2017
2905:ISBN
2867:ISBN
2802:ISBN
2784:ISBN
2722:ISBN
2676:The
2533:BMAC
2482:The
2471:and
2449:and
2426:The
2279:tell
2270:The
2143:Pre-
2136:Pre-
2129:Pre-
2078:Pre-
2071:Pre-
1811:Yule
1802:Sati
1091:BMAC
469:Root
110:ISBN
92:and
80:2007
2826:doi
2822:111
2612:in
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2006:'s
1096:Yaz
104:568
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