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royally welcomed back as its own; to China where the mandarins and even the coolies look upon it as a helpful sign that the
Occident at last knows what is music; to Siam, where the barbaric tunes strike a kindred note and come home to roost; to India, where the natives receive it dubiously, while the colonists seize upon it avidly; to the East Indies, where it holds sway in its elementary form â ragtime; to Egypt, where it sounds so curiously familiar and where it has set Cairo dance mad; to Palestine, where it is looked upon as an inevitable and necessary evil along with liberation; across the Mediterranean, where all ships and all shores have been inoculated with the germ; to Monte Carlo and the Riviera, where the jazz idea has been adopted as its own enfant-chĂ©ri; to Paris, which has its special versions of jazz; to London, which long has sworn to shake off the fever, but still is jazzing; and back again to Tinpan Alley, where each day, nay, each hour, adds some new inspiration that will slowly but surely meander along jazz latitude.
388:. New York City had, at the height of Prohibition, 32,000 speakeasies. At speakeasies, both payoffs and mechanisms for hiding alcohol were used. Charlie Burns, in recalling his ownership of several speakeasies employed these strategies as a way to preserve his and Jack Kriendler's illegal clubs. This includes forming relationships with local police. Mechanisms that a trusted engineer created include one that when a button was pushed, tongue blocks under shelves of liquor would drop, making the shelves drop back and liquor bottles fall down a chute, break, and drain the alcohol through rocks and sand. An alarm also went off if the button was pushed to alert customers of a raid. Another mechanism used by Burns was a wine cellar with a thick door flush with the wall. It had a small, almost unnoticeable hole for a rod to be pushed in to activate a lock and open the door.
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Ideas such as equality and open sexuality were very popular during the time and women seemed to capitalize on these ideas during this period. The 1920s saw the emergence of many famous women musicians, including Bessie Smith. Bessie Smith gained attention because she was not only a great singer but also an
African-American woman as well as an icon in the LGBTQ+ community. Throughout her musical career she was unapologetically herself, expressing the struggles of the Black working class, addressing issues such as poverty, racism, and sexism alongside themes of love and female sexuality in her lyrics. She has grown through the ages to be one of the most well respected singers of all time and inspired later performers such as
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882:. It was not until the 1930s and 1940s that many women jazz singers, such as Bessie Smith and Billie Holiday, were recognized as successful artists in the music world. Another famous female vocalist who attained stardom at the tail-end of the Jazz Age was Ella Fitzgerald, one of the more popular female jazz singers in the United States for more than half a century and later dubbed "The First Lady of Song". She worked with all the jazz greats of the era, including
924:, who visited Europe during and after World War I. It was their live performances which inspired European audiences' interest in jazz, as well as the interest in all things American (and therefore exotic) which accompanied the economic and political woes of Europe during this time. The beginnings of a distinct European style of jazz began to emerge in this interwar period.
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originated from clubs in leading centers such as New York, Chicago, Kansas City, and Los
Angeles. There were two categories of live music on the radio: concert music and big band dance music. The concert music was known as "potter palm" and was concert music by amateurs, usually volunteers. Big band dance music is played by professionals and was featured in
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psychology of the 1920s, jazz promoted "childlike" behavior, with frequenters known as
Flappers often called "Jazz Babies." The uninhibited and spontaneous nature of jazz encouraged primal and sensual expression. As the older generation dismissed jazz, it became a vehicle for young women (and men) to challenge the values of their parents and grandparents.
2035:, p. 463: "Calling jazz an 'agency of the devil,' the pastor of the Calvary Baptist Church in New York said in 1926: 'Jazz, with its . . . appeal to the sensuous, should be stamped out.' The rector of the Episcopal Church of the Ascension in New York said in 1922: 'Jazz is retrogression. It is going to the African jungle for our music.'"
213:. New Orleans provided a cultural humus in which jazz could germinate because it was a port city with many cultures and beliefs intertwined. In New Orleans, people of different cultures and races often lived close together which allowed for cultural interaction which facilitated the development of the active musical environment of the city
410:(both involved in organized crime) was to give poor Italian Americans alcohol stills to make alcohol for them at $ 15 per day's work. Another strategy was to buy liquor from rumrunners. Racketeers would also buy closed breweries and distilleries and hire former employees to make alcohol. Another person famous for organized crime named
364:, speakeasies were places (often owned by organized criminals) where customers could drink alcohol and relax or speakeasy. Jazz was played in these speakeasies as a countercultural type of music to fit in with the illicit environment and events going on. Jazz artists were therefore hired to play at speakeasies.
822:, developed by African Americans, suddenly became popular among the youth. Traditionalists were aghast at what they considered the breakdown of morality. Some urban middle-class African Americans perceived jazz as "devil's music", and believed the improvised rhythms and sounds were promoting promiscuity.
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The birth of jazz is credited to
African Americans. But it was modified to become socially acceptable to middle-class white Americans. Those critical of jazz saw it as music from people with no training or skill. White performers were used as a vehicle for the popularization of jazz music in America.
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on August 18, 1920, and the entrance of the free-spirited flapper, women began to take on a larger role in society and culture. With women now taking part in the work force after the end of the First World War there were now many more possibilities for women in terms of social life and entertainment.
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Jazz aimed to cultivate empathy by initially challenging established norms and those who adhered to them, before captivating them with its ethereal and enchanting allure. It sought to blur the societal divides of race, class, and political allegiance, as illustrated in James
Baldwin's renowned short
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was a nationwide constitutional ban on the production, importation, transportation, and sale of alcoholic beverages from 1920 to 1933. In the 1920s, the laws were widely disregarded, and tax revenues were lost. Well-organized criminal gangs took control of the beer and liquor supply for many cities,
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Jazz latitude is marked as indelibly on the globe as the heavy line of the equator. It runs from
Broadway along Main Street to San Francisco: to the Hawaiian Islands, which it has lyricized to fame; to Japan, where it is hurriedly adopted as some new Western culture; to the Philippines, where it is
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and popular musical styles, all linked by the common bonds of Black-American and
European-American musical parentage with a performance orientation. From African traditions, jazz derived its rhythm, "blues", and traditions of playing or singing in one's own expressive way. From European traditions,
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described three types of jazz music at the time: black music for black audiences, black music for white audiences, and white music for white audiences. Jazz artists like Louis
Armstrong originally received very little airtime because most stations preferred to play the music of white American jazz
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Jazz served as a platform for rebellion on multiple fronts. In dance halls, jazz clubs, and speakeasies, women found refuge from societal norms that confined them to conventional roles. These spaces offered them more freedom in their speech, attire, and behavior. Reflecting the prevalent
Freudian
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The introduction of large-scale radio broadcasts enabled the rapid national spread of jazz in 1932. The radio was described as the "sound factory." Radio made it possible for millions to hear music for free â especially people who never attended expensive, distant big city clubs. These broadcasts
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had some of the best of it. Bill McCoy was in the rum-running business, and at certain points of time was ranked among the best. To avoid being caught, he sold liquor just outside the territorial waters of the United States. Buyers would come to him to pick up his booze as a precaution for McCoy.
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Urban radio stations played African-American jazz more frequently than suburban stations, due to the concentration of African Americans in urban areas such as New York and Chicago. Younger demographics popularized the black-originated dances such as the Charleston as part of the immense cultural
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dance band as featured soloist, leaving in 1925. The original New Orleans style was polyphonic, with theme variation and simultaneous collective improvisation. Armstrong was a master of his hometown style, but by the time he joined Henderson's band, he was already a trailblazer in a new phase of
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American Jazz was imported into Germany in the early 1920s...some two to five years after it had entered Britain or France...genuine American Jazz musicians (such as)... Mike Danzi embarked on a German tour with American bandleader Alex Hyde before deciding to make Berlin his permanent European
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idealized the youthful zeitgeist of the Jazz Age. By the mid-1920s, Whiteman was the most popular bandleader in the U.S. His success was based on a "rhetoric of domestication" according to which he had elevated and rendered valuable a previously inchoate kind of music. Other influential large
961:, which began in 1934. Much of this French jazz was a combination of African-American jazz and the symphonic styles in which French musicians were well-trained; in this, it is easy to see the inspiration taken from Paul Whiteman since his style was also a fusion of the two. Belgian guitarist
1276:, p. 312: "It is here that we find one of the white, or European, influences upon American Negro music; it is the central one, I think, and the one which has the most to do with the birth of jazz. We may call itâ âas I have called it heretoforeâ âthe instrumentalizing of the human voice."
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remembered that 'Scarface got along well with musicians. He liked to come into a club with his henchmen and have the band play his requests. He was very free with $ 100 tips." The illegal culture of speakeasies led to what was known as "black and tan" clubs which had multiracial crowds.
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story, "Sonny's Blues," where the transformative power of jazz unites two estranged brothers through the deeply emotive melodies played by Sonny. In Fitzgerald's works and beyond, jazz acted as a leveling influence, fostering a degree of equality within both literature and society.
296:
By the late 1920s, a new opposition mobilized across the U.S. Anti-prohibitionists, or "wets", attacked prohibition as causing crime, lowering local revenues, and imposing rural Protestant religious values on urban America. Prohibition ended with the ratification of the
1336:, p. 76: "Theirs would become the music of choice in cabarets and speakeasies and roadhouses, George Washington was a large supporter of jazz in the 20th century and would provide the accompaniment for the period F. Scott Fitzgerald would soon call the Jazz Age."
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epitomized this phase of Fitzgerald's career, capturing the romanticism and superficial charm of the "Jazz Age." This era started with the conclusion of World War I, the onset of women's suffrage, and Prohibition, and ultimately crumbled with the Great Crash of 1929.
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McCoy's liquor specialty was selling high-quality whiskey without diluting the alcohol. Bootlegging was making and or smuggling alcohol around the U.S. As selling the alcohol could make plenty of money, there are several major ways this was done. One strategy used by
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jazz, with its emphasis on arrangements and soloists. Armstrong's solos went well beyond the theme-improvisation concept, and extemporized on chords, rather than melodies. According to Schuller, by comparison, the solos by Armstrong's bandmates (including a young
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and His Cambridge Undergraduates began broadcasting on the BBC. Thereafter jazz became an important element in many leading dance orchestras, and jazz instrumentalists became numerous. Very soon, the resulting music craze in the United Kingdom led to a
396:
As to where speakeasies obtained alcohol, there were rum runners and bootleggers. Rum running, in this case, was the organized smuggling of liquor by land or sea into the U.S. Decent foreign liquor was high-end alcohol during prohibition, and
973:", and Eastern European folk with a languid, seductive feel; the main instruments were steel-stringed guitar, violin, and double bass. Solos pass from one player to another as guitar and bass form the rhythm section. Some researchers believe
430:'s Original Creole Jazz Band of musicians from New Orleans played in San Francisco and Los Angeles, where in 1922 they became the first black jazz band of New Orleans origin to make recordings. The year also saw the first recording by
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As jazz flourished, American elites who preferred classical music sought to expand the listenership of their favored genre, hoping that jazz would not become mainstream. Conversely, jazz became an influence on composers as diverse as
595:' Band in Chicago (who opened in The Grand Terrace Cafe there in 1928). All significantly influenced the development of big band-style swing jazz. By 1930, the New Orleans-style ensemble was a relic, and jazz belonged to the world.
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in the 1920s intimated that jazz was responsible for the decline of Western civilization and of the quality of Italian tenors, a poor trade balance with Hungary, a classical musician's fatal heart attack, and frightening bears in
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Armstrong and Lombardo did not view their worlds as diametrically opposed, nor did many other contemporary musicians of the 1930s. ...Lombardo himself always took great pride in the number of black orchestras that imitated his
2138:, p. 129: "Holiday (1919â59) is widely recognized as the greatest jazz vocalist of all time, a performer who revolutionized the art of jazz singing in the 1930s and exerted a powerful influence on subsequent vocalists."
720:
Over time, social strictures regarding racial segregation began to relax in America: white bandleaders began to recruit black musicians and black bandleaders recruit white ones. In the mid-1930s, Benny Goodman hired pianist
1100:, p. 52: "The popularity of new dance styles helped jazz to develop from the march-like tread of its early days into the snappy, syncopated music so characteristic of what F. Scott Fitzgerald dubbed 'The Jazz Age'."
1363:, p. 212: "Another barrier fell with the arrival of the 'black and tans,' integrated cabarets and nightclubs, usually in black neighborhoods and usually featuring leading African-American jazz musicians."
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During this period, jazz began to get a reputation as being immoral, and many members of the older generations saw it as threatening the old cultural values and promoting the new decadent values of the
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2210:, p. 463: "Those who opposed jazz with no qualification whatever saw in it an appeal to sensuousness, a return to primitive forms, and described it as the music of persons without any training."
886:, Duke Ellington, Count Basie, and Benny Goodman. These women were persistent in striving to make their names known in the music industry and to lead the way for many more women artists to come.
372:, states: "The singer Ethel Waters fondly recalled that Capone treated her 'with respect, applause, deference, and paid in full.'" Also from A Renegade History of the United States, "The pianist
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base....As the great majority of German musicians still found jazz very difficult to master, it was Americans and a few Englishmen who came to dominate the jazz scene of the Roaring Twenties...
618:'s claim that "sweet" music was a "weak sister" as compared to the "real music" of America, Lombardo's band enjoyed widespread popularity which crossed racial divides and was even praised by
474:), sounded "stiff, stodgy," with "jerky rhythms and a grey undistinguished tone quality." The following example shows a short excerpt of the straight melody of "Mandy, Make Up Your Mind" by
289:, and approximately $ 60 million (equivalent to $ 1,271,666,667 in 2023) in illegal alcohol was smuggled across the borders of Canada and the United States. The resulting illicit
717:. Although it was a collective sound, swing also offered individual musicians a chance to "solo" and improvise melodic, thematic solos which could at times be complex "important" music.
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and Arthur Johnston (top), compared with Armstrong's solo improvisations (below) (recorded 1924). (The example approximates Armstrong's solo, as it does not convey his use of swing.)
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Jazz is seen by many as "America's classical music". The earliest Jazz styles, which emerged in New Orleans, Chicago, and New York in the early 1920s, are sometimes referred to as "
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As only a limited number of American jazz records were released in Europe, European jazz traces many of its roots to American artists such as James Reese Europe, Paul Whiteman,
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Young people in the 1920s used the influence of jazz to rebel against the traditional culture of previous generations. This youth rebellion of the 1920s included such things as
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Top: excerpt from the straight melody of "Mandy, Make Up Your Mind" by George W. Meyer & Arthur Johnston. Bottom: corresponding solo excerpt by Louis Armstrong (1924).
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music and dance styles gained worldwide popularity. The Jazz Age's cultural repercussions were primarily felt in the United States, the birthplace of jazz. Originating in
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wrote: "t is not music at all. It's merely an irritation of the nerves of hearing, a sensual teasing of the strings of physical passion." The media also spoke ill of it.
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brought the improvisational solo to the forefront of a piece, replacing the original polyphonic ensemble style of New Orleans jazz. Jazz is generally characterized by
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Although jazz was taken over by the white middle-class population, it facilitated the mesh of African American traditions and ideals with white middle-class society.
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big bands, in which some virtuoso soloists became as famous as the band leaders. Key figures in developing the "big" jazz band included bandleaders and arrangers
33:
1394:, p. 264: "Each of the thirty-two thousand speakeasies in New York probably paid a beat cop five dollars a day to keep the taps and the cash register open."
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Several musicians grew up in musical families, where a family member would often teach how to read and play music. Included in this group was the bandleader
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770:. In urban areas, such as Chicago and New York, African-American jazz was played on the radio more often than in the suburbs. Big-band jazz, like that of
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Armstrong's solos were a significant factor in making jazz a true 20th-century language. After leaving Henderson's group, Armstrong formed his virtuosic
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band, which included instrumentalist's Kid Ory (trombone), Johnny Dodds (clarinet), Johnny St. Cyr (banjo), and wife Lil on piano, where he popularized
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that grew from this era became lively venues of the "Jazz Age", hosting popular music that included current dance songs, novelty songs and show tunes.
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614:, where they entertained audiences nationwide for decades with a velvety-smooth interpretation of the "sweetest music this side of heaven". Despite
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301:, which repealed the Eighteenth Amendment on December 5, 1933. Some states continued statewide prohibition, marking one of the latter stages of the
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2150:, p. 128: "Ella Fitzgerald's extensive 'songbook' recordings made between 1956 and 1964 remain among the best-selling vocal albums in jazz."
602:, who collaborated with his brothers Carmen and Lebert in Canada to form the Royal Canadians Orchestra in the early 1920s. By 1929 their "sweet"
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Piano player Lil Hardin Armstrong was originally a member of King Oliver's band with Louis, and went on to play piano in her husband's band the
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368:, the famous organized crime leader, gave jazz musicians previously living in poverty a steady and professional income. Thaddeus Russell, in
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partnered with two other mobsters and legitimate brewer Joseph Stenson to make illegal beer in a total of nine breweries. Finally, some
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pioneered the guitar-violin partnership characteristic of the genre which was brought to France after they had been heard live or on
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America's Music Makers Big bands and Ballrooms 1912-2011 - Shep Fields society band broadcasting on radio from the Palmer House
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marked the transition from big bands to the bebop influence of the 1940s. An early 1940s style known as "jumping the blues" or
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McCann, Paul (2008). "Performing Primitivism: Disarming the Social Threat of Jazz in Narrative Fiction of the Early Sixties".
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jazz." In the 1920s, jazz became recognized as a major form of musical expression. It then emerged in the form of independent
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fashions, women who smoked cigarettes in public, a willingness to talk about sex freely, and radio concerts. Dances like the
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859:(1887â1972) was a Chicago-based bandleader, session musician (piano), composer, singer, and arranger during the 1920s
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music, and the painting was later destroyed by its author to placate critics who insisted the work should be burned.
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Several "sweet jazz" dance orchestras also achieved national recognition in big band remote broadcasts including:
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ensembles included Fletcher Henderson's band, Duke Ellington's band (which opened an influential residency at the
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unleashing a crime wave that shocked the U.S. This prohibition was taken advantage of by gangsters such as
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3560:. Vol. 24â25. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: E. F. Houghton & Co. 1919 – via Google Books.
1179:"Jazz Origins in New Orleans - New Orleans Jazz National Historical Park (U.S. National Park Service)"
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Biocca, Frank (1990). "Media and Perceptual Shifts: Early Radio and the Clash of Musical Cultures".
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I am not convinced, however, that the 'jazz age' is the cause of the church losing its influence.
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Jackson, Jeffrey (2002). "Making Jazz French: The Reception of Jazz Music in Paris, 1927â1934".
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139:, jazz played a significant part in wider cultural changes in this period, and its influence on
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Who Is Who In Music. Berghan Publishing Co. 1941 p. 93 Biography of Shep Fields on Google Books
532:". F. Scott Fitzgerald asserted that the song idealized the youthful zeitgeist of the Jazz Age.
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Lonesome Roads and Streets of Dreams: Place Mobility and Race in Jazz of the 1930s and '40s
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Berger, Morroe (October 1947). "Jazz: Resistance to the Diffusion of a Culture-Pattern".
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to join small groups. In the 1930s, Kansas City Jazz as exemplified by tenor saxophonist
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797:(1936), New York City's "Star-light Roof" in the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel (1937), and the
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3843:
3798:
3728:
3637:
3482:
3469:
3409:
3402:
3220:
3179:
The Law that Changed the Face of America: The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965
3140:
3078:
3009:
2899:
2824:
2816:
2661:
2624:
Le Tumulte Noir: Modernist Art and Popular Entertainment in Jazz-Age Paris, 1900-1930
2586:
2526:
2521:
946:
932:
835:
690:
666:
660:
615:
565:
411:
385:
264:
159:
2735:
6054:
5974:
5969:
5964:
5718:
5706:
5699:
5689:
5642:
5637:
5604:
5480:
5475:
5465:
5336:
5048:
4885:
4785:
4601:
4581:
4546:
4526:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4410:
4330:
3893:
3831:
3427:
3033:
982:
856:
778:
762:
734:
722:
710:
682:
678:
674:
599:
486:
431:
415:
403:
218:
3026:
3807:
3763:
Dinerstein, Joel (2003). "Music, Memory, and Cultural Identity in the Jazz Age".
3678:
3555:
3376:
3351:
3144:
2910:
2866:
2807:
2786:
512:
6135:
6037:
6000:
5694:
5684:
5679:
5664:
5625:
5580:
5494:
5470:
5326:
5306:
5271:
5266:
5251:
5036:
5024:
5009:
4942:
4825:
4805:
4780:
4753:
4521:
4491:
4390:
4360:
4278:
4187:
4161:
4037:
3870:
2946:
2787:"W.C. Handy, Abbe Niles, and (Auto)biographical Positioning in the Whiteman Era"
970:
937:
790:
702:
670:
656:
626:
588:
178:
further popularized the term with the publication of his short story collection
132:
2486:
Barlow, William (January 1, 1995). "Black Music on Radio During the Jazz Age".
158:
nationwide. During this time, the Jazz Age was intertwined with the developing
6022:
6010:
5854:
5838:
5744:
5669:
5527:
4994:
4979:
4952:
4932:
4830:
4815:
4576:
4566:
4365:
4303:
4283:
4124:
3070:
978:
974:
966:
917:
883:
868:
738:
714:
698:
592:
541:
373:
260:
248:
3334:
2680:
1904:"SHEP FIELDS, LEADER OF BIG BAND KNOWEN FOR RIPPLING RYTHEM (Published 1981)"
5990:
5739:
5592:
5542:
5434:
5053:
5014:
4937:
4925:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4895:
4890:
4880:
4795:
4758:
4541:
4471:
4380:
4345:
4308:
3572:
2730:
1826:
879:
365:
349:
314:
290:
286:
252:
233:
17:
2070:
4088:
3621:
1705:
Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World: Genres North America
940:
in which the threat of jazz to society was exemplified by Scottish artist
741:
used small combos, uptempo music and blues chord progressions, drawing on
418:
stole industrial grain alcohol and redistilled it to sell in speakeasies.
5995:
5276:
5004:
4947:
4873:
4863:
4763:
3782:
3453:
2767:
2705:
2276:
2263:
Kater, Michael (April 1, 1988). "The Jazz Experience in Weimar Germany".
875:
841:
603:
435:
205:, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and developed from roots in
3790:
3461:
6130:
6042:
6027:
5889:
4984:
4868:
4370:
3907:
Daily Life in the United States, 1920â1939: Decades of Promise and Pain
3629:
3584:
3342:
2578:
2513:
2480:
Some might, indeed, suppose that this muse had her jazz age behind her.
1010:
815:
427:
381:
341:
222:
210:
77:
4130:
844:âthe right for women to voteâat its peak with the ratification of the
201:
is a music genre that originated in the Black-American communities of
5547:
4974:
4964:
774:
and Fletcher Henderson in New York, attracted large radio audiences.
3326:
2570:
2505:
3011:
From Jazz to Swing: Black Jazz Musicians and Their Music, 1917â1935
6005:
5879:
4858:
3930:
3430:(2006). "The Search for America's Soul: Theatre in the Jazz Age".
3168:
452:
226:
206:
155:
957:
The European style of jazz entered full swing in France with the
162:. The movement also helped introduce the European jazz movement.
4734:
4032:
Anxious Decades: America in Prosperity and Depression, 1920â1941
4020:
3497:
2854:
951:
198:
193:
128:
114:
4707:
4134:
3968:
3257:
The Creation of Jazz: Music, Race, and Culture in Urban America
2119:
2117:
2115:
3657:
2563:
Association for the Study of African American Life and History
556:
in an early mixed-race collaboration, then in 1926 formed his
3307:
Roth, Russell (1952). "On the Instrumental Origins of Jazz".
1942:"America's Music Makers: Big Bands & Ballrooms 1912-2011"
174:
was in popular usage prior to 1920. In 1922, American writer
150:, and overlapped in significant cross-cultural ways with the
3838:
The Modern Temper: American Culture and Society in the 1920s
3730:
Only Yesterday: An Informal History of the Nineteen-Twenties
3536:. Studies in Jazz. Vol. 38. Lanham, Maryland / London:
3231:
Circular Breathing: The Cultural Politics of Jazz in Britain
2662:"Musical Literacy and Jazz Musicians in the 1910s and 1920s"
1093:
1091:
903:
By the 1920s jazz had spread around the world. According to
494:
3507:"The Threat of Jazz: John Bulloch Souter's 'The Breakdown'"
1681:. London: Routledge Taylor and Francis Group. p. 379.
154:. The movement was largely affected by the introduction of
217:
In New Orleans, the development of jazz was influenced by
146:
The Jazz Age is often referred to in conjunction with the
2831:
The Damned and the Beautiful: American Youth in the 1920s
1344:
1342:
1050:
758:
broadcasts from nightclubs, dance halls, and ballrooms.
4077:"Jazz Places: How Performance Spaces Shape Jazz History"
3809:
American Babel: Rogue Radio Broadcasters of the Jazz Age
2649:(June 29, 1996). "Women in Jazz: Music on Their Terms".
4703:
3680:
Cross the Water Blues: African American Music in Europe
2075:
National Museum of African American History and Culture
1387:
1385:
766:
singers. Other jazz vocalists include Bessie Smith and
1201:
1199:
1121:
2978:"What the Great Gatsby Got Right About the Jazz Age"
2763:
The Jazz Age: A Historical Exploration of Literature
969:, a mix of 1930s American swing, French dance hall "
6073:
5983:
5867:
5847:
5826:
5810:
5760:
5727:
5618:
5563:
5520:
5513:
5448:
5370:
5234:
5196:
5140:
5062:
4844:
4741:
4682:
4655:
4444:
4289:
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives
4221:
4168:
3533:
Jazz in New Orleans: The Postwar Years Through 1970
793:'s Rippling Rhythm Orchestra at Chicago's landmark
109:
101:
93:
85:
4059:
4029:
4004:
3984:
3942:
3904:
3869:
3835:
3747:
3727:
3576:
3481:
3404:The Big Book of Blues: A Biographical Encyclopedia
3401:
3254:
3025:
3008:
2950:
2828:
2734:
2704:
2525:
2912:The Jazz Book: From Ragtime to Fusion and Beyond
1956:"Obituaries: Shep Fields Dies -noted bandleader"
929:tour by the Original Dixieland Jazz Band in 1919
781:'s Royal Canadian Orchestra, at New York City's
1066:
909:
4062:Our Times, 1900â1925: Volume IV â The Twenties
3987:Middletown: A Study in Modern American Culture
1636:"Famed Orchestra Leader Guy Lombardo, 75, Dies
633:shift the popularity of jazz music generated.
4719:
4274:Association Against the Prohibition Amendment
4146:
4007:The Twenties: Fords, Flappers, & Fanatics
3484:Early Jazz: Its Roots and Musical Development
1879:Encyclopedia of New Year's Holidays Worldwide
1654:. Bloomington, Il.: AuthorHouse. p. 95.
1611:Encyclopedia of New Year's Holidays Worldwide
1062:
568:'s orchestra. In 1924, Whiteman commissioned
8:
2478:. August 23, 1919 – via Google Books.
578:, premiered by Whiteman's Orchestra. Writer
56:
3146:Last Call: The Rise and Fall of Prohibition
3015:(Ph.D. dissertation). Ann Arbor, Michigan:
1882:. London: McFarland & Co. p. 101.
1741:. University of Chicago Press. p. 45.
1614:. London: McFarland & Co. p. 101.
867:often are ranked as two of the best female
380:There were many speakeasies, especially in
127:was a period in the 1920s and 30s in which
5757:
5517:
4726:
4712:
4704:
4336:Medicinal Liquor Prescriptions Act of 1933
4153:
4139:
4131:
3650:"Fletcher Henderson: 'Architect of Swing'"
3602:Ward, Larry F. (December 2004). "Bessie".
1702:Horn, David; Shephard, John, eds. (2012).
1675:Stacey, Lee; Henderson, Lol, eds. (2014).
1559:
610:in New York City and later in 1959 at the
241:jazz derived its harmony and instruments.
70:
55:
2806:
2424:
2408:
2183:
2159:
1789:
1678:Encyclopedia of music in the 20th Century
1638:Pittsubrg Post Gazette 7 Nov. 1977, p.26
1487:
1376:
1333:
1309:
1257:
1245:
1157:
1082:
890:Influence of middle-class white Americans
2123:
2106:
1813:
1708:. Vol. 8. Bloomsbury. p. 472.
1595:
1535:
1523:
1475:
1261:
1145:
4075:Teal, Kimberly Hannon (June 15, 2021),
3353:A Renegade History of the United States
2412:
2396:
2384:
2356:
2344:
2332:
2297:Jazz Research and Performance Materials
2294:Meadows, Eddie S. (February 27, 1995).
2271:(2). Oxford University Press: 145â158.
1944:. AuthorHouse – via Google Books.
1773:
1427:
1372:
1348:
1233:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1043:
370:A Renegade History of the United States
76:King & Carter Jazzing Orchestra in
32:For the 2012 album by Bryan Ferry, see
3683:(1st ed.). Jackson, Mississippi:
3517:from the original on November 22, 2021
3294:from the original on December 13, 2019
3103:from the original on November 20, 2021
2953:A History of Jazz in Britain 1919â1950
2868:Conversations with F. Scott Fitzgerald
2690:from the original on February 25, 2021
2448:
2219:
2207:
2195:
2032:
1863:
1851:
1839:
1801:
1761:
1735:"The Casino Ballroom: White and Sweet"
1571:
1511:
1439:
1391:
1360:
1321:
1297:
1285:
1205:
539:
135:as mainly sourced from the culture of
27:American period in the 1920s and 1930s
4314:List of dry communities by U.S. state
4066:(1st ed.). New York and London:
3864:(1945). "Echoes of the Jazz Age". In
3750:Since Yesterday: The 1930s in America
3734:(1st ed.). New York and London:
2994:from the original on February 6, 2020
2436:
2380:
2368:
2147:
2135:
2009:Shep Fields is set for the Copacabana
1777:
1583:
1547:
1499:
1463:
1451:
1229:
1217:
1097:
7:
4386:Swedish prohibition referendum, 1922
2320:
2171:
2094:
2020:
1415:
1403:
1273:
1133:
1109:
1078:
4238:Australian prohibition referendums
3945:The Perils of Prosperity, 1914â1932
3664:from the original on April 21, 2018
3280:Rodgers, Andrew (August 27, 1997).
2629:Pennsylvania State University Press
878:and then his next group called the
629:, learned on homemade instruments.
606:appeared regularly at the landmark
4436:Woman's Christian Temperance Union
4234:21st Amendment (U.S. Constitution)
4229:18th Amendment (U.S. Constitution)
4083:, University of California Press,
3701:from the original on July 18, 2022
3579:Jazz: A History of America's Music
3176:Orchowski, Margaret Sands (2015).
2933:from the original on July 18, 2022
2890:Germuska, Joe (October 17, 1995).
2244:from the original on June 26, 2022
1979:. Arcadia Publishing. p. 61.
39:. For the 1998 album by Jack, see
25:
6081:Album covers of Blue Note Records
3505:Shearer, Carly (April 24, 2018).
3127:from the original on June 5, 2020
2627:. University Park, Pennsylvania:
2614:10.1111/j.0022-3840.1990.2402_1.x
2300:. Psychology Press. p. 121.
2232:Hershey, Burnet (June 25, 1922).
2007:. February 24, 1945. p. 34.
37:(The Bryan Ferry Orchestra album)
6129:
4011:. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey:
3814:University of Pennsylvania Press
3383:The University of Michigan Press
3221:10.1111/J.1540-5931.2008.00541.X
540:Problems playing this file? See
510:
327:
282:Prohibition in the United States
277:Prohibition in the United States
4663:National Prohibition Party (UK)
3685:University Press of Mississippi
3378:Jazz: America's Classical Music
2976:Henderson, Amy (May 10, 2013).
2873:University Press of Mississippi
1940:Behrens, John (March 4, 2011).
1550:, pp. 56â59, 66â70, 78â79.
959:Quintette du Hot Club de France
944:'s controversial 1926 painting
450:formed The Wolverines in 1924.
5461:Institutions and organizations
4416:Voluntary Committee of Lawyers
4401:Temperance (Scotland) Act 1913
3806:Doerksen, Clifford J. (2005).
3775:Johns Hopkins University Press
3446:Johns Hopkins University Press
3319:Johns Hopkins University Press
3204:The Journal of Popular Culture
2597:The Journal of Popular Culture
2466:"A German Interpreter of Jazz"
1051:Oxford English Dictionary 2021
998:. Professor Henry van Dyke of
665:The 1930s belonged to popular
1:
6171:Eras of United States history
5158:Cool jazz and West Coast jazz
4693:(2011 documentary miniseries)
4070:– via Internet Archive.
4050:– via Internet Archive.
4023:– via Internet Archive.
3995:– via Internet Archive.
3971:– via Internet Archive.
3933:– via Internet Archive.
3890:– via Internet Archive.
3856:– via Internet Archive.
3758:– via Internet Archive.
3738:– via Internet Archive.
3597:– via Internet Archive.
3500:– via Internet Archive.
3422:– via Internet Archive.
3275:– via Internet Archive.
3117:"Jazz Origins in New Orleans"
3061:(1). Durham, North Carolina:
3046:– via Internet Archive.
3028:Defining Moments: Prohibition
3019:– via Internet Archive.
2971:– via Internet Archive.
2857:– via Internet Archive.
2766:. Santa Barbara, California:
2755:– via Internet Archive.
2725:– via Internet Archive.
2673:Columbia University Libraries
2655:. Vol. 108, no. 26.
2546:– via Internet Archive.
2528:Max Perkins: Editor of Genius
1829:– via Internet Archive.
871:piano players of the period.
4028:Parrish, Michael E. (1992).
3263:University of Illinois Press
2808:10.1080/03007766.2014.994320
2671:. No. 71â73. New York:
2554:The Journal of Negro History
143:continued long afterwards.
4647:Izzy Einstein and Moe Smith
4264:American Temperance Society
3993:Harcourt, Brace and Company
3951:University of Chicago Press
3677:Wynn, Neil A., ed. (2007).
3658:National Public Radio (NPR)
3612:(2). Middleton, Wisconsin:
3253:Peretti, Burton W. (1992).
2498:Modern Language Association
1973:Baggelaar, Kristin (2006).
899:Beginnings of European jazz
6197:
4674:Scottish Prohibition Party
3773:(2). Baltimore, Maryland:
3583:(1st ed.). New York:
3350:Russell, Thaddeus (2010).
3317:(4). Baltimore, Maryland:
3234:. Durham, North Carolina:
3211:(4). Hoboken, New Jersey:
3119:. New Orleans, Louisiana:
3007:Hennessey, Thomas (1973).
2604:(2). Hoboken, New Jersey:
2496:(2). St. Louis, Missouri:
2474:. Vol. 62. New York:
1876:Crump, William D. (2008).
1733:Berish, Andrew S. (2012).
1608:Crump, William D. (2008).
1586:, pp. 82â83, 100â103.
1122:National Park Service 2015
927:British jazz began with a
833:
654:
622:as one of his favorites.
591:in 1927) in New York, and
360:Formed as a result of the
312:
274:
191:
117:music in the United States
31:
6125:
5487:See Template: Jazz theory
3911:. Westport, Connecticut:
3826:– via Google Books.
3709:– via Google Books.
3614:Music Library Association
3400:Santelli, Robert (2001).
3395:– via Google Books.
3370:– via Google Books.
3248:– via Google Books.
3196:– via Google Books.
3171:– via Google Books.
3092:Oxford English Dictionary
3071:10.1215/00161071-25-1-149
3054:French Historical Studies
2941:– via Google Books.
2885:– via Google Books.
2791:Popular Music and Society
2780:– via Google Books.
2641:– via Google Books.
2001:"New Band for Kelly-Wood"
1406:, pp. 153, 155, 156.
989:Criticism of the movement
522:United States Marine Band
344:await the opening of the
69:
61:
46:. For the 1929 film, see
4252:Western Australian, 1950
4242:Western Australian, 1925
3184:Rowman & Littlefield
2871:. Jackson, Mississippi:
2760:De Roche, Linda (2015).
2681:10.7916/cm.v0i71-73.4825
554:New Orleans Rhythm Kings
257:call and response vocals
113:Increased popularity of
6166:1930s in American music
6156:1920s in American music
4627:William Harvey Thompson
4587:The LaMontages brothers
4406:United Kingdom Alliance
4120:The Jazz Age In America
4068:Charles Scribner's Sons
4036:. New York and London:
3530:Suhor, Charles (2001).
3509:. Edinburgh, Scotland:
3490:Oxford University Press
3381:. Ann Arbor, Michigan:
3097:Oxford University Press
3017:Northwestern University
2988:Smithsonian Institution
2896:Northwestern University
2837:Oxford University Press
2743:Oxford University Press
2561:(4). Washington, D.C.:
2489:African American Review
805:Elements and influences
524:'s 2018 performance of
392:Rum running/bootlegging
105:Jazz musicians and fans
4462:Thomas Holliday Barker
3949:. Chicago and London:
3744:Allen, Frederick Lewis
3724:Allen, Frederick Lewis
3375:Sales, Grover (1984).
3261:. Urbana and Chicago:
3228:McKay, George (2005).
2907:Berendt, Joachim-Ernst
2894:. Evanston, Illinois:
2785:Dunkel, Mario (2015).
2703:Cooke, Mervyn (1998).
2660:Chevan, David (2002).
2347:, pp. 29, 46, 67.
1648:Behrnes, Jack (2011).
914:
499:
458:
340:Several patrons and a
299:Twenty-first Amendment
203:New Orleans, Louisiana
4532:Frederic Richard Lees
4426:Wickersham Commission
4294:Bureau of Prohibition
4247:New South Wales, 1928
4208:Russia / Soviet Union
4089:10.1525/9780520972841
3939:Leuchtenburg, William
3736:Harper & Brothers
3648:(December 19, 2007).
3622:10.1353/not.2004.0171
3290:. Chicago, Illinois.
3236:Duke University Press
3121:National Park Service
3063:Duke University Press
3032:. Detroit, Michigan:
2959:Northway Publications
2915:. Chicago, Illinois:
2902:on December 10, 1997.
2797:(2). United Kingdom:
2425:Ward & Burns 2001
2409:Ward & Burns 2001
2184:Ward & Burns 2001
2160:Ward & Burns 2001
1790:Ward & Burns 2001
1488:Ward & Burns 2001
1377:Ward & Burns 2001
1334:Ward & Burns 2001
1258:Ward & Burns 2001
1158:Ward & Burns 2001
787:Waldorf-Astoria Hotel
625:Some musicians, like
612:Waldorf-Astoria Hotel
498:
456:
181:Tales of the Jazz Age
5875:Bibliography of jazz
5655:Continental European
4127:from U S History.com
3862:Fitzgerald, F. Scott
3783:10.1353/aq.2003.0012
3656:. Washington, D.C.:
3454:10.1353/tj.2006.0171
3282:"The Genna Brothers"
3182:. Lanham, Maryland:
2986:. Washington, D.C.:
2983:Smithsonian Magazine
2863:Fitzgerald, F. Scott
2621:Blake, Jody (1999).
2534:Simon & Schuster
2162:, pp. 270, 272.
2126:, pp. 1, 94â96.
1962:. February 24, 1981.
1418:, pp. 120, 121.
1112:, pp. 305, 312.
1067:Literary Digest 1919
1000:Princeton University
865:Lil Hardin Armstrong
846:Nineteenth Amendment
362:eighteenth amendment
6116:Straight, No Chaser
5905:Straight-ahead jazz
5362:Winter & Winter
4811:French horn in jazz
4612:Howard Hyde Russell
4431:WillisâCampbell Act
4396:Temperance movement
4299:CullenâHarrison Act
4162:Alcohol prohibition
3981:Lynd, Helen Merrell
3654:NPR's Jazz Profiles
3538:The Scarecrow Press
3511:Lyon & Turnbull
3442:Baltimore, Maryland
3095:. Oxford, England:
3024:Hill, Jeff (2004).
2917:Lawrence Hill Books
2476:Funk & Wagnalls
2471:The Literary Digest
2399:, pp. 149â170.
2383:, p. 121â122;
2097:, pp. 458â460.
1910:. February 24, 1981
1866:, pp. 326â327.
1324:, pp. 207â210.
1248:, pp. 470â473.
985:in the late 1920s.
942:John Bulloch Souter
580:F. Scott Fitzgerald
408:Genna brothers gang
319:Black and tan clubs
176:F. Scott Fitzgerald
58:
6060:West African music
5885:British dance band
5675:European free jazz
5648:British dance band
5141:Musicians by genre
4921:Free improvisation
4457:Harry J. Anslinger
4351:Neo-prohibitionism
4341:Molly Pitcher Club
4269:Anti-Saloon League
3880:. pp. 13â22.
3766:American Quarterly
3358:Simon and Schuster
3310:American Quarterly
3143:(April 30, 2010).
3099:. September 2021.
2799:Taylor and Francis
2669:Current Musicology
2277:10.1093/gh/6.2.145
2238:The New York Times
1908:The New York Times
1827:"Big Band Remotes"
1063:Houghton Line 1919
1005:The New York Times
905:The New York Times
795:Palmer House Hotel
785:(1929) and at the
772:James Reese Europe
695:Fletcher Henderson
651:Swing in the 1930s
552:recorded with the
506:"Rhapsody in Blue"
500:
467:Fletcher Henderson
459:
6143:
6142:
6016:New Orleans blues
5863:
5862:
5806:
5805:
5380:Beaches (Toronto)
4791:Swing performance
4701:
4700:
4668:Prohibition Party
4656:Political parties
4592:Lanzetta Brothers
4507:Clinton N. Howard
4452:Martha Meir Allen
4098:978-0-520-97284-1
3823:978-0-8122-0176-5
3694:978-1-60473-546-8
3594:978-0-679-76539-4
3569:Ward, Geoffrey C.
3557:The Houghton Line
3547:978-0-8108-3907-6
3478:Schuller, Gunther
3392:978-0-13-509126-5
3367:978-1-4165-7109-4
3245:978-0-8223-8728-2
3193:978-1-4422-5137-3
3160:978-0-7432-7702-0
3043:978-0-7808-0768-6
2882:978-1-57806-605-6
2846:978-0-19-502148-6
2777:978-1-61069-668-5
2722:978-0-500-20318-7
2713:Thames and Hudson
2638:978-0-271-01753-2
2359:, pp. 29â31.
2307:978-0-8153-0373-2
1986:978-0-7385-4919-4
1889:978-0-7864-3393-3
1748:978-0-226-04494-1
1715:978-1-4411-4874-2
1688:978-1-135-92946-6
1661:978-1-4567-2952-3
1621:978-0-7864-3393-3
1466:, pp. 20â21.
1065:, pp. 6, 9;
731:Charlie Christian
564:'s orchestra and
550:Jelly Roll Morton
515:
137:African Americans
121:
120:
16:(Redirected from
6188:
6181:Roaring Twenties
6161:1920s neologisms
6134:
6133:
5900:Continental jazz
5793:Washington, D.C.
5758:
5660:Czech and Slovak
5518:
5302:India Navigation
5000:Progressive jazz
4854:Avant-garde jazz
4728:
4721:
4714:
4705:
4607:Arnold Rothstein
4517:Enoch L. Johnson
4356:Roaring Twenties
4155:
4148:
4141:
4132:
4125:Roaring Twenties
4108:
4107:
4105:
4071:
4065:
4051:
4035:
4024:
4010:
4001:Mowry, George E.
3996:
3990:
3972:
3948:
3934:
3910:
3891:
3875:
3857:
3841:
3827:
3812:. Philadelphia:
3802:
3759:
3753:
3739:
3733:
3710:
3708:
3706:
3673:
3671:
3669:
3641:
3598:
3582:
3564:
3551:
3526:
3524:
3522:
3501:
3487:
3473:
3423:
3407:
3396:
3371:
3346:
3303:
3301:
3299:
3276:
3260:
3249:
3224:
3197:
3172:
3136:
3134:
3132:
3112:
3110:
3108:
3082:
3047:
3031:
3020:
3014:
3003:
3001:
2999:
2972:
2956:
2942:
2940:
2938:
2903:
2898:. Archived from
2886:
2858:
2834:
2820:
2810:
2781:
2756:
2740:
2726:
2710:
2699:
2697:
2695:
2689:
2666:
2656:
2647:Borzillo, Carrie
2642:
2617:
2590:
2547:
2531:
2517:
2482:
2452:
2446:
2440:
2434:
2428:
2422:
2416:
2406:
2400:
2394:
2388:
2378:
2372:
2366:
2360:
2354:
2348:
2342:
2336:
2335:, pp. 8â11.
2330:
2324:
2318:
2312:
2311:
2291:
2285:
2284:
2260:
2254:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2229:
2223:
2217:
2211:
2205:
2199:
2193:
2187:
2181:
2175:
2169:
2163:
2157:
2151:
2145:
2139:
2133:
2127:
2121:
2110:
2104:
2098:
2092:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2067:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2042:
2036:
2030:
2024:
2018:
2012:
2011:
1997:
1991:
1990:
1970:
1964:
1963:
1952:
1946:
1945:
1937:
1931:
1926:
1920:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1900:
1894:
1893:
1873:
1867:
1861:
1855:
1849:
1843:
1837:
1831:
1830:
1823:
1817:
1811:
1805:
1799:
1793:
1787:
1781:
1771:
1765:
1759:
1753:
1752:
1730:
1724:
1723:
1699:
1693:
1692:
1672:
1666:
1665:
1645:
1639:
1632:
1626:
1625:
1605:
1599:
1593:
1587:
1581:
1575:
1569:
1563:
1557:
1551:
1545:
1539:
1533:
1527:
1521:
1515:
1509:
1503:
1497:
1491:
1485:
1479:
1473:
1467:
1461:
1455:
1449:
1443:
1437:
1431:
1425:
1419:
1413:
1407:
1401:
1395:
1389:
1380:
1370:
1364:
1358:
1352:
1346:
1337:
1331:
1325:
1319:
1313:
1307:
1301:
1295:
1289:
1283:
1277:
1271:
1265:
1255:
1249:
1243:
1237:
1227:
1221:
1215:
1209:
1203:
1194:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1174:
1161:
1155:
1149:
1143:
1137:
1131:
1125:
1119:
1113:
1107:
1101:
1095:
1086:
1076:
1070:
1060:
1054:
1048:
996:Roaring Twenties
963:Django Reinhardt
745:from the 1930s.
707:Jimmie Lunceford
643:The Great Gatsby
584:Rhapsody in Blue
575:Rhapsody in Blue
530:Rhapsody in Blue
517:
516:
497:
354:Washington, D.C.
331:
148:Roaring Twenties
74:
64:Roaring Twenties
59:
21:
6196:
6195:
6191:
6190:
6189:
6187:
6186:
6185:
6146:
6145:
6144:
6139:
6136:Jazz portal
6128:
6121:
6102:The Jazz Singer
6069:
6048:Novelty ragtime
5979:
5859:
5843:
5822:
5802:
5756:
5723:
5614:
5559:
5514:Regional scenes
5509:
5444:
5366:
5292:Groove Merchant
5282:Flying Dutchman
5230:
5192:
5136:
5058:
4990:Orchestral jazz
4970:Mainstream jazz
4958:Afro-Cuban jazz
4840:
4749:Outline of jazz
4737:
4732:
4702:
4697:
4678:
4651:
4642:Frances Willard
4632:Andrew Volstead
4597:The Purple Gang
4562:J. Howard Moore
4502:J. Edgar Hoover
4440:
4421:WebbâKenyon Act
4217:
4164:
4159:
4116:
4111:
4103:
4101:
4099:
4074:
4054:
4048:
4027:
3999:
3977:Lynd, Robert S.
3975:
3961:
3937:
3923:
3913:Greenwood Press
3901:Kyvig, David E.
3899:
3888:
3860:
3854:
3830:
3824:
3805:
3762:
3742:
3722:
3718:
3716:Further reading
3713:
3704:
3702:
3695:
3676:
3667:
3665:
3644:
3601:
3595:
3567:
3554:
3548:
3529:
3520:
3518:
3504:
3476:
3433:Theatre Journal
3426:
3420:
3399:
3393:
3374:
3368:
3349:
3327:10.2307/3031415
3306:
3297:
3295:
3287:Chicago Tribune
3279:
3273:
3252:
3246:
3227:
3213:Wiley-Blackwell
3200:
3194:
3175:
3161:
3139:
3130:
3128:
3115:
3106:
3104:
3085:
3050:
3044:
3023:
3006:
2997:
2995:
2975:
2969:
2945:
2936:
2934:
2927:
2905:
2889:
2883:
2861:
2847:
2823:
2784:
2778:
2759:
2753:
2729:
2723:
2702:
2693:
2691:
2687:
2664:
2659:
2645:
2639:
2620:
2606:Wiley-Blackwell
2593:
2571:10.2307/2714928
2550:
2544:
2520:
2506:10.2307/3042311
2485:
2464:
2460:
2455:
2447:
2443:
2435:
2431:
2423:
2419:
2411:, p. 299;
2407:
2403:
2395:
2391:
2379:
2375:
2367:
2363:
2355:
2351:
2343:
2339:
2331:
2327:
2319:
2315:
2308:
2293:
2292:
2288:
2262:
2261:
2257:
2247:
2245:
2240:. pp. T5.
2234:"Jazz Latitude"
2231:
2230:
2226:
2218:
2214:
2206:
2202:
2194:
2190:
2182:
2178:
2170:
2166:
2158:
2154:
2146:
2142:
2134:
2130:
2122:
2113:
2105:
2101:
2093:
2089:
2079:
2077:
2069:
2068:
2064:
2054:
2052:
2044:
2043:
2039:
2031:
2027:
2019:
2015:
1999:
1998:
1994:
1987:
1972:
1971:
1967:
1954:
1953:
1949:
1939:
1938:
1934:
1927:
1923:
1913:
1911:
1902:
1901:
1897:
1890:
1875:
1874:
1870:
1862:
1858:
1850:
1846:
1838:
1834:
1825:
1824:
1820:
1812:
1808:
1800:
1796:
1788:
1784:
1772:
1768:
1760:
1756:
1749:
1732:
1731:
1727:
1716:
1701:
1700:
1696:
1689:
1674:
1673:
1669:
1662:
1647:
1646:
1642:
1633:
1629:
1622:
1607:
1606:
1602:
1594:
1590:
1582:
1578:
1570:
1566:
1560:Fitzgerald 2004
1558:
1554:
1546:
1542:
1534:
1530:
1522:
1518:
1510:
1506:
1498:
1494:
1486:
1482:
1474:
1470:
1462:
1458:
1450:
1446:
1438:
1434:
1426:
1422:
1414:
1410:
1402:
1398:
1390:
1383:
1371:
1367:
1359:
1355:
1347:
1340:
1332:
1328:
1320:
1316:
1308:
1304:
1296:
1292:
1284:
1280:
1272:
1268:
1256:
1252:
1244:
1240:
1228:
1224:
1216:
1212:
1204:
1197:
1187:
1185:
1176:
1175:
1164:
1160:, pp. 2â3.
1156:
1152:
1144:
1140:
1132:
1128:
1120:
1116:
1108:
1104:
1096:
1089:
1081:, p. 217;
1077:
1073:
1061:
1057:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1036:
1028:Herbert Howells
1024:George Gershwin
1019:
1017:Classical music
991:
901:
892:
838:
832:
812:
807:
783:Roosevelt Hotel
751:
725:, vibraphonist
663:
655:Main articles:
653:
620:Louis Armstrong
608:Roosevelt Hotel
558:Red Hot Peppers
547:
546:
538:
536:
535:
534:
533:
526:George Gershwin
518:
511:
508:
501:
495:
476:George W. Meyer
472:Coleman Hawkins
463:Louis Armstrong
461:The same year,
448:Bix Beiderbecke
424:
394:
358:
357:
356:
339:
334:
333:
332:
321:
313:Main articles:
311:
303:Progressive Era
279:
273:
245:Louis Armstrong
196:
190:
168:
152:Prohibition Era
141:popular culture
81:
54:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6194:
6192:
6184:
6183:
6178:
6173:
6168:
6163:
6158:
6148:
6147:
6141:
6140:
6126:
6123:
6122:
6120:
6119:
6112:
6109:Round Midnight
6105:
6098:
6090:
6083:
6077:
6075:
6071:
6070:
6068:
6067:
6062:
6057:
6052:
6051:
6050:
6040:
6035:
6030:
6025:
6020:
6019:
6018:
6013:
6003:
5998:
5993:
5987:
5985:
5981:
5980:
5978:
5977:
5972:
5967:
5962:
5957:
5952:
5947:
5942:
5937:
5932:
5927:
5922:
5917:
5912:
5907:
5902:
5897:
5892:
5887:
5882:
5877:
5871:
5869:
5865:
5864:
5861:
5860:
5858:
5857:
5851:
5849:
5845:
5844:
5842:
5841:
5839:Latin American
5836:
5830:
5828:
5827:South American
5824:
5823:
5821:
5820:
5814:
5812:
5808:
5807:
5804:
5803:
5801:
5800:
5795:
5790:
5785:
5780:
5775:
5770:
5768:Baltimore jazz
5764:
5762:
5755:
5754:
5753:
5752:
5745:Latin American
5742:
5737:
5731:
5729:
5728:North American
5725:
5724:
5722:
5721:
5716:
5715:
5714:
5704:
5703:
5702:
5692:
5687:
5682:
5677:
5672:
5667:
5662:
5657:
5652:
5651:
5650:
5640:
5635:
5634:
5633:
5622:
5620:
5616:
5615:
5613:
5612:
5607:
5602:
5601:
5600:
5595:
5585:
5584:
5583:
5573:
5567:
5565:
5561:
5560:
5558:
5557:
5552:
5551:
5550:
5545:
5535:
5530:
5524:
5522:
5515:
5511:
5510:
5508:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5492:
5491:
5490:
5478:
5473:
5468:
5463:
5458:
5452:
5450:
5446:
5445:
5443:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5382:
5376:
5374:
5368:
5367:
5365:
5364:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5319:
5314:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5284:
5279:
5274:
5269:
5264:
5259:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5238:
5236:
5232:
5231:
5229:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5202:
5200:
5194:
5193:
5191:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5150:
5144:
5142:
5138:
5137:
5135:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5097:Percussionists
5094:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5068:
5066:
5060:
5059:
5057:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5045:
5044:
5034:
5029:
5028:
5027:
5020:Spiritual jazz
5017:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4961:
4960:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4929:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4877:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4856:
4850:
4848:
4842:
4841:
4839:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4777:
4776:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4745:
4743:
4742:General topics
4739:
4738:
4733:
4731:
4730:
4723:
4716:
4708:
4699:
4698:
4696:
4695:
4686:
4684:
4680:
4679:
4677:
4676:
4671:
4665:
4659:
4657:
4653:
4652:
4650:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4622:Eliza Thompson
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4497:William Harvey
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4448:
4446:
4442:
4441:
4439:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4317:
4316:
4311:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4259:American Mafia
4256:
4255:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4236:
4231:
4225:
4223:
4219:
4218:
4216:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4174:
4172:
4166:
4165:
4160:
4158:
4157:
4150:
4143:
4135:
4129:
4128:
4122:
4115:
4114:External links
4112:
4110:
4109:
4097:
4072:
4056:Sullivan, Mark
4052:
4046:
4025:
3997:
3973:
3959:
3935:
3921:
3897:
3886:
3878:New Directions
3866:Wilson, Edmund
3858:
3852:
3828:
3822:
3803:
3760:
3756:Harper and Row
3740:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3711:
3693:
3674:
3642:
3599:
3593:
3565:
3552:
3546:
3540:. p. 18.
3527:
3502:
3474:
3424:
3418:
3397:
3391:
3372:
3366:
3347:
3304:
3277:
3271:
3250:
3244:
3225:
3198:
3192:
3173:
3159:
3141:Okrent, Daniel
3137:
3113:
3087:"jazz age, n."
3083:
3048:
3042:
3021:
3004:
2973:
2967:
2943:
2925:
2887:
2881:
2859:
2845:
2825:Fass, Paula S.
2821:
2782:
2776:
2757:
2751:
2737:Jazz Anecdotes
2727:
2721:
2700:
2657:
2643:
2637:
2618:
2591:
2548:
2542:
2522:Berg, A. Scott
2518:
2483:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2453:
2441:
2429:
2417:
2415:, p. 201.
2401:
2389:
2373:
2361:
2349:
2337:
2325:
2313:
2306:
2286:
2265:German History
2255:
2224:
2222:, p. 325.
2212:
2200:
2188:
2186:, p. 272.
2176:
2174:, p. 251.
2164:
2152:
2140:
2128:
2111:
2099:
2087:
2071:"Bessie Smith"
2062:
2037:
2025:
2013:
1992:
1985:
1976:The Copacabana
1965:
1947:
1932:
1921:
1895:
1888:
1868:
1856:
1854:, p. 461.
1844:
1842:, p. 327.
1832:
1818:
1806:
1794:
1792:, p. 107.
1782:
1776:, p. 50;
1766:
1764:, p. 201.
1754:
1747:
1725:
1714:
1694:
1687:
1667:
1660:
1640:
1627:
1620:
1600:
1588:
1576:
1574:, p. 123.
1564:
1552:
1540:
1528:
1516:
1504:
1492:
1490:, p. 101.
1480:
1478:, p. 423.
1468:
1456:
1444:
1442:, p. 201.
1432:
1420:
1408:
1396:
1381:
1375:, p. 31;
1365:
1353:
1351:, p. 230.
1338:
1326:
1314:
1310:Orchowski 2015
1302:
1300:, p. 360.
1290:
1288:, p. 321.
1278:
1266:
1260:, p. 10;
1250:
1246:Hennessey 1973
1238:
1232:, p. 52;
1222:
1210:
1195:
1162:
1150:
1138:
1136:, p. 306.
1126:
1114:
1102:
1087:
1083:Henderson 2013
1071:
1055:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1018:
1015:
990:
987:
922:Lonnie Johnson
900:
897:
891:
888:
851:Billie Holiday
834:Main article:
831:
828:
811:
808:
806:
803:
768:Florence Mills
750:
747:
729:and guitarist
727:Lionel Hampton
687:Duke Ellington
652:
649:
562:Jean Goldkette
537:
519:
509:
504:
503:
502:
493:
492:
491:
423:
420:
393:
390:
346:Krazy Kat Klub
336:
335:
326:
325:
324:
323:
322:
310:
307:
275:Main article:
272:
269:
192:Main article:
189:
186:
167:
164:
119:
118:
111:
107:
106:
103:
99:
98:
95:
91:
90:
87:
83:
82:
75:
67:
66:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6193:
6182:
6179:
6177:
6174:
6172:
6169:
6167:
6164:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6153:
6151:
6138:
6137:
6132:
6124:
6118:
6117:
6113:
6111:
6110:
6106:
6104:
6103:
6099:
6097:
6095:
6091:
6089:
6088:
6084:
6082:
6079:
6078:
6076:
6072:
6066:
6065:Western swing
6063:
6061:
6058:
6056:
6053:
6049:
6046:
6045:
6044:
6041:
6039:
6036:
6034:
6031:
6029:
6026:
6024:
6021:
6017:
6014:
6012:
6009:
6008:
6007:
6004:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5994:
5992:
5989:
5988:
5986:
5982:
5976:
5973:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5933:
5931:
5928:
5926:
5923:
5921:
5918:
5916:
5913:
5911:
5908:
5906:
5903:
5901:
5898:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5888:
5886:
5883:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5873:
5872:
5870:
5866:
5856:
5853:
5852:
5850:
5846:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5832:
5831:
5829:
5825:
5819:
5816:
5815:
5813:
5809:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5788:New York City
5786:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5765:
5763:
5759:
5751:
5748:
5747:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5732:
5730:
5726:
5720:
5717:
5713:
5712:Flamenco jazz
5710:
5709:
5708:
5705:
5701:
5698:
5697:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5663:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5653:
5649:
5646:
5645:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5632:
5629:
5628:
5627:
5624:
5623:
5621:
5617:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5590:
5589:
5586:
5582:
5579:
5578:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5569:
5568:
5566:
5562:
5556:
5553:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5540:
5539:
5538:South African
5536:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5526:
5525:
5523:
5519:
5516:
5512:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5489:
5488:
5484:
5483:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5453:
5451:
5447:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5377:
5375:
5373:
5369:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5239:
5237:
5235:Discographies
5233:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5203:
5201:
5199:
5195:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5145:
5143:
5139:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5122:Vibraphonists
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5069:
5067:
5065:
5061:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5043:
5042:Swing revival
5040:
5039:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5026:
5023:
5022:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4959:
4956:
4955:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4913:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4901:Flamenco jazz
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4861:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4851:
4849:
4847:
4843:
4837:
4836:Women in jazz
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4821:Jazz trombone
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4801:Jazz drumming
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4775:
4772:
4771:
4770:
4769:Improvisation
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4746:
4744:
4740:
4736:
4729:
4724:
4722:
4717:
4715:
4710:
4709:
4706:
4694:
4692:
4688:
4687:
4685:
4681:
4675:
4672:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4660:
4658:
4654:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4637:Wayne Wheeler
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4617:Dutch Schultz
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4572:Carrie Nation
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4557:William McCoy
4555:
4553:
4552:Joseph Malins
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4537:Lucky Luciano
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4512:Bumpy Johnson
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4467:Lyman Beecher
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4449:
4447:
4443:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4376:Sly-grog shop
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4306:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4239:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4226:
4224:
4220:
4214:
4213:United States
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4175:
4173:
4171:
4167:
4163:
4156:
4151:
4149:
4144:
4142:
4137:
4136:
4133:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4117:
4113:
4100:
4094:
4090:
4086:
4082:
4078:
4073:
4069:
4064:
4063:
4057:
4053:
4049:
4047:0-393-03394-5
4043:
4039:
4034:
4033:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4014:
4013:Prentice-Hall
4009:
4008:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3989:
3988:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3960:0-226-47368-6
3956:
3952:
3947:
3946:
3940:
3936:
3932:
3928:
3924:
3922:0-313-29555-7
3918:
3914:
3909:
3908:
3902:
3898:
3895:
3889:
3887:0-8112-0051-5
3883:
3879:
3874:
3873:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3855:
3853:0-8090-1566-8
3849:
3845:
3844:Hill and Wang
3840:
3839:
3833:
3832:Dumenil, Lynn
3829:
3825:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3810:
3804:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3767:
3761:
3757:
3752:
3751:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3732:
3731:
3725:
3721:
3720:
3715:
3700:
3696:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3681:
3675:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3646:Wilson, Nancy
3643:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3606:
3600:
3596:
3590:
3586:
3581:
3580:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3563:
3559:
3558:
3553:
3549:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3534:
3528:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3486:
3485:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3434:
3429:
3428:Savran, David
3425:
3421:
3419:0-14-100145-3
3415:
3411:
3410:Penguin Books
3406:
3405:
3398:
3394:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3379:
3373:
3369:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3354:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3311:
3305:
3293:
3289:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3274:
3272:0-252-01708-0
3268:
3264:
3259:
3258:
3251:
3247:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3232:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3205:
3199:
3195:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3180:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3147:
3142:
3138:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3093:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3055:
3049:
3045:
3039:
3035:
3030:
3029:
3022:
3018:
3013:
3012:
3005:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2970:
2968:0-9537040-5-X
2964:
2960:
2955:
2954:
2948:
2944:
2932:
2928:
2926:9781556520990
2922:
2918:
2914:
2913:
2908:
2904:Derived from
2901:
2897:
2893:
2888:
2884:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2869:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2842:
2838:
2833:
2832:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2783:
2779:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2764:
2758:
2754:
2752:0-19-505588-8
2748:
2744:
2739:
2738:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2718:
2714:
2709:
2708:
2701:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2663:
2658:
2654:
2653:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2625:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2598:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2555:
2549:
2545:
2543:0-671-82719-7
2539:
2535:
2530:
2529:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2490:
2484:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2472:
2467:
2463:
2462:
2457:
2450:
2445:
2442:
2439:, p. 18.
2438:
2433:
2430:
2427:, p. 78.
2426:
2421:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2405:
2402:
2398:
2393:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2377:
2374:
2371:, p. 89.
2370:
2365:
2362:
2358:
2353:
2350:
2346:
2341:
2338:
2334:
2329:
2326:
2323:, p. 67.
2322:
2317:
2314:
2309:
2303:
2299:
2298:
2290:
2287:
2283:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2259:
2256:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2228:
2225:
2221:
2216:
2213:
2209:
2204:
2201:
2197:
2192:
2189:
2185:
2180:
2177:
2173:
2168:
2165:
2161:
2156:
2153:
2149:
2144:
2141:
2137:
2132:
2129:
2125:
2124:Borzillo 1996
2120:
2118:
2116:
2112:
2109:, p. 20.
2108:
2107:Santelli 2001
2103:
2100:
2096:
2091:
2088:
2076:
2072:
2066:
2063:
2051:
2050:www.d.umn.edu
2047:
2041:
2038:
2034:
2029:
2026:
2023:, p. 22.
2022:
2017:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2005:The Billboard
2002:
1996:
1993:
1988:
1982:
1978:
1977:
1969:
1966:
1961:
1960:The Telegraph
1957:
1951:
1948:
1943:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1925:
1922:
1909:
1905:
1899:
1896:
1891:
1885:
1881:
1880:
1872:
1869:
1865:
1860:
1857:
1853:
1848:
1845:
1841:
1836:
1833:
1828:
1822:
1819:
1816:, p. 18.
1815:
1814:De Roche 2015
1810:
1807:
1803:
1798:
1795:
1791:
1786:
1783:
1780:, p. 40.
1779:
1775:
1770:
1767:
1763:
1758:
1755:
1750:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1729:
1726:
1722:
1717:
1711:
1707:
1706:
1698:
1695:
1690:
1684:
1680:
1679:
1671:
1668:
1663:
1657:
1653:
1652:
1644:
1641:
1637:
1631:
1628:
1623:
1617:
1613:
1612:
1604:
1601:
1598:, p. 88.
1597:
1596:Schuller 1968
1592:
1589:
1585:
1580:
1577:
1573:
1568:
1565:
1562:, p. 93.
1561:
1556:
1553:
1549:
1544:
1541:
1538:, p. 93.
1537:
1536:Schuller 1968
1532:
1529:
1526:, p. 91.
1525:
1524:Schuller 1968
1520:
1517:
1513:
1508:
1505:
1502:, p. 79.
1501:
1496:
1493:
1489:
1484:
1481:
1477:
1476:Santelli 2001
1472:
1469:
1465:
1460:
1457:
1454:, p. 54.
1453:
1448:
1445:
1441:
1436:
1433:
1429:
1424:
1421:
1417:
1412:
1409:
1405:
1400:
1397:
1393:
1388:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1369:
1366:
1362:
1357:
1354:
1350:
1345:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1330:
1327:
1323:
1318:
1315:
1312:, p. 32.
1311:
1306:
1303:
1299:
1294:
1291:
1287:
1282:
1279:
1275:
1270:
1267:
1263:
1262:Schuller 1968
1259:
1254:
1251:
1247:
1242:
1239:
1236:, p. 76.
1235:
1231:
1226:
1223:
1219:
1214:
1211:
1207:
1202:
1200:
1196:
1184:
1180:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1154:
1151:
1147:
1146:Germuska 1995
1142:
1139:
1135:
1130:
1127:
1123:
1118:
1115:
1111:
1106:
1103:
1099:
1094:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1075:
1072:
1069:, p. 31.
1068:
1064:
1059:
1056:
1052:
1047:
1044:
1038:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1025:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1007:
1006:
1001:
997:
988:
986:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
955:
953:
949:
948:
947:The Breakdown
943:
939:
934:
933:Fred Elizalde
930:
925:
923:
919:
913:
908:
906:
898:
896:
889:
887:
885:
881:
877:
872:
870:
866:
863:era. She and
862:
861:classic blues
858:
854:
852:
847:
843:
840:With women's
837:
836:Women in jazz
830:Role of women
829:
827:
823:
821:
817:
809:
804:
802:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
775:
773:
769:
764:
761:Musicologist
759:
757:
748:
746:
744:
743:boogie-woogie
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
718:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
691:Benny Goodman
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
662:
661:1930s in jazz
658:
650:
648:
645:
644:
638:
634:
630:
628:
623:
621:
617:
616:Benny Goodman
613:
609:
605:
601:
596:
594:
590:
585:
581:
577:
576:
571:
567:
566:Paul Whiteman
563:
559:
555:
551:
545:
543:
531:
527:
523:
507:
490:
488:
484:
479:
477:
473:
468:
464:
455:
451:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
421:
419:
417:
413:
412:Johnny Torrio
409:
405:
400:
399:William McCoy
391:
389:
387:
386:New York City
383:
378:
375:
371:
367:
363:
355:
351:
347:
343:
338:
330:
320:
316:
308:
306:
304:
300:
294:
292:
288:
283:
278:
270:
268:
266:
265:improvisation
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
239:
235:
230:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
195:
187:
185:
183:
182:
177:
173:
165:
163:
161:
160:youth culture
157:
153:
149:
144:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
97:United States
96:
92:
88:
84:
79:
73:
68:
65:
60:
52:
50:
45:
43:
38:
36:
30:
19:
6176:Jazz culture
6127:
6114:
6107:
6100:
6096:(miniseries)
6093:
6085:
6055:Sophisti-pop
5894:
5485:
5476:Jazz royalty
5466:Jazz funeral
5262:Contemporary
5153:Chamber jazz
5107:Saxophonists
5077:Clarinetists
5049:Third stream
4886:Chamber jazz
4786:Scat singing
4690:
4602:George Remus
4582:Roy Olmstead
4547:Owney Madden
4527:Meyer Lansky
4487:Texas Guinan
4482:Waxey Gordon
4477:Mickey Duffy
4411:Volstead Act
4331:Local option
4325:
4102:, retrieved
4080:
4061:
4031:
4006:
3991:. New York:
3986:
3944:
3906:
3894:The Crack-Up
3876:. New York:
3872:The Crack-up
3871:
3842:. New York:
3837:
3808:
3770:
3764:
3754:. New York:
3749:
3729:
3705:November 22,
3703:. Retrieved
3679:
3668:November 21,
3666:. Retrieved
3653:
3609:
3603:
3578:
3561:
3556:
3532:
3521:November 21,
3519:. Retrieved
3488:. New York:
3483:
3437:
3431:
3408:. New York:
3403:
3377:
3356:. New York:
3352:
3314:
3308:
3298:December 13,
3296:. Retrieved
3285:
3256:
3230:
3208:
3202:
3178:
3149:. New York:
3145:
3131:November 21,
3129:. Retrieved
3107:November 20,
3105:. Retrieved
3090:
3058:
3052:
3034:Omnigraphics
3027:
3010:
2998:November 21,
2996:. Retrieved
2981:
2952:
2947:Godbolt, Jim
2937:November 22,
2935:. Retrieved
2911:
2900:the original
2867:
2835:. New York:
2830:
2794:
2790:
2762:
2741:. New York:
2736:
2706:
2694:November 21,
2692:. Retrieved
2668:
2650:
2623:
2601:
2595:
2558:
2552:
2532:. New York:
2527:
2493:
2487:
2479:
2469:
2451:, p. 9.
2444:
2432:
2420:
2413:Peretti 1992
2404:
2397:Jackson 2002
2392:
2385:Shearer 2018
2376:
2364:
2357:Godbolt 2005
2352:
2345:Godbolt 2005
2340:
2333:Godbolt 2005
2328:
2316:
2296:
2289:
2280:
2268:
2264:
2258:
2246:. Retrieved
2237:
2227:
2215:
2203:
2198:, p. 3.
2191:
2179:
2167:
2155:
2143:
2131:
2102:
2090:
2078:. Retrieved
2074:
2065:
2053:. Retrieved
2049:
2040:
2028:
2016:
2008:
2004:
1995:
1975:
1968:
1959:
1950:
1935:
1924:
1912:. Retrieved
1907:
1898:
1878:
1871:
1859:
1847:
1835:
1821:
1809:
1804:, p. 3.
1797:
1785:
1774:Peretti 1992
1769:
1757:
1738:
1728:
1719:
1704:
1697:
1677:
1670:
1650:
1643:
1630:
1610:
1603:
1591:
1579:
1567:
1555:
1543:
1531:
1519:
1507:
1495:
1483:
1471:
1459:
1447:
1435:
1428:Rodgers 1997
1423:
1411:
1399:
1373:Peretti 1992
1368:
1356:
1349:Russell 2010
1329:
1317:
1305:
1293:
1281:
1269:
1264:, p. 3.
1253:
1241:
1234:Peretti 1992
1225:
1220:, p. 3.
1213:
1208:, p. 1.
1186:. Retrieved
1182:
1153:
1141:
1129:
1117:
1105:
1074:
1058:
1046:
1020:
1003:
992:
983:Okeh Records
965:popularized
956:
945:
926:
915:
910:
904:
902:
893:
873:
857:Lovie Austin
855:
839:
824:
813:
789:(1959), and
779:Guy Lombardo
776:
763:Charles Hamm
760:
752:
735:Lester Young
723:Teddy Wilson
719:
711:Glenn Miller
683:Tommy Dorsey
675:Cab Calloway
664:
641:
639:
635:
631:
624:
600:Guy Lombardo
597:
583:
582:opined that
573:
548:
487:scat singing
480:
460:
444:Bill Johnson
432:Bessie Smith
425:
404:Frankie Yale
395:
379:
369:
359:
295:
280:
243:
231:
219:Creole music
214:
197:
179:
171:
169:
145:
124:
122:
102:Participants
62:Part of the
49:The Jazz Age
48:
44:(Jack album)
42:The Jazz Age
41:
35:The Jazz Age
34:
29:
18:The Jazz Age
6038:Quiet storm
6001:Contradanza
5783:New Orleans
5778:Kansas City
5581:Jazz mugham
5576:Azerbaijani
5500:Second line
5495:Rare groove
5481:Jazz theory
5471:Jazz poetry
5456:Contrafacts
5440:Saint Lucia
5420:New Orleans
5352:Strata-East
5327:MPS Records
5257:Cobblestone
5178:Smooth jazz
5168:Jazz fusion
5112:Trombonists
5025:Sacred jazz
5010:Smooth jazz
4943:Jazz fusion
4826:Jazz violin
4806:Jazz guitar
4781:Jam session
4754:Jazz (word)
4691:Prohibition
4522:Norman Kerr
4492:Frank Hamer
4391:Teetotalism
4361:Rum-running
4279:Bathtub gin
4081:Jazz Places
4038:W.W. Norton
3777:: 303â313.
3448:: 459â476.
3321:: 305â316.
3065:: 149â170.
2801:: 122â139.
2565:: 461â494.
2500:: 325â328.
2458:Works cited
2449:Biocca 1990
2220:Barlow 1995
2208:Berger 1947
2196:McCann 2008
2033:Berger 1947
1914:October 28,
1864:Barlow 1995
1852:Savran 2006
1840:Barlow 1995
1802:Biocca 1990
1762:Chevan 2002
1572:Dunkel 2015
1512:Wilson 2007
1440:Okrent 2010
1392:Okrent 2010
1361:Okrent 2010
1322:Okrent 2010
1298:Okrent 2010
1286:Okrent 2010
1206:Biocca 1990
1183:www.nps.gov
938:moral panic
931:. In 1926,
801:nightclub.
791:Shep Fields
703:Harry James
671:Count Basie
657:Swing music
627:Pops Foster
589:Cotton Club
465:joined the
440:King Oliver
426:From 1919,
352:located in
348:in 1921, a
309:Speakeasies
291:speakeasies
271:Prohibition
261:polyrhythms
238:traditional
133:New Orleans
89:1920sâ1930s
6150:Categories
6023:Brass band
6011:Jump blues
5855:Ethno jazz
5818:Australian
5798:West Coast
5555:Zimbabwean
5395:Copenhagen
5317:Mainstream
5127:Violinists
5117:Trumpeters
5087:Guitarists
4995:Organ trio
4980:Modal jazz
4953:Latin jazz
4933:Gypsy jazz
4831:Vocal jazz
4816:Jazz piano
4577:Eliot Ness
4567:Bugs Moran
4366:Rum Patrol
4304:Dry county
4284:Blaine Act
4178:Bangladesh
4170:By country
3931:2001023857
3573:Burns, Ken
3169:2009051127
2957:. London:
2731:Crow, Bill
2711:. London:
2437:Suhor 2001
2381:McKay 2005
2369:Blake 1999
2148:Cooke 1998
2136:Cooke 1998
1778:Cooke 1998
1634:Obituary:
1584:Cooke 1998
1548:Cooke 1998
1500:Cooke 1998
1464:Cooke 1998
1452:Cooke 1998
1230:Cooke 1998
1218:Sales 1984
1098:Cooke 1998
1034:References
979:Joe Venuti
975:Eddie Lang
967:gypsy jazz
918:Mike Danzi
884:Chick Webb
869:jazz blues
820:Charleston
799:Copacabana
739:jump blues
715:Artie Shaw
699:Earl Hines
593:Earl Hines
542:media help
416:racketeers
374:Earl Hines
253:blue notes
188:Jazz music
166:Background
5991:Acid jazz
5848:Worldwide
5834:Brazilian
5631:Bulgarian
5593:Indo jazz
5543:Cape jazz
5430:North Sea
5385:Cape Town
5372:Festivals
5347:Riverside
5322:Milestone
5247:Blue Note
5242:Bethlehem
5226:post-1950
5198:Standards
5183:Soul jazz
5132:Vocalists
5092:Organists
5064:Musicians
5054:Trad jazz
5015:Soul jazz
4938:Jazz-funk
4926:Punk jazz
4916:Free funk
4911:Free jazz
4906:Folk jazz
4896:Dixieland
4891:Cool jazz
4881:Cape jazz
4796:Jazz bass
4759:Jazz band
4542:Sam Maceo
4472:Al Capone
4381:Speakeasy
4346:Moonshine
4309:Dry state
4104:April 25,
3799:145194943
3638:201766523
3470:192117168
3335:0003-0678
3079:161520728
2949:(2005) .
2892:"The Map"
2817:191480580
2652:Billboard
2587:149563657
2321:Wynn 2007
2172:Crow 1990
2095:Ward 2004
2046:"jazzlib"
2021:Fass 1977
1416:Hill 2004
1404:Hill 2004
1274:Roth 1952
1177:Orleans.
1134:Roth 1952
1110:Roth 1952
1079:Berg 1978
1039:Citations
907:in 1922:
880:Hot Seven
640:In 1925,
438:", where
366:Al Capone
350:speakeasy
315:Speakeasy
287:Al Capone
234:dixieland
170:The term
5996:Afrobeat
5910:Pre-1920
5895:Jazz Age
5811:Oceanian
5761:American
5735:Canadian
5619:European
5610:Japanese
5571:Armenian
5533:Malawian
5528:Ethiopia
5415:Montreux
5410:Montreal
5405:Monterey
5342:Prestige
5312:Landmark
5297:Impulse!
5277:ESP-Disk
5206:Pre-1920
5163:Hard bop
5102:Pianists
5082:Drummers
5072:Bassists
5005:Ska jazz
4948:Jazz rap
4874:Post-bop
4864:Hard bop
4764:Big band
4326:Jazz Age
4222:By topic
4058:(1936).
4021:63-19425
4003:(1963).
3983:(1929).
3941:(1958).
3903:(2002).
3834:(1995).
3791:30041974
3746:(1939).
3726:(1931).
3699:Archived
3662:Archived
3575:(2001).
3515:Archived
3498:68-17610
3480:(1968).
3462:25069871
3292:Archived
3151:Scribner
3125:Archived
3123:. 2015.
3101:Archived
2992:Archived
2931:Archived
2909:(1992).
2865:(2004).
2855:76-42644
2827:(1977).
2768:ABC-Clio
2733:(1990).
2685:Archived
2608:: 1â15.
2524:(1978).
2248:June 27,
2242:Archived
876:Hot Five
842:suffrage
604:big band
570:Gershwin
483:Hot Five
436:Hot Jazz
406:and the
172:jazz age
125:Jazz Age
94:Location
57:Jazz Age
6043:Ragtime
6028:Exotica
5984:Related
5890:Ragtime
5868:History
5773:Chicago
5740:Haitian
5719:Swedish
5707:Spanish
5690:Italian
5643:British
5638:Belgian
5605:Iranian
5521:African
5449:Culture
5425:Newport
5400:Jakarta
5390:Chicago
5287:Freedom
4985:Nu jazz
4869:Neo-bop
4683:Related
4371:Rum row
4193:Iceland
4188:Finland
3969:58-5680
3868:(ed.).
3630:4487383
3585:Pimlico
3343:3031415
2579:2714928
2514:3042311
2080:June 5,
2055:June 5,
1188:June 5,
1011:Siberia
971:musette
816:flapper
442:joined
428:Kid Ory
422:History
382:Chicago
342:flapper
223:ragtime
211:ragtime
110:Outcome
80:in 1921
78:Houston
5695:Polish
5685:German
5680:French
5665:Danish
5626:Balkan
5588:Indian
5548:Marabi
5505:Venues
5032:Stride
4975:Marabi
4965:M-Base
4846:Genres
4445:People
4183:Canada
4095:
4044:
4019:
3967:
3957:
3929:
3919:
3884:
3850:
3820:
3797:
3789:
3691:
3636:
3628:
3591:
3544:
3496:
3468:
3460:
3416:
3389:
3364:
3341:
3333:
3269:
3242:
3190:
3167:
3157:
3077:
3040:
2965:
2923:
2879:
2853:
2843:
2815:
2774:
2749:
2719:
2635:
2585:
2577:
2540:
2512:
2304:
1983:
1886:
1745:
1721:style.
1712:
1685:
1658:
1618:
756:remote
225:, and
156:radios
51:(film)
6074:Media
6033:Plugg
6006:Blues
5960:2010s
5955:2000s
5950:1990s
5945:1980s
5940:1970s
5935:1960s
5930:1950s
5925:1940s
5920:1930s
5915:1920s
5880:Blues
5750:Cuban
5670:Dutch
5598:Sitar
5564:Asian
5357:Verve
5221:1940s
5216:1930s
5211:1920s
5188:Swing
5148:Bebop
5037:Swing
4859:Bebop
4670:(USA)
4321:Islam
4198:India
3795:S2CID
3787:JSTOR
3634:S2CID
3626:JSTOR
3605:Notes
3466:S2CID
3458:JSTOR
3440:(3).
3339:JSTOR
3075:S2CID
2813:S2CID
2688:(PDF)
2665:(PDF)
2583:S2CID
2575:JSTOR
2510:JSTOR
810:Youth
749:Radio
679:Jimmy
667:swing
249:swing
227:blues
207:blues
6094:Jazz
6087:Bird
5975:2022
5970:2021
5965:2020
5700:Yass
5435:Pori
5337:Muse
5173:Scat
4774:Jazz
4735:Jazz
4203:Iran
4106:2024
4093:ISBN
4042:ISBN
4017:LCCN
3965:LCCN
3955:ISBN
3927:LCCN
3917:ISBN
3892:See
3882:ISBN
3848:ISBN
3818:ISBN
3707:2021
3689:ISBN
3670:2021
3589:ISBN
3542:ISBN
3523:2021
3494:LCCN
3414:ISBN
3387:ISBN
3362:ISBN
3331:ISSN
3300:2019
3267:ISBN
3240:ISBN
3188:ISBN
3165:LCCN
3155:ISBN
3133:2021
3109:2021
3038:ISBN
3000:2021
2963:ISBN
2939:2021
2921:ISBN
2877:ISBN
2851:LCCN
2841:ISBN
2772:ISBN
2747:ISBN
2717:ISBN
2707:Jazz
2696:2021
2633:ISBN
2538:ISBN
2302:ISBN
2250:2022
2082:2024
2057:2024
1981:ISBN
1916:2020
1884:ISBN
1743:ISBN
1710:ISBN
1683:ISBN
1656:ISBN
1616:ISBN
1190:2024
1026:and
977:and
952:jazz
920:and
713:and
681:and
659:and
528:'s "
520:The
384:and
317:and
263:and
251:and
209:and
199:Jazz
194:Jazz
129:jazz
123:The
115:jazz
86:Date
5332:MPS
5307:JMT
5272:ECM
5267:CTI
5252:BYG
4085:doi
3779:doi
3618:doi
3450:doi
3323:doi
3217:doi
3067:doi
2803:doi
2677:doi
2610:doi
2567:doi
2502:doi
2273:doi
572:'s
6152::
4091:,
4079:,
4040:.
4015:.
3979:;
3963:.
3953:.
3925:.
3915:.
3846:.
3816:.
3793:.
3785:.
3771:55
3769:.
3697:.
3687:.
3660:.
3652:.
3632:.
3624:.
3616:.
3610:61
3608:.
3587:.
3571:;
3513:.
3492:.
3464:.
3456:.
3444::
3438:58
3436:.
3412:.
3385:.
3360:.
3337:.
3329:.
3313:.
3284:.
3265:.
3238:.
3215:.
3209:41
3207:.
3186:.
3163:.
3153:.
3089:.
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