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the value of animal experiments. She refers to such experiments as "profoundly anthropocentric" and "imbecile." O'Hearne then proposes that animals do not understand death with the full consciousness of self with which humans regard death; therefore, to kill an animal quickly and painlessly is ethical. O'Hearne's final point is that people cannot be friends with animals because we do not understand them. As an example, he uses the bat. "You can be friends neither with a
Martian nor with a bat, for the simple reason that you have too little in common with them." In her response, Costello equates the belief that animals are not entitled to equal rights because they do not reason abstractly, with racism. She then, once again, rejects reason as a valid basis for the animal rights argument, concluding that, if reason is all she shares with her philosophical opponents, then she has no use for it.
373:, and being hugged by a teenage gorilla. When she returned to civilization, Smuts adopted a rescue dog whom she named Safi. As an experiment, Smuts refrained from any traditional training of her animals, preferring to talk to her dog and make accommodations. She allows her dog the free use of its own toys, and her dog guards her when she takes a nap in the woods. In this way, Smuts tactfully builds on Costello's assertion that animals might be capable of more than we have traditionally assumed: "treating members of other species as persons, as beings with potential far beyond our normal expectations, will bring out the best in them, and ... each animal's best includes unforeseeable gifts." Smuts' gentle contention is that people can learn more about animals from entering into real, personal relationships with them than from poeticizing or philosophizing about them.
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says, "Hughes shows us that we too can embody animals – by the process called poetic invention that mingles breath and sense in a way that no one has explained and no one ever will." Costello also takes issue with what she calls the "ecological vision" harbored by most environmental scientists, which values biological diversity and the overall health of an ecosystem above the individual animal. This is not a point of view shared by individual animals, all of whom will fight for their individual survival, she argues. "Every living creature fights for its own, individual life, refuses, by fighting, to accede to the idea that the salmon or the gnat is of a lower order of importance than the idea of the salmon or the idea of the gnat," Costello explains.
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that bring pain and death to animals. This turns out to be the most controversial thing that
Costello says during her visit, and it causes a Jewish professor of the college to boycott the dinner held in her honor. In her first lecture, Costello also moves to reject reason as the preeminent quality that separates humans from animals and allows humans to treat animals as less than the equals of humans. She proposes that reason might simply be a species specific trait, "the specialism of a rather narrow self-regenerating intellectual tradition ... which for its own motives it tries to install at the center of the universe."
388:, called it "part fiction, part philosophical discourse, wholly human and absorbing." Though the novella centers on the character Elizabeth Costello, much of the narrative is taken up with her lectures about cruelty to animals. Also making the book difficult to classify is its mixture of fiction, science and essay writing. While the contributions of Coetzee and Singer could be called short stories, Garber's contribution would more properly be called a scholarly article and Smuts' article, while grounded in her scientific studies, is mostly autobiographical and anecdotal.
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what is, after all, a very elemental task. The ape might be thinking about the human who has constructed these tests: "What is wrong with him, what misconception does he have of me, that leads him to believe it is easier for me to reach a banana hanging from a wire than to pick up a banana from the floor?" Animal experiments, Costello concludes, fail to measure anything of real interest, because they ask the wrong questions and ignore the more interesting ones: "a carefully plotted psychological regimen conducts him
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assertion, Costello responds that "kindness to animals ... has been more widespread than you imply." As an example of kindness to animals, she offers the keeping of pets, which is universal. And she notes that children enjoy a particular closeness to animals: "they have to be taught it is all right to kill and eat them." Costello also proposes that industries that have been enacting animal cruelty for profit should have the greater role in atoning for that cruelty.
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campus. In fact, the university's leaders were unaware of
Bernard's relationship with Costello when they issued the invitation. Bernard’s fears that his mother’s presence and opinions will be polarizing and controversial are entirely prophetic. In his private thoughts, he more than once wishes she had not accepted Appleton’s invitation. Costello gives two lectures, then contributes to a debate with Appleton philosophy professor Thomas O’Hearne.
325:(1975), writes a somewhat mocking short story featuring himself as "Peter" in a conversation with his daughter Naomi over the breakfast table. The fictionalized Peter complains to Naomi that Coetzee hasn't really delivered a lecture on animals rights. Instead, Coetzee has, Peter asserts, hidden behind the veil of fiction and the alter ego of Elizabeth Costello and so has not fully committed himself to any particular animal rights platform.
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184:. The Princeton lectures consisted of two short stories (the chapters of the book) featuring a recurring character, the Australian novelist Elizabeth Costello, Coetzee's alter ego. Costello is invited to give a guest lecture to the fictional Appleton College in Massachusetts, just as Coetzee is invited to Princeton, and chooses to discuss not literature, but animal rights, just as Coetzee does.
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scientist, Smuts, at one point in her work, followed a group of baboons with whom she effectively lived as an equal. What she found was that she learned a great deal from the specialized knowledge of the animals. Specifically, they taught her how to find her way through the jungle without running afoul of "poisonous snakes, irascible buffalo, aggressive bees, and leg-breaking pig-holes."
265:. The principal player in the experiment was an ape named Sultan who was variously deprived of his bananas until he reasoned his way into obtaining them. Faced with the challenge of stacking several crates into a makeshift ladder, in order to reach the bananas that have been suspended above his reach, Sultan succeeds in demonstrating this elementary form of reasoning.
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character, and that doing so has no real application to understanding animals. "If that's the best argument
Coetzee can put up for his radical egalitarianism, you won't have any trouble showing how weak it is," Naomi concludes. She goes on to suggest that Peter use the same fictional narrative device to respond to the Costello lecture. "
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In her second lecture, Costello suggests that humans can come to understand or "think their way into" the nature of animals through poetic imagination. As examples, she invokes Rilke's "The
Panther" and Ted Hughes's "The Jaguar" and "Second Glance at a Jaguar." "By bodying forth the jaguar," Costello
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What
Costello objects to, however, is the basic inanity of the exercise which in no way explores any higher intellectual functions that Sultan might be capable of. The experiment, Costello objects, ignores any emotional hurt or confusion that the ape might be experiencing in favor of concentrating on
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O'Hearne next puts forward the argument that animals do not perform abstract reasoning, as demonstrated by the failure of apes to acquire more than a basic level of language, and are therefore not entitled to the same rights as humans. In response, Costello more or less restates her skepticism about
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and the exploitation of animals. Costello makes the point that, just as residents in the neighborhoods of the death camps knew what was happening at the camps, but chose to turn a blind eye, so it is common practice today for otherwise respectable members of society to turn a blind eye to industries
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Singer uses his imagined narrative to take issue with
Costello's equation of a human life with a bat life. The human life is clearly more important, Peter argues, because the human invests so fully in the future and because of the human's superior intelligence and what he can accomplish. Peter also
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At the same time that
Costello rejects reason as the premier human distinction, she also challenges the assumption that animals do not possess reason. Her argument rests on the fact that, while science cannot prove that animals do abstract thinking, it also cannot prove that they do not. In support
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non-humans. He appeals to an ethic of sympathy, not rationality, in our treatment of animals, to literature and the poets, not philosophy. Costello tells her audience: "Sympathy has everything to do with the subject and little to do with the object ... There are people who have the capacity to
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takes as her starting point O'Hearne's contention that compassion for animals is a
Western invention originating in the nineteenth century. She talks about the Hindu prohibition on harming animals and argues that compassion for animals can be found in many non-Western cultures throughout history.
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takes as her starting point the near absence of any loving relationships between people and animals in
Coetzee's novella. Smuts starts her reflection noting that, as a lonely old woman, Costello is likely to live with cats. But Costello never mentions any personal relationship with animals. As a
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The story is framed by a narrative involving Costello and her son, John Bernard, who happens to be a junior professor at Appleton. Costello's relationship with Bernard is strained, and her relationship with John’s wife, Norma, even more so. Bernard was not instrumental in bringing his mother to
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Peter's most adamant complaint is the character's belief that she can "think way into the existence of any being" using the same imaginative powers that she uses to create fictional characters. Naomi more or less ridicules that idea, claiming that it is relatively easy to imagine a fictional
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is a specifically "Western crusade" which arose in nineteenth-century Britain. Non-western cultures can, with justice, argue that their cultural and moral values are different and do not require them to observe the same respect for animals mandated by Western animals rights activists. To this
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Elizabeth Costello is invited to Appleton College's annual literary seminar as a guest lecturer, much as Coetzee was invited to Princeton. Despite her stature as a celebrated novelist (much like Coetzee), she opts not to give lectures on literature or writing, but on animal cruelty. Much like
329:
says that Costello provides no valid argument against the painless killing of animals, especially those of lower intelligence, like chickens and fish "who can feel pain but don't have any self-awareness or capacity for thinking about the future."
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imagine themselves as someone else, there are people who have no such capacity ... and there are people who have the capacity but choose not to exercise it. ... There are no bounds to the sympathetic imagination."
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consists of two chapters, "The Philosophers and the Animals" and "The Poets and the Animals," first delivered by Coetzee as guest lectures at Princeton on 15 and 16 October 1997, part of the
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Coetzee's novella discusses the foundations of morality, the need of human beings to imitate one another, to want what others want, leading to violence and a parallel need to
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The third organized event of Costello's visit is a debate of sorts with Appleton philosophy professor Thomas O'Hearne. O'Hearne begins the debate by proposing that the
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In having Costello deliver the arguments within his lectures, Coetzee plays with form and content, and leaves ambiguous to what extent the views are his own.
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She found that, in general, apes lead rich social and even emotional lives. As an example, she tells the story of visiting gorilla scientist
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Coetzee, Costello is a vegetarian and abhors industries that experiment on and slaughter animals.
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of this argument, Costello summarizes an ape experiment that was conducted in the 1920s by
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174:. It was published by Princeton University Press as part of its Human Values series.
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463:, The Tanner Lectures on Human Values, Princeton University, 15 and 16 October 1997.
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straddles the boundary between essay and fiction. Bernard Morris, writing in the
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reflects on how Coetzee's novella relates to her study of academic disciplines.
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Andy Lamey, "Sympathy and Scapegoating," in Anton Leist, Peter Singer (eds.),
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from ethics and metaphysics toward the humbler reaches of practical reason."
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When have I ever written fiction?" Peter asks, concluding the reflection.
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510:, Columbia University Press, 2013 (pp. 171–196), pp. 172–173, 179, 182.
473:
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508:
J. M. Coetzee and Ethics: Philosophical Perspectives on Literature
306:
232:
3085:
1099:
543:"Review: Coetzee and the Precarious Lives of People and Animals"
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2922:
1903:
1141:
1103:
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252:
Costello's first lecture begins with an analogy between the
419:, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1999.
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University of California, Riverside 1985 laboratory raid
662:
660:
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Moral Inquiries on the Situation of Man and of Brutes
361:
Anthropologist and University of Michigan professor
315:
In responding to Coetzee's novella, the philosopher
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985:
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111:
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33:
1200:List of international animal welfare conventions
3492:An Introduction to Animals and Political Theory
1115:
750:
158:and followed by a collection of responses by
8:
1205:Moral status of animals in the ancient world
584:
582:
549:, 109(3), Summer 2001 (pp. 462–474), p. 470.
19:
3167:Animal Defence and Anti-Vivisection Society
3111:People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals
1143:Topics (overviews, concepts, issues, cases)
537:
535:
480:, 52(2), Summer 2000 (pp. 336–344), p. 339.
3741:
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1149:
1138:
1122:
1108:
1100:
757:
743:
735:
25:
18:
3314:Media (books, films, periodicals, albums)
3251:Human Environment Animal Protection Party
3372:Evolutional Ethics and Animal Psychology
1629:Pain and suffering in laboratory animals
427:
425:
3965:
1220:Universal Declaration on Animal Welfare
408:
1297:Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness
474:"Review: Coetzee's Postmodern Animals"
3508:Political Animals and Animal Politics
3096:Massachusetts Animal Rights Coalition
3021:Centre for Animals and Social Justice
1433:Concentrated animal feeding operation
1210:Timeline of animal welfare and rights
1165:Animal rights by country or territory
964:Youth: Scenes from Provincial Life II
7:
3239:Animalist Party with the Environment
1526:Animal testing on non-human primates
954:Boyhood: Scenes from Provincial Life
3663:Peaceable Kingdom: The Journey Home
1873:World Day for the End of Speciesism
3788:Relations. Beyond Anthropocentrism
3131:United Activists for Animal Rights
3041:Doctors Against Animal Experiments
1180:Animal cruelty–Holocaust analogies
529:, p. 133; Coetzee 1999, pp. 34–35.
229:"The Philosophers and the Animals"
14:
3332:On Abstinence from Eating Animals
3292:Animal Rights National Conference
3215:Animal Protection Party of Canada
3172:Canadian Anti-Vivisection Society
3026:Chinese Animal Protection Network
2951:American Anti-Vivisection Society
2430:Johann Friedrich Ludwig Volckmann
1185:Animal rights in Indian religions
1175:Animal rights and punk subculture
191:appears again in Coetzee's novel
3992:
3980:
3968:
3939:
3938:
3500:Animal Rights Without Liberation
3151:Voice for Animals Humane Society
1883:World Day for the End of Fishing
1878:World Day for Laboratory Animals
1308:Equal consideration of interests
567:Coetzee 1999, pp. 16, 36-37, 38.
3221:Animal Justice Party of Finland
3106:Oxford Centre for Animal Ethics
2320:Karl Christian Friedrich Krause
1908:(academics, writers, activists)
1801:Monkey selfie copyright dispute
443:, 18, Spring 2000, pp. 181–183.
182:Tanner Lectures on Human Values
3444:Animals, Property, and the Law
1521:Alternatives to animal testing
1190:Christianity and animal rights
341:Marjorie Garber, Wendy Doniger
146:by the South African novelist
107:Print (hardback and paperback)
1:
3081:Korea Animal Rights Advocates
1791:Cambridge University primates
1323:Ethics of uncertain sentience
813:Life & Times of Michael K
3141:UPF-Centre for Animal Ethics
1291:Argument from marginal cases
495:The New York Review of Books
154:. The work is introduced by
16:1999 novella by John Coetzee
3428:Morals, Reason, and Animals
3056:Farm Animal Rights Movement
3006:Anonymous for the Voiceless
1695:International primate trade
1170:Anarchism and animal rights
793:In the Heart of the Country
693:Coetzee, 1999, pp. 107-108.
277:"The Poets and the Animals"
4046:
3548:Making a Stand for Animals
3420:The Case for Animal Rights
3071:Hunt Saboteurs Association
3031:Cruelty Free International
3001:Anti-Vivisection Coalition
1531:Animal testing regulations
1086:Waiting for the Barbarians
1056:Waiting for the Barbarians
933:The Pole and Other Stories
803:Waiting for the Barbarians
80:Princeton University Press
4020:Books about animal rights
3934:
3703:The Ghosts in Our Machine
3540:Animal Ethics in the Wild
3319:
3308:
2976:Animal Legal Defense Fund
2932:
2918:
2275:William Hamilton Drummond
1913:
1899:
1634:Welfare of farmed insects
1261:Animal–industrial complex
1148:
1137:
242:Nobel Prize in Literature
152:Nobel Prize in Literature
24:
3781:Journal of Animal Ethics
3647:Your Mommy Kills Animals
3036:Direct Action Everywhere
2445:Johann Heinrich Winckler
2390:Nathaniel Peabody Rogers
1847:Direct Action Everywhere
1551:Huntingdon Life Sciences
1536:Labcorp Drug Development
1493:Feedback (pork industry)
1458:Intensive animal farming
1195:History of animal rights
843:The Master of Petersburg
675:Coetzee 1999, pp. 89-90.
636:Coetzee 1999, pp. 62-64.
627:Coetzee 1999, pp. 60-61.
609:Coetzee 1999, pp. 53-54.
588:Coetzee 1999, pp. 28–29.
558:Coetzee 1999, pp. 15-69.
311:Peter Singer MIT Veritas
150:, recipient of the 2003
4030:Novels by J. M. Coetzee
3916:Holocaust on your Plate
3687:An Apology to Elephants
3468:Do Animals Have Rights?
3404:Animals, Men and Morals
3380:Better-World Philosophy
3257:Italian Animalist Party
3136:United Poultry Concerns
3091:Last Chance for Animals
2986:Animal Liberation Front
2873:Maud Ingersoll Probasco
1363:Replaceability argument
1281:Animal-free agriculture
913:The Schooldays of Jesus
3889:Salvation of Innocents
3436:Zoos and Animal Rights
3011:Beauty Without Cruelty
2971:Animal Justice Project
2310:John Zephaniah Holwell
1964:Stephen St. C. Bostock
1541:Great ape research ban
1160:Animal rights movement
903:The Childhood of Jesus
491:"Disturbing the Peace"
454:"The Lives of Animals"
312:
287:animal rights movement
249:
244:and the 1983 and 1999
3908:Fairs and exhibitions
3795:The Animals' Defender
3767:Cahiers antispécistes
3695:Speciesism: The Movie
3516:Animal (De)liberation
3476:Striking at the Roots
3388:The Universal Kinship
3348:The Rights of Animals
3269:People Animals Nature
3263:Party for the Animals
3076:In Defense of Animals
2838:Nina Douglas-Hamilton
2230:David Renaud Boullier
1816:Silver Spring monkeys
1715:Wild animal suffering
1624:Pain in invertebrates
1463:Intensive pig farming
1353:Opposition to hunting
1318:Ethics of eating meat
986:Criticism and letters
711:Coetzee 1999, p. 120.
702:Coetzee 1999, p. 109.
310:
236:
20:The Lives of Animals
3524:Sentientist Politics
3452:The Lives of Animals
3203:Animal Justice Party
3016:Born Free Foundation
2853:Lizzy Lind af Hageby
2727:Wendy Turner-Webster
2440:Adam Gottlieb Weigen
1662:Recreational fishing
1503:Ventilation shutdown
1271:Animal protectionism
1251:Animal consciousness
1046:The Lives of Animals
853:The Lives of Animals
684:Coetzee 1999, p. 90.
666:Coetzee 1999, p. 91.
654:Coetzee 1999, p. 67.
645:Coetzee 1999, p. 65.
618:Coetzee 1999, p. 61.
576:Coetzee 1999, p. 25.
435:The Lives of Animals
417:The Lives of Animals
382:The Lives of Animals
215:The Lives of Animals
189:The Lives of Animals
178:The Lives of Animals
135:The Lives of Animals
40:, with responses by
3948:( 139 )
3774:Etica & Animali
3760:Between the Species
3484:An American Trilogy
3177:Humanitarian League
2788:Frances Power Cobbe
2405:Arthur Schopenhauer
2400:Henry Stephens Salt
2280:Edward Payson Evans
1974:Stephen R. L. Clark
1831:War of the currents
1720:Wildlife management
1614:Pain in crustaceans
1609:Pain in cephalopods
893:Diary of a Bad Year
731:, 5 September 2009.
497:, 20 November 2003.
431:Bernard E. Morris,
398:List of vegan media
63:Human Values series
21:
3711:Unlocking the Cage
3532:Wild Animal Ethics
3356:The Ethics of Diet
3233:Animalist Movement
3209:Animal Politics EU
3121:Sentience Politics
2747:That Vegan Teacher
2365:Siobhan O'Sullivan
2350:José Ferrater Mora
2159:Steve F. Sapontzis
1652:Commercial fishing
1604:Pain in amphibians
1594:Cruelty to animals
1566:Operation Backfire
1405:Animal agriculture
1313:Emotion in animals
923:The Death of Jesus
873:Elizabeth Costello
547:The Sewanee Review
525:2011-09-25 at the
459:2011-09-25 at the
313:
250:
240:received the 2003
194:Elizabeth Costello
3956:
3955:
3949:
3930:
3929:
3926:
3925:
3897:Onward to Freedom
3865:Animal Liberation
3850:
3849:
3671:Forks Over Knives
3623:Peaceable Kingdom
3583:Shores of Silence
3575:A Cow at My Table
3460:Eternal Treblinka
3412:Animal Liberation
3304:
3303:
3300:
3299:
3191:
3190:
3126:Uncaged Campaigns
3101:Mercy for Animals
3066:Great Ape Project
2981:Animal Liberation
2927:(groups, parties)
2914:
2913:
2910:
2909:
2906:
2905:
2813:Elizabeth Farians
2722:Christine Townend
2662:Heather Nicholson
2592:Brigitte Gothière
2582:Antoine Goetschel
2468:
2467:
2129:Charles Patterson
2034:Gary L. Francione
2009:Josephine Donovan
1999:Daniel Dombrowski
1979:Alasdair Cochrane
1895:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1774:
1773:
1705:Predation problem
1589:Animal euthanasia
1498:Foam depopulation
1333:Insects in ethics
1097:
1096:
541:John Rees Moore,
478:The Hudson Review
322:Animal Liberation
131:
130:
96:Publication place
4037:
3997:
3996:
3985:
3984:
3973:
3972:
3971:
3964:
3947:
3942:
3941:
3753:Animal Sentience
3742:
3607:Legally Blonde 2
3567:The Animals Film
3321:
3310:
3116:Rise for Animals
2941:
2934:
2920:
2783:Edith Carrington
2687:Craig Rosebraugh
2652:Virginia McKenna
2642:Jo-Anne McArthur
2572:Juliet Gellatley
2477:
2435:Mary Anne Warren
2375:Humphrey Primatt
2360:Edward Nicholson
2330:Charles R. Magel
2295:Thomas G. Gentry
2154:Richard D. Ryder
2094:Thomas Lepeltier
1924:
1915:
1901:
1868:World Animal Day
1826:Unnecessary Fuss
1786:Brown Dog affair
1756:Animals in sport
1746:Animal slaughter
1741:Animal sacrifice
1680:Culling wildlife
1483:Wildlife farming
1401:
1246:Animal cognition
1215:Total liberation
1150:
1139:
1124:
1117:
1110:
1101:
1090:
1080:
1070:
1060:
1050:
1040:
1019:
1009:
999:
978:
968:
958:
945:"Autrebiography"
937:
927:
917:
907:
897:
887:
877:
867:
857:
847:
837:
827:
817:
807:
797:
787:
759:
752:
745:
736:
725:“All About John"
712:
709:
703:
700:
694:
691:
685:
682:
676:
673:
667:
664:
655:
652:
646:
643:
637:
634:
628:
625:
619:
616:
610:
607:
601:
595:
589:
586:
577:
574:
568:
565:
559:
556:
550:
539:
530:
517:
511:
504:
498:
487:
481:
470:
464:
452:J. M. Coetzee,
450:
444:
437:by J. M. Coetzee
429:
420:
413:
87:Publication date
29:
22:
4045:
4044:
4040:
4039:
4038:
4036:
4035:
4034:
4005:
4004:
4003:
3991:
3979:
3969:
3967:
3959:
3957:
3952:
3922:
3903:
3846:
3827:Muutoksen kevät
3800:
3733:
3639:Behind the Mask
3554:
3364:Animals' Rights
3315:
3296:
3280:
3187:
3155:
2928:
2902:
2763:Cleveland Amory
2751:
2717:Darren Thurston
2712:Marianne Thieme
2567:Bruce Friedrich
2532:Joey Carbstrong
2517:Brigitte Bardot
2464:
2455:Jon Wynne-Tyson
2345:J. Howard Moore
2290:John Galsworthy
2270:Wilhelm Dietler
2213:
2209:Corey Lee Wrenn
2119:Martha Nussbaum
2029:Lawrence Finsen
1969:Paola Cavalieri
1944:Kristin Andrews
1919:
1909:
1887:
1856:
1835:
1770:
1724:
1666:
1638:
1599:Pain in animals
1575:
1507:
1473:Poultry farming
1392:
1224:
1144:
1133:
1128:
1098:
1093:
1083:
1073:
1063:
1053:
1049:(TV film, 2002)
1043:
1033:
1022:
1012:
1002:
992:
981:
971:
961:
951:
940:
930:
920:
910:
900:
890:
880:
870:
860:
850:
840:
830:
820:
810:
800:
790:
780:
769:
763:
720:
718:Further reading
715:
710:
706:
701:
697:
692:
688:
683:
679:
674:
670:
665:
658:
653:
649:
644:
640:
635:
631:
626:
622:
617:
613:
608:
604:
596:
592:
587:
580:
575:
571:
566:
562:
557:
553:
540:
533:
527:Wayback Machine
518:
514:
505:
501:
488:
484:
471:
467:
461:Wayback Machine
451:
447:
430:
423:
415:J. M. Coetzee,
414:
410:
406:
394:
379:
359:
346:Marjorie Garber
343:
305:
300:
279:
263:Wolfgang Kohler
231:
218:
211:
160:Marjorie Garber
104:Media type
88:
42:Marjorie Garber
17:
12:
11:
5:
4043:
4041:
4033:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4007:
4006:
4002:
4001:
3989:
3977:
3954:
3953:
3951:
3950:
3935:
3932:
3931:
3928:
3927:
3924:
3923:
3921:
3920:
3911:
3909:
3905:
3904:
3902:
3901:
3893:
3885:
3877:
3869:
3860:
3858:
3852:
3851:
3848:
3847:
3845:
3844:
3837:
3830:
3823:
3816:
3808:
3806:
3802:
3801:
3799:
3798:
3791:
3784:
3777:
3770:
3763:
3756:
3748:
3746:
3739:
3735:
3734:
3732:
3731:
3723:
3715:
3707:
3699:
3691:
3683:
3675:
3667:
3659:
3651:
3643:
3635:
3627:
3619:
3611:
3603:
3599:Meet Your Meat
3595:
3587:
3579:
3571:
3562:
3560:
3556:
3555:
3553:
3552:
3544:
3536:
3528:
3520:
3512:
3504:
3496:
3488:
3480:
3472:
3464:
3456:
3448:
3440:
3432:
3424:
3416:
3408:
3400:
3396:The New Ethics
3392:
3384:
3376:
3368:
3360:
3352:
3344:
3336:
3327:
3325:
3317:
3316:
3313:
3306:
3305:
3302:
3301:
3298:
3297:
3295:
3294:
3288:
3286:
3282:
3281:
3279:
3278:
3272:
3266:
3260:
3254:
3248:
3242:
3236:
3230:
3227:Animals' Party
3224:
3218:
3212:
3206:
3199:
3197:
3193:
3192:
3189:
3188:
3186:
3185:
3180:
3174:
3169:
3163:
3161:
3157:
3156:
3154:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2996:AnimaNaturalis
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2966:Animal Justice
2963:
2958:
2953:
2947:
2945:
2938:
2930:
2929:
2923:
2916:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2908:
2907:
2904:
2903:
2901:
2900:
2898:Gretchen Wyler
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2828:Lewis Gompertz
2825:
2820:
2818:Emarel Freshel
2815:
2810:
2808:Muriel Dowding
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2759:
2757:
2753:
2752:
2750:
2749:
2744:
2742:Gary Yourofsky
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2657:Ingrid Newkirk
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2602:Charlotte Laws
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2527:Yves Bonnardel
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2502:Martin Balluch
2499:
2494:
2489:
2483:
2481:
2474:
2470:
2469:
2466:
2465:
2463:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2450:Steven M. Wise
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2395:Bernard Rollin
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2355:Leonard Nelson
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2260:Herman Daggett
2257:
2252:
2250:Priscilla Cohn
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2225:Jeremy Bentham
2221:
2219:
2215:
2214:
2212:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2139:Jessica Pierce
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2069:Kyle Johannsen
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1994:David DeGrazia
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1934:Carol J. Adams
1930:
1928:
1921:
1911:
1910:
1904:
1897:
1896:
1893:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1864:
1862:
1858:
1857:
1855:
1854:
1849:
1843:
1841:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1806:Pit of despair
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1782:
1780:
1776:
1775:
1772:
1771:
1769:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1736:Abandoned pets
1732:
1730:
1726:
1725:
1723:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1676:
1674:
1668:
1667:
1665:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1648:
1646:
1640:
1639:
1637:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1585:
1583:
1581:Animal welfare
1577:
1576:
1574:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1556:Model organism
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1517:
1515:
1513:Animal testing
1509:
1508:
1506:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1488:Working animal
1485:
1480:
1478:Slaughterhouse
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1453:Insect farming
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1413:Animal product
1409:
1407:
1398:
1394:
1393:
1391:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1368:Sentiocentrism
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1276:Animal welfare
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1225:
1223:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1156:
1154:
1146:
1145:
1142:
1135:
1134:
1129:
1127:
1126:
1119:
1112:
1104:
1095:
1094:
1092:
1091:
1081:
1071:
1061:
1051:
1041:
1030:
1028:
1024:
1023:
1021:
1020:
1010:
1005:Inner Workings
1000:
989:
987:
983:
982:
980:
979:
969:
959:
948:
946:
942:
941:
939:
938:
928:
918:
908:
898:
888:
878:
868:
858:
848:
838:
828:
818:
808:
798:
788:
777:
775:
771:
770:
764:
762:
761:
754:
747:
739:
733:
732:
719:
716:
714:
713:
704:
695:
686:
677:
668:
656:
647:
638:
629:
620:
611:
602:
590:
578:
569:
560:
551:
531:
512:
499:
482:
472:Harold Fromm,
465:
445:
441:Harvard Review
421:
407:
405:
402:
401:
400:
393:
390:
386:Harvard Review
378:
375:
358:
355:
342:
339:
304:
301:
299:
296:
278:
275:
230:
227:
217:
212:
210:
207:
142:novella about
129:
128:
123:
117:
116:
113:
109:
108:
105:
101:
100:
97:
93:
92:
89:
86:
83:
82:
77:
73:
72:
69:
65:
64:
61:
57:
56:
35:
31:
30:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4042:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4025:Campus novels
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4012:
4010:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3976:
3966:
3962:
3945:
3937:
3936:
3933:
3918:
3917:
3913:
3912:
3910:
3906:
3899:
3898:
3894:
3891:
3890:
3886:
3883:
3882:
3878:
3875:
3874:
3873:Tame Yourself
3870:
3867:
3866:
3862:
3861:
3859:
3857:
3853:
3843:
3842:
3838:
3836:
3835:
3834:No Compromise
3831:
3829:
3828:
3824:
3822:
3821:
3817:
3815:
3814:
3810:
3809:
3807:
3803:
3797:
3796:
3792:
3790:
3789:
3785:
3783:
3782:
3778:
3776:
3775:
3771:
3769:
3768:
3764:
3762:
3761:
3757:
3755:
3754:
3750:
3749:
3747:
3743:
3740:
3736:
3729:
3728:
3724:
3721:
3720:
3716:
3713:
3712:
3708:
3705:
3704:
3700:
3697:
3696:
3692:
3689:
3688:
3684:
3681:
3680:
3676:
3673:
3672:
3668:
3665:
3664:
3660:
3657:
3656:
3652:
3649:
3648:
3644:
3641:
3640:
3636:
3633:
3632:
3628:
3625:
3624:
3620:
3617:
3616:
3612:
3609:
3608:
3604:
3601:
3600:
3596:
3593:
3592:
3588:
3585:
3584:
3580:
3577:
3576:
3572:
3569:
3568:
3564:
3563:
3561:
3557:
3550:
3549:
3545:
3542:
3541:
3537:
3534:
3533:
3529:
3526:
3525:
3521:
3518:
3517:
3513:
3510:
3509:
3505:
3502:
3501:
3497:
3494:
3493:
3489:
3486:
3485:
3481:
3478:
3477:
3473:
3470:
3469:
3465:
3462:
3461:
3457:
3454:
3453:
3449:
3446:
3445:
3441:
3438:
3437:
3433:
3430:
3429:
3425:
3422:
3421:
3417:
3414:
3413:
3409:
3406:
3405:
3401:
3398:
3397:
3393:
3390:
3389:
3385:
3382:
3381:
3377:
3374:
3373:
3369:
3366:
3365:
3361:
3358:
3357:
3353:
3350:
3349:
3345:
3342:
3341:
3337:
3335:(3rd century)
3334:
3333:
3329:
3328:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3311:
3307:
3293:
3290:
3289:
3287:
3283:
3276:
3273:
3270:
3267:
3265:(Netherlands)
3264:
3261:
3258:
3255:
3252:
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2084:Will Kymlicka
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2037:
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2032:
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2027:
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2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2004:Sue Donaldson
2002:
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1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
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1985:
1984:J. M. Coetzee
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
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1949:Tom Beauchamp
1947:
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1852:Hunt sabotage
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1428:Chick culling
1426:
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1419:
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1406:
1402:
1399:
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1388:Vegetarianism
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1286:Anthrozoology
1284:
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1256:Animal ethics
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1131:Animal rights
1125:
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1118:
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1111:
1106:
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1088:
1087:
1082:
1079:(opera, 2014)
1078:
1077:
1072:
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1059:(opera, 2006)
1058:
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995:White Writing
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799:
795:
794:
789:
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776:
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767:J. M. Coetzee
760:
755:
753:
748:
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489:David Lodge,
486:
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469:
466:
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391:
389:
387:
383:
376:
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372:
367:
364:
363:Barbara Smuts
357:Barbara Smutz
356:
354:
351:
350:Wendy Doniger
347:
340:
338:
336:
330:
326:
324:
323:
318:
309:
302:
298:"Reflections"
297:
295:
291:
288:
283:
276:
274:
272:
266:
264:
258:
255:
247:
243:
239:
238:J. M. Coetzee
235:
228:
226:
222:
216:
213:
208:
206:
203:
198:
196:
195:
190:
185:
183:
179:
175:
173:
172:Barbara Smuts
169:
168:Wendy Doniger
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
148:J. M. Coetzee
145:
144:animal rights
141:
140:metafictional
137:
136:
127:
126:0-691-07089-X
124:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
99:United States
98:
94:
90:
84:
81:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
55:
54:Barbara Smuts
51:
50:Wendy Doniger
47:
43:
39:
38:J. M. Coetzee
36:
32:
28:
23:
3914:
3895:
3887:
3879:
3871:
3863:
3839:
3832:
3825:
3818:
3811:
3793:
3786:
3779:
3772:
3765:
3758:
3751:
3725:
3717:
3709:
3701:
3693:
3685:
3677:
3669:
3661:
3653:
3645:
3637:
3629:
3621:
3613:
3605:
3597:
3589:
3581:
3573:
3565:
3546:
3538:
3530:
3522:
3514:
3506:
3498:
3490:
3482:
3474:
3466:
3458:
3451:
3450:
3442:
3434:
3426:
3418:
3410:
3402:
3394:
3386:
3378:
3370:
3362:
3354:
3346:
3338:
3330:
3183:Oxford Group
3051:Every Animal
2944:Contemporary
2893:Andrew Tyler
2883:Nell Shipman
2823:André Géraud
2732:Jerry Vlasak
2707:Lynda Stoner
2682:Alex Pacheco
2617:Evanna Lynch
2612:Howard Lyman
2597:Wayne Hsiung
2557:Chris DeRose
2547:Rod Coronado
2480:Contemporary
2420:Thomas Tryon
2340:Mary Midgley
2335:Jean Meslier
2315:Soame Jenyns
2305:John Hildrop
2300:Arthur Helps
2265:Richard Dean
2240:Peter Buchan
2179:Gary Steiner
2174:Peter Singer
2169:JĂ©rĂ´me Segal
2134:David Pearce
2124:Clare Palmer
2114:David Nibert
2104:Clair Linzey
2014:Joan Dunayer
1939:Aysha Akhtar
1927:Contemporary
1796:McLibel case
1751:Animal trial
1710:Seal hunting
1672:Wild animals
1657:Fishing bait
1619:Pain in fish
1438:Fish farming
1418:Battery cage
1338:Meat paradox
1295:
1236:Abolitionism
1089:(film, 2019)
1084:
1074:
1069:(film, 2008)
1064:
1054:
1045:
1044:
1039:(film, 1985)
1034:
1015:Here and Now
1013:
1003:
993:
972:
962:
952:
931:
921:
911:
901:
891:
881:
871:
861:
852:
851:
841:
831:
821:
811:
801:
791:
781:
729:The Guardian
728:
723:James Meek,
707:
698:
689:
680:
671:
650:
641:
632:
623:
614:
605:
593:
572:
563:
554:
546:
520:Coetzee 1997
515:
507:
502:
494:
485:
477:
468:
448:
440:
434:
416:
411:
385:
381:
380:
368:
360:
344:
334:
331:
327:
320:
319:, author of
317:Peter Singer
314:
303:Peter Singer
292:
284:
280:
270:
267:
259:
251:
246:Booker Prize
223:
219:
214:
199:
192:
188:
186:
177:
176:
164:Peter Singer
138:(1999) is a
134:
133:
132:
46:Peter Singer
4015:1999 novels
3738:Periodicals
3615:The Meatrix
3591:The Witness
3205:(Australia)
3179:(1891–1919)
3061:Faunalytics
2888:Henry Spira
2878:Hans Ruesch
2868:Jill Phipps
2863:Norm Phelps
2843:Barry Horne
2803:Royal Dixon
2798:Karen Davis
2778:Ernest Bell
2672:Ric O'Barry
2667:Jack Norris
2637:Dan Mathews
2542:Jake Conroy
2512:Barbi Twins
2487:James Aspey
2425:Gary Varner
2415:John Styles
2255:Henry Crowe
2204:Paul Waldau
2194:Michael Tye
2089:Renan Larue
2074:Melanie Joy
2059:Oscar Horta
2054:John Hadley
2024:Catia Faria
2019:Mylan Engel
1989:Alice Crary
1959:Steven Best
1954:Marc Bekoff
1920:and writers
1861:Observances
1766:Live export
1700:Ivory trade
1571:Vivisection
1546:Green Scare
1443:Fur farming
1348:Open rescue
1343:Nonviolence
1027:Adaptations
833:Age of Iron
371:Dian Fossey
156:Amy Gutmann
4009:Categories
3975:Literature
3727:Seaspiracy
3631:Earthlings
3271:(Portugal)
3245:DierAnimal
3160:Historical
2956:Animal Aid
2848:Marie Huot
2793:Joan Court
2773:Bob Barker
2756:Historical
2647:LuĂsa Mell
2627:Keith Mann
2622:Bill Maher
2607:Ronnie Lee
2577:Tal Gilboa
2552:Karen Dawn
2492:Greg Avery
2370:Rod Preece
2285:T. Forster
2245:Mona Caird
2218:Historical
2079:Hilda Kean
2049:Lori Gruen
1383:Vegaphobia
1373:Speciesism
1266:Animal law
974:Summertime
598:Moore 2001
433:Review of
404:References
3881:Manifesto
3820:Bite Back
3805:Magazines
3679:Vegucated
3277:(Germany)
3275:V-ParteiÂł
3253:(Germany)
3247:(Belgium)
3223:(Finland)
3046:Equanimal
2632:Jim Mason
2587:Mark Gold
2522:Gene Baur
2497:Matt Ball
2473:Activists
2385:Tom Regan
2164:Jeff Sebo
2109:Dan Lyons
1918:Academics
1906:Advocates
1761:Live food
1561:Nafovanny
1468:Livestock
1448:Fur trade
1423:Bile bear
1358:Personism
1153:Overviews
783:Dusklands
765:Works by
600:, p. 471.
254:Holocaust
202:scapegoat
76:Publisher
3944:Category
3813:Arkangel
3745:Journals
3719:Dominion
3655:The Cove
3285:Activism
3229:(Sweden)
3217:(Canada)
3211:(Europe)
2925:Movement
2460:Voltaire
1378:Veganism
1328:Ethology
1229:Concepts
1076:Slow Man
1066:Disgrace
883:Slow Man
863:Disgrace
523:Archived
457:Archived
392:See also
209:Synopsis
197:(2003).
3987:Animals
3961:Portals
3259:(Italy)
3241:(Spain)
3235:(Italy)
3196:Parties
1690:Hunting
1644:Fishing
1303:Carnism
71:Fiction
3946:
3919:(2003)
3900:(2014)
3892:(2014)
3884:(2008)
3876:(1991)
3868:(1987)
3856:Albums
3730:(2021)
3722:(2018)
3714:(2016)
3706:(2013)
3698:(2013)
3690:(2013)
3682:(2011)
3674:(2011)
3666:(2009)
3658:(2009)
3650:(2007)
3642:(2006)
3634:(2005)
3626:(2004)
3618:(2003)
3610:(2003)
3602:(2002)
3594:(2000)
3586:(2000)
3578:(1998)
3570:(1981)
3551:(2022)
3543:(2022)
3535:(2020)
3527:(2018)
3519:(2016)
3511:(2014)
3503:(2012)
3495:(2010)
3487:(2009)
3479:(2008)
3471:(2005)
3463:(2001)
3455:(1999)
3447:(1995)
3439:(1993)
3431:(1987)
3423:(1983)
3415:(1975)
3407:(1971)
3399:(1907)
3391:(1906)
3383:(1899)
3375:(1897)
3367:(1892)
3359:(1883)
3351:(1838)
3343:(1824)
2937:Groups
1397:Issues
1241:Ahimsa
1018:(2013)
1008:(2007)
998:(1988)
977:(2009)
967:(2002)
957:(1997)
936:(2023)
926:(2019)
916:(2016)
906:(2013)
896:(2007)
886:(2005)
876:(2003)
866:(1999)
856:(1999)
846:(1994)
836:(1990)
826:(1986)
816:(1983)
806:(1980)
796:(1977)
786:(1974)
774:Novels
115:127 pp
60:Series
34:Author
3999:1990s
3841:Satya
3559:Films
3324:Books
3146:Viva!
1779:Cases
1729:Other
377:Genre
112:Pages
68:Genre
3086:L214
1811:SHAC
1036:Dust
271:away
170:and
121:ISBN
91:1999
823:Foe
335:Me?
4011::
727:,
659:^
581:^
545:,
534:^
493:,
476:,
439:,
424:^
166:,
162:,
52:,
48:,
44:,
3963::
1123:e
1116:t
1109:v
758:e
751:t
744:v
248:.
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