22:
95:, which reached the Andes around the year 1580 thanks to the arrival of several Italian painters, and executed in the oil on a canvas 92 cm high by 175 cm wide. The work is unique within the early American colonial context, not only for its quality, but also for the unusual secular theme at that time dominated by religious imagery, and especially for all the associated documentation that exists about the people portrayed and the situation of the African communities settled on the Pacific coast.
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The canvas is signed, an unusual feature in a painting of this period in the viceregal environment. The majority of works are anonymous, and as far as we know the work’s mestizo painter never signed any other of his paintings. Apparently, the fact that it was a commission for the king of Spain was a
118:
It is considered that the painting uses
Western pictorial language to convey to the King of Spain the submission of a part of the Maroon population to the Crown. The hats held in the hands of two of the subjects signal submission and respect, since they are not placed on the head, and at the same
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83:, black slaves who escaped from European ships or were shipwrecked on the coasts of America, who ended up becoming chiefs of indigenous villages and lived as free people.
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111:. The three subjects, who usually wore blankets and short-sleeved shirts like the Indians of the region, were portrayed in European dress with a Spanish
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and cape, as well as gold ornaments used by the Andean indigenous peoples, such as necklaces, nose rings, ear decorations and lip piercings.
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and his sons Pedro and
Domingo, 56, 22 and 18 years old respectively, who were chiefs of the current Ecuadorian region of
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52:. It is the oldest signed and dated painting from colonial South America. It is currently part of the collection of the
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337:"Nuevas aportaciones en torno al lienzo titulado Los mulatos de Esmeraldas. Estudio técnico, radiográfico e histórico"
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216:"The fascinating story behind the 1599 Mulattos de Esmeraldas painting of African men from Ecuador"
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time, as their insides are turned towards the viewer, they indicate no concealment of intentions.
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The work was commissioned by Juan del Barrio de Sepúlveda, judge of the
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The
Victorious Hannibal Seeing Italy from the Alps for the First Time
57:
180:
Mills, Kenneth; Lauderdale Graham, Sandra; Taylor, William (2002).
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480:
Execution of
Torrijos and his Companions on the Beach at Málaga
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950:
The Christ Child and the Infant John the
Baptist with a Shell
2045:
Madonna and Child with Saint Mary
Magdalene and Saint Ursula
1935:
Archduke
Leopold Wilhelm in his Painting Gallery in Brussels
1492:
Excursion in the
Countryside of Infanta Isabel Clara Eugenia
307:"Don Francisco de Arobe y sus hijos, caciques de Esmeraldas"
149:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 120–129.
271:
Visual
Culture and Indigenous Agency in the Early Americas
2388:
Virgin and Child
Between Saints Anthony of Padua and Roch
1213:
Doña Antonia de Ipeñarrieta y Galdós and Her Son Don Luis
2475:
The Virgin and Child with Saint George and Saint Dorothy
1922:
Feast of Herod with the Beheading of St John the Baptist
1352:
Saint Peter Nolasco's Vision of Saint Peter the Apostle
1749:
The Infanta Isabel Clara Eugenia in the Mariemont Park
1504:
The Infanta Isabel Clara Eugenia in the Mariemont Park
2173:
Portrait of Marsilio Cassotti and His Bride Faustina
186:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 159.
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1979:
1373:
452:
2572:Landscape with St Paula of Rome Embarking at Ostia
2115:Madonna and Child with the Infant John the Baptist
1165:Equestrian Portrait of the Count-Duke of Olivares
1467:Triptych with Scenes from the Life of the Virgin
1147:Equestrian Portrait of Prince Balthasar Charles
2205:Portrait of Camilla Gonzaga and Her Three Sons
1448:The Seven Deadly Sins and the Four Last Things
1113:
1099:
374:
143:Lugo-Ortiz, Agnes; Rosenthal, Angela (2013).
8:
2058:The Story of Nastagio Degli Onesti, part one
183:Colonial Latin America A Documentary History
2602:Landscape with the Temptation of St Anthony
2211:Portrait of Pier Maria Rossi di San Secondo
1159:Equestrian Portrait of Margarita of Austria
989:The Immaculate Conception of Los Venerables
2772:On display at the Spanish Embassy in Paris
2726:
2715:
2013:Portrait of Infanta Isabella Clara Eugenia
1328:Hercules Separates Mounts Calpe and Abylla
1141:Equestrian Portrait of Elisabeth of France
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359:
922:The Recovery of Bahía de Todos los Santos
613:Portrait of the Marchioness of Santa Cruz
330:
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2769:On display at Museo de América in Madrid
1833:Equestrian Portrait of the Duke of Lerma
1316:The Defence of Cádiz Against the English
1249:Infanta Margarita Teresa in a Pink Dress
983:The Immaculate Conception of El Escorial
649:Pilgrimage to the Fountain of San Isidro
2766:On display at El Greco Museum in Toledo
2590:Landscape with the Burial of St Serapia
2090:Mural Paintings from the Herrera Chapel
1774:Landscape with Charon Crossing the Styx
722:The Nobleman with his Hand on his Chest
300:
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175:
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146:Slave Portraiture in the Atlantic World
132:
16:1599 painting by Andrés Sánchez Gallque
2681:Time Defeated by Love, Beauty and Hope
2361:Alfonso d'Avalos Addressing his Troops
1623:Diana and a Nymph Surprised by a Satyr
1605:Self-portrait with Sir Endymion Porter
1195:View of the Garden of the Villa Medici
138:
136:
123:unique opportunity to assert himself.
2668:Marriage Contract and Country Dancing
2019:Portrait of Giovanni Battista Caselli
243:"The Mulatto Gentleman of Esmeraldas"
7:
2236:Christ Falling on the Way to Calvary
1201:Prince Balthasar Charles as a Hunter
709:Witches' Sabbath (The Great He-Goat)
2596:Landscape with the Finding of Moses
2584:Landscape with St María de Cervelló
2128:The Birth of Saint John the Baptist
1787:Judith at the Banquet of Holofernes
1346:Saint Luke Painting the Crucifixion
818:Portrait of Rodrigo Vázquez de Arce
2296:Christ Washing the Disciples' Feet
1261:Portrait of Juan Martínez Montañés
1207:Portrait of the Infante Don Carlos
977:The Holy Family with a Little Bird
523:Charles IV of Spain and His Family
335:Gutiérrez Usillos, Andrés (2012).
241:Leibsohn, Dana; Mundy, Barbara E.
14:
2655:Portrait of Ferdinand VI as a Boy
2608:Landscape with Tobias and Raphael
1712:Portrait of José Nicolás de Azara
1364:The Vision of Saint Peter Nolasco
1334:Hercules Fighting the Nemean Lion
1153:Equestrian Portrait of Philip III
2804:Paintings in the Museo del Prado
2778:
2777:
2418:Portrait of Isabella of Portugal
2406:Portrait of Charles V with a Dog
2349:Equestrian Portrait of Charles V
1737:Flemish Market and Washing Place
1725:Landscape with Sea and Mountains
1135:Equestrian Portrait of Philip IV
812:Portrait of Jerónimo de Cevallos
806:Portrait of an Unknown Gentleman
577:The Duchess of Alba and la Beata
60:although it is deposited in the
2412:Portrait of Federico II Gonzaga
2367:Danaë Receiving the Golden Rain
2007:Portrait of Elisabeth of Valois
1909:The Incredulity of Saint Thomas
1279:Portrait of Philip IV in Armour
1273:Portrait of Pablo de Valladolid
734:Doña María de Aragón Altarpiece
1655:Francken the Younger
1486:The Wine of Saint Martin's Day
1418:The Garden of Earthly Delights
1291:Portrait of Sebastián de Morra
1285:Portrait of Mariana of Austria
1237:The Jester Don John of Austria
944:Aranjuez Immaculate Conception
824:Saint Andrew and Saint Francis
776:Julián Romero and Saint Julian
274:. London: Brill. p. 156.
91:The canvas is composed in the
1:
2451:Saint Margaret and the Dragon
2343:The Bacchanal of the Andrians
2270:Holy Family under an Oak Tree
1573:Rest on the Flight into Egypt
1267:The Nun Jerónima de la Fuente
1243:Portrait of Francisco Lezcano
1231:The Jester Don Diego de Acedo
1177:Apollo in the Forge of Vulcan
1069:The Martyrdom of Saint Philip
995:The Martyrdom of Saint Andrew
34:The Black Kings of Esmeraldas
2627:Landscape with Three Figures
1454:The Temptation of St Anthony
965:The Conversion of Saint Paul
794:Portrait of a Young Nobleman
40:work painted in 1599 by the
1869:Saint George and the Dragon
1340:Saint Elizabeth of Portugal
341:Anales del Museo de América
305:Gutiérrez Usillos, Andres.
2840:
2738:The Apotheosis of Claudius
2302:Joseph and Potiphar's Wife
2277:Andrea del Sarto
1964:The Descent from the Cross
1851:The Birth of the Milky Way
1821:The Dance of the Villagers
1088:The Mulattos of Esmeraldas
935:Adoration of the Shepherds
800:Portrait of an Elderly Man
728:Adoration of the Shepherds
643:A Pilgrimage to San Isidro
268:Frassani, Alessia (2021).
30:The Mulattos of Esmeraldas
25:The Mulattos of Esmeraldas
2762:
2725:
2714:
2330:The Immaculate Conception
1897:(with Brueghel the Elder)
1881:The Triumph of the Church
1762:(with Brueghel the Elder)
1753:(with Brueghel the Elder)
1674:Apollo as Victor over Pan
1661:The Sciences and the Arts
848:Saint John the Evangelist
836:Saint Bernardino of Siena
746:Christ Carrying the Cross
667:Self-portrait at 69 years
448:
437:
407:
396:
46:es:Andrés Sánchez Gallque
2500:Christ Among the Doctors
2084:Assumption of the Virgin
1635:The Crowning with Thorns
1189:Coronation of the Virgin
866:Saint Thomas the Apostle
691:Two Old Ones Eating Soup
655:Saturn Devouring His Son
625:The Milkmaid of Bordeaux
553:The Countess of Chinchon
425:Cloister of Saint Jerome
103:The painting represents
73:King Philip III of Spain
2814:Oil on canvas paintings
2436:Religion saved by Spain
2317:The Washing of the Feet
2199:Holy Family with Angels
2096:Venus, Adonis and Cupid
1498:Life in the Countryside
1225:The Jester Calabacillas
916:Portrait of a Gentleman
788:Portrait of a Gentleman
601:Man Mocked by Two Women
99:Description of the work
69:Real Audiencia of Quito
2646:The Family of Philip V
2556:The Family of Philip V
2543:The Pearl and the Wave
2230:Portrait of a Cardinal
1800:The Judgement of Paris
1743:Landscape with Skaters
1611:The Betrayal of Christ
1538:Marriage of the Virgin
1322:Hercules and the Hydra
1255:Portrait of Maria Anna
1123:The Surrender of Breda
1114:
1109:The Triumph of Bacchus
1100:
1001:Our Lady of the Rosary
897:The Death of Cleopatra
830:Saint Anthony of Padua
661:The Second of May 1808
48:, who belonged to the
26:
2308:Judith and Holofernes
1815:Adoration of the Magi
1699:Adoration of the Magi
1680:Meleager and Atalanta
1424:Adoration of the Magi
1310:The Death of Hercules
1219:The Jester Barbarroja
1171:Adoration of the Magi
1007:The Patrician's Dream
910:Adoration of the Magi
842:Saint James the Great
758:The Flight into Egypt
679:The Third of May 1808
589:Judith and Holofernes
517:Boys playing soldiers
415:Casón del Buen Retiro
24:
2506:The Finding of Moses
2481:The Worship of Venus
2141:The Finding of Moses
1887:Deucalion and Pyrrha
1863:The Rape of Ganymede
1686:The Painter's Family
1480:The Triumph of Death
1442:Head of a Halberdier
1436:The Haywain Triptych
1392:The Fountain of Life
1358:Still Life with Pots
782:Portrait of a Doctor
493:Allegory of Industry
249:. Fordham University
222:. Face 2 Face Africa
2530:Agony in the Garden
2400:Philip II in Armour
2242:Madonna of the Rose
2186:Death of the Virgin
2135:O. Gentileschi
2122:A. Gentileschi
1929:Teniers the Younger
1026:Doña Joanna the Mad
1013:Rebecca and Eleazar
956:Christ on the Cross
411:Villanueva building
220:face2faceafrica.com
2466:Venus and Musician
2283:Sacrifice of Isaac
1857:The Rape of Europa
1845:The Garden of Love
1827:Diana and Callisto
1617:The Brazen Serpent
1405:The Ages and Death
1075:The Blind Sculptor
764:Holy Face of Jesus
583:Fight with Cudgels
467:José de Espronceda
343:(20). Madrid: 7–64
105:Francisco de Arobe
75:, as proof of the
27:
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2790:
2758:
2757:
2754:
2753:
2745:Castor and Pollux
2710:
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2706:
2705:
2698:British paintings
2071:David and Goliath
1474:Bruegel the Elder
1430:Cutting the Stone
971:The Good Shepherd
511:Blind Man's Bluff
433:
432:
313:. Muses del Prado
214:Dawkins, Farida.
79:of the so-called
2831:
2824:Maroons (people)
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2494:Venus and Adonis
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1517:(with de Momper)
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1508:(with de Momper)
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1183:Christ Crucified
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535:Christ Crucified
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62:Museo de América
32:, also known as
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2355:The Fall of Man
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2312:(by his studio)
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2109:Noli me tangere
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1893:The Five Senses
1839:The Fall of Man
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1051:Isaac and Jacob
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860:Saint Sebastian
714:
703:Witches' Flight
571:The Drunk Mason
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390:Museo del Prado
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93:Mannerist style
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2809:1599 paintings
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2394:Mater Dolorosa
2376:The Entombment
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1958:van der Weyden
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1116:Las Hilanderas
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631:The Naked Maja
559:Los disparates
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2836:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2784:
2776:
2775:
2771:
2768:
2765:
2764:
2761:
2747:
2746:
2742:
2740:
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2728:
2724:
2717:
2713:
2699:
2696:
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2683:
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2676:
2672:
2670:
2669:
2663:
2659:
2657:
2656:
2648:
2647:
2641:
2637:
2635:
2634:
2633:Saint Cecilia
2629:
2628:
2623:
2622:
2616:
2612:
2610:
2609:
2604:
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2598:
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2442:Self-Portrait
2438:
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2432:
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2426:
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2298:
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2278:
2274:
2272:
2271:
2265:
2261:
2258:(with Romano)
2256:
2255:
2250:
2249:
2244:
2243:
2238:
2237:
2232:
2231:
2225:
2221:
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2217:Saint Barbara
2213:
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2207:
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2201:
2200:
2194:
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2177:
2175:
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2164:
2159:
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2136:
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2110:
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2100:
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2036:
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2027:
2023:
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2020:
2015:
2014:
2009:
2008:
2002:
1998:
1996:
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1989:
1985:
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1982:
1978:
1972:
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1970:Durán Madonna
1966:
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1959:
1955:
1953:
1952:
1946:
1942:
1937:
1936:
1930:
1926:
1924:
1923:
1917:
1913:
1911:
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1895:
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1629:Saint Rosalia
1625:
1624:
1619:
1618:
1613:
1612:
1607:
1606:
1600:
1596:
1594:
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1592:Self-Portrait
1588:
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1577:
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1568:
1564:
1559:
1558:
1552:
1548:
1546:
1545:
1544:Werl Triptych
1540:
1539:
1533:
1529:
1526:(with Rubens)
1524:
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1039:Jacob's Dream
1034:
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1021:
1017:
1015:
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748:
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724:
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716:El Greco
713:
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531:
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529:Los caprichos
525:
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281:9789004468108
277:
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264:
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221:
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195:
193:9780742574076
189:
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176:
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156:9781107004399
152:
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139:
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126:
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98:
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82:
78:
74:
71:, to send to
70:
65:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
38:oil on canvas
35:
31:
23:
19:
2743:
2736:
2679:
2674:
2666:
2661:
2653:
2644:
2639:
2631:
2625:
2619:
2614:
2606:
2600:
2594:
2588:
2582:
2576:
2570:
2565:
2554:
2549:
2541:
2536:
2528:
2523:
2504:
2498:
2492:
2487:
2479:
2473:
2470:(1550, 1555)
2464:
2455:
2449:
2440:
2434:
2428:
2422:
2416:
2410:
2404:
2398:
2392:
2386:
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2347:
2341:
2336:
2328:
2323:
2315:
2306:
2300:
2294:
2289:
2281:
2276:
2268:
2263:
2252:
2246:
2240:
2234:
2228:
2223:
2215:
2209:
2203:
2197:
2193:Parmigianino
2192:
2184:
2179:
2171:
2166:
2155:
2150:
2139:
2134:
2126:
2121:
2113:
2107:
2102:
2094:
2088:
2082:
2077:
2069:
2064:
2056:
2051:
2043:
2038:
2030:
2025:
2017:
2011:
2005:
2000:
1994:Annunciation
1992:
1988:Fra Angelico
1987:
1968:
1962:
1957:
1949:
1944:
1933:
1928:
1920:
1915:
1907:
1902:
1891:
1885:
1879:
1873:
1867:
1861:
1855:
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1710:
1705:
1697:
1692:
1684:
1678:
1672:
1667:
1659:
1654:
1646:
1642:van Hemessen
1641:
1633:
1627:
1621:
1615:
1609:
1603:
1598:
1590:
1586:Adam and Eve
1584:
1579:
1571:
1566:
1555:
1550:
1542:
1536:
1531:
1520:
1511:
1502:
1496:
1490:
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1473:
1465:
1460:
1452:
1446:
1440:
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1428:
1422:
1416:
1411:
1403:
1398:
1390:
1385:
1362:
1356:
1350:
1344:
1338:
1332:
1326:
1320:
1314:
1308:
1302:
1297:
1289:
1283:
1277:
1271:
1265:
1259:
1253:
1247:
1241:
1235:
1229:
1223:
1217:
1211:
1205:
1199:
1193:
1187:
1181:
1175:
1169:
1163:
1157:
1151:
1145:
1139:
1133:
1129:Mars Resting
1127:
1121:
1107:
1094:
1087:
1086:
1081:
1073:
1067:
1061:
1055:
1049:
1043:
1037:
1032:
1024:
1019:
1011:
1005:
999:
993:
987:
981:
975:
969:
963:
960:(1675, 1677)
954:
948:
942:
933:
928:
920:
914:
908:
903:
895:
890:
882:
876:
872:Holy Trinity
870:
864:
858:
852:
846:
840:
834:
828:
822:
816:
810:
804:
798:
792:
786:
780:
774:
770:Holy Trinity
768:
762:
756:
750:
744:
740:Annunciation
738:
732:
726:
720:
715:
707:
701:
695:
689:
683:
677:
671:
665:
659:
653:
647:
641:
635:
629:
623:
617:
611:
607:La novillada
605:
599:
593:
587:
581:
575:
569:
563:
557:
551:
547:The Colossus
545:
539:
533:
527:
521:
515:
509:
503:
497:
491:
486:
478:
473:
465:
460:
345:. Retrieved
340:
315:. Retrieved
310:
285:. Retrieved
270:
263:
251:. Retrieved
246:
236:
224:. Retrieved
219:
209:
197:. Retrieved
182:
160:. Retrieved
145:
121:
117:
102:
90:
66:
54:Prado Museum
50:Quito School
33:
29:
28:
18:
1648:The Surgeon
1102:Las Meninas
884:Virgin Mary
878:The Saviour
685:Two Old Men
637:The Parasol
619:Men Reading
595:La Leocadia
247:fordham.edu
2798:Categories
2720:Sculptures
2290:Tintoretto
2248:Visitation
2065:Caravaggio
2052:Botticelli
2001:Anguissola
1045:Democritus
854:Saint Paul
127:References
109:Esmeraldas
77:conversion
2621:Parnassus
2524:Anonymous
2382:La Gloria
2157:Mona Lisa
2103:Correggio
1945:Verhaecht
1781:Rembrandt
1758:Landscape
1719:de Momper
1551:de Crayer
1513:Landscape
1386:Anonymous
1304:Agnus Dei
1095:Velázquez
752:The Fable
443:Paintings
402:Buildings
87:Technique
2783:Category
2578:The Ford
2488:Veronese
2424:Sisyphus
2254:La Perla
2180:Mantegna
2151:Leonardo
2078:Carracci
2032:Nativity
1668:Jordaens
1599:van Dyck
1376:Flemish,
1298:Zurbarán
1020:Pradilla
461:Esquivel
347:15 March
317:15 March
287:15 March
253:15 March
226:15 March
199:15 March
162:15 March
44:painter
36:, is an
2678::
2665::
2662:Watteau
2643::
2618::
2615:Poussin
2569::
2566:Lorrain
2553::
2550:van Loo
2540::
2527::
2491::
2340::
2327::
2324:Tiepolo
2293::
2280::
2267::
2227::
2224:Raphael
2196::
2183::
2170::
2154::
2138::
2125::
2106::
2081::
2068::
2055::
2042::
2039:Bellini
2029::
2026:Barocci
2004::
1991::
1980:Italian
1961::
1948::
1932::
1919::
1916:Strobel
1906::
1797::
1784::
1771::
1768:Patinir
1722::
1709::
1696::
1693:Memling
1671::
1658::
1645::
1602::
1583::
1570::
1554::
1535::
1477::
1464::
1415::
1402::
1399:Baldung
1389::
1301::
1098::
1085::
1036::
1023::
932::
929:Murillo
907::
894::
719::
565:The Dog
505:Atropos
499:Asmodea
490::
477::
474:Gisbert
464::
453:Spanish
113:doublet
81:Maroons
42:mestizo
2650:(1723)
2560:(1743)
2537:Baudry
2516:French
2461:(1554)
2446:(1567)
2430:Tityus
2371:(1565)
2337:Titian
2264:Romano
2145:(1633)
1939:(1651)
1875:Saturn
1804:(1638)
1794:Rubens
1731:A Farm
1561:(1625)
1532:Campin
1378:German
1374:Dutch,
1063:Tityos
1033:Ribera
939:(1650)
673:Summer
278:
190:
153:
58:Madrid
2691:Other
2675:Vouet
2167:Lotto
1706:Mengs
1580:Dürer
1567:David
1461:Bouts
1412:Bosch
1057:Ixion
904:Maíno
2730:Rome
2640:Ranc
1903:Stom
891:Luna
487:Goya
349:2024
319:2024
289:2024
276:ISBN
255:2024
228:2024
201:2024
188:ISBN
164:2024
151:ISBN
56:in
2800::
2652:–
2630:–
2624:–
2605:–
2599:–
2593:–
2587:–
2581:–
2575:–
2503:–
2497:–
2478:–
2472:–
2463:–
2454:–
2448:–
2439:–
2433:–
2427:–
2421:–
2415:–
2409:–
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2397:–
2391:–
2385:–
2379:–
2373:–
2364:–
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2305:–
2299:–
2251:–
2245:–
2239:–
2233:–
2214:–
2208:–
2202:–
2112:–
2093:–
2087:–
2016:–
2010:–
1967:–
1890:–
1884:–
1878:–
1872:–
1866:–
1860:–
1854:–
1848:–
1842:–
1836:–
1830:–
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1806:–
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339:.
327:^
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64:.
382:e
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