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power in dealing with the United States federal government. In addition, with the efforts after 1934 to reorganize tribal governments, activists believed that
Indians had to work together to strengthen their political position. Activists formed the National Congress of American Indians to find ways to organize the tribes to deal in a more unified way with the US government. They wanted to challenge the government on its failure to implement treaties, to work against the tribal termination policy, and to improve public opinion of and appreciation for Indian cultures.
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associate, and organization associate. Voting rights are reserved for tribal and Indian individual members. According to section B of
Article III regarding membership, any tribe, band or group of American Indians and Alaska Natives shall be eligible for tribal membership provided it fulfills the following requirements:
580:
in New York. In March 2021, the publication became independent from the NCAI. “This is an exciting time for Indian
Country Today to become fiscally independent and to continue its tradition of an autonomous free press," NCAI President Fawn Sharp said in a press release regarding the change. “This is
592:
The NCAI Constitution says that its members seek to provide themselves and their descendants with the traditional laws, rights, and benefits. It lists the by-laws and rules of order regarding membership, powers, and dues. There are four classes of membership: tribal, Indian individual, individual
421:
In the 20th century, a generation of Native
Americans came of age who were educated in intertribal boarding schools. They began thinking with a broad pan-Native American vision and learned to form alliances across tribes. They increasingly felt the need to work together politically to exert their
663:
In 2023, two proposed amendments to the NCAI constitution were proposed which would remove state-recognized tribes from full tribal membership to only associate non-voting tribal membership, as well as require candidates for NCAI national leadership to be enrolled members of federally-recognized
433:
of the BIA. At the second national convention, Indian women attended as representatives in numbers equal to the men. The convention decided that BIA employees should be excluded from serving as general officers or members of the executive committee. The first president of the NCAI was
672:. Ironically the NCAI had been founded to assert both civil and tribal rights by declaring that the common welfare of Native Americans required the preservation of cultural values. After 80 years of existence, NCAI membership has gone from 270 member tribes to 146 member tribes.
606:
It is recognized as a Tribe or other identifiable group of Native
Americans by the Department of the Interior, Court of Claims, the Indian Claims Commission, or a State. An Indian or Alaska Native organization incorporated/chartered under state law is not eligible for tribal
688:
The NCAI has been advocating for improved living conditions on reservations, arguing that 560 tribes are federally recognized but fewer than 20 tribes gain profits from casinos to turn the tribe's economy around. Other issues and topics include:
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a new day for ICT, which has a long history as a premier source of news for and about
Indigenous communities, written and produced by Indigenous journalists.” The publication's current president and CEO is Karen Michel, Ho Chunk.
508:
In 1966, the NCAI mustered nearly 80 tribal leaders from 62 tribes to protest their exclusion from a US-Congress sponsored conference on reorganizing the BIA (Bureau of Indian
Affairs). The congressional event was organized by
730:
created an advertising campaign and poster for the NCAI to highlight offensive and racist sports team images and mascots. In
October 2013, the NCAI published a report on sports teams using harmful and racial "Indian" mascots.
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311:
organization. It was founded in 1944 to represent the tribes and resist U.S. federal government pressure for termination of tribal rights and assimilation of their people. These were in contradiction of their
711:
Promotion of the Rights of Indian economic opportunity both on and off reservations, including securing programs to provide incentives for economic development and the attraction of private capital to Indian
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have independent governments and distinct cultures, histories, and territories. However, the need to create a unified voice in dealing with the U.S. federal government led to an intertribal coalition.
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In the early 1960s, a shift in attitude occurred. Many young
American Indians branded the older generation as sell-outs and called for harsh militancy. Two important militant groups were born: the
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organization based in
Washington, DC, in 1962. The organizational structure of the National Congress of American Indians includes a General Assembly, an Executive Council, and seven committees.
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477:) took over the post as the executive director of the organization in 1953. That same year, W. W. Short replaced Johnson as president of NCAI. In 1954, Short was replaced by Joseph Garry (
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454:), who established the organization's legislative news service. Bronson's work was largely voluntary, as the organization could not afford to pay her to act as its executive secretary.
4300:
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53:
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446:) was the first secretary-treasurer; he also had been serving as an elected member of the Oklahoma State Legislature. From 1945 to 1952, the executive secretary of the NCAI was
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Found on the official NCAI website, this article was last amended in 2007. It states the purpose of the NCAI, the different types of memberships, and the rules and regulations.
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It maintain a Tribal organization, with regular officers and the means of transacting business and arriving at a reasonably accurate count of its membership;
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Shreve, Bradley G. "From Time Immemorial: The Fish-in Movement and the Rise of the Intertribal Activism." Pacific Historical Review. 78.3 (2009): 403-434
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In addition to the four executive positions, the NCAI executive board also consists of 12 area vice presidents and 12 alternative area vice presidents.
2626:
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4334:
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521:, to discuss the reorganization of the Bureau of Indian Affairs. Udall eventually allowed the NCAI representatives to attend. He confirmed that the
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72:
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On July 8, 1954, NCAI won its fight against legislation that would have allowed the states to take civil and criminal jurisdictions over Indians.
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In 1950, John Rainer became the first paid executive director of NCAI. He was replaced by Bronson in 1951, who resigned in 1952. Frank George, a
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79:
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The NCAI has maintained a policy of non-protesting. During the 1960s NCAI carried a banner with the slogan, "INDIANS DON'T DEMONSTRATE":
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A substantial number of its members reside upon the same reservation or (in the absence of a reservation) in the same general locality.
86:
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119:
68:
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Enhancement of Indian health care, including prevention of juvenile substance abuse, HIV-AIDS prevention and other major diseases
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680:
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tribes. The amendments received the vocal support of the principal chiefs of several federally-recognized tribes including the
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On June 19, 1952, a self-help parley was opened in Utah where 50 agents for 12 groups proposed several self-help action plans
57:
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In 2013, the NCAI passed a resolution to establish a National American Indian Holocaust Museum space inside a museum of the
4804:
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Indians had annual conventions nationwide and dealt with various topics such as health care, employment, and safety issues
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During the late 20th century, NCAI contributed to gaining legislation to protect and preserve Indian culture, including
5001:
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4034:
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2128:
1459:
902:
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The advertising firm of DeVito/Verdi created a poster for the NCAI to highlight stereotypical Native American mascots.
462:
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3567:
2510:
489:. Garry significantly enlarged the organizational direction away from its focus on issues of Native Americans in the
3080:
This book explores the reality and myths surrounding Indians, the problems of leadership, and modern Indian affairs.
2786:"FEMA Administrator's Remarks at the National Congress of American Indians (NCAI) 80th Annual Convention | FEMA.gov"
4421:
3974:
3562:
3278:
502:
494:
93:
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2676:"National Congress of American Indians Establishes Foundation to Increase Philanthropic Funding in Indian Country"
584:
In 2023, NCAI founded the NCAI Foundation (NCAIF) to promote philanthropy by and for Native American communities.
141:
46:
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Spreading of state-specific information on voter ID requirements through its partnership with the non-partisan
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Promotion and support of Indian education, including Head Start, elementary, post-secondary and Adult Education
653:
498:
426:
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320:. The organization continues to be an association of federally recognized and state-recognized Indian tribes.
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was opened in Washington D.C. The building serves as a headquarters and central meeting place for the NCAI.
478:
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Shreve, Bradley G. “From Time Immemorial: The Fish-in Movement and the Rise of the Intertribal Activism”
694:
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Protection of programs and services to benefit Indian families, specifically targeting Indian Youth and
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4429:
3767:
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3532:
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2990:"Speaking for the First Americans: Nipo Strongheart and the campaign for American Indian citizenship"
2077:
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1200:
771:
624:
577:
447:
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3679:
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2304:
2281:"The Association on American Indian Affairs and the Struffle for Native American Rights, 1948–1965"
2280:
2111:
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532:. They worked with the tribes to assert their sovereignty in dealing with the federal government.
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2590:"Obama Administration Meets With Tribal Leaders To Discuss Public Safety Needs in Indian Country"
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Improve methods for finding productive employment and developing tribal and individual resources;
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Representatives of various tribes attending organizational meeting, 1944; all were alumni of the
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The NCAI's initial organization was largely created by Native American men who worked for the
365:
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2197:"National Congress of American Indians Swears in Newly Elected 2023-2025 Executive Committee"
4202:
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2894:"SCOTUS ruling on citizenship proof for new voters has an outsized impact for Native voters"
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1303:
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1087:
848:
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2945:"NCAI Releases Report on History and Legacy of Washington's Harmful "Indian" Sports Mascot"
2761:"2024 National Congress of American Indians Mid-Year Convention & Marketplace | NC DOA"
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This article discusses the reasons why a nationwide organization of Indians is so crucial.
2562:"The National Congress of American Indians (NACI) Meeting in North Carolina – An Overview"
1934:
1380:
1176:
665:
603:
It is not a mere offshoot or fraction of an organized Tribe itself eligible for membership
3547:
3046:
National Congress of American Indians: Constitution, By-Laws and Standing Rules of Order.
3137:
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5021:
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In 2015 the organization successfully lobbied the State of California to ban the term "
466:
305:
2857:"NCAI Faces Controversial Constitutional Amendments to Remove State Recognized Tribes"
2727:"NCAI Faces Controversial Constitutional Amendments to Remove State Recognized Tribes"
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Protection of the Rights of all Indian people to decent, safe and affordable housing.
474:
313:
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Enforce for Indians all rights under the Constitution and laws in the United States;
4840:
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3208:
3005:
2371:. Vol. 5. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. pp. 80–82.
1720:
1455:
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727:
510:
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482:
372:
255:
5044:
United States Congressional Joint Special Committee on Conditions of Indian Tribes
2369:
Notable American Women: A Biographical Dictionary Completing the Twentieth Century
3098:
Report of Activities, American Association on Indian Affairs, June 1945-May 1946.
2536:"National Congress of American Indians Annual Convention Address - Oct. 12, 2021"
4942:
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3587:
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871:
623:
In 1950, the NCAI influenced the insertion of an anti-reservation clause to the
35:
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332:
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269:
2649:"Oneida Nation to Donate Indian Country Today Media Network Assets to NCAI"
2601:
620:
In 1949, the NCAI made charges against Federal job bias towards the Indians
411:), former first vice president of the National Congress of American Indians
3093:, this article discusses the formation of the NCAI, and Congress'reaction.
2080:, executive director (1944–48) and a specialist in American Indian affairs
3911:
3817:
3707:
3699:
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3155:
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Written by the Justice of Supreme Court of Oklahoma and published in the
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358:
227:
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1584:
1332:
640:
627:. This clause removes the ban against reservations for Alaskan Natives.
2118:
on several Hollywood films involving Native Americans and a cofounder.
2086:, executive director (1964–1967). He ended major legislative battles
1626:
1605:
1159:
529:
186:
Public affairs, ethnic and racial minority rights, cultural awareness
2351:
American Indian and World War II: Toward a New Era in Indian Affairs
708:
Protection of Indian cultural resources and religious freedom rights
705:
Support of environmental protection and natural resources management
3057:
The National Congress of American Indians : the founding years
4102:
List of U.S. communities with Native American majority populations
4030:
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
1724:
1183:
1163:
679:
542:
Expand and improve educational opportunities provided for Indians;
443:
408:
402:
390:
4717:
List of United States Supreme Court cases involving Indian tribes
2701:"National Congress of American Indians Fund - GuideStar Profile"
4367:
3159:
643:" from being used by public schools in the state of California.
3377:
Native American rights movement/Red Power movement (1968-1977)
3117:
The National Congress of American Indians: The Founding Years.
29:
2223:
The National Congress of American Indians: The Founding Years
525:, composed of tribe members, would be created to advise him.
3254:
Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas
2812:"California Becomes First State to Ban 'Redskins' Nickname"
2511:"National Congress of American Indians looks to year ahead"
4598:
County of Oneida v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York State
2262:"Native American journalist, activist Chuck Trimble dies"
3980:
Same-sex marriage in tribal nations in the United States
2485:"National Congress of American Indians convention opens"
429:(BIA) and represented many tribes. Among this group was
3131:
2390:
2388:
2353:(Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991) p. 116-119
4859:
Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act
4823:
Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act
2831:"A Brief History of Civil Rights in the United States"
2329:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. p. 106.
2327:
Singing an Indian Song: A Biography of D'Arcy McNickle
660:(NIYC). The two groups protested several conventions.
535:
In the early 21st century, key goals of the NCAI are:
4670:
City of Sherrill v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York
4550:
Oneida Indian Nation of New York v. County of Oneida
4920:
4880:
4871:
Cherokee Nation Truth in Advertising for Native Art
4725:
4526:
Federal Power Commission v. Tuscarora Indian Nation
4405:
4263:
4165:
4127:
4094:
4063:
4018:
3935:
3879:
3861:
3493:
3395:
3194:
3060:. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press.
569:. However, the Smithsonian has been uncooperative.
276:
262:
248:
234:
217:
200:
190:
182:
174:
156:
148:
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2225:. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 1999.
281:
2920:"Old Poster Goes Viral, Teaches Multiple Lessons"
2560:CityNewsOKC, Patrick B. McGuigan (June 7, 2024).
548:Increase number and quality of health facilities;
4622:Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians v. Holyfield
4330:List of Indian reservations in the United States
3995:Native American recognition in the United States
3144:title=Ending the Era of Harmful "Indian" Mascots
3119:Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 1999.
4948:Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
3076:Custer Died for Your Sins: An Indian Manifesto.
349:The executive board of the NCAI is as follows:
328:NCAI was founded in 1944 and incorporated as a
4502:United States v. Santa Fe Pacific Railroad Co.
4055:The International Indian Treaty Council (IITC)
572:In 2017, the NCAI took over the assets of the
341:Chuck Trimble was the former chief executive.
4379:
3480:Native American identity in the United States
3171:
8:
4606:South Carolina v. Catawba Indian Tribe, Inc.
4325:State-recognized tribes in the United States
4107:Modern social statistics of Native Americans
2236:"CN's Byrd re-elected to NCAI district post"
497:, making it more inclusive of tribes in the
134:
2540:Archives of Women's Political Communication
2190:
2188:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2180:
2178:
4542:McClanahan v. Arizona State Tax Commission
4386:
4372:
4364:
3301:Native Americans in the American Civil War
3178:
3164:
3156:
3136:
3086:The National Congress of American Indians.
2367:. In Ware, Susan; Braukman, Stacy (eds.).
2285:The Princeton University Library Chronicle
140:
133:
4308:Native American Medal of Honor recipients
3316:Cultural assimilation of Native Americans
2892:Silversmith, Shondiin (August 30, 2024).
2108:, and also made a speech in the congress.
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
18:The National Congress of American Indians
5080:1944 establishments in the United States
3666:Post 1887 Apache Wars period (1887–1924)
2627:"Native American Genocide or Holocaust?"
2584:
2582:
738:
5075:Organizations based in Washington, D.C.
4895:Federal recognition of Native Hawaiians
2158:"National Congress of American Indians"
2152:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2140:
69:"National Congress of American Indians"
2620:
2618:
2442:
2430:
2418:
2406:
2394:
4829:American Indian Religious Freedom Act
4646:Idaho v. Coeur d'Alene Tribe of Idaho
4399:Native Americans in the United States
4040:National Congress of American Indians
3985:Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women
3948:National Congress of American Indians
3887:American Indian Religious Freedom Act
3475:Native American disease and epidemics
3249:European colonization of the Americas
2509:KickingWoman, Kolby (March 2, 2023).
2483:Liberty, Brandi (November 13, 2023).
2478:
2476:
1548:A. Gay Kingman, Cheyenne River Sioux
513:, chairman of the House Committee on
416:Native Americans in the United States
294:National Congress of American Indians
135:National Congress of American Indians
7:
5065:Native American rights organizations
4510:Tee-Hit-Ton Indians v. United States
4045:National Indian Youth Council (NIYC)
3902:Native American people and Mormonism
3746:Northern Cheyenne Exodus (1878-1879)
2459:. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group.
364:First Vice President: Brian Weeden (
58:adding citations to reliable sources
4817:Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act
4478:Seneca Nation of Indians v. Christy
4313:List of federally recognized tribes
2855:Rickert, Levi (November 14, 2023).
2725:Rickert, Levi (November 14, 2023).
2625:Peter D'Errico (January 10, 2017).
2305:10.25290/prinunivlibrchro.67.2.0366
2297:10.25290/prinunivlibrchro.67.2.0366
2195:Rickert, Levi (November 18, 2023).
551:Settle Indian claims equitably; and
27:Native American rights organization
4076:Indigenous peoples of the Americas
4071:Black Indians in the United States
4035:Native American Rights Fund (NARF)
3311:Certificate Degree of Indian Blood
25:
5070:Organizations established in 1944
4987:National Indian Gaming Commission
4582:Merrion v. Jicarilla Apache Tribe
4446:New York ex rel. Cutler v. Dibble
4000:Native American women in politics
3351:Native Americans and World War II
3336:Indian Reorganization Act of 1934
2988:Fisher, Andrew H. (Winter 2013).
2918:Roller, Emma (October 10, 2013).
2457:The Native North American Almanac
726:In 2001, the advertising firm of
4534:Menominee Tribe v. United States
3632:Buffalo Hunters' War (1876–1877)
3620:Antelope Hills expedition (1858)
3356:American Indian boarding schools
2881:VoteRiders Partner Organizations
2092:, executive director (1984–1989)
670:Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians
554:Preserve Indian cultural values.
34:
4741:(1790,1793,1796,1799,1802,1834)
4050:Women of All Red Nations (WARN)
3112:78.3 (2009): 403–434, via JSTOR
2279:Rosier, Paul C. (Winter 2006).
887:Ruth Muskrat Bronson, Cherokee
465:, briefly held the post before
371:Secretary: Nickolaus D. Lewis (
45:needs additional citations for
4971:In the Courts of the Conqueror
4574:Santa Clara Pueblo v. Martinez
4150:Native American Pidgin English
3955:American Indian Movement (AIM)
3331:Indian Citizenship Act of 1924
3214:Archaic period in the Americas
3006:10.5403/oregonhistq.114.4.0441
1236:Charles Trimble, Oglala Sioux
1:
4853:Native American Languages Act
3848:Battle of Kelley Creek (1911)
3624:Comanche Campaign (1867–1875)
3612:Texas–Indian wars (1836–1877)
658:National Indian Youth Council
4992:Native American civil rights
4847:Indian Gaming Regulatory Act
4686:Adoptive Couple v. Baby Girl
3943:Native American civil rights
3853:Battle of Bear Valley (1918)
3838:Crazy Snake Rebellion (1909)
3833:Battle of Sugar Point (1898)
3755:Rogue River Wars (1855–1856)
3382:Native American civil rights
3078:New York: Avon Books, 1970.
2653:Indian Country Media Network
2363:Harvey, Gretchen G. (2004).
1743:Jacqueline Johnson, Tlingit
1312:Colorado River Indian Tribes
576:, which were donated by the
574:Indian Country Media Network
5007:Recognition of sacred sites
5002:Native American Rights Fund
4907:Federally recognized tribes
4787:Oklahoma Indian Welfare Act
4296:Native American politicians
4286:Native American War Leaders
3764:Puget Sound War (1855–1856)
3750:Ghost Dance War (1890–1891)
3742:Great Sioux War (1876–1877)
3738:Red Cloud's War (1866–1868)
3722:First Sioux War (1854-1856)
3650:Chiricahua Wars (1860–1886)
3372:Native American Rights Fund
2994:Oregon Historical Quarterly
2325:Parker, Dorothy R. (1992).
2129:Society of American Indians
2104:: American hero during the
1460:Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska
648:Internal policy differences
463:Colville Indian Reservation
5096:
4865:Indian Arts and Crafts Act
4422:Cherokee Nation v. Georgia
3975:Occupation of Wounded Knee
3692:Black Hawk War (1865–1872)
3680:Battle at Fort Utah (1850)
3662:Geronimo's War (1881–1886)
3658:Victorio's War (1879–1880)
3563:American Revolutionary War
3054:Cowger, Thomas W. (1999).
2971:"Previous NCAI Leadership"
1345:Edward Driving Hawk, Sioux
523:Tribal Advisory Commission
4781:Indian Reorganization Act
4708:Oklahoma v. Castro-Huerta
4566:United States v. Antelope
4343:
4157:Native American languages
3897:Native American religions
3646:Jicarilla War (1849–1855)
3628:Red River War (1874–1875)
3616:Comanche Wars (1836–1877)
3321:Indian Appropriations Act
3149:February 2, 2021, at the
3110:Pacific Historical Review
2455:Champagne, Duane (2001).
560:Embassy of Tribal Nations
558:On November 3, 2009, the
195:Embassy of Tribal Nations
139:
4933:Bureau of Indian Affairs
4835:Indian Child Welfare Act
4638:South Dakota v. Bourland
3970:Trail of Broken Treaties
3798:Hualapai War (1865–1870)
3788:Yavapai Wars (1861–1875)
3768:Coeur d'Alene War (1858)
3730:Colorado War (1863–1865)
1957:Jacqueline Johnson Pata
1943:Jacqueline Johnson Pata
1909:Jacqueline Johnson Pata
1895:Jacqueline Johnson Pata
1881:Jacqueline Johnson Pata
1864:Jacqueline Johnson Pata
1850:Jacqueline Johnson Pata
1757:, Mandan/Hidatsa/Arikara
654:American Indian Movement
427:Bureau of Indian Affairs
378:Treasurer: David Woerz (
4982:Long Walk of the Navajo
4912:State recognized tribes
4811:Indian Civil Rights Act
4145:American Indian English
4081:Louisiana Creole people
3871:Native American studies
3823:Bannock Uprising (1895)
3778:Navajo Wars (1849–1866)
3734:Powder River War (1865)
3642:Apache Wars (1849–1924)
3460:Mesoamerican literature
3455:Indigenous Peoples' Day
3264:Partus sequitur ventrem
2365:"Bronson, Ruth Muskrat"
2114:performer-lecturer and
1923:Jacqueline Johnson Pata
567:Smithsonian Institution
438:, a judge in Oklahoma.
4997:Native American gaming
4900:Legal status of Hawaii
4775:Indian Citizenship Act
4654:Idaho v. United States
4558:Bryan v. Itasca County
4494:Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock
4454:Standing Bear v. Crook
3965:Occupation of Alcatraz
3907:Native American church
3773:Mohave War (1858–1859)
3760:Yakima War (1855–1858)
3718:Sioux Wars (1854–1891)
3696:White River War (1879)
3684:Walker War (1853–1854)
3568:Cherokee–American wars
3091:Chronicles of Oklahoma
2835:library.law.howard.edu
2602:10.1037/e502062010-003
2566:Oklahoma City Sentinel
1247:Mel Tonasket, Colville
685:
412:
400:
397:Carlisle Indian School
345:Current administration
162:; 79 years ago
160:November 17, 1944
4805:Indian Relocation Act
4662:United States v. Lara
4438:Fellows v. Blacksmith
3828:Yaqui Uprising (1896)
3803:Modoc War (1872–1873)
3793:Snake War (1864–1869)
3708:Bluff Skirmish (1921)
3704:Bluff War (1914–1915)
3654:Tonto War (1871–1875)
3405:Mississippian culture
3368:Civil rights movement
3269:Five Civilized Tribes
2349:Alison R. Bernstein.
2240:Tahlequah Daily Press
1579:Michael J. Anderson,
1199:Franklin Ducheneaux,
830:Ruth Muskrat Bronson
816:Ruth Muskrat Bronson
802:Ruth Muskrat Bronson
788:Ruth Muskrat Bronson
765:Napoleon B. Johnson,
683:
481:), a veteran of both
406:
394:
175:Registration no.
4430:Worcester v. Georgia
3843:Last Massacre (1911)
3808:Nez Perce War (1877)
3676:Ute Wars (1850–1923)
3573:Northwest Indian War
3326:Racial Integrity Act
2078:Ruth Muskrat Bronson
1544:Cheyenne River Sioux
1508:San Ildefonso Pueblo
1489:Reuben A. Snake, Jr.
1475:Reuben A. Snake, Jr.
1456:Reuben A. Snake, Jr.
1201:Cheyenne River Sioux
772:Ruth Muskrat Bronson
625:Alaska Statehood Act
578:Oneida Indian Nation
448:Ruth Muskrat Bronson
254:Nickolaus D. Lewis (
236:First Vice President
54:improve this article
4977:Indian reservations
4938:Cherokee Commission
4414:Johnson v. McIntosh
4119:Reservation poverty
4064:Ethnic subdivisions
3936:Political movements
3597:Second Seminole War
3508:Anglo-Powhatan Wars
2818:. October 12, 2015.
2445:, pp. 111–112.
2433:, pp. 110–111.
2112:Nipo T. Strongheart
1836:Jacqueline Johnson
1822:Jacqueline Johnson
1802:Jacqueline Johnson
1788:Jacqueline Johnson
1782:Fort Lauderdale, FL
1774:Jacqueline Johnson
1760:Jacqueline Johnson
1663:Jamestown S’Klallam
1575:Lac Courte Oreilles
1559:Wayne L. Ducheneaux
1540:Wayne L. Ducheneaux
1366:Edward Driving Hawk
1328:Veronica L. Murdock
1304:Veronica L. Murdock
1092:Standing Rock Sioux
754:Executive Director
741:
436:Napoleon B. Johnson
136:
5037:Self-determination
5032:Tribal sovereignty
4958:Eagle-bone whistle
4751:Indian Removal Act
4739:Nonintercourse Act
4733:Blood quantum laws
4700:McGirt v. Oklahoma
4020:Civic and economic
4005:Tribal sovereignty
3960:Red Power Movement
3927:Longhouse Religion
3862:Education, science
3813:Bannock War (1878)
3607:American Civil War
3558:Lord Dunmore's War
3346:Blood quantum laws
3229:Post-Classic stage
3115:Cowger, Thomas W.
3074:Deloria, Vine Jr.
2951:. October 10, 2013
2861:Native News Online
2792:. February 2, 2024
2731:Native News Online
2680:Native News Online
2637:on March 24, 2022.
2242:. October 26, 2017
2221:Cowger, Thomas W.
2201:Native News Online
2106:battle of Iwo Jima
1600:Rachel A. Joseph,
1528:Suzan Shown Harjo
1513:Suzan Shown Harjo
1492:Suzan Shown Harjo
1478:Suzan Shown Harjo
1464:Suzan Shown Harjo
1286:Salt Lake City, UT
1144:Vine Deloria, Jr.
1124:Vine Deloria, Jr.
1110:Vine Deloria, Jr.
963:Salt Lake City, UT
855:Minnesota Chippewa
739:
686:
413:
401:
318:sovereign entities
5052:
5051:
4953:Eagle feather law
4887:State recognition
4678:Cobell v. Salazar
4590:Solem v. Bartlett
4462:Ex parte Crow Dog
4361:
4360:
3892:Eagle feather law
3783:Paiute War (1860)
3726:Dakota War (1862)
3688:Tintic War (1856)
3602:Osage Indian War
3533:King Philip's War
3102:
3094:
3081:
3067:978-0-8032-1502-3
3050:
2705:www.guidestar.org
2655:. October 4, 2017
2594:PsycEXTRA Dataset
2378:978-0-674-01488-6
2116:technical advisor
2098:: founding member
2090:Susan Shown Harjo
2084:Vine Deloria, Jr.
2069:
2068:
1556:San Francisco, CA
1522:Oklahoma City, OK
1435:Suzan Shown Harjo
1331:Andrew E. Ebona,
1215:Red Lake Chippewa
1118:Oklahoma City, OK
1106:San Carlos Apache
1104:Clarence Wesley,
915:Joseph R. Garry,
796:Oklahoma City, OK
748:Meeting location
366:Mashpee Wampanoag
290:
289:
242:Mashpee Wampanoag
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
5087:
4928:Aboriginal title
4745:Civilization Act
4681:(D.C. Cir. 2009)
4388:
4381:
4374:
4365:
4271:Native Americans
4140:American English
3713:Posey War (1923)
3430:Iroquois culture
3296:Indian Territory
3244:Age of Discovery
3180:
3173:
3166:
3157:
3140:
3135:
3134:
3132:Official website
3100:
3088:
3079:
3071:
3048:
3033:
3032:
3030:
3028:
2985:
2979:
2978:
2967:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2956:
2941:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2930:
2915:
2909:
2908:
2906:
2904:
2889:
2883:
2878:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2867:
2852:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2841:
2826:
2820:
2819:
2808:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2797:
2782:
2776:
2775:
2773:
2771:
2757:
2751:
2748:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2737:
2722:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2711:
2697:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2686:
2671:
2665:
2664:
2662:
2660:
2645:
2639:
2638:
2633:. Archived from
2622:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2608:
2586:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2572:
2557:
2551:
2550:
2548:
2546:
2532:
2526:
2525:
2523:
2521:
2506:
2500:
2499:
2497:
2495:
2480:
2471:
2470:
2452:
2446:
2440:
2434:
2428:
2422:
2416:
2410:
2404:
2398:
2392:
2383:
2382:
2360:
2354:
2347:
2341:
2340:
2322:
2316:
2315:
2313:
2311:
2276:
2270:
2269:
2258:
2252:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2232:
2226:
2219:
2213:
2212:
2210:
2208:
2192:
2173:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2154:
1999:Jacqueline Pata
1985:Jacqueline Pata
1971:Jacqueline Pata
1931:Atlanta, Georgia
1875:Jefferson Keel,
1858:Palm Springs, CA
1703:Palm Springs, CA
1689:Myrtle Beach, SC
1625:JoAnn K. Chase,
1348:Ronald Andrade,
1317:Charles Trimble
1292:Charles Trimble
1278:Charles Trimble
1264:Charles Trimble
1250:Charles Trimble
1140:Mescalero Apache
1088:Vine Deloria Jr.
1028:Robert Burnett,
870:John C. Rainer,
849:St. Regis Mohawk
742:
740:Past leadership
286:
283:
208:Washington, D.C.
170:
168:
163:
144:
137:
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
5095:
5094:
5090:
5089:
5088:
5086:
5085:
5084:
5055:
5054:
5053:
5048:
4965:Hunting license
4916:
4885:
4876:
4793:Nationality Act
4721:
4694:Sharp v. Murphy
4614:Hodel v. Irving
4518:Williams v. Lee
4486:Talton v. Mayes
4401:
4392:
4362:
4357:
4339:
4259:
4161:
4123:
4090:
4059:
4023:
4021:
4014:
3931:
3875:
3863:
3857:
3818:Crow War (1887)
3489:
3415:Hohokam culture
3391:
3234:Woodland period
3219:Formative stage
3190:
3187:Native American
3184:
3151:Wayback Machine
3130:
3129:
3126:
3068:
3053:
3042:
3037:
3036:
3026:
3024:
2987:
2986:
2982:
2969:
2968:
2964:
2954:
2952:
2943:
2942:
2938:
2928:
2926:
2917:
2916:
2912:
2902:
2900:
2891:
2890:
2886:
2879:
2875:
2865:
2863:
2854:
2853:
2849:
2839:
2837:
2829:Henry, Carmel.
2828:
2827:
2823:
2810:
2809:
2805:
2795:
2793:
2784:
2783:
2779:
2769:
2767:
2759:
2758:
2754:
2749:
2745:
2735:
2733:
2724:
2723:
2719:
2709:
2707:
2699:
2698:
2694:
2684:
2682:
2674:Rickert, Levi.
2673:
2672:
2668:
2658:
2656:
2647:
2646:
2642:
2624:
2623:
2616:
2606:
2604:
2588:
2587:
2580:
2570:
2568:
2559:
2558:
2554:
2544:
2542:
2534:
2533:
2529:
2519:
2517:
2508:
2507:
2503:
2493:
2491:
2482:
2481:
2474:
2467:
2454:
2453:
2449:
2441:
2437:
2429:
2425:
2417:
2413:
2405:
2401:
2393:
2386:
2379:
2362:
2361:
2357:
2348:
2344:
2337:
2324:
2323:
2319:
2309:
2307:
2278:
2277:
2273:
2260:
2259:
2255:
2245:
2243:
2234:
2233:
2229:
2220:
2216:
2206:
2204:
2194:
2193:
2176:
2166:
2164:
2156:
2155:
2142:
2137:
2125:
2074:
2072:Notable members
2059:New Orleans, LA
2051:Jefferson Keel
2007:Albuquerque, NM
1982:Brian Cladoosby
1968:Brian Cladoosby
1954:Brian Cladoosby
1935:Brian Cladoosby
1872:Albuquerque, NM
1768:Albuquerque, NM
1729:JoAnn K. Chase
1709:JoAnn K. Chase
1695:JoAnn K. Chase
1681:JoAnn K. Chase
1667:JoAnn K. Chase
1650:JoAnn K. Chase
1562:A. Gay Kingman
1536:Albuquerque, NM
1431:Joseph DeLaCruz
1417:Silas Whitman,
1414:Joseph DeLaCruz
1403:Ronald Andrade
1400:Joseph DeLaCruz
1389:Ronald Andrade
1381:Joseph DeLaCruz
1369:Ronald Andrade
1342:Albuquerque, NM
1196:Earl Old Person
1177:Earl Old Person
1173:Albuquerque, NM
1121:Clarence Wesley
1073:Robert Burnett
1059:Robert Burnett
1045:Robert Burnett
1022:Walter Wetzel,
1011:Helen Peterson
1008:Joseph R. Garry
997:Helen Peterson
994:Joseph R. Garry
983:Helen Peterson
980:Joseph R. Garry
969:Helen Peterson
966:Joseph R. Garry
955:Helen Peterson
952:Joseph R. Garry
941:Helen Peterson
938:Joseph R. Garry
853:Edward Rogers,
852:
737:
735:Past leadership
678:
666:Cherokee Nation
650:
614:
590:
519:Insular Affairs
431:D'Arcy McNickle
389:
347:
326:
302:American Indian
280:
265:
251:
237:
220:
213:
166:
164:
161:
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5093:
5091:
5083:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5057:
5056:
5050:
5049:
5047:
5046:
5041:
5040:
5039:
5029:
5024:
5022:Trail of Tears
5019:
5014:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4967:
4962:
4961:
4960:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4924:
4922:
4918:
4917:
4915:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4903:
4902:
4891:
4889:
4878:
4877:
4875:
4874:
4868:
4862:
4856:
4850:
4844:
4838:
4832:
4826:
4820:
4814:
4808:
4802:
4799:Public Law 280
4796:
4790:
4784:
4778:
4772:
4766:
4760:
4754:
4748:
4742:
4736:
4735:(1705 onwards)
4729:
4727:
4723:
4722:
4720:
4719:
4713:
4712:
4704:
4690:
4682:
4674:
4666:
4658:
4650:
4642:
4634:
4626:
4618:
4610:
4602:
4594:
4586:
4578:
4570:
4562:
4554:
4546:
4538:
4530:
4522:
4514:
4506:
4498:
4490:
4482:
4474:
4470:Elk v. Wilkins
4466:
4458:
4457:(D. Neb. 1879)
4450:
4442:
4434:
4426:
4418:
4409:
4407:
4403:
4402:
4393:
4391:
4390:
4383:
4376:
4368:
4359:
4358:
4356:
4355:
4350:
4344:
4341:
4340:
4338:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4321:
4320:
4310:
4305:
4304:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4267:
4265:
4261:
4260:
4258:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4235:North Carolina
4232:
4227:
4222:
4221:
4220:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4169:
4167:
4163:
4162:
4160:
4159:
4154:
4153:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4131:
4129:
4125:
4124:
4122:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4110:
4109:
4098:
4096:
4092:
4091:
4089:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4067:
4065:
4061:
4060:
4058:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4026:
4024:
4019:
4016:
4015:
4013:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3951:
3950:
3939:
3937:
3933:
3932:
3930:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3883:
3881:
3877:
3876:
3874:
3873:
3867:
3865:
3864:and technology
3859:
3858:
3856:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3757:
3752:
3715:
3710:
3700:Ute War (1887)
3673:
3668:
3639:
3634:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3523:Peach Tree War
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3499:
3497:
3491:
3490:
3488:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3420:Plains Indians
3417:
3412:
3407:
3401:
3399:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3389:
3387:Discrimination
3384:
3379:
3374:
3365:
3364:
3363:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3291:Trail of Tears
3288:
3286:Indian removal
3283:
3282:
3281:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3200:
3198:
3192:
3191:
3185:
3183:
3182:
3175:
3168:
3160:
3154:
3153:
3141:
3125:
3124:External links
3122:
3121:
3120:
3113:
3103:
3095:
3084:Johnson, N B.
3082:
3072:
3066:
3051:
3041:
3038:
3035:
3034:
3000:(4): 441–452.
2980:
2962:
2936:
2910:
2898:Arizona Mirror
2884:
2873:
2847:
2821:
2803:
2777:
2765:www.doa.nc.gov
2752:
2743:
2717:
2692:
2666:
2640:
2614:
2578:
2552:
2527:
2501:
2472:
2466:978-0787616557
2465:
2447:
2435:
2423:
2411:
2399:
2384:
2377:
2355:
2342:
2336:978-0803236875
2335:
2317:
2271:
2253:
2227:
2214:
2174:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2132:
2131:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2119:
2109:
2099:
2093:
2087:
2081:
2073:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2062:Mark Macarro,
2060:
2057:
2053:
2052:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2028:
2027:
2021:
2019:
2015:
2014:
2011:
2010:Jefferson Keel
2008:
2005:
2001:
2000:
1997:
1996:Jefferson Keel
1994:
1991:
1987:
1986:
1983:
1980:
1977:
1973:
1972:
1969:
1966:
1963:
1959:
1958:
1955:
1952:
1949:
1945:
1944:
1941:
1932:
1929:
1925:
1924:
1921:
1920:Jefferson Keel
1918:
1915:
1911:
1910:
1907:
1906:Jefferson Keel
1904:
1903:Sacramento, CA
1901:
1897:
1896:
1893:
1892:Jefferson Keel
1890:
1887:
1883:
1882:
1879:
1873:
1870:
1866:
1865:
1862:
1859:
1856:
1852:
1851:
1848:
1845:
1842:
1838:
1837:
1834:
1831:
1828:
1824:
1823:
1820:
1811:
1810:Sacramento, CA
1808:
1804:
1803:
1800:
1797:
1794:
1790:
1789:
1786:
1783:
1780:
1776:
1775:
1772:
1769:
1766:
1762:
1761:
1758:
1752:
1749:
1745:
1744:
1741:
1738:
1735:
1731:
1730:
1727:
1718:
1715:
1711:
1710:
1707:
1704:
1701:
1697:
1696:
1693:
1690:
1687:
1683:
1682:
1679:
1676:
1673:
1669:
1668:
1665:
1661:W. Ron Allen,
1659:
1656:
1652:
1651:
1648:
1645:
1642:
1638:
1637:
1623:
1620:
1617:
1613:
1612:
1598:
1595:
1592:
1588:
1587:
1577:
1571:
1568:
1564:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1550:
1549:
1546:
1537:
1534:
1530:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1520:
1516:
1515:
1510:
1501:
1500:Sioux City, SD
1498:
1494:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1480:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1470:
1466:
1465:
1462:
1453:
1450:
1446:
1445:
1432:
1429:
1426:
1422:
1421:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1405:
1404:
1401:
1398:
1395:
1391:
1390:
1387:
1378:
1375:
1371:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1357:
1356:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1336:
1335:
1329:
1326:
1325:Rapid City, SD
1323:
1319:
1318:
1315:
1301:
1298:
1294:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1280:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1266:
1265:
1262:
1259:
1256:
1252:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1238:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1224:
1223:
1217:
1213:Leon F. Cook,
1211:
1208:
1204:
1203:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1187:
1186:
1182:Bruce Wilkie,
1180:
1174:
1171:
1167:
1166:
1158:John Belindo,
1156:
1153:
1150:
1146:
1145:
1142:
1133:
1130:
1126:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1116:
1112:
1111:
1108:
1102:
1101:Scottsdale, AZ
1099:
1095:
1094:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1075:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1061:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1047:
1046:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1033:
1032:
1026:
1020:
1017:
1013:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1003:
999:
998:
995:
992:
989:
985:
984:
981:
978:
975:
971:
970:
967:
964:
961:
957:
956:
953:
950:
947:
943:
942:
939:
936:
933:
929:
928:
922:Helen Peterson
919:
913:
910:
906:
905:
901:Frank George,
899:
896:
893:
889:
888:
885:
882:
879:
875:
874:
868:
865:
864:Bellingham, WA
862:
858:
857:
845:Louis R. Bruce
842:
839:
838:Rapid City, SD
836:
832:
831:
828:
825:
822:
818:
817:
814:
811:
808:
804:
803:
800:
797:
794:
790:
789:
786:
783:
780:
776:
775:
769:
763:
760:
756:
755:
752:
749:
746:
736:
733:
724:
723:
716:
713:
709:
706:
703:
700:
697:
677:
676:Ongoing issues
674:
656:(AIM) and the
649:
646:
645:
644:
637:
634:
631:
628:
621:
613:
610:
609:
608:
604:
601:
598:
589:
586:
556:
555:
552:
549:
546:
543:
540:
467:Helen Peterson
388:
385:
384:
383:
376:
369:
362:
346:
343:
325:
322:
316:and status as
288:
287:
278:
274:
273:
266:
263:
260:
259:
252:
249:
246:
245:
240:Brian Weeden (
238:
235:
232:
231:
221:
218:
215:
214:
212:
211:
204:
202:
198:
197:
192:
188:
187:
184:
180:
179:
178:EIN 53-0210846
176:
172:
171:
158:
154:
153:
150:
146:
145:
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5092:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5062:
5060:
5045:
5042:
5038:
5035:
5034:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5027:Treaty rights
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5012:Seminole Wars
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4972:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4959:
4956:
4955:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4925:
4923:
4919:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4901:
4898:
4897:
4896:
4893:
4892:
4890:
4888:
4883:
4879:
4872:
4869:
4866:
4863:
4860:
4857:
4854:
4851:
4848:
4845:
4842:
4839:
4836:
4833:
4830:
4827:
4824:
4821:
4818:
4815:
4812:
4809:
4806:
4803:
4800:
4797:
4794:
4791:
4788:
4785:
4782:
4779:
4776:
4773:
4770:
4767:
4764:
4761:
4758:
4755:
4752:
4749:
4746:
4743:
4740:
4737:
4734:
4731:
4730:
4728:
4724:
4718:
4715:
4714:
4710:
4709:
4705:
4702:
4701:
4696:
4695:
4691:
4688:
4687:
4683:
4680:
4679:
4675:
4672:
4671:
4667:
4664:
4663:
4659:
4656:
4655:
4651:
4648:
4647:
4643:
4640:
4639:
4635:
4632:
4631:
4630:Duro v. Reina
4627:
4624:
4623:
4619:
4616:
4615:
4611:
4608:
4607:
4603:
4600:
4599:
4595:
4592:
4591:
4587:
4584:
4583:
4579:
4576:
4575:
4571:
4568:
4567:
4563:
4560:
4559:
4555:
4552:
4551:
4547:
4544:
4543:
4539:
4536:
4535:
4531:
4528:
4527:
4523:
4520:
4519:
4515:
4512:
4511:
4507:
4504:
4503:
4499:
4496:
4495:
4491:
4488:
4487:
4483:
4480:
4479:
4475:
4472:
4471:
4467:
4464:
4463:
4459:
4456:
4455:
4451:
4448:
4447:
4443:
4440:
4439:
4435:
4432:
4431:
4427:
4424:
4423:
4419:
4416:
4415:
4411:
4410:
4408:
4404:
4400:
4396:
4389:
4384:
4382:
4377:
4375:
4370:
4369:
4366:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4345:
4342:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4319:
4316:
4315:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4273:
4272:
4269:
4268:
4266:
4262:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4219:
4216:
4215:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4170:
4168:
4166:By state/city
4164:
4158:
4155:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4137:
4136:
4133:
4132:
4130:
4126:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4108:
4105:
4104:
4103:
4100:
4099:
4097:
4093:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4068:
4066:
4062:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4027:
4025:
4017:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3990:
3989:Red handprint
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3949:
3946:
3945:
3944:
3941:
3940:
3938:
3934:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3884:
3882:
3878:
3872:
3869:
3868:
3866:
3860:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3765:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3594:
3593:Seminole Wars
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3553:Pontiac's War
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3538:Tuscarora War
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3500:
3498:
3496:
3492:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3470:Neighborhoods
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3410:Adena culture
3408:
3406:
3403:
3402:
3400:
3398:
3394:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3369:
3366:
3362:
3359:
3358:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3341:Jim Crow laws
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3280:
3277:
3276:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3224:Classic stage
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3204:Paleo-Indians
3202:
3201:
3199:
3197:
3193:
3188:
3181:
3176:
3174:
3169:
3167:
3162:
3161:
3158:
3152:
3148:
3145:
3142:
3139:
3133:
3128:
3127:
3123:
3118:
3114:
3111:
3107:
3104:
3099:
3096:
3092:
3087:
3083:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3063:
3059:
3058:
3052:
3047:
3044:
3043:
3039:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2984:
2981:
2976:
2972:
2966:
2963:
2950:
2949:Latino Rebels
2946:
2940:
2937:
2925:
2921:
2914:
2911:
2899:
2895:
2888:
2885:
2882:
2877:
2874:
2862:
2858:
2851:
2848:
2836:
2832:
2825:
2822:
2817:
2813:
2807:
2804:
2791:
2787:
2781:
2778:
2766:
2762:
2756:
2753:
2747:
2744:
2732:
2728:
2721:
2718:
2706:
2702:
2696:
2693:
2681:
2677:
2670:
2667:
2654:
2650:
2644:
2641:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2621:
2619:
2615:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2585:
2583:
2579:
2567:
2563:
2556:
2553:
2541:
2537:
2531:
2528:
2516:
2512:
2505:
2502:
2490:
2486:
2479:
2477:
2473:
2468:
2462:
2458:
2451:
2448:
2444:
2439:
2436:
2432:
2427:
2424:
2421:, p. 69.
2420:
2415:
2412:
2409:, p. 53.
2408:
2403:
2400:
2397:, p. 74.
2396:
2391:
2389:
2385:
2380:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2359:
2356:
2352:
2346:
2343:
2338:
2332:
2328:
2321:
2318:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2275:
2272:
2267:
2263:
2257:
2254:
2241:
2237:
2231:
2228:
2224:
2218:
2215:
2202:
2198:
2191:
2189:
2187:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2179:
2175:
2163:
2159:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2145:
2141:
2134:
2130:
2127:
2126:
2122:
2117:
2113:
2110:
2107:
2103:
2100:
2097:
2094:
2091:
2088:
2085:
2082:
2079:
2076:
2075:
2071:
2065:
2061:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2041:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2026:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2016:
2012:
2009:
2006:
2003:
2002:
1998:
1995:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1984:
1981:
1979:Milwaukee, WI
1978:
1975:
1974:
1970:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1956:
1953:
1951:San Diego, CA
1950:
1947:
1946:
1942:
1940:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1922:
1919:
1916:
1913:
1912:
1908:
1905:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1894:
1891:
1888:
1885:
1884:
1880:
1878:
1874:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1863:
1861:Joe A. Garcia
1860:
1857:
1854:
1853:
1849:
1847:Joe A. Garcia
1846:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1835:
1833:Joe A. Garcia
1832:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1821:
1819:
1818:Ohkay Owingeh
1815:
1814:Joe A. Garcia
1812:
1809:
1806:
1805:
1801:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1791:
1787:
1784:
1781:
1778:
1777:
1773:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1763:
1759:
1756:
1753:
1751:San Diego, CA
1750:
1747:
1746:
1742:
1739:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1728:
1726:
1722:
1719:
1716:
1713:
1712:
1708:
1705:
1702:
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65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
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43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
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4841:Diminishment
4706:
4698:
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4114:Reservations
4095:Demographics
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3766: /
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3548:Dummer's War
3370: /
3209:Lithic stage
3116:
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3045:
3040:Bibliography
3025:. Retrieved
2997:
2993:
2983:
2975:www.ncai.org
2974:
2965:
2953:. Retrieved
2948:
2939:
2927:. Retrieved
2923:
2913:
2903:September 3,
2901:. Retrieved
2897:
2887:
2876:
2866:November 15,
2864:. Retrieved
2860:
2850:
2840:September 3,
2838:. Retrieved
2834:
2824:
2815:
2806:
2796:September 3,
2794:. Retrieved
2790:www.fema.gov
2789:
2780:
2770:September 3,
2768:. Retrieved
2764:
2755:
2746:
2736:September 3,
2734:. Retrieved
2730:
2720:
2710:September 3,
2708:. Retrieved
2704:
2695:
2683:. Retrieved
2679:
2669:
2657:. Retrieved
2652:
2643:
2635:the original
2630:
2605:. Retrieved
2593:
2571:September 3,
2569:. Retrieved
2565:
2555:
2545:September 3,
2543:. Retrieved
2539:
2530:
2520:September 3,
2518:. Retrieved
2514:
2504:
2494:September 3,
2492:. Retrieved
2488:
2456:
2450:
2438:
2426:
2414:
2402:
2368:
2358:
2350:
2345:
2326:
2320:
2308:. Retrieved
2288:
2284:
2274:
2266:Star Tribune
2265:
2256:
2244:. Retrieved
2239:
2230:
2222:
2217:
2205:. Retrieved
2203:. Yahoo News
2200:
2165:. Retrieved
2161:
2023:Fawn Sharp,
2013:Kevin Allis
1889:Portland, OR
1740:Susan Masten
1721:Susan Masten
1717:St. Paul, MN
1706:W. Ron Allen
1692:W. Ron Allen
1678:W. Ron Allen
1675:Santa Fe, NM
1512:
1397:Bismarck, ND
1289:Mel Tonasket
1275:Mel Tonasket
1272:Portland, OR
1261:Mel Tonasket
1233:Leon F. Cook
1230:Sarasota, FL
1221:Oglala Sioux
1132:Portland, OR
1081:Sheridan, WY
1067:Bismarck, ND
1053:Cherokee, NC
1039:Lewiston, ID
991:Missoula, MT
898:N.B. Johnson
884:N.B. Johnson
881:St. Paul, MN
867:N.B. Johnson
841:N.B. Johnson
827:N.B. Johnson
813:N.B. Johnson
810:Santa Fe, NM
799:N.B. Johnson
785:N.B. Johnson
782:Browning, MT
728:DeVito/Verdi
725:
687:
662:
651:
615:
612:Achievements
591:
588:Constitution
583:
571:
564:
557:
534:
527:
511:Morris Udall
507:
491:Great Plains
483:World War II
456:
424:
420:
414:
355:Mark Macarro
348:
340:
337:
327:
324:Organization
297:
293:
291:
224:Mark Macarro
191:Headquarters
149:Abbreviation
131:
116:
110:October 2020
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
4943:Dawes Rolls
4726:Legislation
3922:Sweat lodge
3588:Arikara War
3578:War of 1812
3543:Yamasee War
3528:Esopus Wars
3518:Kieft's War
3503:Beaver Wars
3425:Anishinaabe
3306:Dawes Rolls
2659:January 20,
2489:Verite News
2443:Cowger 1999
2431:Cowger 1999
2419:Cowger 1999
2407:Cowger 1999
2395:Cowger 1999
2096:J. B. Milam
1965:Phoenix, AZ
1844:Phoenix, AZ
1755:Tex G. Hall
1737:Spokane, WA
1658:Phoenix, AZ
1647:gaiashkibos
1622:gaiashkibos
1597:gaiashkibos
1472:Phoenix, AZ
1428:Spokane, WA
1363:Spokane, WA
1179:, Blackfeet
1005:Phoenix, AZ
949:Spokane, WA
912:Phoenix, AZ
872:Taos Pueblo
774:, Cherokee
607:membership.
440:Dan Madrano
353:President:
5059:Categories
5017:Survivance
4763:Curtis Act
4188:California
4086:Pretendian
3637:Cayuse War
3513:Pequot War
3361:gravesites
3027:August 22,
2955:January 7,
2929:August 31,
2685:January 7,
2310:January 7,
2291:(2): 368.
2246:January 7,
2207:January 7,
2167:January 7,
2135:References
2048:Fawn Sharp
2036:Fawn Sharp
1993:Denver, CO
1830:Denver, CO
1619:Denver, CO
1300:Dallas, TX
1019:Denver, CO
895:Denver, CO
824:Denver, CO
762:Denver, CO
751:President
720:VoteRiders
487:Korean War
167:1944-11-17
80:newspapers
4769:Burke Act
4757:Dawes Act
4335:Massacres
4291:musicians
4255:Wisconsin
4218:Baltimore
4128:Languages
4010:Land Back
3917:Sun Dance
3583:Creek War
3279:ownership
3022:159734621
3014:0030-4727
2162:GuideStar
2102:Ira Hayes
1939:Swinomish
1917:Tulsa, OK
1877:Chickasaw
1796:Tulsa, OK
1486:Tampa, FL
1452:Tulsa, OK
1419:Nez Perce
1244:Tulsa, OK
1152:Omaha, NE
1024:Blackfeet
935:Omaha, NE
503:Northwest
495:Southwest
461:from the
459:Nez Perce
380:Chickasaw
333:nonprofit
330:501(c)(4)
270:Chickasaw
264:Treasurer
250:Secretary
219:President
157:Formation
4406:Case law
4348:Category
4318:by state
4250:Virginia
4240:Oklahoma
4230:Nebraska
4225:Michigan
4213:Maryland
4193:Colorado
3912:Smudging
3880:Religion
3671:Yuma War
3259:Genocide
3147:Archived
2816:NBC News
2631:Ict News
2607:March 9,
2596:. 2009.
2515:ICT News
2123:See also
2064:Pechanga
2025:Quinault
1799:Tex Hall
1785:Tex Hall
1771:Tex Hall
1602:Shoshone
1594:Reno, NV
1443:Muscogee
1439:Cheyenne
1385:Quinault
1354:Kumeyaay
1210:Reno, NV
903:Colville
767:Cherokee
668:and the
641:redskins
515:Interior
493:and the
485:and the
471:Cheyenne
452:Cherokee
359:Pechanga
300:) is an
228:Pechanga
201:Location
4921:Related
4882:Federal
4301:writers
4276:artists
4198:Florida
4183:Arizona
4135:English
3485:Pow wow
3465:Fashion
3397:Culture
3274:Slavery
3196:History
1635:Arikara
1631:Hidatsa
1585:Choctaw
1350:Luiseño
1333:Tlingit
712:Country
499:Midwest
387:History
277:Website
183:Purpose
165: (
94:scholar
4873:(2008)
4867:(1990)
4861:(1990)
4855:(1990)
4849:(1988)
4843:(1984)
4837:(1978)
4831:(1978)
4825:(1975)
4819:(1971)
4813:(1968)
4807:(1956)
4801:(1953)
4795:(1940)
4789:(1936)
4783:(1934)
4777:(1924)
4771:(1906)
4765:(1898)
4759:(1887)
4753:(1830)
4747:(1819)
4711:(2022)
4703:(2020)
4689:(2013)
4673:(2005)
4665:(2004)
4657:(2001)
4649:(1997)
4641:(1993)
4633:(1990)
4625:(1989)
4617:(1987)
4609:(1986)
4601:(1985)
4593:(1984)
4585:(1982)
4577:(1978)
4569:(1977)
4561:(1976)
4553:(1974)
4545:(1973)
4537:(1968)
4529:(1960)
4521:(1959)
4513:(1955)
4505:(1941)
4497:(1903)
4489:(1896)
4481:(1896)
4473:(1884)
4465:(1883)
4449:(1858)
4441:(1857)
4433:(1832)
4425:(1831)
4417:(1823)
4395:Rights
4353:Portal
4281:actors
4245:Oregon
4203:Hawaii
4178:Alaska
4022:groups
3189:topics
3064:
3020:
3012:
2463:
2375:
2333:
2303:
1627:Mandan
1606:Paiute
1308:Mohave
1160:Navajo
695:elders
530:NAGPRA
475:Lakota
309:rights
210:, U.S.
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
4264:Lists
3445:Music
3239:Trade
3018:S2CID
2924:Slate
2301:JSTOR
1725:Yurok
1581:Creek
1184:Makah
1164:Kiowa
745:Year
444:Caddo
409:Kiowa
373:Lummi
256:Lummi
101:JSTOR
87:books
4208:Iowa
4173:List
3495:Wars
3450:Film
3440:Food
3062:ISBN
3029:2014
3010:ISSN
2957:2024
2931:2016
2905:2024
2868:2023
2842:2024
2798:2024
2772:2024
2738:2024
2712:2024
2687:2024
2661:2018
2609:2023
2573:2024
2547:2024
2522:2024
2496:2024
2461:ISBN
2373:ISBN
2331:ISBN
2312:2024
2248:2024
2209:2024
2169:2024
2056:2023
2043:2022
2031:2021
2018:2020
2004:2019
1990:2018
1976:2017
1962:2016
1948:2015
1928:2014
1914:2013
1900:2012
1886:2011
1869:2010
1855:2009
1841:2008
1827:2007
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1793:2005
1779:2004
1765:2003
1748:2002
1734:2001
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1610:Mono
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1408:1983
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1078:1964
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1050:1962
1036:1961
1016:1960
1002:1959
988:1958
974:1957
960:1956
946:1955
932:1954
909:1953
892:1952
878:1951
861:1950
835:1949
821:1948
807:1947
793:1946
779:1945
759:1944
517:and
501:and
304:and
298:NCAI
292:The
284:.org
282:ncai
152:NCAI
73:news
4884:and
4697:and
4397:of
3435:Art
3002:doi
2998:114
2598:doi
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