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239:, began publication of a new weekly magazine. It ran from 1898 to 1903 as The New Penny Magazine, from 1903 to January 1925 as The Penny Magazine and from February 1925 to August 1925, as Cassell's Popular Magazine. There were numerous illustrations and each volume, when sold as a bound book, contained the issues for three months. It was initially called
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resulted in a whole front page being dedicated to a single picture. These images would often vary between machinery and animals. The popularity of illustrations and Knight’s desire for sales resulted in certain covers becoming scientifically inaccurate, for example an illustration of "The Boa
52:, which started two months earlier. Sold for only a penny and illustrated with wood-engravings, it was an expensive enterprise that could only be supported by very large circulation. Though initially very successful—with a circulation of 200,000 in the first year—it proved too dry and too
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Constrictor" (October 27, 1832) showed the creature attacking its prey with fangs drawn even though the reptile suffocates its prey. Austin argues that the idea of the snake striking at its prey was more likely to stir the reader’s emotions and entice them into purchasing the magazine.
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was significant as this meant that "the working classes expected parliamentary authority to consider the laboring community's complaints" and that such questioning of authority led to a "public shift toward rational inquiry" which could be found within the pages of
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made it a financially viable option for the working-class audience it was intended for. Thus based on price alone there were few direct competitors for the periodical to be challenged by. The only direct competitor in this price range in 1832 was the
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caused Knight to lose significant market share whilst simultaneously having to pay more for illustrations to compete with other publishers. By 1833 Knight was paying over £20,000 per annum, forcing him to raise the price of the magazine to
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alternative, to attract readers to his publication. Knight also had an advantage, due to being based inside London, he had access to a number of skilled engravers such as
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was highly successful in building an audience selling over 200,000 copies in 1832 with an estimation of nearly one million readers that year and easily outselling other
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The use of pictures was also advantageous with the magazine’s target market as over 75% of school children were illiterate and another 300,000 did not attend
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and A.L. Austin was the role of ‘non-radical information’. Austin states that the timing of the publication of the periodical in the same year as the
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audience it needed to be financially viable. Its competitor—which included a weekly short story—grew more slowly, but lasted much longer.
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The illustrations became highly popular with Knight’s target audience as shown by the fact 1,887 illustrated articles were published in
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212:’s early success, which would lead to financial problems. Despite the production of an accompanying encyclopedia,
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throughout its years of publication. The publisher
Charles Knight favoured using the new reproductive medium of
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Austin, April Louise (2010). "Illustrating
Animals for the Working Classes: The Penny Magazine (1832-1845)".
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Bennett, Scott (1984). "The
Editorial Character and Readership of 'The Penny Magazine': An Analysis".
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between the years of 1832 and 1845. The significant commercial value of illustrations for
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Sensation: The Extraordinary Publication, Reception, and Secret Authorship of
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An additional factor in the early success of the magazine was the consistent use of
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The
English Common Reader: A Social History of the Mass Reading Public, 1800-1900
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The
English Common Reader: A Social History of the Mass Reading Public, 1800–1900
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Vestiges of the
Natural History of Creation. University of Chicago Press, 2000.
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Haggerty, Martin (2008). "Review: Restoring Faith in a
Practical Idealist".
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History of
Information Online: Charles Knight & The Penny Magazine
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There were several contributing factors behind this early success for
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Science and technology magazines published in the United
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among others. It was through his association with inventor
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to avoid confusion with the earlier, The Penny Magazine.
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Another aspect of its success as suggested by historians
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Ultimately it would be these illustrations, so vital to
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418:. Columbus: Ohio State University Press. p. 168.
522:Defunct magazines published in the United Kingdom
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306:. 2nd ed., Ohio State University Press, 1998.
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484:Spartacus Educational Online: Charles Knight
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429:Mitchell, Sally (1996).
414:Altick, Richard (1967).
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235:In 1898
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