Rosetta Stone - Knowledge (XXG)

811: 545: 914: 344: 1489: 367:, is 2,190 millimetres high (7.19 ft) and 820 mm (32 in) wide, and contains 36 lines of hieroglyphic text, 73 of demotic text, and 74 of Greek. The texts are of similar length. From such comparisons, it can be estimated that an additional 14 or 15 lines of hieroglyphic inscription are missing from the top register of the Rosetta Stone, amounting to another 300 millimetres (12 in). In addition to the inscriptions, there would probably have been a scene depicting the king being presented to the gods, topped with a winged disc, as on the Canopus Stele. These parallels, and a hieroglyphic sign for "stela" on the stone itself (see 965:(the original building of The British Museum), and they were transferred to a new extension that was added to the mansion. The Rosetta Stone was transferred to the sculpture gallery in 1834 shortly after Montagu House was demolished and replaced by the building that now houses the British Museum. According to the museum's records, the Rosetta Stone is its most-visited single object, a simple image of it was the museum's best selling postcard for several decades, and a wide variety of merchandise bearing the text from the Rosetta Stone (or replicating its distinctive shape) is sold in the museum shops. 1334: 969: 1687: 1551: 1389:". He also noticed that these characters resembled the equivalent ones in the demotic script, and went on to note as many as 80 similarities between the hieroglyphic and demotic texts on the stone, an important discovery because the two scripts were previously thought to be entirely different from one another. This led him to deduce correctly that the demotic script was only partly phonetic, also consisting of ideographic characters derived from hieroglyphs. Young's new insights were prominent in the long article "Egypt" that he contributed to the 1148: 1316: 873:. In a much more detailed account, Edward Daniel Clarke stated that a French "officer and member of the Institute" had taken him, his student John Cripps, and Hamilton secretly into the back streets behind Menou's residence and revealed the stone hidden under protective carpets among Menou's baggage. According to Clarke, their informant feared that the stone might be stolen if French soldiers saw it. Hutchinson was informed at once and the stone was taken away—possibly by Turner and his gun-carriage. 589:—where the king was crowned—were particularly important, as they were the highest religious authorities of the time and had influence throughout the kingdom. Given that the decree was issued at Memphis, the ancient capital of Egypt, rather than Alexandria, the centre of government of the ruling Ptolemies, it is evident that the young king was anxious to gain their active support. Thus, although the government of Egypt had been Greek-speaking ever since the 1297: 355:

hieroglyphic text can be seen; all of them are broken on the right side, and 12 of them on the left. Below it, the middle register of demotic text has survived best; it has 32 lines, of which the first 14 are slightly damaged on the right side. The bottom register of Greek text contains 54 lines, of which the first 27 survive in full; the rest are increasingly fragmentary due to a diagonal break at the bottom right of the stone.

846:. Clarke and Hamilton pleaded the French scholars' case to Hutchinson, who finally agreed that items such as natural history specimens would be considered the scholars' private property. Menou quickly claimed the stone, too, as his private property. Hutchinson was equally aware of the stone's unique value and rejected Menou's claim. Eventually an agreement was reached, and the transfer of the objects was incorporated into the 1537:, was the original. Among recent authors, John Ray has stated that "the hieroglyphs were the most important of the scripts on the stone: they were there for the gods to read, and the more learned of their priesthood". Philippe Derchain and Heinz Josef Thissen have argued that all three versions were composed simultaneously, while Stephen Quirke sees in the decree "an intricate coalescence of three vital textual traditions". 1258:, French minister of the interior. He realised that the middle text was in this same script. He and Åkerblad set to work, both focusing on the middle text and assuming that the script was alphabetical. They attempted to identify the points where Greek names ought to occur within this unknown text, by comparing it with the Greek. In 1802, Silvestre de Sacy reported to Chaptal that he had successfully identified five names (" 6267: 228:. It was the first Ancient Egyptian bilingual text recovered in modern times, and it aroused widespread public interest with its potential to decipher this previously untranslated hieroglyphic script. Lithographic copies and plaster casts soon began circulating among European museums and scholars. When the British defeated the French, they took the stone to London under the terms of the 1673:(Rosetta), the closest city to the site where the stone was found. In November 2005, Hawass suggested a three-month loan of the Rosetta Stone, while reiterating the eventual goal of a permanent return. In December 2009, he proposed to drop his claim for the permanent return of the Rosetta Stone if the British Museum lent the stone to Egypt for three months for the opening of the 53: 683: 672:). Unlike the Rosetta Stone, the hieroglyphic texts of these inscriptions were relatively intact. The Rosetta Stone had been deciphered long before they were found, but later Egyptologists have used them to refine the reconstruction of the hieroglyphs that must have been used in the lost portions of the hieroglyphic text on the Rosetta Stone. 474:, the official anniversary of Ptolemy's coronation. The demotic text conflicts with this, listing consecutive days in March for the decree and the anniversary. It is uncertain why this discrepancy exists, but it is clear that the decree was issued in 196 BC and that it was designed to re-establish the rule of the Ptolemaic kings over Egypt. 613:(1927) are easily available but are now outdated, as can be seen by comparing them with the recent translation by R. S. Simpson, which is based on the demotic text and can be found online, or with the modern translations of all three texts, with introduction and facsimile drawing, that were published by Quirke and Andrews in 1989. 977:

necessary by 1847 to place it in a protective frame, despite the presence of attendants to ensure that it was not touched by visitors. Since 2004 the conserved stone has been on display in a specially built case in the centre of the Egyptian Sculpture Gallery. A replica of the Rosetta Stone is now available in the

4636: 941:. Soon afterwards, prints of the inscriptions were made and circulated to European scholars. Before the end of 1802, the stone was transferred to the British Museum, where it is located today. New inscriptions painted in white on the left and right edges of the slab stated that it was "Captured in Egypt by the 794:. Menou was now in command of the French expedition. His troops, including the commission, marched north towards the Mediterranean coast to meet the enemy, transporting the stone along with many other antiquities. He was defeated in battle, and the remnant of his army retreated to Alexandria where they were 1596:

gave special emphasis to Young's contribution compared with Champollion's. In the early 1970s, French visitors complained that the portrait of Champollion was smaller than one of Young on an adjacent information panel; English visitors complained that the opposite was true. The portraits were in fact

247:

of the Egyptian scripts in Paris in 1822; it took longer still before scholars were able to read Ancient Egyptian inscriptions and literature confidently. Major advances in the decoding were recognition that the stone offered three versions of the same text (1799); that the Demotic text used phonetic

631:

ordered the closing of all non-Christian temples of worship. The original stele broke at some point, its largest piece becoming what we now know as the Rosetta Stone. Ancient Egyptian temples were later used as quarries for new construction, and the Rosetta Stone probably was re-used in this manner.

2361:

Inscriptio Rosettana hieroglyphica, vel, Interpretatio decreti Rosettani sacra lingua litterisque sacris veterum Aegyptiorum redactae partis ... accedunt glossarium Aegyptiaco-Coptico-Latinum atque IX tabulae lithographicae textum hieroglyphicum atque signa phonetica scripturae hieroglyphicae

1504:

promised to prepare a new literal translation of the Greek text for Champollion's use. Champollion in return promised an analysis of all the points at which the three texts seemed to differ. Following Champollion's sudden death in 1832, his draft of this analysis could not be found, and Letronne's

976:

The Rosetta Stone was originally displayed at a slight angle from the horizontal, and rested within a metal cradle that was made for it, which involved shaving off very small portions of its sides to ensure that the cradle fitted securely. It originally had no protective covering, and it was found

818:

After the surrender, a dispute arose over the fate of the French archaeological and scientific discoveries in Egypt, including the artefacts, biological specimens, notes, plans, and drawings collected by the members of the commission. Menou refused to hand them over, claiming that they belonged to

568:

Stelae of this kind, which were established on the initiative of the temples rather than that of the king, are unique to Ptolemaic Egypt. In the preceding Pharaonic period it would have been unheard of for anyone but the divine rulers themselves to make national decisions: by contrast, this way of

354:

The Rosetta Stone is a fragment of a larger stele. No additional fragments were found in later searches of the Rosetta site. Owing to its damaged state, none of the three texts is complete. The top register, composed of Egyptian hieroglyphs, suffered the most damage. Only the last 14 lines of the

948:

The stone has been exhibited almost continuously in the British Museum since June 1802. During the middle of the 19th century, it was given the inventory number "EA 24", "EA" standing for "Egyptian Antiquities". It was part of a collection of ancient Egyptian monuments captured from the French

577:

in the eighth year of his reign, and he had the excess waters dammed for the benefit of the farmers. In return the priesthood pledged that the king's birthday and coronation days would be celebrated annually and that all the priests of Egypt would serve him alongside the other gods. The decree

1541:

points out that the hieroglyphic version strays from archaic formalism and occasionally lapses into language closer to that of the demotic register that the priests more commonly used in everyday life. The fact that the three versions cannot be matched word for word helps to explain why the

755:, the official newspaper of the French expedition. The anonymous reporter expressed a hope that the stone might one day be the key to deciphering hieroglyphs. In 1800 three of the commission's technical experts devised ways to make copies of the texts on the stone. One of these experts was 318:

The Rosetta Stone is 1,123 millimetres (3 ft 8 in) high at its highest point, 757 mm (2 ft 5.8 in) wide, and 284 mm (11 in) thick. It weighs approximately 760 kilograms (1,680 lb). It bears three inscriptions: the top register in Ancient Egyptian

1532:

Whether one of the three texts was the standard version, from which the other two were originally translated, is a question that has remained controversial. Letronne attempted to show in 1841 that the Greek version, the product of the Egyptian government under the Macedonian

267:, c. 218 BC. Though the Rosetta Stone is known to be no longer unique, it was the essential key to the modern understanding of ancient Egyptian literature and civilisation. The term "Rosetta Stone" is now used to refer to the essential clue to a new field of knowledge. 1286:"), while Åkerblad published an alphabet of 29 letters (more than half of which were correct) that he had identified from the Greek names in the Demotic text. They could not, however, identify the remaining characters in the Demotic text, which, as is now known, included 569:

honouring a king was a feature of Greek cities. Rather than making his eulogy himself, the king had himself glorified and deified by his subjects or representative groups of his subjects. The decree records that Ptolemy V gave a gift of silver and grain to the

279:, bearing three inscriptions ... found at Rosetta" in a contemporary catalogue of the artefacts discovered by the French expedition and surrendered to British troops in 1801. At some period after its arrival in London, the inscriptions were coloured in white 831:, newly arrived from England, agreed to examine the collections in Alexandria and said they had found many artefacts that the French had not revealed. In a letter home, Clarke said that "we found much more in their possession than was represented or imagined". 358:

The full length of the hieroglyphic text and the total size of the original stele, of which the Rosetta Stone is a fragment, can be estimated based on comparable steles that have survived, including other copies of the same order. The slightly earlier

2311: 578:

concludes with the instruction that a copy was to be placed in every temple, inscribed in the "language of the gods" (Egyptian hieroglyphs), the "language of documents" (Demotic), and the "language of the Greeks" as used by the Ptolemaic government.

604:

There can be no one definitive English translation of the decree, not only because modern understanding of the ancient languages continues to develop, but also because of the minor differences between the three original texts. Older translations by

1617:

to Egypt, commenting that it was the "icon of our Egyptian identity". He repeated the proposal two years later in Paris, listing the stone as one of several key items belonging to Egypt's cultural heritage, a list which also included: the iconic

1460:, secretary of the Académie, detailing his discovery. In the postscript Champollion notes that similar phonetic characters seemed to occur in both Greek and Egyptian names, a hypothesis confirmed in 1823, when he identified the names of pharaohs 1509:, Champollion's former student and assistant, died in 1838, and this analysis and other missing drafts were found among his papers. This discovery incidentally demonstrated that Salvolini's own publication on the stone, published in 1837, was 1368:, wrote to him about the stone in 1814, Silvestre de Sacy suggested in reply that in attempting to read the hieroglyphic text, Young might look for cartouches that ought to contain Greek names and try to identify phonetic characters in them. 541:. Both the war and the internal revolt were still ongoing when the young Ptolemy V was officially crowned at Memphis at the age of 12 (seven years after the start of his reign) and when, just over a year later, the Memphis decree was issued. 1440:). On the basis of this and the foreign names on the Rosetta Stone, he quickly constructed an alphabet of phonetic hieroglyphic characters, completing his work on 14 September and announcing it publicly on 27 September in a lecture to the 1591:

and published in book form in 1827. Young's own 1823 publication reasserted the contribution that he had made. The early deaths of Young (1829) and Champollion (1832) did not put an end to these disputes. In his work on the stone in 1904

1206:

worked on the missing lower right corner of the Greek text. He produced a skilful suggested reconstruction, which was soon being circulated by the Society of Antiquaries alongside its prints of the inscription. At almost the same moment,

2167:

et al., "Rosetta stone, brought to England in 1802: Account of, by Matt. Raper; with three versions: Greek, English translation by S. Weston, Latin translation by Prof. Heyne; with notes by Porson, Taylor, Combe, Weston and Heyne" in

1860:

wrote that "the spectrum of the hydrogen atoms has proven to be the Rosetta Stone of modern physics: once this pattern of lines had been deciphered much else could also be understood". Fully understanding the key set of genes to the

1971:

brings language specialists and native speakers together to develop a meaningful survey and near-permanent archive of 1,500 languages, in physical and digital form, with the intent of it remaining useful from AD 2000 to 12,000.

2233: 2107:

1803: "Has tabulas inscriptionem ... ad formam et modulum exemplaris inter spolia ex bello Aegyptiaco nuper reportati et in Museo Britannico asservati suo sumptu incidendas curavit Soc. Antiquar. Londin. A.D. MDCCCIII" in

248:

characters to spell foreign names (1802); that the hieroglyphic text did so as well, and had pervasive similarities to the Demotic (1814); and that phonetic characters were also used to spell native Egyptian words (1822–1824).

2246:

An account of some recent discoveries in hieroglyphical literature and Egyptian antiquities: including the author's original alphabet, as extended by Mr. Champollion, with a translation of five unpublished Greek and Egyptian

1093:. His work was believed to be authoritative, yet it was misleading in many ways, and this and other works were a lasting impediment to the understanding of Egyptian writing. Later attempts at decipherment were made by 1014:

in Paris on the 150th anniversary of the letter's publication. Even when the Rosetta Stone was undergoing conservation measures in 1999, the work was done in the gallery so that it could remain visible to the public.

481:

and his wife and sister Arsinoe, reigned from 204 to 181 BC. He had become ruler at the age of five after the sudden death of both of his parents, who were murdered in a conspiracy that involved Ptolemy IV's mistress

1801:

to denote the first crucial key in the process of decryption of encoded information, especially when a small but representative sample is recognised as the clue to understanding a larger whole. According to the

1728:

Objects acquired in earlier times must be viewed in the light of different sensitivities and values reflective of that earlier era...museums serve not just the citizens of one nation but the people of every

1707:

National museums typically express strong opposition to the repatriation of objects of international cultural significance such as the Rosetta Stone. In response to repeated Greek requests for return of the

6150: 1215:

was making a new Latin translation of the Greek text that was more reliable than Ameilhon's and was first published in 1803. It was reprinted by the Society of Antiquaries in a special issue of its journal

1170:

were a long way in the future. Thus, the earliest translations of the Greek text of the stone show the translators still struggling with the historical context and with administrative and religious jargon.

2095:

Lettre sur l'inscription Égyptienne de Rosette: adressée au citoyen Silvestre de Sacy, Professeur de langue arabe à l'École spéciale des langues orientales vivantes, etc.; Réponse du citoyen Silvestre de

4204: 738:

noting that it contained three inscriptions, the first in hieroglyphs and the third in Greek, and rightly suggesting that the three inscriptions were versions of the same text. Lancret's report, dated

5060: 726:

spotted a slab with inscriptions on one side that the soldiers had uncovered when demolishing a wall within the fort. He and d'Hautpoul saw at once that it might be important and informed General

5219: 992:

in 1917, and the Rosetta Stone was moved to safety, along with other portable objects of value. The stone spent the next two years 15 m (50 ft) below ground level in a station of the

1939:

project, is an online language translation tool to help with localisation of software. One program, billed as a "lightweight dynamic translator" that enables applications compiled for

6323: 2129:Éclaircissemens sur l'inscription grecque du monument trouvé à Rosette, contenant un décret des prêtres de l'Égypte en l'honneur de Ptolémée Épiphane, le cinquième des rois Ptolémées 1513:. Letronne was at last able to complete his commentary on the Greek text and his new French translation of it, which appeared in 1841. During the early 1850s, German Egyptologists 4077:

The Eponymous Priests of Ptolemaic Egypt (P. L. Bat. 24): Chronological lists of the priests of Alexandria and Ptolemais with a study of the demotic transcriptions of their names

5139: 4788: 1296: 6155: 2075:

Lettre au Citoyen Chaptal, Ministre de l'intérieur, Membre de l'Institut national des sciences et arts, etc: au sujet de l'inscription Égyptienne du monument trouvé à Rosette

1190:

set to work on a translation of the Greek, but he was dispatched elsewhere on Napoleon's orders almost immediately, and he left his unfinished work in the hands of colleague

3725: 5966: 696: 291:. These additions were removed when the stone was cleaned in 1999, revealing the original dark grey tint of the rock, the sparkle of its crystalline structure, and a pink 1542:

decipherment has been more difficult than originally expected, especially for those original scholars who were expecting an exact bilingual key to Egyptian hieroglyphs.

6068: 1569:

Even before the Salvolini affair, disputes over precedence and plagiarism punctuated the decipherment story. Thomas Young's work is acknowledged in Champollion's 1822

1125:

in the 17th. The discovery of the Rosetta Stone in 1799 provided critical missing information, gradually revealed by a succession of scholars, that eventually allowed

1480:

diverge, as Champollion drew on many other texts to develop an Ancient Egyptian grammar and a hieroglyphic dictionary which were published after his death in 1832.

486:, according to contemporary sources. The conspirators effectively ruled Egypt as Ptolemy V's guardians until a revolt broke out two years later under general 438:. The year is stated as the ninth year of Ptolemy V's reign (equated with 197/196 BC), which is confirmed by naming four priests who officiated in that year: 5464: 3580: 1521:

produced revised Latin translations based on the demotic and hieroglyphic texts. The first English translation followed in 1858, the work of three members of the

1500:

Work on the stone now focused on fuller understanding of the texts and their contexts by comparing the three versions with one another. In 1824 Classical scholar

1443: 4279: 6145: 918: 820: 4193: 1344:

Silvestre de Sacy eventually gave up work on the stone, but he was to make another contribution. In 1811, prompted by discussions with a Chinese student about

335:

on it; the sides of the stone are smoothed, but the back is only roughly worked, presumably because it would have not been visible when the stele was erected.

4435:

Ptolémée Épiphane, Aristonikos et les prêtres d'Égypte. Le Décret de Memphis (182 a.C.): édition commentée des stèles Caire RT 2/3/25/7 et JE 44901 (CENiM 12)

3561: 5776: 5379: 5159: 1162:

text on the Rosetta Stone provided the starting point. Ancient Greek was widely known to scholars, but they were not familiar with details of its use in the

1004:. Other than during wartime, the Rosetta Stone has left the British Museum only once: for one month in October 1972, to be displayed alongside Champollion's 1665:

In 2005, the British Museum presented Egypt with a full-sized fibreglass colour-matched replica of the stele. This was initially displayed in the renovated

814:

Left and right sides of the Rosetta Stone, with inscriptions: (Left) "Captured in Egypt by the British Army in 1801" (Right) "Presented by King George III".

6313: 985: 892: 5154: 895: 1371:

Young did so, with two results that together paved the way for the final decipherment. In the hieroglyphic text, he discovered the phonetic characters "

3966:

Bierbrier, M. L. (1999). "The acquisition by the British Museum of antiquities discovered during the French invasion of Egypt". In Davies, W. V (ed.).

1742:

documents have sometimes been described as "Rosetta stones", as they permitted the decipherment of ancient written scripts. For example, the bilingual

6328: 5849: 5671: 4096:

Le Décret de Memphis: colloque de la Fondation Singer-Polignac a l'occasion de la celebration du bicentenaire de la découverte de la Pierre de Rosette

1716:

and similar requests to other museums around the world, in 2002, over 30 of the world's leading museums—including the British Museum, the Louvre, the

393:

suggest that it originally had a rounded top. The height of the original stele is estimated to have been about 149 centimetres (4 ft 11 in).

1587:

in 1823, praising Young's work highly and alleging that the "unscrupulous" Champollion plagiarised it. These articles were translated into French by

6298: 6207: 5676: 5337: 5287: 5008: 1024: 997: 842:

told Clarke and Hamilton that the French would rather burn all their discoveries than turn them over, referring ominously to the destruction of the

190: 6358: 6230: 5691: 415:

and was inscribed with a decree that established the divine cult of the new ruler. The decree was issued by a congress of priests who gathered at

331:. These three scripts are not three different languages, as is commonly misunderstood. The front surface is polished and the inscriptions lightly 296: 4694: 2398:

Report of the committee appointed by the Philomathean Society of the University of Pennsylvania to translate the inscription on the Rosetta stone

6250: 6245: 544: 6338: 6240: 6171: 4965: 4843: 4824: 4777: 4626: 4607: 4581: 4562: 4529: 4497: 4384: 4332: 4181: 4162: 4065: 3855: 3834: 3800: 3692: 3665: 3435: 3297: 2568: 2520: 2339: 4423:

Miller, E.; et al. (2000). "The Examination and Conservation of the Rosetta Stone at the British Museum". In Roy, A.; Smith, P (eds.).

1352:

in 1797 that the foreign names in Egyptian hieroglyphic inscriptions might be written phonetically; he also recalled that as early as 1761,

1995: – use of the script of one language to write utterances of another language which already has a script associated with it. 1477: 1315: 1051: 913: 5859: 5651: 5307: 5247: 3721: 2004: 711: 483: 4299: 1981: 1254:

had been discussing this work with Åkerblad when, in 1801, he received one of the early lithographic prints of the Rosetta Stone, from

4792: 859: 703: 225: 5234: 4896: 4877: 4758: 4683: 4454:"Evaluation of diastolic filling of left ventricle in health and disease: Doppler echocardiography is the clinician's Rosetta Stone" 4240: 4112: 4084: 3907: 847: 810: 799: 229: 1408:

who had produced a scholarly work on ancient Egypt. Champollion saw copies of the brief hieroglyphic and Greek inscriptions of the

839: 2552: 6303: 5844: 5559: 2331:

Inscription grecque de Rosette. Texte et traduction littérale, accompagnée d'un commentaire critique, historique et archéologique

1176: 1035: 903: 888: 1117:

priests in their time. The study of hieroglyphs continued with fruitless attempts at decipherment by European scholars, notably

776: 382: 6368: 6086: 5834: 4148: 3948: 1251: 287:

designed to protect it from visitors' fingers. This gave a dark colour to the stone that led to its mistaken identification as

906:, of which Turner was a member, before its final deposit in the museum. It was first seen and discussed there at a meeting on 6293: 6121: 5031: 4521: 3177: 2878: 2746: 1610: 264: 35: 5262: 1909: 759:, a printer and gifted linguist, who is credited as the first to recognise that the middle text was written in the Egyptian 581:

Securing the favour of the priesthood was essential for the Ptolemaic kings to retain effective rule over the populace. The

4123: 656:

Three other inscriptions relevant to the same Memphis decree have been found since the discovery of the Rosetta Stone: the

533:. Meanwhile, in the south of Egypt, there was a long-standing revolt that had begun during the reign of Ptolemy IV, led by 450:

down to Ptolemy V himself; the other three priests named in turn in the inscription are those who led the worship of

6202: 2334: 968: 3872: 730:, who happened to be at Rosetta. The find was announced to Napoleon's newly founded scientific association in Cairo, the 5686: 5302: 5169: 5164: 5001: 2220: 1563: 1401: 1337: 1238:

was working on a little-known script of which some examples had recently been found in Egypt, which came to be known as

1187: 1126: 1069:

Hieroglyphs retained their pictorial appearance, and classical authors emphasised this aspect, in sharp contrast to the

601:, included texts in Egyptian to show its connection to the general populace by way of the literate Egyptian priesthood. 487: 240: 470:, mother of Ptolemy V. However, a second date is also given in the Greek and hieroglyphic texts, corresponding to 6318: 6160: 5874: 5429: 5358: 5342: 5041: 4283: 1824: 1655: 1635: 869:, who was to escort it to England, claimed later that he had personally seized it from Menou and carried it away on a 590: 420: 239:

Study of the decree was already underway when the first complete translation of the Greek text was published in 1803.

2053: 723: 688: 221: 127: 1704:

has observed: "The day may come when the stone has spent longer in the British Museum than it ever did in Rosetta."

6333: 6235: 5204: 3427:

The Reality of the Unobservable: Observability, Unobservability and Their Impact on the Issue of Scientific Realism

2203: 2164: 1928: 1810: 1721: 1526: 1392: 1353: 1172: 993: 981:

of the British Museum, without a case and free to touch, as it would have appeared to early 19th-century visitors.

865:

It is not clear exactly how the stone was transferred into British hands, as contemporary accounts differ. Colonel

795: 751: 6222: 5910: 4941: 1804: 1623: 1094: 962: 855: 727: 620:(Rosetta) where it was found, but more likely came from a temple site farther inland, possibly the royal town of 343: 6128: 6100: 5509: 5277: 2182: 1924: 1880: 1361: 1098: 828: 252: 205: 6079: 4154: 3845: 3547: 902:. According to Turner's narrative, he and Hobart agreed that the stone should be presented to scholars at the 768: 4978: 2147:, "Commentatio in inscriptionem Graecam monumenti trinis insigniti titulis ex Aegypto Londinum apportati" in 961:(EA 81), and a large granite fist (EA 9). The objects were soon discovered to be too heavy for the floors of 925:

In 1802, the Society created four plaster casts of the inscriptions, which were given to the universities of

6270: 5976: 5921: 5904: 5639: 5634: 5292: 5257: 4994: 2144: 2090: 1862: 1666: 1302: 1235: 1221: 1208: 1063: 934: 930: 866: 731: 502: 463: 368: 6363: 5956: 5884: 5629: 5624: 5347: 2525: 2124: 1989: – Stele still standing in Axum, the capital of the ancient Kingdom of Aksum, in present-day Ethiopia 1191: 938: 328: 82:

1,123 mm × 757 mm × 284 mm (44.2 in × 29.8 in × 11.2 in)

501:

Political forces beyond the borders of Egypt exacerbated the internal problems of the Ptolemaic kingdom.

5931: 5789: 5766: 5701: 5519: 5123: 5100: 4969: 3897: 2326: 1960: 1896: 1892: 1755: 1674: 1659: 1627: 1574: 1514: 1501: 1492:

Replica of the Rosetta Stone, displayed as the original used to be, available to touch, in what was the

877: 843: 509:

had made a pact to divide Egypt's overseas possessions. Philip had seized several islands and cities in

495: 478: 455: 364: 2225: 1581:(which had published Young's 1819 article), anonymously contributed a series of review articles to the 1451: 1006: 251:

Three other fragmentary copies of the same decree were discovered later, and several similar Egyptian

6114: 6036: 5986: 5894: 5332: 5090: 4710: 4546: 4507: 2009: 1927:" is a brand of language-learning software published by Rosetta Stone Inc., who are headquartered in 1901: 1883:

has been called a Rosetta Stone for clinicians trying to understand the complex process by which the

1867: 1847: 1771: 1538: 1522: 1278: 1255: 1242:. He called it "cursive Coptic" because he was convinced that it was used to record some form of the 1039: 958: 926: 870: 824: 574: 477:

The decree was issued during a turbulent period in Egyptian history. Ptolemy V Epiphanes, the son of

467: 402: 178: 158: 31: 722:, a couple of miles north-east of the Egyptian port city of Rosetta (modern-day Rashid). Lieutenant 6353: 6308: 6107: 6006: 5784: 5656: 5584: 5504: 5449: 5149: 5129: 4199: 2303: 1936: 1920: 1852: 1651: 1506: 1413: 1272: 1260: 735: 594: 582: 506: 459: 443: 412: 189:. The decree has only minor differences across the three versions, making the Rosetta Stone key to 170: 4259: 4105:

Chronicles of the Pharaohs: the reign-by-reign record of the rulers and dynasties of Ancient Egypt

6197: 6058: 6053: 5946: 5936: 5729: 5681: 5619: 5604: 5544: 5534: 5479: 5439: 5424: 5364: 5242: 5095: 4411: 4359: 4032: 4010: 3988: 2282:

Aperçu sur les hiéroglyphes d'Égypte et les progrès faits jusqu'à présent dans leur déchiffrement

1952: 1593: 1473: 1472:. These far older hieroglyphic inscriptions had been copied by Bankes and sent to Champollion by 1469: 1239: 1183: 1130: 1122: 1118: 772: 763:

script, rarely used for stone inscriptions and seldom seen by scholars at that time, rather than

760: 756: 718:

1799, French soldiers under the command of Colonel d'Hautpoul were strengthening the defences of

700: 606: 439: 324: 197: 182: 5105: 1832:

that provides a key to understanding additional scattered material that is sketched out in both

1686: 653:

of the Nile at Rashid. There it lay for at least another three centuries until its rediscovery.

299:

of Egyptian rock samples showed a close resemblance to rock from a small granodiorite quarry at

4433: 2185:, "Remarks on the Ancient Egyptian Manuscripts with Translation of the Rosetta Inscription" in 972:

A crowd of visitors examining the Rosetta Stone at the British Museum in 2014, now behind glass

6042: 6031: 5864: 5756: 5706: 5589: 5514: 5494: 5484: 5409: 5297: 5252: 5214: 5117: 5111: 5036: 4958: 4892: 4873: 4839: 4820: 4773: 4754: 4726: 4679: 4622: 4603: 4577: 4558: 4525: 4493: 4475: 4380: 4328: 4236: 4177: 4158: 4108: 4080: 4061: 3903: 3851: 3830: 3796: 3688: 3661: 3431: 3293: 2564: 2110: 2070: 1912:

in the hope that determining its composition will advance understanding of the origins of the

1787: 1493: 1457: 1345: 1102: 1031: 978: 598: 555: 447: 428: 360: 260: 256: 174: 162: 3682: 3655: 3425: 3287: 2549:

The Rosetta Stone of the Human Mind: Three Languages to Integrate Neurobiology and Psychology

2058: 1340:'s table of hieroglyphic phonetic characters with their demotic and Coptic equivalents (1822) 1246:(the direct descendant of Ancient Egyptian), although it had few similarities with the later 6021: 5869: 5824: 5724: 5719: 5696: 5646: 5564: 5489: 5399: 5394: 5184: 4718: 4511: 4465: 4403: 4375:

The Linguist and the Emperor: Napoleon and Champollion's quest to decipher the Rosetta Stone

4351: 4307: 2556: 2286: 2036: 1783: 1767: 1759: 1614: 1583: 1550: 518: 1774:

has also been compared to the Rosetta stone, as it links the translations of three ancient

6348: 6343: 5941: 5926: 5899: 5879: 5751: 5734: 5609: 5549: 5539: 5499: 5459: 5404: 5389: 5317: 5272: 5179: 4863: 4222: 1968: 1872: 1717: 1613:. These calls, expressed in the Egyptian and international media, asked that the stele be 1588: 1306: 1247: 1243: 1110: 989: 764: 570: 244: 4933: 2348: 1349: 4714: 2365: 2266: 2208: 2190: 1194:. Ameilhon produced the first published translations of the Greek text in 1803, in both 1050:

AD, few Egyptians were capable of reading them. Monumental use of hieroglyphs ceased as

6217: 6165: 6016: 6011: 5996: 5951: 5889: 5819: 5809: 5711: 5574: 5474: 5454: 5352: 5267: 5224: 5194: 5017: 4808: 4747: 4596: 4373: 3944: 1992: 1932: 1884: 1879:

has been called a Rosetta Stone for understanding the origin of GRBs. The technique of

1844: 1775: 1751: 1643: 1619: 1409: 1203: 1151: 1074: 1070: 1030:

Prior to the discovery of the Rosetta Stone and its eventual decipherment, the ancient

899: 787: 669: 657: 610: 586: 558: 416: 292: 233: 137: 60: 4470: 4453: 1488: 1109:

were the first historians to study hieroglyphs, by comparing them to the contemporary

6287: 5981: 5916: 5854: 5839: 5794: 5744: 5666: 5661: 5599: 5594: 5529: 5524: 5434: 5414: 5199: 5085: 5080: 4867: 4673: 4652: 4415: 4055: 4036: 4014: 3824: 3790: 3729: 3562:"'Return Rosetta Stone to Egypt' demands country's leading archaeologist Zahi Hawass" 1763: 1709: 1555: 1365: 1166:

period as a government language in Ptolemaic Egypt; large-scale discoveries of Greek

1159: 1106: 1043: 783:. Scholars in Europe were now able to see the inscriptions and attempt to read them. 780: 625: 186: 166: 4174:

Discovery at Rosetta: the ancient stone that unlocked the mysteries of Ancient Egypt

3925: 6212: 6192: 6048: 5739: 5614: 5579: 5569: 5444: 5419: 5312: 4813: 4551: 2385: 2377: 2344: 2250: 2078: 1956: 1913: 1857: 1743: 1739: 1518: 954: 942: 851: 746:. Bouchard, meanwhile, transported the stone to Cairo for examination by scholars. 628: 538: 494:

by a mob in Alexandria. Tlepolemus, in turn, was replaced as guardian in 201 BC by

300: 284: 276: 154: 72: 1212: 1147: 887:

in February 1802. His orders were to present it and the other antiquities to King

624:. The temple from which it originally came was probably closed around AD 392 when 4907: 4853: 4722: 4515: 3581:"New push to bring Rosetta Stone back to Egypt amid 'awakening' on colonial loot" 283:

to make them more legible, and the remaining surface was covered with a layer of

17: 5991: 5829: 5804: 5799: 5469: 5369: 5282: 5189: 5174: 5075: 4591: 4131: 2521:"Two Hundred Years Ago, the Rosetta Stone Unlocked the Secrets of Ancient Egypt" 2269: 2132: 1998: 1986: 1888: 1819: 1779: 1701: 1606: 1333: 1163: 1078: 1047: 950: 791: 719: 661: 621: 549: 534: 522: 451: 308: 209: 201: 4407: 4280:"Stolen Treasures: Zahi Hawass wants the Rosetta Stone back—among other things" 3992: 2291: 2230: 1428:" in both languages. From this, Champollion identified the phonetic characters 200:

and is believed to have originally been displayed within a temple, possibly at

6026: 6001: 5814: 5761: 5554: 5322: 4094:

Clarysse, G. W. (1999). "Ptolémées et temples". In Valbelle, Dominique (ed.).

3880: 2560: 1948: 1837: 1639: 1605:

Calls for the Rosetta Stone to be returned to Egypt were made in July 2003 by

1510: 1465: 1461: 1266: 884: 650: 632:

Later it was incorporated in the foundations of a fortress constructed by the

408: 320: 217: 113: 4233:

Egyptology: the missing millennium: Ancient Egypt in medieval Arabic writings

1865:

has been described as "the Rosetta Stone of immunology". The flowering plant

5327: 5070: 2306:, "Interprétation des hiéroglyphes: analyse de l'inscription de Rosette" in 2001: – Moabite stele commemorating Mesha's victory over Israel (c. 840 BCE) 1876: 1829: 1713: 1534: 1357: 1199: 1082: 835: 562: 530: 4730: 1808:, the first figurative use of the term appeared in the 1902 edition of the 52: 4479: 4342:

Kitchen, Kenneth A. (1970). "Two Donation Stelae in the Brooklyn Museum".

1843:

Since then, the term has been widely used in other contexts. For example,

682: 1833: 1405: 1287: 775:

to reproduce the inscription. A slightly different method was adopted by

491: 4363: 1220:

in 1811, alongside Weston's previously unpublished English translation,

1182:

Meanwhile, two of the lithographic copies made in Egypt had reached the

3975:

Brown, V. M.; Harrell, J. A. (1998). "Aswan Granite and Granodiorite".

1940: 1815: 1691: 1670: 1631: 1167: 1001: 876:

Turner brought the stone to England aboard the captured French frigate

639: 617: 552: 332: 213: 109: 4300:"International team accelerates investigation of immune-related genes" 3548:"Egypt's Own: Repatriation of Antiquities Proves to be a Mammoth Task" 208:, and was eventually used as building material in the construction of 6093: 4394:

Middleton, A.; Klemm, D. (2003). "The Geology of the Rosetta Stone".

4355: 2226:

Lettre à M. Dacier relative à l'alphabet des hiéroglyphes phonétiques

1747: 1647: 1573:, but incompletely, according to early British critics: for example, 1559: 1423: 1417: 1384: 1134: 1059: 1011: 665: 636: 633: 514: 424: 288: 790:

attacks for another 18 months. In March 1801, the British landed at

1400:

In 1814, Young first exchanged correspondence about the stone with

1234:

At the time of the stone's discovery, Swedish diplomat and scholar

1052:

temple priesthoods died out and Egypt was converted to Christianity

3847:

The Mind of Egypt: history and meaning in the time of the Pharaohs

1963:

for predicting protein structures from amino acid sequences (i.e.

1906: 1798: 1685: 1549: 1487: 1332: 1195: 1146: 1114: 1090: 967: 912: 809: 681: 543: 526: 510: 348: 342: 312: 280: 150: 117: 4986: 3792:

The Keys of Egypt: the obsession to decipher Egyptian hieroglyphs

1175:

verbally presented an English translation of the Greek text at a

1678: 548:

Another fragmentary example of a "donation stele", in which the

304: 4990: 1662:. In August 2022, Zahi Hawass reiterated his previous demands. 1066:. The last demotic text, also from Philae, was written in 452. 786:

After Napoleon's departure, French troops held off British and

4619:

Lost Languages: the enigma of the world's undeciphered scripts

3810:

Allen, Don Cameron (1960). "The Predecessors of Champollion".

1944: 1435: 1429: 1378: 1372: 90:

Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs, Demotic script, and Greek script

4815:

The Rosetta Stone: the story of the decoding of hieroglyphics

4487: 3289:

Writing: Theory and History of the Technology of Civilization

315:; the pink vein is typical of granodiorite from this region. 236:

almost continuously and it is the most visited object there.

4220:

El-Aref, Nevine (30 November 2005). "The Rose of the Nile".

2382:

Inscriptionis Rosettanae hieroglyphicae decretum sacerdotale

1476:. From this point, the stories of the Rosetta Stone and the 1154:'s suggested reconstruction of the missing Greek text (1803) 1034:

and script had not been understood since shortly before the

498:, who was chief minister at the time of the Memphis decree. 4325:

The Myth of Egypt and Its Hieroglyphs in European Tradition

1931:, US. Additionally, "Rosetta", developed and maintained by 1360:

in hieroglyphic inscriptions were proper names. Thus, when

834:

Hutchinson claimed that all materials were property of the

767:

as had originally been thought. It was artist and inventor

3178:

Everything you ever wanted to know about the Rosetta Stone

1198:

and French to ensure that they would circulate widely. At

779:. The prints that resulted were taken to Paris by General 706:

in 1798, accompanied by a corps of 151 technical experts (

232:

in 1801. Since 1802, it has been on public display at the

30:

This article is about the stone itself. For its text, see

4557:. British Museum objects in focus. British Museum Press. 4304:

The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases

3899:

The Hellenistic Period: historical sources in translation

3430:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 98–99. 1871:

has been called the "Rosetta Stone of flowering time". A

1758:

have been described as "little Rosetta stones", allowing

686:

Report of the arrival of the Rosetta Stone in England in

295:

running across the top left corner. Comparisons with the

4157: » (nº 96) (in French). Paris: Éditions Gallimard. 4057:

Mirage: Napoleon's scientists and the unveiling of Egypt

742:

1799, was read to a meeting of the Institute soon after

616:

The stele was almost certainly not originally placed at

204:. It was probably moved in late antiquity or during the 4934:"British Museum Object Database reference number: EA24" 4191:

Edwardes, Charlotte; Milner, Catherine (20 July 2003).

2207:, supplement vol. 4 part 1 (Edinburgh: Chambers, 1819) 823:

refused to end the siege until Menou gave in. Scholars

4653:"Rosetta Stone row 'would be solved by loan to Egypt'" 3657:

Afghanistan: Forging Civilizations Along the Silk Road

2263:

Précis du système hiéroglyphique des anciens Égyptiens

2024:

Timeline of early publications about the Rosetta Stone

1828:, where the protagonist finds a manuscript written in 1042:

had become increasingly specialised even in the later

4452:

Nishimura, Rick A.; Tajik, A. Jamil (23 April 1998).

3566:

The Art Newspaper – International art news and events

1397:

in 1819. He could make no further progress, however.

27:

Egyptian stele with three versions of a 196 BC decree

4789:"The Rosetta Stone: translation of the demotic text" 4693:

Simpson, Gordon G.; Dean, Caroline (12 April 2002).

3994:

The Mummy: chapters on Egyptian funereal archaeology

1496:

of the British Museum, now the Enlightenment Gallery

1348:, Silvestre de Sacy considered a suggestion made by 374: 220:. It was found there in July 1799 by French officer 6185: 6138: 6067: 5965: 5775: 5378: 5233: 5138: 5059: 5050: 5024: 4770:

Demotic Grammar in the Ptolemaic Sacerdotal Decrees

2471: 2469: 2290:beginning with no. 55 (February 1823) pp. 188–197) 1186:in Paris in 1801. There, librarian and antiquarian 573:. It also records that there was particularly high 133: 123: 102: 94: 86: 78: 68: 45: 4909:History of the British Expedition to Egypt. 4th ed 4812: 4746: 4598:The Rosetta Stone and the Rebirth of Ancient Egypt 4595: 4550: 4517:Cracking Codes: the Rosetta Stone and decipherment 4427:. (British Museum Publications). pp. 128–132. 4372: 4192: 2270:2nd ed. (1828) At Gallica: Retrieved July 14, 2010 2051:1802: "Domestic Occurrences: March 31st, 1802" in 1444:Académie royale des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres 1305:'s table of Demotic phonetic characters and their 945:in 1801" and "Presented by King George III". 5220:Amun in the form of a ram protecting King Taharqa 3812:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 1814:relating to an entry on the chemical analysis of 275:The Rosetta Stone is listed as "a stone of black 4344:Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt 2783: 2781: 2486: 2484: 917:Experts inspecting the Rosetta Stone during the 255:are now known, including three slightly earlier 4079:. Assistance by S. P. Vleeming. Leiden: Brill. 2284:(Paris, 1827; based on a series of articles in 1726: 1290:and other symbols alongside the phonetic ones. 664:and Noub Taha, and an inscription found at the 259:: the Decree of Alexandria in 243 BC, the 6324:Ancient Egyptian objects in the British Museum 4855:Synopsis of the Contents of the British Museum 1356:had suggested that the characters enclosed in 185:scripts, respectively, while the bottom is in 5002: 4458:Journal of the American College of Cardiology 3017: 3015: 3013: 2727: 2725: 2688: 2686: 2684: 2647: 2645: 2596: 2594: 2592: 2149:Commentationes Societatis Regiae Gottingensis 1738:Various ancient bilingual or even trilingual 919:Second International Congress of Orientalists 771:who found a way to use the stone itself as a 597:, the Memphis decree, like the three similar 8: 4838:. British Museum Press, Barnes & Noble. 4254:. Princeton University Press. pp. 1–38. 3080: 3078: 2429: 2427: 2098:. Paris: L'imprimerie de la République, 1802 2040:no. 37 (29 Fructidor year 7, i.e. 1799) p. 3 1762:'s initial progress towards deciphering the 1449: 1441: 347:One possible reconstruction of the original 4194:"Egypt demands return of the Rosetta Stone" 4075:Clarysse, G. W.; Van der Veken, G. (1983). 3654:Aruz, Joan; Fino, Elisabetta Valtz (2012). 3311: 3309: 2349:Retrieved July 14, 2010 (see end of volume) 1724:in New York City—issued a joint statement: 1390: 1383:") that were used to write the Greek name " 898:, directed that it should be placed in the 749:The discovery was reported in September in 419:. The date is given as "4 Xandikos" in the 5155:Colossal quartzite statue of Amenhotep III 5056: 5009: 4995: 4987: 4951: 4887:Walker, Susan; Higgs, Peter, eds. (2001). 4252:Monuments of Egypt: the Napoleonic edition 4124:"New Rosetta Stone for GRBs as supernovae" 3660:. Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 33. 3136: 3134: 3132: 3107: 3105: 1935:(the Ubuntu Linux company) as part of the 1690:A replica of the Rosetta Stone in Rashid ( 378: 42: 5850:Kition Necropolis Phoenician inscriptions 4469: 4445:Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology 2956: 1054:; the last known inscription is dated to 521:(198 BC) had resulted in the transfer of 5338:Percival David Foundation of Chinese Art 5288:Dhaneswar Khera Buddha image inscription 4572:Quirke, Stephen; Andrews, Carol (1989). 4432:Nespoulous-Phalippou, Alexandra (2015). 4250:Gillispie, C. C.; Dewachter, M. (1987). 2209:Retrieved July 14, 2010 (see pp. 86–195) 1818:. Another use of the phrase is found in 1025:Decipherment of ancient Egyptian scripts 363:, erected in 238 BC during the reign of 5692:Sarcophagus of Seianti Hanunia Tlesnasa 4699:, the Rosetta Stone of Flowering Time?" 2411: 2028: 1448:. On the same day he wrote the famous " 1292: 6246:Royal Commission on the British Museum 4944:. Howstuffworks.com. 11 December 2007. 4438:. Montpellier: Université Paul Valéry. 3844:Assmann, Jan; Jenkins, Andrew (2003). 3789:Adkins, Lesley; Adkins, R. A. (2000). 3710: 3708: 3706: 3704: 2704: 2502: 2500: 2498: 2191:Retrieved July 14, 2010 (see pp. 1–15) 1919:The name is used for various forms of 1891:can be filled during various forms of 798:, with the stone now inside the city. 490:, when Agathoclea and her family were 6172:A History of the World in 100 Objects 4966:A History of the World in 100 Objects 3684:Delhi: Pages From a Forgotten History 3292:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 91. 2772:p. 51, with references there to 1554:A giant copy of the Rosetta Stone by 7: 6151:Conservation and Scientific Research 4791:. The British Museum. Archived from 4207:from the original on 11 January 2022 4150:Champollion: un scribe pour l'Égypte 3546:Sarah El Shaarawi (5 October 2016). 1609:, then Secretary-General of Egypt's 1478:decipherment of Egyptian hieroglyphs 253:bilingual or trilingual inscriptions 4745:Shaw, Ian; Nicholson, Paul (1995). 4675:The Oxford history of Ancient Egypt 4443:Nicholson, P. T.; Shaw, I. (2000). 2519:Solly, Meilan (27 September 2022). 2231:At Gallica: Retrieved July 14, 2010 2005:Transliteration of Ancient Egyptian 1101:during the 9th and 10th centuries. 734:, in a report by Commission member 712:Commission des Sciences et des Arts 157:inscribed with three versions of a 6314:French invasion of Egypt and Syria 4834:Spencer, Neal; Thorne, C. (2003). 4306:. 6 September 2000. Archived from 4016:The Decrees of Memphis and Canopus 3924:Bailey, Martin (21 January 2003). 3896:Bagnall, R. S.; Derow, P. (2004). 3740: 3619: 2716: 2384:. Leipzig: Libraria Dykiana, 1853 1905:spacecraft, launched to study the 1875:(GRB) found in conjunction with a 1669:, an Ottoman house in the town of 1601:Requests for repatriation to Egypt 442:was priest of the divine cults of 173:. The top and middle texts are in 25: 6161:Portable Antiquities and Treasure 4492:. Oxford University Press. 1989. 4489:Oxford English Dictionary. 2nd ed 4278:Huttinger, Henry (28 July 2005). 3579:Stickings, Tim (19 August 2022). 2676:Clarysse and Van der Veken (1983) 2131:. Paris: Institut National, 1803 1416:had tentatively noted the names " 850:signed by representatives of the 806:From French to British possession 265:Memphis decree of Ptolemy IV 6329:Antiquities acquired by Napoleon 6266: 6265: 6208:Films shot at the British Museum 5845:Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III 5560:Herculean Sarcophagus of Genzano 5248:Aphsad inscription of Ādityasena 4869:Chronicle of the Queens of Egypt 4282:. Cairo Magazine. Archived from 3970:. (British Museum Publications). 3773: 3608: 3498: 3486: 3474: 3450: 3399: 3351: 3225: 3189: 3180:" (British Museum, 14 July 2017) 3164: 3152: 3140: 3123: 3111: 3096: 3069: 3021: 2992: 2968: 2940: 2928: 2916: 2836:Walker and Higgs (editors, 2001) 2811: 2692: 2663: 2651: 2600: 2583: 2475: 2433: 2418: 2340:Fragmenta historicorum Graecorum 1314: 1295: 1224:narrative, and other documents. 904:Society of Antiquaries of London 561:to the priests of the temple of 407:The stele was erected after the 196:The stone was carved during the 191:deciphering the Egyptian scripts 51: 6299:1799 archaeological discoveries 4749:The Dictionary of Ancient Egypt 4396:Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 4122:Cooper, Keith (14 April 2010). 3968:Studies in Egyptian Antiquities 3534: 3510: 3387: 3375: 3363: 3045: 3033: 2952: 2835: 2769: 2675: 2553:Springer Science+Business Media 2547:Sanguineti, Vincenzo R (2022). 2201:1819: Thomas Young, "Egypt" in 2172:vol. 16 (1810–1812) pp. 208–263 1377:" (in today's transliteration " 1252:Antoine-Isaac Silvestre de Sacy 1089:, an explanation of almost 200 984:The museum was concerned about 819:the institute. British General 6359:Metaphors referring to objects 6122:The Tale of the Flopsy Bunnies 5160:Colossal head of Amenhotep III 4906:Wilson, Robert Thomas (1803). 4811:; Valbelle, Dominique (2002). 4522:University of California Press 4327:. Princeton University Press. 3879:. 20 July 2005. Archived from 3751: 3687:. Hay House, Inc. p. 55. 3620:"Antiquities wish list" (2005) 3327: 3084: 2893: 2847: 2731: 2551:(2nd ed.). Philadelphia: 2151:vol. 15 (1800–1803) p. 260 ff. 1982:Egypt–United Kingdom relations 1967:sequence into structure). The 1611:Supreme Council of Antiquities 840:Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 397:Memphis decree and its context 36:Rosetta Stone (disambiguation) 1: 5672:Priene dedicatory inscription 4942:"How the Rosetta Stone works" 4471:10.1016/S0735-1097(97)00144-7 4447:. Cambridge University Press. 3762: 3642: 3462: 3237: 2980: 2905: 2773: 2460: 2445: 2267:Online version at archive.org 1961:distributed computing project 643: 323:, the second in the Egyptian 6339:Ptolemaic Greek inscriptions 5860:Complaint tablet to Ea-nāṣir 5835:Tell al-'Ubaid Copper Lintel 5303:Jade terrapin from Allahabad 5170:Gebelein predynastic mummies 5165:El-Amra clay model of cattle 4836:Book of Egyptian Hieroglyphs 4819:. Four Walls Eight Windows. 4723:10.1126/science.296.5566.285 4602:. Harvard University Press. 3997:. Cambridge University Press 3850:. Harvard University Press. 3522: 3424:E. Agazzi; M. Pauri (2013). 3411: 3339: 3315: 3261: 3213: 3057: 2889: 2874: 2863: 2859: 2787: 2757: 2743: 2612: 2249:(London: John Murray, 1823) 1562:, France, the birthplace of 1436: 1434:(in today's transliteration 1430: 1424: 1418: 1385: 1379: 1373: 1321:Replica of the Demotic texts 1188:Gabriel de La Porte du Theil 529:, from the Ptolemies to the 503:Antiochus III the Great 57:The Rosetta Stone on display 5875:Babylonian Map of the World 5430:Barber Cup and Crawford Cup 5359:The Great Wave off Kanagawa 5343:Seated Buddha from Gandhara 5263:Amitābha Buddha from Hancui 4678:. Oxford University Press. 3597: 3004: 2957:Nespoulous-Phalippou (2015) 2850:(no. 137 in online version) 2823: 2705:Shaw & Nicholson (1995) 2636: 2624: 2057:vol. 72 part 1 p. 270 1825:The Shape of Things to Come 1636:Roemer-und-Pelizaeus-Museum 1364:, foreign secretary of the 891:. The King, represented by 6385: 5205:Rhind Mathematical Papyrus 4408:10.1177/030751330308900111 4103:Clayton, Peter A. (2006). 3774:Nishimura and Tajik (1998) 3630: 3535:Edwardes and Milner (2003) 3273: 3249: 3201: 2799: 2506: 2476:Middleton and Klemm (2003) 1527:University of Pennsylvania 1023:For more information, see 1022: 848:Capitulation of Alexandria 479:Ptolemy IV Philopator 400: 230:Capitulation of Alexandria 29: 6261: 5911:Lion Hunt of Ashurbanipal 5687:Sant'Angelo Muxaro Patera 4974: 4963: 4954: 4617:Robinson, Andrew (2009). 4514:; Simpson, R. S. (1999). 4371:Meyerson, Daniel (2004). 3716:Oxford English dictionary 3598:"Rose of the Nile" (2005) 3550:. Newsweek – Middle East. 3463:Quirke and Andrews (1989) 3286:Powell, Barry B. (2009). 2906:Quirke and Andrews (1989) 2774:Quirke and Andrews (1989) 2561:10.1007/978-3-030-86415-6 2490: 2333:. Paris, 1840 (issued in 2261:1824: J.-F. Champollion, 1910:67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko 1805:Oxford English Dictionary 1766:, thus unlocking ancient 1624:Egyptian Museum of Berlin 1564:Jean-François Champollion 1468:written in cartouches at 1402:Jean-François Champollion 1391: 1129:to solve the puzzle that 1127:Jean-François Champollion 1019:Reading the Rosetta Stone 957:(EA 10), the statue of a 327:script, and the third in 241:Jean-François Champollion 212:near the town of Rashid ( 50: 6218:Repatriation controversy 5895:Flood tablet (Gilgamesh) 5677:Priene edict inscription 5510:Choiseul-Gouffier Apollo 5278:Mogao Christian painting 4891:. British Museum Press. 4425:Tradition and Innovation 4264:Egyptian Royal Genealogy 4231:El Daly, Okasha (2005). 4172:Downs, Jonathan (2008). 3829:. British Museum Press. 3714: 2848:Bagnall and Derow (2004) 2364:. Berlin: Dümmler, 1851 2054:The Gentleman's Magazine 2042:Retrieved July 15, 2018 1881:Doppler echocardiography 1282:", and Ptolemy's title " 1121:in the 16th century and 1036:fall of the Roman Empire 949:expedition, including a 829:William Richard Hamilton 724:Pierre-François Bouchard 689:The Gentleman's Magazine 649:/18–1496) to defend the 507:Philip V of Macedon 303:on the west bank of the 263:in 238 BC, and the 222:Pierre-François Bouchard 128:Pierre-François Bouchard 6304:Ancient Egyptian stelas 6203:Dingwall Beloe Lectures 5905:Library of Ashurbanipal 5293:Hephthalite silver bowl 5258:Ambika Statue from Dhar 4979:Chinese Han lacquer cup 4872:. Thames & Hudson. 4858:. British Museum. 1847. 4787:Simpson, R. S. (n.d.). 4768:Simpson, R. S. (1996). 4621:. Thames & Hudson. 4323:Iversen, Erik (1993) . 4176:. Skyhorse Publishing. 4107:. Thames & Hudson. 4054:Burleigh, Nina (2007). 3873:"Antiquities Wish List" 3823:Andrews, Carol (1985). 3752:Simpson and Dean (2002) 3681:Dudney, Arthur (2015). 3499:Parkinson et al. (1999) 3487:Parkinson et al. (1999) 3400:Parkinson et al. (1999) 3352:Parkinson et al. (1999) 3226:Parkinson et al. (1999) 3070:Parkinson et al. (1999) 3022:Parkinson et al. (1999) 3007:vol. 2 pp. 274–284 2969:Parkinson et al. (1999) 2892:; a revised version of 2812:Parkinson et al. (1999) 2693:Parkinson et al. (1999) 2664:Parkinson et al. (1999) 2652:Parkinson et al. (1999) 2601:Parkinson et al. (1999) 2584:Parkinson et al. (1999) 2434:Parkinson et al. (1999) 2386:Retrieved July 14, 2010 2366:Retrieved July 14, 2010 2292:Retrieved July 14, 2010 2251:Retrieved July 14, 2010 2204:Encyclopædia Britannica 2133:Retrieved July 14, 2010 2079:Retrieved July 14, 2010 2059:Retrieved July 14, 2010 1863:human leucocyte antigen 1811:Encyclopædia Britannica 1579:Encyclopædia Britannica 1393:Encyclopædia Britannica 1366:Royal Society of London 1354:Jean-Jacques Barthélemy 1209:Christian Gottlob Heyne 1179:meeting in April 1802. 1064:Graffito of Esmet-Akhom 988:towards the end of the 986:heavy bombing in London 867:Tomkyns Hilgrove Turner 796:surrounded and besieged 431:, which corresponds to 159:decree issued in 196 BC 6369:History of translation 6156:Libraries and Archives 5957:Phoenician metal bowls 5885:Cylinders of Nabonidus 5348:Stamp seal (BM 119999) 4772:. Griffith Institute. 4147:Dewachter, M. (1990). 3525:vol. 1 pp. 59–134 2125:Hubert-Pascal Ameilhon 1731: 1695: 1667:Rashid National Museum 1577:, a sub-editor on the 1566: 1497: 1450: 1442: 1341: 1192:Hubert-Pascal Ameilhon 1177:Society of Antiquaries 1155: 973: 939:Trinity College Dublin 922: 815: 728:Jacques-François Menou 693: 565: 351: 224:during the Napoleonic 34:. For other uses, see 6294:2nd-century BC steles 5932:Babylonian Chronicles 5790:Assyrian lion weights 5767:Xanten Horse-Phalerae 5702:Stony Stratford Hoard 5620:Papyri of Oxyrhynchus 5520:Dionysus Sardanapalus 5465:Bronze head of Hypnos 5101:Double-headed serpent 4547:Parkinson, Richard B. 4508:Parkinson, Richard B. 4155:Découvertes Gallimard 2327:Antoine-Jean Letronne 2308:Revue des deux mondes 2163:1811: Matthew Raper, 1943:processors to run on 1897:European Space Agency 1893:diastolic dysfunction 1689: 1675:Grand Egyptian Museum 1644:Dendera Temple Zodiac 1553: 1502:Antoine-Jean Letronne 1491: 1336: 1250:. French Orientalist 1150: 971: 916: 844:Library of Alexandria 838:, but French scholar 813: 769:Nicolas-Jacques Conté 685: 547: 537:and by his successor 496:Aristomenes of Alyzia 346: 6115:The Disasters of War 6037:Sutton Hoo purse-lid 5987:Holy Thorn Reliquary 5333:Mathura lion capital 5091:Bronze Head from Ife 4639:. The British Museum 4379:. Ballantine Books. 4128:Astronomy Now Online 3950:The House of Ptolemy 3926:"Shifting the Blame" 3883:on 16 September 2010 3741:"International Team" 2461:Miller et al. (2000) 2400:. Philadelphia, 1858 2312:At French Wikisource 2280:1827: James Browne, 2244:1823: Thomas Young, 2234:at French Wikisource 2091:Johan David Åkerblad 2038:Courrier de l'Égypte 1921:translation software 1868:Arabidopsis thaliana 1772:Behistun inscription 1523:Philomathean Society 1437:q l i҆ w p 3 d r 3.t 1303:Johan David Åkerblad 1256:Jean-Antoine Chaptal 1236:Johan David Åkerblad 1135:riddle of the Sphinx 825:Edward Daniel Clarke 821:John Hely-Hutchinson 752:Courrier de l'Égypte 575:flooding of the Nile 462:(wife and sister of 460:Arsinoe Philadelphos 403:Rosetta Stone decree 369:Gardiner's sign list 169:, on behalf of King 32:Rosetta Stone decree 6198:British Museum Acts 6108:The Ancient of Days 6007:Mildenhall Treasure 5785:Ain Sakhri figurine 5716:Townley collection 5657:Petelia Gold Tablet 5585:Macmillan aryballos 5505:Chatuzange Treasure 5450:Boscoreale Treasure 5150:Battlefield Palette 5130:Yaxchilan Lintel 24 4753:. Harry N. Abrams. 4715:2002Sci...296..285S 4637:"The Rosetta Stone" 4200:The Daily Telegraph 4033:Budge, E. A. Wallis 4011:Budge, E. A. Wallis 3989:Budge, E. A. Wallis 3977:Göttinger Miszellen 1951:systems, is named " 1853:Scientific American 1797:has been also used 1722:Metropolitan Museum 1720:in Berlin, and the 1656:Museum of Fine Arts 1414:William John Bankes 1040:hieroglyphic script 1038:. The usage of the 994:Postal Tube Railway 959:high priest of Amun 736:Michel Ange Lancret 660:, a stele found in 595:Alexander the Great 559:grants tax immunity 444:Alexander the Great 421:Macedonian calendar 171:Ptolemy V Epiphanes 6319:Multilingual texts 6080:Dürer's Rhinoceros 6059:Lampsacus Treasure 6054:Vindolanda Tablets 5947:Antiochus cylinder 5937:Ur Box inscription 5682:San Sosti Axe-Head 5605:Minoan Bull-leaper 5545:Farnese Diadumenos 5535:Esquiline Treasure 5480:Campo Iemini Venus 5440:Beaurains Treasure 5425:Asclepius of Milos 5365:Vishnu Nicolo Seal 5308:Kakiemon elephants 5243:Admonitions Scroll 5096:Codex Kingsborough 5042:Round Reading Room 4912:. Military Library 4889:Cleopatra of Egypt 4672:Shaw, Ian (2000). 4286:on 1 December 2005 3728:June 20, 2011, at 2359:1851: H. Brugsch, 2304:François Salvolini 1696: 1650:in Paris; and the 1626:; a statue of the 1594:E. A. Wallis Budge 1571:Lettre à M. Dacier 1567: 1507:François Salvolini 1498: 1474:Jean-Nicolas Huyot 1452:Lettre à M. Dacier 1412:in 1822, on which 1342: 1309:equivalents (1802) 1184:Institut de France 1156: 1123:Athanasius Kircher 1119:Pierius Valerianus 974: 923: 816: 757:Jean-Joseph Marcel 701:Napoleon Bonaparte 694: 607:E. A. Wallis Budge 566: 472:27 November 197 BC 468:Arsinoe Philopator 452:Berenice Euergetis 440:Aetos son of Aetos 352: 198:Hellenistic period 6334:Ptolemaic dynasty 6279: 6278: 6181: 6180: 6043:Swimming Reindeer 6032:Sutton Hoo helmet 5865:Tablet of Shamash 5757:Vaison Diadumenos 5707:Strangford Apollo 5515:Demeter of Knidos 5495:Chaourse Treasure 5485:Carthage Treasure 5410:Arcisate Treasure 5298:Huixian Bronze Hu 5253:Amaravati Marbles 5215:Sphinx of Taharqo 5118:Kayung totem pole 5112:Throne of Weapons 4985: 4984: 4975:Succeeded by 4959:Pillars of Ashoka 4845:978-0-7607-4199-3 4826:978-1-56858-226-9 4779:978-0-900416-65-1 4709:(5566): 285–289. 4659:. 8 December 2009 4628:978-0-500-51453-5 4609:978-0-674-02493-9 4583:978-0-8109-1572-5 4574:The Rosetta Stone 4564:978-0-7141-5021-5 4553:The Rosetta Stone 4531:978-0-520-22306-6 4499:978-0-19-861186-8 4386:978-0-345-45067-8 4334:978-0-691-02124-9 4183:978-1-60239-271-7 4164:978-2-07-053103-5 4134:on 19 August 2019 4067:978-0-06-059767-2 4060:. HarperCollins. 4038:The Rosetta Stone 3857:978-0-674-01211-0 3836:978-0-87226-034-4 3826:The Rosetta Stone 3802:978-0-06-019439-0 3795:. HarperCollins. 3694:978-93-84544-31-7 3667:978-1-58839-452-1 3568:. 22 August 2022. 3437:978-94-015-9391-5 3299:978-1-4051-6256-2 2570:978-3-030-86414-9 2491:The Rosetta Stone 2221:J.-F. Champollion 2114:vol. 4 plates 5–7 2111:Vetusta Monumenta 2071:Silvestre de Sacy 1848:Theodor W. Hänsch 1620:bust of Nefertiti 1539:Richard Parkinson 1458:Bon-Joseph Dacier 1431:k l e o p a t r a 1329:Hieroglyphic text 1103:Dhul-Nun al-Misri 1062:and known as the 1032:Egyptian language 955:Nectanebo II 800:Menou surrendered 732:Institut d'Égypte 609:(1904, 1913) and 429:Egyptian calendar 390: 389: 386: 385: 361:decree of Canopus 311:in the region of 261:Decree of Canopus 257:Ptolemaic decrees 226:campaign in Egypt 163:Ptolemaic dynasty 143: 142: 18:The Rosetta Stone 16:(Redirected from 6376: 6269: 6268: 6146:Coins and Medals 6022:Seax of Beagnoth 5870:Statue of Idrimi 5825:Ram in a Thicket 5697:Satala Aphrodite 5647:Paramythia Hoard 5490:Caubiac Treasure 5400:Apollo of Cyrene 5395:Aineta aryballos 5185:MacGregor plaque 5057: 5011: 5004: 4997: 4988: 4955:Preceded by 4952: 4945: 4937: 4921: 4919: 4917: 4902: 4883: 4864:Tyldesley, Joyce 4859: 4849: 4830: 4818: 4804: 4802: 4800: 4783: 4764: 4752: 4741: 4739: 4737: 4689: 4668: 4666: 4664: 4648: 4646: 4644: 4632: 4613: 4601: 4587: 4568: 4556: 4542: 4540: 4538: 4503: 4483: 4473: 4448: 4439: 4428: 4419: 4390: 4378: 4367: 4356:10.2307/40000039 4338: 4319: 4317: 4315: 4310:on 9 August 2007 4295: 4293: 4291: 4274: 4272: 4270: 4255: 4246: 4227: 4216: 4214: 4212: 4196: 4187: 4168: 4143: 4141: 4139: 4130:. Archived from 4118: 4099: 4090: 4071: 4050: 4048: 4046: 4041:. British Museum 4028: 4026: 4024: 4006: 4004: 4002: 3984: 3971: 3962: 3960: 3958: 3940: 3938: 3936: 3920: 3918: 3916: 3892: 3890: 3888: 3868: 3866: 3864: 3840: 3819: 3806: 3776: 3771: 3765: 3760: 3754: 3749: 3743: 3738: 3732: 3712: 3699: 3698: 3678: 3672: 3671: 3651: 3645: 3640: 3634: 3628: 3622: 3617: 3611: 3609:Huttinger (2005) 3606: 3600: 3595: 3589: 3588: 3576: 3570: 3569: 3558: 3552: 3551: 3543: 3537: 3532: 3526: 3520: 3514: 3508: 3502: 3496: 3490: 3484: 3478: 3475:Parkinson (2005) 3472: 3466: 3460: 3454: 3451:Dewachter (1990) 3448: 3442: 3441: 3421: 3415: 3409: 3403: 3397: 3391: 3385: 3379: 3373: 3367: 3361: 3355: 3349: 3343: 3337: 3331: 3325: 3319: 3313: 3304: 3303: 3283: 3277: 3271: 3265: 3259: 3253: 3247: 3241: 3235: 3229: 3223: 3217: 3211: 3205: 3199: 3193: 3190:Parkinson (2005) 3187: 3181: 3174: 3168: 3165:Parkinson (2005) 3162: 3156: 3153:Parkinson (2005) 3150: 3144: 3141:Parkinson (2005) 3138: 3127: 3124:Parkinson (2005) 3121: 3115: 3112:Parkinson (2005) 3109: 3100: 3097:Parkinson (2005) 3094: 3088: 3082: 3073: 3067: 3061: 3055: 3049: 3043: 3037: 3031: 3025: 3019: 3008: 3002: 2996: 2993:Gillispie (1987) 2990: 2984: 2978: 2972: 2966: 2960: 2959:pp. 283–285 2950: 2944: 2941:Parkinson (2005) 2938: 2932: 2929:Parkinson (2005) 2926: 2920: 2917:Parkinson (2005) 2914: 2908: 2903: 2897: 2896:pp. 258–271 2887: 2881: 2872: 2866: 2857: 2851: 2845: 2839: 2833: 2827: 2821: 2815: 2809: 2803: 2797: 2791: 2785: 2776: 2767: 2761: 2755: 2749: 2741: 2735: 2729: 2720: 2717:Tyldesley (2006) 2714: 2708: 2702: 2696: 2690: 2679: 2673: 2667: 2661: 2655: 2649: 2640: 2634: 2628: 2622: 2616: 2610: 2604: 2598: 2587: 2581: 2575: 2574: 2544: 2538: 2537: 2535: 2533: 2516: 2510: 2504: 2493: 2488: 2479: 2478:pp. 207–208 2473: 2464: 2463:pp. 128–132 2458: 2452: 2451:pp. 113–114 2443: 2437: 2431: 2422: 2421:pp. 111–113 2419:Bierbrier (1999) 2416: 2394: 2374: 2357: 2335:Carolus Müllerus 2323: 2300: 2287:Edinburgh Review 2278: 2259: 2242: 2217: 2199: 2179: 2161: 2141: 2121: 2105: 2087: 2067: 2049: 2033: 1929:Arlington County 1768:Indian epigraphy 1760:Christian Lassen 1584:Edinburgh Review 1515:Heinrich Brugsch 1455: 1447: 1439: 1433: 1427: 1421: 1396: 1388: 1382: 1376: 1318: 1299: 1222:Colonel Turner's 1057: 1044:Pharaonic period 909: 745: 741: 717: 710:), known as the 666:Temple of Philae 651:Bolbitine branch 648: 645: 519:Battle of Panium 473: 456:Ptolemy III 437: 434: 379: 375: 365:Ptolemy III 297:Klemm collection 175:Ancient Egyptian 134:Present location 55: 43: 21: 6384: 6383: 6379: 6378: 6377: 6375: 6374: 6373: 6284: 6283: 6280: 6275: 6257: 6177: 6134: 6070: 6063: 5968: 5961: 5942:Kurkh Monoliths 5927:Lachish reliefs 5900:Jar of Xerxes I 5880:Rassam cylinder 5771: 5752:Uerdingen Hoard 5610:Nereid Monument 5550:Guilford Puteal 5540:Euphorbos plate 5500:Chatsworth Head 5460:Braganza Brooch 5405:Archangel ivory 5390:Aegina Treasure 5381: 5374: 5318:Kanishka casket 5273:Buddhapad Hoard 5229: 5180:Hunters Palette 5141: 5134: 5106:Hoa Hakananai'a 5062: 5061:Africa, Oceania 5052: 5046: 5020: 5015: 4981: 4968: 4961: 4949: 4940: 4932: 4929: 4924: 4915: 4913: 4905: 4899: 4886: 4880: 4862: 4852: 4846: 4833: 4827: 4807: 4798: 4796: 4786: 4780: 4767: 4761: 4744: 4735: 4733: 4692: 4686: 4671: 4662: 4660: 4651: 4642: 4640: 4635: 4629: 4616: 4610: 4590: 4584: 4571: 4565: 4545: 4536: 4534: 4532: 4506: 4500: 4486: 4451: 4442: 4431: 4422: 4393: 4387: 4370: 4341: 4335: 4322: 4313: 4311: 4298: 4289: 4287: 4277: 4268: 4266: 4258: 4249: 4243: 4230: 4223:Al-Ahram Weekly 4219: 4210: 4208: 4190: 4184: 4171: 4165: 4153:. Coll. « 4146: 4137: 4135: 4121: 4115: 4102: 4093: 4087: 4074: 4068: 4053: 4044: 4042: 4031: 4022: 4020: 4009: 4000: 3998: 3987: 3974: 3965: 3956: 3954: 3943: 3934: 3932: 3923: 3914: 3912: 3910: 3895: 3886: 3884: 3877:Al-Ahram Weekly 3871: 3862: 3860: 3858: 3843: 3837: 3822: 3809: 3803: 3788: 3784: 3779: 3772: 3768: 3761: 3757: 3750: 3746: 3739: 3735: 3713: 3702: 3695: 3680: 3679: 3675: 3668: 3653: 3652: 3648: 3641: 3637: 3629: 3625: 3618: 3614: 3607: 3603: 3596: 3592: 3578: 3577: 3573: 3560: 3559: 3555: 3545: 3544: 3540: 3533: 3529: 3521: 3517: 3511:Robinson (2009) 3509: 3505: 3497: 3493: 3485: 3481: 3473: 3469: 3461: 3457: 3449: 3445: 3438: 3423: 3422: 3418: 3410: 3406: 3398: 3394: 3388:Robinson (2009) 3386: 3382: 3376:Robinson (2009) 3374: 3370: 3364:Robinson (2009) 3362: 3358: 3350: 3346: 3338: 3334: 3326: 3322: 3314: 3307: 3300: 3285: 3284: 3280: 3272: 3268: 3260: 3256: 3248: 3244: 3236: 3232: 3224: 3220: 3212: 3208: 3200: 3196: 3188: 3184: 3175: 3171: 3163: 3159: 3151: 3147: 3139: 3130: 3122: 3118: 3110: 3103: 3095: 3091: 3083: 3076: 3068: 3064: 3056: 3052: 3046:Burleigh (2007) 3044: 3040: 3034:Burleigh (2007) 3032: 3028: 3020: 3011: 3003: 2999: 2991: 2987: 2979: 2975: 2967: 2963: 2953:Clarysse (1999) 2951: 2947: 2939: 2935: 2927: 2923: 2915: 2911: 2904: 2900: 2890:Simpson (n. d.) 2888: 2884: 2873: 2869: 2858: 2854: 2846: 2842: 2834: 2830: 2822: 2818: 2810: 2806: 2798: 2794: 2786: 2779: 2770:Clarysse (1999) 2768: 2764: 2756: 2752: 2742: 2738: 2730: 2723: 2715: 2711: 2703: 2699: 2691: 2682: 2674: 2670: 2662: 2658: 2650: 2643: 2635: 2631: 2623: 2619: 2611: 2607: 2599: 2590: 2582: 2578: 2571: 2555:. pp. xi. 2546: 2545: 2541: 2531: 2529: 2518: 2517: 2513: 2505: 2496: 2489: 2482: 2474: 2467: 2459: 2455: 2444: 2440: 2432: 2425: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2404: 2401: 2391: 2388: 2371: 2368: 2354: 2351: 2343:vol. 1 (Paris: 2317: 2314: 2310:vol. 10 (1937) 2297: 2294: 2275: 2272: 2256: 2253: 2239: 2236: 2214: 2211: 2196: 2193: 2189:vol. 18 (1817) 2176: 2173: 2155: 2152: 2138: 2135: 2118: 2115: 2102: 2099: 2084: 2081: 2064: 2061: 2046: 2043: 2030: 2026: 2021: 1978: 1969:Rosetta Project 1959:endeavour is a 1923:and services. " 1873:gamma-ray burst 1736: 1718:Pergamon Museum 1698: 1697: 1652:bust of Ankhhaf 1642:, Germany; the 1603: 1597:the same size. 1589:Julius Klaproth 1548: 1486: 1404:, a teacher at 1331: 1322: 1319: 1310: 1300: 1244:Coptic language 1232: 1145: 1133:had called the 1111:Coptic language 1095:Arab historians 1075:Roman alphabets 1055: 1028: 1021: 990:First World War 907: 889:George III 808: 777:Antoine Galland 743: 739: 715: 680: 646: 599:earlier decrees 471: 464:Ptolemy II 435: 432: 405: 399: 394: 341: 273: 245:transliteration 107: 64: 58: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6382: 6380: 6372: 6371: 6366: 6361: 6356: 6351: 6346: 6341: 6336: 6331: 6326: 6321: 6316: 6311: 6306: 6301: 6296: 6286: 6285: 6277: 6276: 6274: 6273: 6262: 6259: 6258: 6256: 6255: 6254: 6253: 6248: 6243: 6238: 6233: 6225: 6220: 6215: 6210: 6205: 6200: 6195: 6189: 6187: 6183: 6182: 6179: 6178: 6176: 6175: 6168: 6166:Rondanini Faun 6163: 6158: 6153: 6148: 6142: 6140: 6136: 6135: 6133: 6132: 6129:Triumphal Arch 6125: 6118: 6111: 6104: 6101:Isabella Brant 6097: 6090: 6083: 6075: 6073: 6065: 6064: 6062: 6061: 6056: 6051: 6046: 6039: 6034: 6029: 6024: 6019: 6017:Royal Gold Cup 6014: 6012:Ringlemere Cup 6009: 6004: 5999: 5997:Lewis chessmen 5994: 5989: 5984: 5979: 5973: 5971: 5963: 5962: 5960: 5959: 5954: 5952:Nimrud ivories 5949: 5944: 5939: 5934: 5929: 5924: 5919: 5914: 5907: 5902: 5897: 5892: 5890:Cyrus Cylinder 5887: 5882: 5877: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5842: 5837: 5832: 5827: 5822: 5820:Standard of Ur 5817: 5812: 5810:Blau Monuments 5807: 5802: 5797: 5792: 5787: 5781: 5779: 5773: 5772: 5770: 5769: 5764: 5759: 5754: 5749: 5748: 5747: 5742: 5737: 5732: 5727: 5722: 5714: 5712:Tomb of Payava 5709: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5674: 5669: 5664: 5659: 5654: 5649: 5644: 5643: 5642: 5637: 5632: 5627: 5617: 5612: 5607: 5602: 5597: 5592: 5590:Mâcon Treasure 5587: 5582: 5577: 5575:Lion of Knidos 5572: 5567: 5562: 5557: 5552: 5547: 5542: 5537: 5532: 5527: 5522: 5517: 5512: 5507: 5502: 5497: 5492: 5487: 5482: 5477: 5475:Bursa Treasure 5472: 5467: 5462: 5457: 5455:Boy with Thorn 5452: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5432: 5427: 5422: 5417: 5412: 5407: 5402: 5397: 5392: 5386: 5384: 5376: 5375: 5373: 5372: 5367: 5362: 5355: 5353:Statue of Tara 5350: 5345: 5340: 5335: 5330: 5325: 5320: 5315: 5310: 5305: 5300: 5295: 5290: 5285: 5280: 5275: 5270: 5268:Bimaran casket 5265: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5245: 5239: 5237: 5231: 5230: 5228: 5227: 5225:Younger Memnon 5222: 5217: 5212: 5207: 5202: 5197: 5195:Papyrus of Ani 5192: 5187: 5182: 5177: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5152: 5146: 5144: 5136: 5135: 5133: 5132: 5127: 5120: 5115: 5108: 5103: 5098: 5093: 5088: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5067: 5065: 5054: 5048: 5047: 5045: 5044: 5039: 5037:King's Library 5034: 5028: 5026: 5022: 5021: 5018:British Museum 5016: 5014: 5013: 5006: 4999: 4991: 4983: 4982: 4976: 4973: 4962: 4956: 4947: 4946: 4938: 4928: 4927:External links 4925: 4923: 4922: 4903: 4897: 4884: 4878: 4860: 4850: 4844: 4831: 4825: 4805: 4795:on 6 July 2010 4784: 4778: 4765: 4759: 4742: 4690: 4684: 4669: 4649: 4633: 4627: 4614: 4608: 4588: 4582: 4569: 4563: 4543: 4530: 4504: 4498: 4484: 4449: 4440: 4429: 4420: 4402:(1): 207–216. 4391: 4385: 4368: 4339: 4333: 4320: 4296: 4275: 4256: 4247: 4241: 4228: 4217: 4188: 4182: 4169: 4163: 4144: 4119: 4113: 4100: 4091: 4085: 4072: 4066: 4051: 4029: 4007: 3985: 3972: 3963: 3941: 3921: 3908: 3893: 3869: 3856: 3841: 3835: 3820: 3807: 3801: 3785: 3783: 3780: 3778: 3777: 3766: 3755: 3744: 3733: 3700: 3693: 3673: 3666: 3646: 3635: 3623: 3612: 3601: 3590: 3571: 3553: 3538: 3527: 3515: 3513:pp. 65–68 3503: 3501:pp. 35–38 3491: 3489:pp. 30–31 3479: 3467: 3455: 3443: 3436: 3416: 3404: 3392: 3390:pp. 61–64 3380: 3368: 3366:pp. 59–61 3356: 3344: 3342:pp. 27–28 3332: 3328:Andrews (1985) 3320: 3305: 3298: 3278: 3276:pp. 20–24 3266: 3264:pp. 70–72 3262:Iversen (1993) 3254: 3252:pp. 15–18 3242: 3240:pp. 65–75 3238:El Daly (2005) 3230: 3228:pp. 15–16 3218: 3214:Iversen (1993) 3206: 3194: 3192:pp. 50–51 3182: 3169: 3157: 3145: 3128: 3116: 3101: 3099:pp. 30–31 3089: 3085:Andrews (1985) 3074: 3072:pp. 21–22 3062: 3050: 3038: 3026: 3009: 2997: 2985: 2973: 2971:pp. 17–20 2961: 2945: 2933: 2921: 2909: 2898: 2894:Simpson (1996) 2882: 2867: 2852: 2840: 2828: 2816: 2804: 2792: 2777: 2762: 2758:Assmann (2003) 2750: 2736: 2732:Clayton (2006) 2721: 2709: 2697: 2680: 2668: 2656: 2641: 2629: 2617: 2605: 2588: 2576: 2569: 2539: 2511: 2494: 2480: 2465: 2453: 2438: 2423: 2410: 2408: 2405: 2403: 2402: 2395: 2389: 2375: 2369: 2358: 2352: 2324: 2315: 2301: 2295: 2279: 2273: 2265:. Paris, 1824 2260: 2254: 2243: 2237: 2229:(Paris, 1822) 2218: 2212: 2200: 2194: 2180: 2174: 2162: 2153: 2142: 2136: 2122: 2116: 2106: 2100: 2088: 2082: 2077:. Paris, 1802 2068: 2062: 2050: 2044: 2034: 2027: 2025: 2022: 2020: 2017: 2016: 2015: 2007: 2002: 1996: 1993:Garshunography 1990: 1984: 1977: 1974: 1885:left ventricle 1845:Nobel laureate 1822:'s 1933 novel 1776:Middle-Eastern 1752:Greco-Bactrian 1735: 1732: 1684: 1683: 1602: 1599: 1547: 1544: 1505:work stalled. 1494:King's Library 1485: 1482: 1410:Philae obelisk 1346:Chinese script 1330: 1327: 1324: 1323: 1320: 1313: 1311: 1301: 1294: 1231: 1228: 1204:Richard Porson 1173:Stephen Weston 1152:Richard Porson 1144: 1141: 1099:medieval Egypt 1020: 1017: 998:Mount Pleasant 979:King's Library 900:British Museum 807: 804: 802:on 30 August. 773:printing block 679: 676: 670:Philae obelisk 658:Nubayrah Stele 611:Edwyn R. Bevan 413:Ptolemy V 401:Main article: 398: 395: 392: 391: 388: 387: 384: 383: 357: 340: 339:Original stele 337: 272: 269: 243:announced the 234:British Museum 141: 140: 138:British Museum 135: 131: 130: 125: 121: 120: 104: 100: 99: 96: 92: 91: 88: 84: 83: 80: 76: 75: 70: 66: 65: 61:British Museum 56: 48: 47: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6381: 6370: 6367: 6365: 6364:1799 in Egypt 6362: 6360: 6357: 6355: 6352: 6350: 6347: 6345: 6342: 6340: 6337: 6335: 6332: 6330: 6327: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6317: 6315: 6312: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6297: 6295: 6292: 6291: 6289: 6282: 6272: 6264: 6263: 6260: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6228: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6191: 6190: 6188: 6184: 6174: 6173: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6143: 6141: 6137: 6131: 6130: 6126: 6124: 6123: 6119: 6117: 6116: 6112: 6110: 6109: 6105: 6103: 6102: 6098: 6096: 6095: 6091: 6089: 6088: 6084: 6082: 6081: 6077: 6076: 6074: 6072: 6066: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6044: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6000: 5998: 5995: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5982:Franks Casket 5980: 5978: 5977:Boxwood altar 5975: 5974: 5972: 5970: 5964: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5917:Oxus Treasure 5915: 5913: 5912: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5855:Burney Relief 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5840:White Obelisk 5838: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5795:Balawat Gates 5793: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5782: 5780: 5778: 5774: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5717: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5667:Portland Vase 5665: 5663: 5662:Piranesi Vase 5660: 5658: 5655: 5653: 5652:Pericles bust 5650: 5648: 5645: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5622: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5595:Mainz Gladius 5593: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5556: 5553: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5543: 5541: 5538: 5536: 5533: 5531: 5530:Elgin Marbles 5528: 5526: 5525:Elgin Amphora 5523: 5521: 5518: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5435:Bassae Frieze 5433: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5415:Armento Rider 5413: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5387: 5385: 5383: 5377: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5360: 5356: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5324: 5321: 5319: 5316: 5314: 5311: 5309: 5306: 5304: 5301: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5240: 5238: 5236: 5232: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5210:Rosetta Stone 5208: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5200:Prudhoe Lions 5198: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5148: 5147: 5145: 5143: 5140:Ancient Egypt 5137: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5125: 5121: 5119: 5116: 5114: 5113: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5086:Briggs Enigma 5084: 5082: 5081:Benin Bronzes 5079: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5068: 5066: 5064: 5058: 5055: 5049: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5030: 5029: 5027: 5023: 5019: 5012: 5007: 5005: 5000: 4998: 4993: 4992: 4989: 4980: 4972: 4971: 4967: 4960: 4953: 4950: 4943: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4930: 4926: 4911: 4910: 4904: 4900: 4898:0-7141-1943-1 4894: 4890: 4885: 4881: 4879:0-500-05145-3 4875: 4871: 4870: 4865: 4861: 4857: 4856: 4851: 4847: 4841: 4837: 4832: 4828: 4822: 4817: 4816: 4810: 4806: 4794: 4790: 4785: 4781: 4775: 4771: 4766: 4762: 4760:0-8109-9096-2 4756: 4751: 4750: 4743: 4732: 4728: 4724: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4700: 4698: 4691: 4687: 4685:0-19-280458-8 4681: 4677: 4676: 4670: 4658: 4654: 4650: 4638: 4634: 4630: 4624: 4620: 4615: 4611: 4605: 4600: 4599: 4593: 4589: 4585: 4579: 4575: 4570: 4566: 4560: 4555: 4554: 4548: 4544: 4533: 4527: 4523: 4519: 4518: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4495: 4491: 4490: 4485: 4481: 4477: 4472: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4455: 4450: 4446: 4441: 4437: 4436: 4430: 4426: 4421: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4392: 4388: 4382: 4377: 4376: 4369: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4340: 4336: 4330: 4326: 4321: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4285: 4281: 4276: 4265: 4261: 4260:"Horwennefer" 4257: 4253: 4248: 4244: 4242:1-84472-063-2 4238: 4235:. UCL Press. 4234: 4229: 4225: 4224: 4218: 4206: 4202: 4201: 4195: 4189: 4185: 4179: 4175: 4170: 4166: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4151: 4145: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4120: 4116: 4114:0-500-28628-0 4110: 4106: 4101: 4097: 4092: 4088: 4086:90-04-06879-1 4082: 4078: 4073: 4069: 4063: 4059: 4058: 4052: 4040: 4039: 4034: 4030: 4018: 4017: 4012: 4008: 3996: 3995: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3973: 3969: 3964: 3952: 3951: 3946: 3942: 3931: 3927: 3922: 3911: 3909:1-4051-0133-4 3905: 3902:. Blackwell. 3901: 3900: 3894: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3859: 3853: 3849: 3848: 3842: 3838: 3832: 3828: 3827: 3821: 3818:(5): 527–547. 3817: 3813: 3808: 3804: 3798: 3794: 3793: 3787: 3786: 3781: 3775: 3770: 3767: 3764: 3763:Cooper (2010) 3759: 3756: 3753: 3748: 3745: 3742: 3737: 3734: 3731: 3730:archive.today 3727: 3723: 3722:Rosetta stone 3719: 3717: 3711: 3709: 3707: 3705: 3701: 3696: 3690: 3686: 3685: 3677: 3674: 3669: 3663: 3659: 3658: 3650: 3647: 3644: 3643:Bailey (2003) 3639: 3636: 3632: 3627: 3624: 3621: 3616: 3613: 3610: 3605: 3602: 3599: 3594: 3591: 3586: 3582: 3575: 3572: 3567: 3563: 3557: 3554: 3549: 3542: 3539: 3536: 3531: 3528: 3524: 3519: 3516: 3512: 3507: 3504: 3500: 3495: 3492: 3488: 3483: 3480: 3476: 3471: 3468: 3464: 3459: 3456: 3452: 3447: 3444: 3439: 3433: 3429: 3428: 3420: 3417: 3413: 3408: 3405: 3401: 3396: 3393: 3389: 3384: 3381: 3377: 3372: 3369: 3365: 3360: 3357: 3353: 3348: 3345: 3341: 3336: 3333: 3329: 3324: 3321: 3317: 3312: 3310: 3306: 3301: 3295: 3291: 3290: 3282: 3279: 3275: 3270: 3267: 3263: 3258: 3255: 3251: 3246: 3243: 3239: 3234: 3231: 3227: 3222: 3219: 3215: 3210: 3207: 3203: 3198: 3195: 3191: 3186: 3183: 3179: 3173: 3170: 3166: 3161: 3158: 3154: 3149: 3146: 3142: 3137: 3135: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3120: 3117: 3113: 3108: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3093: 3090: 3086: 3081: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3066: 3063: 3059: 3054: 3051: 3047: 3042: 3039: 3035: 3030: 3027: 3023: 3018: 3016: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3005:Wilson (1803) 3001: 2998: 2995:pp. 1–38 2994: 2989: 2986: 2982: 2981:Adkins (2000) 2977: 2974: 2970: 2965: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2949: 2946: 2942: 2937: 2934: 2930: 2925: 2922: 2918: 2913: 2910: 2907: 2902: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2886: 2883: 2880: 2876: 2871: 2868: 2865: 2861: 2856: 2853: 2849: 2844: 2841: 2837: 2832: 2829: 2825: 2820: 2817: 2813: 2808: 2805: 2801: 2796: 2793: 2789: 2784: 2782: 2778: 2775: 2771: 2766: 2763: 2759: 2754: 2751: 2748: 2745: 2740: 2737: 2733: 2728: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2713: 2710: 2706: 2701: 2698: 2694: 2689: 2687: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2672: 2669: 2665: 2660: 2657: 2653: 2648: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2633: 2630: 2626: 2621: 2618: 2614: 2609: 2606: 2602: 2597: 2595: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2580: 2577: 2572: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2543: 2540: 2528: 2527: 2522: 2515: 2512: 2508: 2503: 2501: 2499: 2495: 2492: 2487: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2472: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2457: 2454: 2450: 2448: 2442: 2439: 2435: 2430: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2415: 2412: 2406: 2399: 2393: 2390: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2373: 2370: 2367: 2363: 2356: 2353: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2341: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2322: 2321: 2316: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2299: 2296: 2293: 2289: 2288: 2283: 2277: 2274: 2271: 2268: 2264: 2258: 2255: 2252: 2248: 2241: 2238: 2235: 2232: 2228: 2227: 2222: 2216: 2213: 2210: 2206: 2205: 2198: 2195: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2178: 2175: 2171: 2166: 2160: 2159: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2145:Chr. G. Heyne 2140: 2137: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2120: 2117: 2113: 2112: 2104: 2101: 2097: 2092: 2086: 2083: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2066: 2063: 2060: 2056: 2055: 2048: 2045: 2041: 2039: 2032: 2029: 2023: 2018: 2014: 2012: 2008: 2006: 2003: 2000: 1997: 1994: 1991: 1988: 1985: 1983: 1980: 1979: 1975: 1973: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1925:Rosetta Stone 1922: 1917: 1915: 1911: 1908: 1904: 1903: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1869: 1864: 1859: 1855: 1854: 1849: 1846: 1841: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1826: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1812: 1807: 1806: 1800: 1799:idiomatically 1796: 1795:Rosetta stone 1791: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1764:Brahmi script 1761: 1757: 1753: 1750:coins of the 1749: 1745: 1741: 1734:Idiomatic use 1733: 1730: 1725: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1710:Elgin Marbles 1705: 1703: 1693: 1688: 1682: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1663: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1628:Great Pyramid 1625: 1621: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1600: 1598: 1595: 1590: 1586: 1585: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1556:Joseph Kosuth 1552: 1545: 1543: 1540: 1536: 1530: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1503: 1495: 1490: 1483: 1481: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1454: 1453: 1446: 1445: 1438: 1432: 1426: 1420: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1398: 1395: 1394: 1387: 1381: 1380:p t w l m y s 1375: 1374:p t o l m e s 1369: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1339: 1335: 1328: 1326: 1317: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1298: 1293: 1291: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1280: 1275: 1274: 1269: 1268: 1263: 1262: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1248:Coptic script 1245: 1241: 1237: 1229: 1227: 1225: 1223: 1219: 1214: 1210: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1180: 1178: 1174: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1153: 1149: 1142: 1140: 1138: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1107:Ibn Wahshiyya 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1087:Hieroglyphica 1084: 1081:, the priest 1080: 1076: 1072: 1067: 1065: 1061: 1056:24 August 394 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1026: 1018: 1016: 1013: 1009: 1008: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 987: 982: 980: 970: 966: 964: 963:Montagu House 960: 956: 952: 946: 944: 940: 936: 932: 928: 920: 915: 911: 905: 901: 897: 894: 893:War Secretary 890: 886: 883:, landing in 882: 881: 874: 872: 868: 863: 861: 857: 853: 849: 845: 841: 837: 836:British Crown 832: 830: 826: 822: 812: 805: 803: 801: 797: 793: 789: 784: 782: 781:Charles Dugua 778: 774: 770: 766: 762: 758: 754: 753: 747: 737: 733: 729: 725: 721: 713: 709: 705: 704:invaded Egypt 702: 698: 697:French forces 691: 690: 684: 677: 675: 673: 671: 667: 663: 659: 654: 652: 641: 638: 635: 630: 627: 626:Roman emperor 623: 619: 614: 612: 608: 602: 600: 596: 592: 588: 584: 579: 576: 572: 564: 560: 557: 554: 551: 546: 542: 540: 536: 532: 528: 524: 520: 516: 512: 508: 504: 499: 497: 493: 489: 485: 480: 475: 469: 465: 461: 457: 453: 449: 446:and the five 445: 441: 430: 426: 422: 418: 414: 410: 404: 396: 381: 380: 377: 376: 373: 372: 370: 366: 362: 356: 350: 345: 338: 336: 334: 330: 329:Ancient Greek 326: 322: 316: 314: 310: 306: 302: 298: 294: 290: 286: 282: 278: 270: 268: 266: 262: 258: 254: 249: 246: 242: 237: 235: 231: 227: 223: 219: 215: 211: 207: 206:Mamluk period 203: 199: 194: 192: 188: 187:Ancient Greek 184: 180: 176: 172: 168: 164: 160: 156: 152: 148: 147:Rosetta Stone 139: 136: 132: 129: 126: 124:Discovered by 122: 119: 115: 111: 105: 101: 97: 93: 89: 85: 81: 77: 74: 71: 67: 62: 54: 49: 46:Rosetta Stone 44: 41: 37: 33: 19: 6281: 6213:Private Case 6193:Blythe House 6170: 6127: 6120: 6113: 6106: 6099: 6092: 6085: 6078: 6049:Hedwig glass 6041: 5922:Taylor Prism 5909: 5615:Oscan Tablet 5580:Lycurgus Cup 5570:Jennings Dog 5445:Blacas Cameo 5420:Arundel Head 5357: 5313:Kang Hou gui 5209: 5124:Tree of Life 5122: 5110: 5063:and Americas 4964: 4948: 4914:. Retrieved 4908: 4888: 4868: 4854: 4835: 4814: 4809:Solé, Robert 4797:. Retrieved 4793:the original 4769: 4748: 4734:. Retrieved 4706: 4702: 4696: 4674: 4661:. Retrieved 4656: 4641:. Retrieved 4618: 4597: 4573: 4552: 4535:. Retrieved 4516: 4488: 4461: 4457: 4444: 4434: 4424: 4399: 4395: 4374: 4347: 4343: 4324: 4312:. Retrieved 4308:the original 4303: 4288:. Retrieved 4284:the original 4267:. Retrieved 4263: 4251: 4232: 4221: 4209:. Retrieved 4198: 4173: 4149: 4136:. Retrieved 4132:the original 4127: 4104: 4095: 4076: 4056: 4043:. Retrieved 4037: 4021:. Retrieved 4019:. Kegan Paul 4015: 3999:. Retrieved 3993: 3980: 3976: 3967: 3955:. Retrieved 3949: 3945:Bevan, E. R. 3933:. Retrieved 3929: 3913:. Retrieved 3898: 3885:. Retrieved 3881:the original 3876: 3861:. Retrieved 3846: 3825: 3815: 3811: 3791: 3782:Bibliography 3769: 3758: 3747: 3736: 3715: 3683: 3676: 3656: 3649: 3638: 3626: 3615: 3604: 3593: 3585:The National 3584: 3574: 3565: 3556: 3541: 3530: 3523:Budge (1904) 3518: 3506: 3494: 3482: 3470: 3458: 3446: 3426: 3419: 3414:pp. 3–6 3412:Budge (1913) 3407: 3395: 3383: 3371: 3359: 3347: 3340:Budge (1904) 3335: 3323: 3316:Budge (1913) 3288: 3281: 3269: 3257: 3245: 3233: 3221: 3209: 3197: 3185: 3172: 3160: 3148: 3119: 3092: 3065: 3058:Budge (1913) 3053: 3041: 3029: 3000: 2988: 2976: 2964: 2955:p. 42; 2948: 2936: 2924: 2912: 2901: 2885: 2875:Bevan (1927) 2870: 2864:Budge (1913) 2860:Budge (1904) 2855: 2843: 2831: 2819: 2807: 2795: 2788:Bevan (1927) 2765: 2753: 2744:Bevan (1927) 2739: 2712: 2700: 2671: 2659: 2637:Budge (1894) 2632: 2625:Budge (1894) 2620: 2615:pp. 2–3 2613:Budge (1913) 2608: 2579: 2548: 2542: 2530:. Retrieved 2524: 2514: 2456: 2446: 2441: 2414: 2397: 2392: 2381: 2378:Max Uhlemann 2372: 2360: 2355: 2338: 2330: 2320: 2319: 2307: 2298: 2285: 2281: 2276: 2262: 2257: 2245: 2240: 2224: 2215: 2202: 2197: 2187:Archaeologia 2186: 2183:Thomas Young 2177: 2170:Archaeologia 2169: 2158: 2157: 2148: 2139: 2128: 2119: 2109: 2103: 2094: 2085: 2074: 2065: 2052: 2047: 2037: 2031: 2013:(spacecraft) 2010: 1964: 1957:Rosetta@home 1918: 1914:Solar System 1900: 1866: 1858:spectroscopy 1851: 1842: 1823: 1809: 1803: 1794: 1792: 1740:epigraphical 1737: 1727: 1706: 1699: 1664: 1604: 1582: 1578: 1575:James Browne 1570: 1568: 1531: 1519:Max Uhlemann 1499: 1399: 1370: 1362:Thomas Young 1343: 1325: 1283: 1277: 1271: 1265: 1259: 1233: 1230:Demotic text 1226: 1218:Archaeologia 1217: 1181: 1157: 1139: 1086: 1068: 1029: 1005: 983: 975: 947: 943:British Army 924: 879: 875: 871:gun-carriage 864: 833: 817: 785: 750: 748: 707: 695: 687: 674: 655: 629:Theodosius I 615: 603: 583:High Priests 580: 567: 539:Ankhwennefer 525:, including 517:, while the 500: 476: 406: 353: 317: 301:Gebel Tingar 289:black basalt 285:carnauba wax 277:granodiorite 274: 250: 238: 195: 179:hieroglyphic 155:granodiorite 146: 144: 73:Granodiorite 40: 5992:Hoxne Hoard 5830:Lyres of Ur 5805:Uruk Trough 5800:Blacas ewer 5777:Middle East 5470:Burgon vase 5370:Wardak Vase 5283:David Vases 5190:Min Palette 5175:Hornedjitef 5076:Aubin Codex 5053:and objects 5051:Departments 5032:Great Court 4736:23 November 4697:Arabidopsis 4464:(1): 8–18. 4314:23 November 4023:10 December 3048:p. 214 3036:p. 212 2826:p. 407 2824:Shaw (2000) 2790:pp. 264–265 2747:pp. 252–262 2707:p. 247 2639:p. 109 2627:p. 106 2526:Smithsonian 2247:manuscripts 1999:Mesha Stele 1987:Ezana Stone 1965:translating 1889:human heart 1856:article on 1820:H. G. Wells 1780:Old Persian 1778:languages: 1615:repatriated 1607:Zahi Hawass 1350:Georg Zoëga 1338:Champollion 1288:ideographic 1267:Alexandreia 1164:Hellenistic 1079:5th century 1058:, found at 1048:4th century 951:sarcophagus 896:Lord Hobart 792:Aboukir Bay 720:Fort Julien 678:Rediscovery 662:Elephantine 647: 1416 550:Old Kingdom 535:Horwennefer 523:Coele-Syria 321:hieroglyphs 309:Elephantine 271:Description 210:Fort Julien 161:during the 6354:Nile Delta 6309:Egyptology 6288:Categories 6069:Prints and 6027:Sutton Hoo 6002:Lindow Man 5969:and Europe 5967:Prehistory 5815:Palmer Cup 5762:Warren Cup 5730:Discobolus 5600:Meroë Head 5555:Harpy Tomb 5323:Klang Bell 4592:Ray, J. D. 4576:. Abrams. 4512:Diffie, W. 3983:: 133–137. 3930:Forbes.com 3631:Ray (2007) 3477:p. 13 3465:p. 10 3453:p. 45 3402:p. 32 3378:p. 61 3354:p. 22 3330:p. 13 3274:Ray (2007) 3250:Ray (2007) 3216:p. 30 3204:p. 11 3202:Ray (2007) 3167:p. 50 3155:p. 32 3143:p. 47 3114:p. 31 3087:p. 12 3024:p. 21 2983:p. 38 2943:p. 20 2931:p. 17 2919:p. 14 2838:p. 19 2800:Ray (2007) 2666:p. 25 2654:p. 26 2603:p. 20 2586:p. 28 2507:Ray (2007) 2436:p. 23 2362:exhibentes 2019:References 1949:Apple Inc. 1947:processor 1850:in a 1979 1838:typewriter 1756:Agathocles 1640:Hildesheim 1630:architect 1511:plagiarism 1484:Later work 1470:Abu Simbel 1419:Ptolemaios 1386:Ptolemaios 1358:cartouches 1273:Ptolemaios 1261:Alexandros 1143:Greek text 885:Portsmouth 880:Égyptienne 488:Tlepolemus 484:Agathoclea 409:coronation 307:, west of 218:Nile Delta 114:Nile Delta 103:Discovered 6231:Directors 5565:Isis Tomb 5328:Kulu Vase 5142:and Sudan 5071:Akan Drum 4970:Object 33 4416:126606607 4350:: 59–67. 4290:6 October 4211:5 October 3953:. Methuen 3633:p. 4 3318:p. 1 3126:p. 7 3060:p. 2 2877:pp. 2678:pp. 20–21 2509:p. 3 2347:, 1841)) 2165:S. Weston 1937:Launchpad 1933:Canonical 1877:supernova 1830:shorthand 1793:The term 1714:Parthenon 1712:from the 1681:in 2013. 1546:Rivalries 1535:Ptolemies 1425:Kleopatra 1284:Epiphanes 1213:Göttingen 1200:Cambridge 1083:Horapollo 1077:. In the 1046:; by the 935:Edinburgh 931:Cambridge 591:conquests 531:Seleucids 454:(wife of 448:Ptolemies 427:" in the 216:) in the 6271:Category 6251:Trustees 6223:Secretum 6087:Epifania 6071:Drawings 5725:Caryatid 5720:Antinous 5382:and Rome 5025:Building 4866:(2006). 4731:11951029 4657:BBC News 4594:(2007). 4549:(2005). 4364:40000039 4205:Archived 4098:. Paris. 4035:(1913). 4013:(1904). 3991:(1894). 3947:(1927). 3726:Archived 2447:Synopsis 1976:See also 1834:longhand 1788:Akkadian 1702:John Ray 1694:), Egypt 1466:Thutmose 1462:Ramesses 1406:Grenoble 1113:used by 908:11 March 862:forces. 668:(on the 634:Mameluke 433:27 March 423:and "18 411:of King 69:Material 63:, London 6241:Keepers 6236:Friends 5735:Hadrian 4916:19 July 4799:21 July 4711:Bibcode 4703:Science 4663:14 July 4643:12 June 4537:12 June 4480:9207615 4269:12 June 4045:12 June 4001:19 July 3957:18 July 3915:18 July 3887:18 July 3863:21 July 2879:263–268 2532:24 June 2337:, ed., 2011:Rosetta 1955:". The 1953:Rosetta 1941:PowerPC 1902:Rosetta 1887:of the 1836:and on 1816:glucose 1784:Elamite 1729:nation. 1692:Rosetta 1654:in the 1646:in the 1634:in the 1632:Hemiunu 1622:in the 1525:at the 1422:" and " 1279:Arsinoe 1240:Demotic 1131:Kircher 1010:at the 1002:Holborn 937:and to 860:Ottoman 852:British 788:Ottoman 761:demotic 744:25 July 740:19 July 716:15 July 708:savants 640:Qaitbay 587:Memphis 571:temples 556:Pepi II 553:pharaoh 492:lynched 466:), and 417:Memphis 333:incised 325:Demotic 214:Rosetta 183:Demotic 110:Rosetta 95:Created 87:Writing 59:in the 6349:196 BC 6344:Stones 6227:Staff 6094:I Modi 5380:Greece 4895: 4876: 4842: 4823: 4776: 4757: 4729: 4682: 4625: 4606: 4580: 4561: 4528: 4496: 4478: 4414: 4383: 4362: 4331: 4239: 4180: 4161: 4138:4 July 4111: 4083: 4064: 3935:6 July 3906: 3854: 3833: 3799: 3720:s.v. " 3718:(1989) 3691: 3664: 3434: 3296: 2802:p. 136 2760:p. 376 2734:p. 211 2719:p. 194 2567: 2449:(1847) 2396:1858: 2376:1853: 2325:1841: 2302:1837: 2219:1822: 2181:1817: 2143:1803: 2123:1803: 2089:1802: 2069:1802: 2035:1799: 1895:. The 1786:, and 1770:. The 1748:Brahmi 1671:Rashid 1660:Boston 1648:Louvre 1560:Figeac 1307:Coptic 1168:papyri 1115:Coptic 1091:glyphs 1085:wrote 1060:Philae 1012:Louvre 1007:Lettre 927:Oxford 921:, 1874 910:1802. 858:, and 856:French 765:Syriac 699:under 692:, 1802 637:Sultan 618:Rashid 527:Judaea 515:Thrace 436:196 BC 425:Mekhir 177:using 98:196 BC 6186:Other 6139:Other 5745:Venus 4412:S2CID 4360:JSTOR 2814:p. 30 2695:p. 29 2407:Notes 2345:Didot 1907:comet 1754:king 1744:Greek 1456:" to 1196:Latin 1160:Greek 1071:Greek 1000:near 714:. On 511:Caria 349:stele 313:Aswan 281:chalk 167:Egypt 151:stele 149:is a 118:Egypt 108:near 5740:Vase 5235:Asia 4977:34: 4957:32: 4918:2010 4893:ISBN 4874:ISBN 4840:ISBN 4821:ISBN 4801:2010 4774:ISBN 4755:ISBN 4738:2006 4727:PMID 4680:ISBN 4665:2010 4645:2010 4623:ISBN 4604:ISBN 4578:ISBN 4559:ISBN 4539:2010 4526:ISBN 4494:ISBN 4476:PMID 4381:ISBN 4329:ISBN 4316:2006 4292:2006 4271:2010 4237:ISBN 4213:2006 4178:ISBN 4159:ISBN 4140:2010 4109:ISBN 4081:ISBN 4062:ISBN 4047:2010 4025:2018 4003:2010 3959:2010 3937:2010 3917:2010 3904:ISBN 3889:2010 3865:2010 3852:ISBN 3831:ISBN 3797:ISBN 3689:ISBN 3662:ISBN 3432:ISBN 3294:ISBN 2565:ISBN 2534:2024 2096:Sacy 1679:Giza 1517:and 1464:and 1276:", " 1270:", " 1264:", " 1158:The 1105:and 1073:and 933:and 878:HMS 827:and 622:Sais 513:and 505:and 305:Nile 293:vein 202:Sais 181:and 145:The 106:1799 79:Size 5640:103 5635:102 4719:doi 4707:296 4466:doi 4404:doi 4352:doi 3981:164 3816:144 3724:" 2557:doi 1945:x86 1899:'s 1700:As 1677:at 1658:in 1638:in 1558:in 1211:in 1097:in 996:at 953:of 593:of 585:of 563:Min 458:), 371:), 165:of 153:of 6290:: 5630:85 5625:84 4725:. 4717:. 4705:. 4701:. 4655:. 4524:. 4520:. 4510:; 4474:. 4462:30 4460:. 4456:. 4410:. 4400:89 4398:. 4358:. 4346:. 4302:. 4262:. 4203:. 4197:. 4126:. 3979:. 3928:. 3875:. 3814:. 3703:^ 3583:. 3564:. 3308:^ 3131:^ 3104:^ 3077:^ 3012:^ 2862:; 2780:^ 2724:^ 2683:^ 2644:^ 2591:^ 2563:. 2523:. 2497:^ 2483:^ 2468:^ 2426:^ 2380:, 2329:, 2318:^ 2223:, 2156:^ 2127:, 2093:, 2073:, 1916:. 1840:. 1790:. 1782:, 1529:. 1202:, 1137:. 929:, 854:, 644:c. 193:. 116:, 112:, 5010:e 5003:t 4996:v 4936:. 4920:. 4901:. 4882:. 4848:. 4829:. 4803:. 4782:. 4763:. 4740:. 4721:: 4713:: 4695:" 4688:. 4667:. 4647:. 4631:. 4612:. 4586:. 4567:. 4541:. 4502:. 4482:. 4468:: 4418:. 4406:: 4389:. 4366:. 4354:: 4348:8 4337:. 4318:. 4294:. 4273:. 4245:. 4226:. 4215:. 4186:. 4167:. 4142:. 4117:. 4089:. 4070:. 4049:. 4027:. 4005:. 3961:. 3939:. 3919:. 3891:. 3867:. 3839:. 3805:. 3697:. 3670:. 3587:. 3440:. 3302:. 3176:" 2573:. 2559:: 2536:. 1746:- 1027:. 642:( 38:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index