1318:, vol. I: "In each of the four circles he made an allegorical figure to point the significance of the scene beneath, towards which it turns. For the first, where he had painted philosophy, astrology, geometry and poetry agreeing with theology, is a woman representing knowledge, seated in a chair supported on either side by a goddess Cybele, with the numerous breasts ascribed by the ancients to Diana Polymastes. Her garment is of four colours, representing the four elements, her head being the colour of fire, her bust that of air, her thighs that of earth, and her legs that of water." For further clarification, and introduction to more subtle interpretations, see E. H. Gombrich, "Raphael's
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515:. Plato is depicted as old, grey, and barefoot. By contrast, Aristotle, slightly ahead of him, is in mature manhood, wearing sandals and gold-trimmed robes, and the youths about them seem to look his way. In addition, these two central figures gesture along different dimensions: Plato vertically, upward along the picture-plane, into the vault above; Aristotle on the horizontal plane at right-angles to the picture-plane (hence in strong
298:), "To Each What Is Due". Accordingly, the figures on the walls below exemplify philosophy, poetry (including music), theology, and justice. The traditional title is not Raphael's. The subject of the painting is actually philosophy, or at least ancient Greek philosophy, and its overhead tondo-label, "Causarum Cognitio", tells us what kind, as it appears to echo Aristotle's emphasis on wisdom as knowing why, hence knowing the causes, in
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387:– which is the book Raphael places in his hand – was a sophisticated treatment of space, time, and change, including the Earth, which guided mathematical sciences for over a millennium. Aristotle, with his four-elements theory, held that all change on Earth was owing to motions of the heavens. In the painting Aristotle carries his
443:
An interpretation of the fresco relating to hidden symmetries of the figures and the star constructed by
Bramante was given by Guerino Mazzola and collaborators. The main basis are two mirrored triangles on the drawing from Bramante (Euclid), which correspond to the feet positions of certain figures.
439:
as an esoteric treatise ... The all-important thing was the artistic motive which expressed a physical or spiritual state, and the name of the person was a matter of indifference" in
Raphael's time. Raphael's artistry then orchestrates a beautiful space, continuous with that of viewers in the Stanza,
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Commentators have suggested that nearly every great ancient Greek philosopher can be found in the painting, but determining which are depicted is speculative, since
Raphael made no designations outside possible likenesses, and no contemporary documents explain the painting. Compounding the problem,
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Aspects of the fresco other than the identities of the figures have also been variously interpreted, but few such interpretations are unanimously accepted among scholars. That the rhetorical gestures of Plato and
Aristotle are kinds of pointing (to the heavens, and down to earth) is popularly
306:
Book II. Indeed, Plato and
Aristotle appear to be the central figures in the scene. However, many of the philosophers depicted sought knowledge of first causes. Many lived before Plato and Aristotle, and hardly a third were Athenians. The architecture contains Roman elements, but the general
462:
The identities of some of the philosophers in the picture, such as Plato and
Aristotle, have been ascertained. Several other of Raphael's figures have been the subject of conjecture. Some have received multiple identifications, both as depictions of ancients an as portraits of Raphael's
603:(also known as a Greek fret or Greek key design), a design using continuous lines that repeat in a "series of rectangular bends" which originated on pottery of the Greek Geometric period and then became widely used in ancient Greek architectural friezes.
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According to Vasari, "Raphael received a hearty welcome from Pope Julius, and in the chamber of the
Segnatura he painted the theologians reconciling Philosophy and Astrology with Theology, including portraits of all the wise men of the world in
691:. Produced in 1902 by George W. Breck to replace an older reproduction that was destroyed in a fire in 1895, it is four inches off scale from the original, because the Vatican would not allow identical reproductions of its art works.
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Nevertheless, the fresco has often been interpreted as an exhortation to philosophy and as a visual representation of the role of Love in elevating people toward higher knowledge, in consonance with contemporary theories of
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is one of a group of four main frescoes on the walls of the Stanza (those on either side centrally interrupted by windows) that depict distinct branches of knowledge. Each theme is identified above by a separate
569:). The architecture of the building was inspired by the work of Bramante, who, according to Vasari, helped Raphael with the architecture in the picture. The resulting architecture was similar to the then new
1530:(trans.: Pythagoras and his students (Study for the 'School of Athens', Stanza della Signatura, the Vatican) (inventory number 4883)). Albertina Museum. Vienna, Austria, 2008. Retrieved on 13 June 2011.
698:
and commissioned by Louis XIV hangs above the presiding officer's platform in the French
National Assembly chamber. It had been removed in 2017 for a three-year restoration process undertaken by the
440:
in which a great variety of human figures, each one expressing "mental states by physical actions", interact, in a "polyphony" unlike anything in earlier art, in the ongoing dialogue of
Philosophy.
530:. Many interpret the painting to show a divergence of the two philosophical schools. Plato argues a sense of timelessness whilst Aristotle looks into the physicality of life and the visible world.
658:. Missing from it is the architectural background, the figures of Heraclitus, Raphael, and Protogenes. The group of the philosophers in the left foreground strongly recall figures from Leonardo's
393:, which he denied could be reduced to a mathematical science. It is not certain how much the young Raphael knew of ancient philosophy, what guidance he might have had from people such as
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on Athena's shield, the statue of Athena (Minerva) and three other statues, a study for the combat scene in the relief below Apollo and "Euclid" teaching his pupils are in the
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Salmi, Mario; Becherucci, Luisa; Marabottini, Alessandro; Tempesti, Anna
Forlani; Marchini, Giuseppe; Becatti, Giovanni; Castagnoli, Ferdinando; Golzio, Vincenzo (1969).
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Salmi, Mario; Becherucci, Luisa; Marabottini, Alessandro; Tempesti, Anna Forlani; Marchini, Giuseppe; Becatti, Giovanni; Castagnoli, Ferdinando; Golzio, Vincenzo (1969).
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781:. A review of "Les Statues Ptolémaïques du Sarapieion de Memphis" ascribed them to the 3rd century, sculpted of limestone and stucco, some standing and others sitting.
721:'s Brooks College. A copy of Raphael's School of Athens was painted on the wall of the ceremonial stairwell that leads to the famous, main-floor reading room of the
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is regarded as one of Raphael's best-known works and has been described as his "masterpiece and the perfect embodiment of the classical spirit of the Renaissance".
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featured in the center. The identities of most figures are ambiguous or discernable only through subtle details or allusions; among those commonly identified are
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on the right. Both figures hold contemporary (of the time), bound copies of their books in their left hands, while gesturing with their right. Plato holds
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It perhaps also appeared in two groups of statues from Roman Egypt. The 19th century French consul Jean-François Mimaut mentioned nine statues at the
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Raphael had to invent a system of iconography to allude to various figures for whom there were no traditional visual types. For example, while the
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1956 suggested that both statue groups share a similar subject to the Plato's Academy mosaic, with the Saqqara figures identified as: "(1)
454:, made a medical study of the painting, noting that Raphael's depiction of Michelangelo (as Heraclitus) shows varicose veins in the legs.
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829:(?)." However, there have been other suggestions (e.g. Mattusch 2008). Plato and Thales are commonly identified as central figures.
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Modern reproductions of the fresco abound. For example, a full-size one can be seen in the auditorium of Old Cabell Hall at the
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https://www.researchgate.net/publication/306398440_Codes_and_Messages_in_Raphael's_'School_of_Athens'
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are believed to be portrayed through Plato and Heraclitus, respectively. Raphael included a self-portrait beside
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It is popularly thought that their gestures indicate central aspects of their philosophies: for Plato, his
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1375:, in 'Idea y Sentimiento. Itinerarios por el dibujo de Rafael a Cézanne', Barcelona, 2007, pp. 29–77.
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while a study for the group around Pythagoras, in the lower left of the painting, is preserved in the
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in London has a rectangular copy over 4 metres by 8 metres in size, painted on canvas, dated 1755 by
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bearing the phrases: "Seek Knowledge of Causes", "Divine Inspiration", "Knowledge of Things Divine" (
203:, which Raphael learned from Leonardo; likewise, the themes of the painting, such as the rebirth of
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Ph. Lauer; Ch. Picard (1957). "Reviewed Work: Les Statues Ptolémaïques du Sarapieion de Memphis".
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1681:. Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology, University of Oxford, 2011. Retrieved on 13 June 2011.
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668:; they may have been based on lost drawings by Raphael, as they do not match the fresco exactly.
558:
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1818:"A Contribution To The Archaeology of The Western Desert: IV – The Great Serapeum Of Alexandria"
631:. Several drawings, showing the two men talking while walking up the steps on the right and the
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semi-circular setting having Plato and Aristotle at its centre might be alluding to Pythagoras'
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The fresco depicts a congregation of ancient philosophers, mathematicians, and scientists, with
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1758:"La restauration de la tapisserie de l'École d'Athènes – Patrimoine – Assemblée nationale"
1579:; Becherucci, Luisa; Marabottini, Alessandro; Tempesti, Anna Forlani; Marchini, Giuseppe;
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figure is immediately recognizable from Classical busts, one of the figures alleged to be
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mit seinen SchĂĽlern (Studie fĂĽr die "Schule von Athen", Stanza della Segnatura, Vatikan)
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192:. Raphael is the only character who is looking directly at the viewer in the artwork.
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The two figures to the left of Plotinus were used as part of the cover art of both
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and culture in Europe were inspired by Leonardo's individual pursuits in theatre,
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John Douglas Holgate, "Codes and Messages in Raphael's 'School of Athens'" 2016
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2019:
BBC Radio 4 discussion about the significance of this picture in the programme
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717:'s Highsmith University Student Union, and a recent one in the seminar room at
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Zeichnungen – 16. Jahrhundert – Graphische Sammlung – Sammlung – Städel Museum
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There are two sculptures in the background. The one on the left is the god
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500 cm Ă— 770 cm (200 in Ă— 300 in)
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1721:. New York: Reynal and Co., William Morrow and Company. pp. 377, 422.
1470:, v. I, sel. & transl. by George Bull (London: Penguin, 1965), p. 292.
1960:
Raffaels „Schule von Athen“. Von der Philosophenakademie zur Hall of Fame
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664:. Additionally, there are some engravings of the scene's sculptures by
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1454:"Diagnosi su tela: le grandi malattie dipinte dei pittori del passato"
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Rafael y el Amor. La Escuela de Atenas como protréptico a la filosofia
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3169:
Portrait of Doña Isabel de Requesens y EnrĂquez de Cardona-Anglesola
1706:. New York: Reynal and Co., William Morrow and Company. p. 379.
1847:
550:, which some have suggested was intended to show a harmony between
265:, is believed to be the third painting to be finished there, after
1938:
Gardner's Art through the Ages: The Western Perspective, Volume II
1734:. collections.vam.ac.uk (25 August 2009). Retrieved on 2016-03-24.
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125:. It was painted between 1509 and 1511 as part of a commission by
1732:
V&A Museum: Copy of Raphael's School of Athens in the Vatican
581:
416:, the scene includes accurate portraits of Raphael himself, the
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1783:
Northern Germany: As Far as the Bavarian and Austrian Frontiers
1517:. Staedelmuseum.de (18 November 2010). Retrieved on 2011-06-13.
290:
containing a majestic female figure seated in the clouds, with
1541:"Two Men conversing on a Flight of Steps, and a Head shouting"
397:
and whether a detailed program was dictated by his sponsor,
237:
Program, subject, figure identifications and interpretations
491:
In the center of the fresco, at its architecture's central
16:
Fresco in the Vatican made by Raphael between 1509 and 1511
2052:
1233:
Georg Rainer Hofmann (1990). "Who invented ray tracing?".
1485:. Oxford University Press, 2012. Accessed 5 August 2012.
1209:"The School of Athens: A detail hidden in a masterpiece"
1143:"The School of Athens: A detail hidden in a masterpiece"
611:
A number of drawings made by Raphael as studies for the
463:
contemporaries. Vasari mentions a portrait of the young
1922:
Classic Art: An Introduction to the Italian Renaissance
766:
Similar subjects are known from antiquity, notably the
435:, "it is quite wrong to attempt interpretations of the
1324:
Symbolic Images: Studies in the Art of the Renaissance
777:
holding rolls, while eleven statues were found at the
19:
For the school of philosophy of classical Athens, see
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3550:
3504:
3470:
3401:
3305:
2744:
2320:
2103:
1607:"Studies for a Figure of Minerva and Other Statues"
1284:
by Horst Woldemar Janson, Anthony F. Janson (2004).
409:and other neo-Platonic thinkers linked to Raphael.
84:
76:
66:
58:
48:
34:
3055:Portrait of Andrea Navagero and Agostino Beazzano
2028:3 Cool Things You Might Not Know About Raphael's
1169:"Leonardo da Vinci in Raphael's School of Athens"
257:was the first of the rooms to be decorated, and
195:The painting is notable for its use of accurate
1351:Rafael von Urbino und sein Vater Giovanni Santi
615:are extant. A study for the Diogenes is in the
1349:Anonymous (1840). "Review of J. D. Passavant,
1293:Jones and Penny, p. 74: "The execution of the
519:), initiating a flow of space toward viewers.
2068:
1116:Possibly derived from a figure in Leonardo's
599:The main arch, above the characters, shows a
580:, god of light, archery and music, holding a
526:, and for Aristotle, an emphasis on concrete
377:is far removed from his standard depiction.
266:
250:
130:
8:
1339:)" quotes from the definition of justice in
3560:(1507–1520) (continued by other architects)
3348:The Expulsion of Heliodorus from the Temple
1973:Vol. 13, No. 4 (October 1879), pp. 406–420.
2075:
2061:
2053:
1498:(London and New York: Phaidon 1971), p. 74
201:defining characteristic of Renaissance art
40:
31:
3272:Portrait of Pope Leo X with Two Cardinals
1871:"Plato's Circle in the Mosaic of Pompeii"
1184:
715:University of North Carolina at Asheville
273:(Theology) on the opposite wall, and the
3764:Cultural depictions of Leonardo da Vinci
684:, on display in the eastern Cast Court.
495:, are the two undisputed main subjects:
3364:The Meeting of Leo the Great and Attila
2783:Portrait of Cardinal Alessandro Farnese
1962:, Berlin 2021, ISBN 978-3-8031-3695-4.
1648:Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology
1612:Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology
1546:Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology
1134:
1109:
836:
637:Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology
450:, professor of vascular surgery at the
23:. For the U.S. preparatory school, see
1941:. Cengage Learning. pp. 363–365.
702:, which manages Gobelins Manufactory.
2548:Portrait of Guidobaldo da Montefeltro
2374:Portrait of Emilia Pia da Montefeltro
1971:The Journal of Speculative Philosophy
1413:Guerino Mazzola; et al. (1986).
1322:and the Nature of Its Symbolism", in
1281:History of Art: The Western Tradition
381:accepted as likely. However, Plato's
129:to decorate the rooms now called the
7:
3032:Christ Falling on the Way to Calvary
2036:The School of Athens in Britannnica.
1275:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1265:
694:A 1689 tapestry reproduction by the
3769:Cultural depictions of Michelangelo
3744:Cultural depictions of philosophers
2681:Portrait of a Young Woman (La Muta)
2518:Madonna with Beardless Saint Joseph
1836:Archaeological Institute of America
3017:Portrait of Baldassare Castiglione
1297:... probably followed that of the
546:The building is in the shape of a
14:
3789:Cultural depictions of Archimedes
3784:Cultural depictions of Pythagoras
3332:Disputation of the Holy Sacrament
1173:Journal of Humanistic Mathematics
227:, history, architecture and art.
3779:Cultural depictions of Aristotle
3340:Cardinal and Theological Virtues
2040:
1924:(London: Phaidon, 2d edn. 1953).
1479:Lyttleton, Margaret. "Meander."
1064:
1045:
1027:
1013:
998:
972:
958:
940:
922:
903:
885:
871:
857:
839:
705:Other reproductions include: in
584:. The sculpture on the right is
180:. Additionally, Italian artists
3809:Cultural depictions of Averroes
3799:Cultural depictions of Diogenes
3794:Cultural depictions of Socrates
3601:Antonio da Sangallo the Younger
3146:Saint Michael Vanquishing Satan
2144:Madonna and Child with the Book
3674:Multi-Purpose Logistics Module
3460:Saint Paul Preaching in Athens
2359:Portrait of Elisabetta Gonzaga
1967:"Raphael's 'School of Athens'"
1167:Larsen, Frode (29 July 2021).
1:
3573:
3570:Palazzo Branconio dell'Aquila
3529:
3491:
3384:
3276:
3261:
3234:
3215:
3192:
3188:Saint Margaret and the Dragon
3177:
3158:
3127:
3112:
3097:
3082:
3067:
3063:Portrait of Cardinal Bibbiena
3036:
3021:
3006:
2983:
2968:
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2923:
2908:
2893:
2878:
2855:
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2787:
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2753:Portrait of Tommaso Inghirami
2731:
2727:Saint Catherine of Alexandria
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2232:
2201:
2186:
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2148:
2014:reproduction at UNC Asheville
1679:Euclid instructing his Pupils
1496:Raphael. A Critical Catalogue
3774:Cultural depictions of Plato
3412:Miraculous Draught of Fishes
3123:Madonna with the Blue Diadem
3108:The Ecstasy of Saint Cecilia
1719:The Complete Work of Raphael
1704:The Complete Work of Raphael
1591:. New York: Reynal and Co.,
1589:The Complete Work of Raphael
1085:List of paintings by Raphael
499:on the left and his student
3643:(disciple and collaborator)
3444:Conversion of the Proconsul
3295:Self-Portrait with a Friend
2434:Saint George and the Dragon
1762:www2.assemblee-nationale.fr
1747:from University of Virginia
1643:"Recto: Combat of nude men"
1587:; Golzio, Vincenzo (1969).
650:for the painting is in the
471:Central figures (14 and 15)
3835:
3804:Alexander the Great in art
3754:Musical instruments in art
3599:(1518–1525) (completed by
3585:(1509–1575) (completed by
3487:Adoration of the Shepherds
3372:Deliverance of Saint Peter
3002:Portrait of Bindo Altoviti
2866:Portrait of Pope Julius II
2642:(1507–1508) (completed by
2624:Madonna of the Baldacchino
2563:Portrait of Maddalena Doni
2220:The Marriage of the Virgin
1593:William Morrow and Company
1314:, "Raphael of Urbino", in
1186:10.5642/jhummath.202102.09
678:Victoria and Albert Museum
542:Detail of the architecture
483:walks alongside a younger
245:The Stanza della Segnatura
18:
3700:
3583:Sant'Eligio degli Orefici
3564:Palazzo Jacopo da Brescia
3230:Portrait of a Young Woman
2919:Madonna of the Candelabra
2090:
1935:Kleiner, Fred S. (2009).
1869:Katherine Joplin (2011).
1786:, Baedeker, 1890, p. 247.
563:Christianity and Paganism
39:
3648:Raphael and La Fornarina
3420:Christ's Charge to Peter
3138:Holy Family of Francis I
2711:Niccolini-Cowper Madonna
2495:Young Woman with Unicorn
2344:Portrait of Pietro Bembo
1691:School of Athens Cartoon
1326:(London: Phaidon, 1975).
723:Sainte-Geneviève Library
592:, in her Roman guise as
509:and Aristotle holds his
205:Ancient Greek philosophy
3624:Giovanni Santi (father)
3428:Healing of the Lame Man
2979:Portrait of a Young Man
2533:Portrait of Agnolo Doni
2449:Young Man with an Apple
1416:Rasterbild – Bildraster
3541:Raffaello da Montelupo
2949:Madonna dell'Impannata
2904:Madonna della Seggiola
2798:Portrait of a Cardinal
2480:Madonna del Cardellino
2128:Resurrection of Christ
1655:. 2011. Archived from
1619:. 2011. Archived from
1585:Castagnoli, Ferdinando
1553:. 2011. Archived from
1335:"To each what is due (
1320:Stanza della Segnatura
775:Serapeum of Alexandria
769:Plato's Academy mosaic
763:
757:Plato's Academy mosaic
689:University of Virginia
543:
488:
412:Finally, according to
365:
327:
267:
253:Stanza della Segnatura
251:
246:
197:perspective projection
131:
110:
3380:The Fire in the Borgo
3047:Creation of the World
2889:Madonna with the Fish
2651:Canigiani Holy Family
801:(?) aux oiseaux, (5)
755:
661:Adoration of the Magi
652:Pinacoteca Ambrosiana
541:
478:
452:University of Ferrara
333:
319:
244:
3637:(mistress and model)
3631:(mistress and model)
3603:and other disciples)
3591:Bastiano da Sangallo
3535:–1524) (executed by
3516:(1520) (executed by
3390:–1517) (executed by
3324:The School of Athens
2586:Madonna of the Pinks
2419:Madonna del Granduca
2389:Small Cowper Madonna
2243:Portrait of Perugino
2049:at Wikimedia Commons
2047:The School of Athens
2012:The School of Athens
2005:The School of Athens
1996:The School of Athens
1985:The School of Athens
1965:Gertrude Garrigues,
1873:. Electrum Magazine.
1677:Raphael (1482–1520).
1653:University of Oxford
1617:University of Oxford
1551:University of Oxford
1513:8 March 2012 at the
1468:Lives of the Artists
1355:The Quarterly Review
1316:Lives of the Artists
1094:by Leonardo da Vinci
795:Démétrios de Phalère
707:Königsberg Cathedral
696:Gobelins Manufactory
666:Marcantonio Raimondi
641:University of Oxford
607:Drawings and cartoon
571:St. Peter's Basilica
567:Christian philosophy
283:The School of Athens
259:The School of Athens
231:The School of Athens
102:The School of Athens
35:The School of Athens
3705:Also attributed to
3452:Sacrifice at Lystra
3356:The Mass at Bolsena
3287:Madonna of the Rose
2964:Madonna della Tenda
2644:Ridolfo Ghirlandaio
2639:La belle jardinière
2601:Bridgewater Madonna
2182:Conestabile Madonna
1419:. Springer-Verlag.
1403:WĹŤlfflin, pp. 94ff.
1235:The Visual Computer
984:Alexander the Great
731:Use Your Illusion I
682:Anton Raphael Mengs
133:Stanze di Raffaello
119:Italian Renaissance
3587:Baldassare Peruzzi
2851:Madonna of Foligno
2843:The Prophet Isaiah
2404:Terranuova Madonna
2258:Colonna Altarpiece
2228:Diotallevi Madonna
2212:Vision of a Knight
2112:Baronci Altarpiece
2023:with Melvyn Bragg.
1990:Web Gallery of Art
1494:Luitpold Dussler:
1247:10.1007/BF01911003
1119:Battle of Anghiari
764:
559:Christian theology
544:
512:Nicomachean Ethics
489:
366:
328:
247:
3721:
3720:
3403:Tapestry cartoons
3257:Madonna de Bogota
3211:Small Holy Family
2828:Madonna of Loreto
2696:Esterhazy Madonna
2510:Madonna del Prato
2321:Florentine period
2197:Portrait of a Man
2095:List of paintings
2045:Media related to
1999:(interactive map)
1948:978-0-495-57364-7
1918:Heinrich Wölfflin
1581:Becatti, Giovanni
1526:Raffaello Santi.
1439:This can be seen
1426:978-3-540-17267-3
847:Leonardo da Vinci
809:, (7) x (?), (8)
797:, (3) x (?), (4)
719:Baylor University
713:by Neide, in the
700:Mobilier National
433:Heinrich Wölfflin
182:Leonardo da Vinci
98:
97:
3826:
3819:Self-portraiture
3714:
3709:
3707:Lorenzo di Credi
3687:Raphael (crater)
3578:
3575:
3534:
3531:
3496:
3493:
3436:Death of Ananias
3389:
3386:
3281:
3278:
3266:
3263:
3239:
3236:
3220:
3217:
3197:
3194:
3182:
3179:
3163:
3160:
3154:Ezekiel's Vision
3132:
3129:
3117:
3114:
3102:
3099:
3087:
3084:
3072:
3069:
3041:
3038:
3026:
3023:
3011:
3008:
2988:
2985:
2973:
2970:
2958:
2955:
2943:
2940:
2928:
2925:
2913:
2910:
2898:
2895:
2883:
2880:
2860:
2857:
2837:
2834:
2822:
2819:
2807:
2804:
2792:
2789:
2777:
2774:
2762:
2759:
2736:
2733:
2705:
2702:
2690:
2687:
2675:
2672:
2660:
2657:
2633:
2630:
2610:
2607:
2595:
2592:
2572:
2569:
2557:
2554:
2542:
2539:
2527:
2524:
2504:
2501:
2489:
2486:
2472:La donna gravida
2458:
2455:
2443:
2440:
2428:
2425:
2413:
2410:
2398:
2395:
2383:
2380:
2368:
2365:
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2350:
2338:
2335:
2312:
2309:
2297:
2294:
2282:
2279:
2267:
2264:
2252:
2249:
2237:
2234:
2206:
2203:
2191:
2188:
2168:
2165:
2153:
2150:
2136:Mond Crucifixion
2077:
2070:
2063:
2054:
2044:
2030:School of Athens
1952:
1898:Roger Jones and
1887:
1881:
1875:
1874:
1866:
1860:
1859:
1831:
1825:
1824:
1822:
1806:
1800:
1793:
1787:
1779:
1773:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1754:
1748:
1741:
1735:
1729:
1723:
1722:
1714:
1708:
1707:
1699:
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1669:
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1666:
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1639:
1633:
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1630:
1628:
1603:
1597:
1596:
1573:
1567:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1537:
1531:
1524:
1518:
1505:
1499:
1492:
1486:
1482:Grove Art Online
1477:
1471:
1466:Giorgio Vasari,
1464:
1458:
1457:
1450:
1444:
1437:
1431:
1430:
1410:
1404:
1401:
1395:
1394:WĹŤlfflin, p. 88.
1392:
1386:
1382:
1376:
1369:
1363:
1362:
1333:
1327:
1308:
1302:
1295:School of Athens
1291:
1285:
1277:
1260:
1258:
1230:
1224:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1205:
1199:
1198:
1188:
1164:
1158:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1139:
1123:
1114:
1068:
1049:
1031:
1017:
1002:
976:
962:
944:
926:
907:
889:
875:
861:
843:
613:School of Athens
437:School of Athens
272:
256:
139:Apostolic Palace
136:
89:Apostolic Palace
44:
32:
21:Platonic Academy
3834:
3833:
3829:
3828:
3827:
3825:
3824:
3823:
3739:1510s paintings
3724:
3723:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3704:
3696:
3692:Vatican loggias
3650:(1813 painting)
3629:Imperia Cognati
3612:
3607:Villa Farnesina
3576:
3546:
3532:
3500:
3494:
3466:
3397:
3387:
3301:
3279:
3264:
3249:Transfiguration
3237:
3218:
3195:
3180:
3161:
3130:
3115:
3100:
3085:
3070:
3039:
3024:
3009:
2986:
2971:
2956:
2941:
2934:Sistine Madonna
2926:
2911:
2896:
2881:
2858:
2835:
2820:
2805:
2790:
2775:
2768:Garvagh Madonna
2760:
2740:
2734:
2703:
2688:
2673:
2666:Colonna Madonna
2658:
2631:
2608:
2593:
2578:Ansidei Madonna
2570:
2555:
2540:
2525:
2502:
2487:
2456:
2441:
2426:
2411:
2396:
2381:
2366:
2351:
2336:
2329:Christ Blessing
2316:
2310:
2295:
2280:
2265:
2250:
2235:
2204:
2189:
2166:
2151:
2120:Saint Sebastian
2099:
2086:
2081:
1980:
1949:
1934:
1931:
1929:Further reading
1895:
1890:
1882:
1878:
1868:
1867:
1863:
1833:
1832:
1828:
1820:
1808:
1807:
1803:
1794:
1790:
1780:
1776:
1766:
1764:
1756:
1755:
1751:
1745:Old Cabell Hall
1743:Information on
1742:
1738:
1730:
1726:
1716:
1715:
1711:
1701:
1700:
1696:
1689:
1685:
1676:
1672:
1662:
1660:
1659:on 28 June 2011
1641:
1640:
1636:
1626:
1624:
1623:on 28 June 2011
1605:
1604:
1600:
1575:
1574:
1570:
1560:
1558:
1557:on 28 June 2011
1539:
1538:
1534:
1525:
1521:
1515:Wayback Machine
1506:
1502:
1493:
1489:
1478:
1474:
1465:
1461:
1456:. 27 June 2020.
1452:
1451:
1447:
1438:
1434:
1427:
1412:
1411:
1407:
1402:
1398:
1393:
1389:
1383:
1379:
1370:
1366:
1348:
1337:jus suum cuique
1334:
1330:
1309:
1305:
1292:
1288:
1278:
1263:
1232:
1231:
1227:
1217:
1215:
1207:
1206:
1202:
1166:
1165:
1161:
1151:
1149:
1141:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1127:
1126:
1115:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1091:The Last Supper
1081:
1074:
1069:
1060:
1050:
1041:
1032:
1023:
1018:
1009:
1003:
994:
977:
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936:
927:
918:
908:
899:
890:
881:
876:
867:
862:
853:
844:
835:
779:Memphis Saqqara
750:
674:
609:
536:
524:Theory of Forms
493:vanishing point
473:
460:
407:Marsilio Ficino
261:, representing
239:
111:Scuola di Atene
28:
25:Athenian School
17:
12:
11:
5:
3832:
3830:
3822:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
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3746:
3741:
3736:
3726:
3725:
3719:
3718:
3716:
3715:
3710:
3701:
3698:
3697:
3695:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3676:
3668:
3660:
3652:
3644:
3638:
3635:Margarita Luti
3632:
3626:
3620:
3618:
3614:
3613:
3611:
3610:
3604:
3594:
3580:
3567:
3561:
3554:
3552:
3548:
3547:
3545:
3544:
3521:
3508:
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3501:
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3498:
3483:
3474:
3472:
3468:
3467:
3465:
3464:
3456:
3448:
3440:
3432:
3424:
3416:
3407:
3405:
3399:
3398:
3396:
3395:
3376:
3368:
3360:
3352:
3344:
3336:
3328:
3320:
3311:
3309:
3303:
3302:
3300:
3299:
3291:
3283:
3268:
3253:
3245:
3226:
3207:
3199:
3184:
3165:
3150:
3142:
3134:
3119:
3104:
3089:
3074:
3059:
3051:
3043:
3028:
3013:
2998:
2990:
2975:
2960:
2945:
2930:
2915:
2900:
2885:
2870:
2862:
2847:
2839:
2824:
2809:
2794:
2779:
2764:
2748:
2746:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2738:
2723:
2715:
2707:
2692:
2677:
2662:
2647:
2635:
2620:
2616:The Deposition
2612:
2597:
2582:
2574:
2559:
2544:
2529:
2514:
2506:
2491:
2476:
2468:
2460:
2445:
2430:
2415:
2400:
2385:
2370:
2355:
2340:
2324:
2322:
2318:
2317:
2315:
2314:
2299:
2284:
2269:
2254:
2239:
2224:
2216:
2208:
2193:
2178:
2170:
2155:
2140:
2132:
2124:
2116:
2107:
2105:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2097:
2091:
2088:
2087:
2082:
2080:
2079:
2072:
2065:
2057:
2051:
2050:
2038:
2033:
2025:
2016:
2008:
2000:
1992:
1979:
1978:External links
1976:
1975:
1974:
1963:
1953:
1947:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1925:
1915:
1906:, Yale, 1983,
1900:Nicholas Penny
1894:
1891:
1889:
1888:
1876:
1861:
1848:10.2307/500375
1842:(2): 211–215.
1826:
1801:
1788:
1774:
1749:
1736:
1724:
1709:
1694:
1683:
1670:
1634:
1598:
1595:. p. 378.
1568:
1532:
1519:
1500:
1487:
1472:
1459:
1445:
1432:
1425:
1405:
1396:
1387:
1377:
1364:
1347:, book 1. See
1328:
1312:Giorgio Vasari
1303:
1286:
1261:
1241:(3): 120–124.
1225:
1200:
1179:(2): 196–243.
1159:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1108:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1096:
1095:
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1080:
1077:
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1070:
1063:
1061:
1051:
1044:
1042:
1033:
1026:
1024:
1019:
1012:
1010:
1007:Zeno of Citium
1004:
997:
995:
978:
971:
969:
964:
957:
955:
946:
939:
937:
928:
921:
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891:
884:
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870:
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856:
854:
845:
838:
834:
831:
749:
746:
673:
670:
608:
605:
535:
532:
517:foreshortening
472:
469:
465:Duke of Mantua
459:
456:
418:Duke of Mantua
414:Giorgio Vasari
399:Pope Julius II
279:(Literature).
238:
235:
127:Pope Julius II
96:
95:
86:
82:
81:
78:
74:
73:
68:
64:
63:
60:
56:
55:
50:
46:
45:
37:
36:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3831:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3814:Athens in art
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
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3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3734:Raphael rooms
3732:
3731:
3729:
3711:
3708:
3703:
3702:
3699:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
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3667:
3665:
3661:
3659:
3657:
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3651:
3649:
3645:
3642:
3641:Giulio Romano
3639:
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3627:
3625:
3622:
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3476:
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3453:
3449:
3446:
3445:
3441:
3438:
3437:
3433:
3430:
3429:
3425:
3422:
3421:
3417:
3414:
3413:
3409:
3408:
3406:
3404:
3400:
3393:
3392:Giulio Romano
3382:
3381:
3377:
3374:
3373:
3369:
3366:
3365:
3361:
3358:
3357:
3353:
3350:
3349:
3345:
3342:
3341:
3337:
3334:
3333:
3329:
3326:
3325:
3321:
3318:
3317:
3316:The Parnassus
3313:
3312:
3310:
3308:
3307:Raphael Rooms
3304:
3297:
3296:
3292:
3289:
3288:
3284:
3274:
3273:
3269:
3259:
3258:
3254:
3251:
3250:
3246:
3243:
3242:Giulio Romano
3240:–1519) (with
3232:
3231:
3227:
3224:
3223:Giulio Romano
3221:–1519) (with
3213:
3212:
3208:
3205:
3204:
3200:
3190:
3189:
3185:
3175:
3174:Giulio Romano
3171:
3170:
3166:
3156:
3155:
3151:
3148:
3147:
3143:
3140:
3139:
3135:
3125:
3124:
3120:
3110:
3109:
3105:
3095:
3094:
3090:
3080:
3079:
3075:
3065:
3064:
3060:
3057:
3056:
3052:
3049:
3048:
3044:
3034:
3033:
3029:
3019:
3018:
3014:
3004:
3003:
2999:
2996:
2995:
2991:
2981:
2980:
2976:
2966:
2965:
2961:
2951:
2950:
2946:
2936:
2935:
2931:
2921:
2920:
2916:
2906:
2905:
2901:
2891:
2890:
2886:
2876:
2875:
2871:
2868:
2867:
2863:
2853:
2852:
2848:
2845:
2844:
2840:
2830:
2829:
2825:
2815:
2814:
2810:
2800:
2799:
2795:
2785:
2784:
2780:
2770:
2769:
2765:
2755:
2754:
2750:
2749:
2747:
2743:
2729:
2728:
2724:
2721:
2720:
2719:Tempi Madonna
2716:
2713:
2712:
2708:
2698:
2697:
2693:
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2303:Saint Michael
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448:Paolo Zamboni
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30:
26:
22:
3749:Books in art
3680:
3671:
3664:La Fornarina
3663:
3658:(1894 opera)
3655:
3647:
3609:(decoration)
3597:Villa Madama
3558:Chigi Chapel
3523:
3511:
3485:
3477:
3458:
3450:
3442:
3434:
3426:
3418:
3410:
3378:
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3354:
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3338:
3330:
3323:
3322:
3314:
3293:
3285:
3270:
3255:
3247:
3228:
3209:
3203:La Fornarina
3201:
3186:
3167:
3152:
3144:
3136:
3121:
3106:
3091:
3076:
3061:
3053:
3045:
3030:
3015:
3000:
2992:
2977:
2962:
2947:
2932:
2917:
2902:
2887:
2872:
2869:(1511, 1512)
2864:
2849:
2841:
2826:
2813:Alba Madonna
2811:
2796:
2781:
2766:
2751:
2745:Roman period
2725:
2717:
2709:
2694:
2679:
2664:
2649:
2637:
2622:
2614:
2599:
2584:
2576:
2561:
2546:
2531:
2516:
2508:
2493:
2478:
2470:
2462:
2447:
2432:
2417:
2402:
2387:
2372:
2357:
2342:
2327:
2301:
2288:Three Graces
2286:
2273:Saint George
2271:
2256:
2241:
2226:
2218:
2210:
2195:
2180:
2172:
2157:
2142:
2134:
2126:
2118:
2110:
2029:
2020:
2011:
2004:
1995:
1989:
1984:
1970:
1959:
1956:Henry Keazor
1937:
1921:
1903:
1879:
1864:
1839:
1835:
1829:
1804:
1796:
1791:
1781:
1777:
1765:. Retrieved
1761:
1752:
1739:
1727:
1718:
1712:
1703:
1697:
1686:
1673:
1661:. Retrieved
1657:the original
1646:
1637:
1625:. Retrieved
1621:the original
1610:
1601:
1588:
1577:Salmi, Mario
1571:
1559:. Retrieved
1555:the original
1544:
1535:
1522:
1503:
1495:
1490:
1481:
1475:
1467:
1462:
1448:
1435:
1415:
1408:
1399:
1390:
1380:
1372:
1367:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1344:
1336:
1331:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1306:
1298:
1294:
1289:
1280:
1238:
1234:
1228:
1216:. Retrieved
1212:
1203:
1176:
1172:
1162:
1150:. Retrieved
1146:
1137:
1117:
1112:
1090:
948:Michelangelo
767:
765:
735:
729:
727:
704:
693:
686:
675:
659:
645:
612:
610:
598:
575:
545:
521:
510:
504:
490:
461:
446:
442:
436:
431:However, to
430:
411:
403:
388:
382:
379:
367:
359:Timoteo Viti
308:
303:
299:
295:
282:
281:
274:
258:
248:
230:
229:
194:
186:Michelangelo
147:
143:Vatican City
101:
100:
99:
93:Vatican City
29:
3666:(1944 film)
3577: 1520
3566:(1515–1519)
3533: 1520
3495: 1508
3463:(1514–1516)
3455:(1514–1516)
3447:(1514–1516)
3439:(1514–1516)
3431:(1514–1516)
3423:(1514–1516)
3415:(1514–1516)
3388: 1514
3367:(1513–1514)
3359:(1512–1514)
3351:(1511–1512)
3335:(1510–1511)
3327:(1509–1511)
3319:(1509–1511)
3298:(1518–1520)
3290:(1518–1520)
3280: 1518
3265: 1517
3252:(1516–1520)
3238: 1518
3219: 1518
3206:(1518–1519)
3196: 1518
3181: 1518
3162: 1518
3131: 1510
3116: 1514
3101: 1517
3086: 1516
3071: 1516
3040: 1514
3025: 1514
3010: 1512
2987: 1513
2972: 1513
2957: 1513
2942: 1513
2927: 1513
2912: 1513
2897: 1512
2882: 1512
2859: 1511
2846:(1511–1512)
2836: 1511
2821: 1511
2806: 1510
2791: 1509
2776: 1509
2761: 1509
2735: 1507
2704: 1508
2689: 1507
2674: 1507
2659: 1507
2632: 1506
2609: 1507
2594: 1506
2581:(1505–1507)
2571: 1506
2556: 1506
2541: 1506
2526: 1506
2503: 1505
2488: 1505
2475:(1505–1506)
2467:(1504–1506)
2457: 1505
2442: 1505
2427: 1505
2412: 1504
2397: 1504
2382: 1504
2367: 1504
2352: 1504
2337: 1502
2311: 1504
2296: 1503
2281: 1503
2266: 1503
2251: 1504
2236: 1504
2215:(1503–1504)
2205: 1503
2190: 1502
2177:(1502–1504)
2167: 1500
2152: 1503
2139:(1502–1503)
2131:(1499–1502)
2123:(1501–1502)
2115:(1500–1501)
2104:Early works
2021:In Our Time
2003:Cartoon of
1795:French for
1213:www.bbc.com
1147:www.bbc.com
988:Antisthenes
913:displaying
879:Anaximander
711:Kaliningrad
548:Greek cross
528:particulars
426:Evangelists
302:Book I and
300:Metaphysics
209:engineering
178:Zarathustra
3728:Categories
3713:Attributed
3537:Lorenzetto
3518:Lorenzetto
3505:Sculptures
3093:Visitation
2174:Oddi Altar
1912:0300030614
1814:B. R. Rees
1767:21 January
1361:: 1 at 29.
1345:Institutes
1218:9 February
1152:9 February
1099:References
1058:Democritus
1039:Pythagoras
1021:Parmenides
980:Alcibiades
952:Heraclitus
911:Archimedes
897:Archimedes
893:Pythagoras
811:Protagoras
748:Precursors
740:albums of
725:in Paris.
627:Museum in
555:philosophy
363:Protogenes
269:La Disputa
263:philosophy
221:physiology
170:Heraclitus
166:Archimedes
162:Pythagoras
77:Dimensions
3681:Raffaello
3672:Raffaello
3551:Buildings
3078:La velata
1810:Alan Rowe
1385:dispute."
1341:Justinian
1299:Parnassus
1195:2159-8118
1130:Citations
1072:Carneades
1052:Possibly
1005:Possibly
930:Aeschines
865:Aristotle
819:HĂ©raclite
625:Albertina
621:Frankfurt
501:Aristotle
485:Aristotle
479:An elder
424:and some
422:Zoroaster
355:Il Sodoma
335:Zoroaster
276:Parnassus
154:Aristotle
62:1509–1511
3479:Lucretia
3471:Drawings
2377: (
2362: (
2246: (
1816:(1956).
1797:to birds
1511:Archived
1255:26348610
1079:See also
1054:Epicurus
1035:Averroes
992:Xenophon
966:Diogenes
934:Socrates
827:Aristote
395:Bramante
375:Epicurus
371:Socrates
351:Perugino
321:Bramante
217:geometry
174:Averroes
158:Socrates
85:Location
3656:Raphael
3617:Related
3482:(1500s)
2874:Galatea
2084:Raphael
1988:at the
1904:Raphael
1893:Sources
1663:13 June
1627:13 June
1561:13 June
833:Gallery
825:, (12)
821:, (11)
817:, (10)
803:HĂ©siode
791:Pindare
761:Pompeii
648:cartoon
639:at the
601:meander
594:Minerva
534:Setting
506:Timaeus
458:Figures
384:Timaeus
347:Apelles
343:Raphael
339:Ptolemy
304:Physics
296:Disputa
225:anatomy
190:Ptolemy
137:in the
123:Raphael
121:artist
117:by the
113:) is a
107:Italian
53:Raphael
3525:Elijah
3375:(1514)
3343:(1511)
3282:–1520)
3267:–1520)
3172:(with
3149:(1518)
3141:(1518)
3133:–1518)
3118:–1517)
3058:(1516)
3050:(1516)
3042:–1516)
3027:–1515)
3012:–1515)
2997:(1514)
2994:Sibyls
2989:–1514)
2974:–1514)
2959:–1514)
2944:–1514)
2929:–1514)
2914:–1514)
2899:–1514)
2861:–1512)
2808:–1511)
2793:–1511)
2778:–1510)
2737:–1509)
2722:(1508)
2714:(1508)
2691:–1508)
2676:–1508)
2661:–1508)
2634:–1508)
2619:(1507)
2611:–1508)
2596:–1507)
2513:(1506)
2505:–1506)
2490:–1506)
2414:–1505)
2399:–1505)
2384:–1505)
2369:–1505)
2339:–1504)
2313:–1505)
2298:–1505)
2283:–1505)
2268:–1505)
2223:(1504)
2207:–1504)
2192:–1504)
2169:–1504)
1945:
1910:
1856:500375
1854:
1423:
1253:
1193:
823:Platon
815:Thalès
813:, (9)
807:Homère
805:, (6)
799:Orphée
793:, (2)
672:Copies
633:Medusa
629:Vienna
617:Städel
590:wisdom
586:Athena
578:Apollo
390:Ethics
325:Euclid
213:optics
176:, and
115:fresco
71:Fresco
49:Artist
3759:Putti
3513:Jonah
1852:JSTOR
1821:(PDF)
1251:S2CID
1104:Notes
851:Plato
759:from
656:Milan
561:(see
552:pagan
497:Plato
481:Plato
310:monad
292:putti
288:tondo
150:Plato
3589:and
3539:and
1943:ISBN
1908:ISBN
1769:2022
1665:2011
1629:2011
1563:2011
1441:here
1421:ISBN
1310:See
1220:2024
1191:ISSN
1154:2024
1037:and
986:and
932:and
895:and
787:Rees
785:and
783:Rowe
734:and
676:The
646:The
582:lyre
565:and
557:and
349:and
249:The
199:, a
184:and
152:and
67:Type
59:Year
3679:SS
3176:) (
1844:doi
1353:".
1243:doi
1181:doi
1056:or
990:or
982:or
950:as
849:as
654:in
619:in
361:as
357:or
345:as
323:as
145:.
141:in
3730::
3574:c.
3530:c.
3492:c.
3385:c.
3277:c.
3262:c.
3235:c.
3216:c.
3193:c.
3178:c.
3159:c.
3128:c.
3113:c.
3098:c.
3083:c.
3068:c.
3037:c.
3022:c.
3007:c.
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2969:c.
2954:c.
2939:c.
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2909:c.
2894:c.
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2833:c.
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2701:c.
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2263:c.
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2233:c.
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2187:c.
2164:c.
2149:c.
1969:,
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1920:,
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1301:."
1264:^
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737:II
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