495:"....it was around seven o'clock when the 50-person delegation of judges, scientists, reporters and other officials arrived at the Department of Education. Tired and hungry, they hardly looked at the telephone, made some jokes at Bell's expense, and wanted to leave the exhibition quickly when suddenly, Dom Pedro II, Emperor of Brazil from 1840 to 1889, with his wife Empress Theresa and a bevy of courtiers, entered the room. Dom Pedro recognized Bell and exclaimed "Professor Bell, I am delighted to see you again!" The judges at once forgot their tiredness and wondered who this young inventor was who was a friend of an emperor. Dom Pedro had once visited Bell's class of deaf-mutes at Boston University and initiated the first Brazilian school for deaf-mutes in Rio de Janeiro.".... ....The judges stayed the next three hours with Bell. Bell's telephone became the star of the centennial...."
498:"On a hot Sunday afternoon, June 25th, Sir William Thompson (later Lord Kelvin) and many other distinguished guests inspected the exhibits. Few paid much attention to Bell, tinkering with his crude instruments. At last the party approached his booth. Among them was Dom Pedro de Alcantara, the Emperor of Brazil. He had met Bell a few weeks previously in Boston and spoke to him as an old friend." "Dom Pedro had met Alec at a school for the deaf in Boston. When the emperor greeted Alec, the judges took note. They wanted to see what the emperor's friend had invented." "The centerpiece of the emperor's trip was the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia. There, Dom Pedro II sought out a young, relatively obscure teacher at the School of the Deaf named Alexander Graham Bell, with whom he had exchanged letters."
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278:, a lawyer and Bell's future father-in-law; Thomas Sanders, the well-to-do leather merchant father of one of Bell's deaf students (and who was the first to enter into an agreement with Bell); and finally by Alexander Graham Bell. Hubbard later registered some of his shares with two other family members. An approximate 10% interest of the patent association was later assigned by its principals to Bell's technical assistant Thomas Watson, in lieu of salary and for his earlier financial support to Bell while they worked together creating their first functional telephones.
656:. Only three years earlier, Western Union had turned down Gardiner Hubbard's offer to sell it all rights to the telephone for US$ 100,000 (approximately $ 3.16 million in current dollars). In only a few years, Western Union's president would acknowledge that it was a serious business error, one that later nearly led to his company being swallowed up by the newly emerging telecommunications giant into which Bell Telephone would shortly evolve. Western Union was saved from demise only by the U.S. Government's
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340:(incorporated on February 12, 1878) to form the National Bell Telephone Company (incorporated on March 13, 1879, with 7,280 shares, later increased to 8,500 shares in May 1880). A little over a year later it was reorganized to become the American Bell Telephone Company (incorporated on April 17, 1880, with 73,500 shares, which included 14,000 trustee shares held by National Bell Telephone). American Bell's outstanding stock rose to 258,863 shares by May 1900.
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The Bell
Memorial Association also purchased the Bell family's former farmhouse, Melville House, and its orchard at Tutela Heights, opening it as a museum to the family and to the invention of the telephone. In 1996, it was declared a historic landmark, and is now known as the Bell Homestead National
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The Bell
Telephone Memorial's grandeur has been described as the finest example of Allward's early work, propelling the sculptor to fame. The memorial itself has been used as a central fixture for many civic events and remains an important part of Brantford's history, helping the city of Brantford to
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Bell's earliest joint agreement with
Hubbard and Sanders had each being awarded a one-third share of their venture. However, the financing provided to Bell for him to conduct his research and development was inadequately low to the point that he had to continue teaching just to make ends meet. When
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Mabel had understood Bell's reluctance to go to the exhibition and display his works, so she secretly bought his train ticket to
Philadelphia, packed his bag, and then took the unknowing Bell to Boston's train station, where she told her shocked fiancé that he was going on a trip. When Bell started
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Both
Hubbard's and Sanders' roles in the newly born company were pivotal to its early survival and its eventual growth to become a corporate giant. Hubbard's very early structuring of its telephone service by leasing, instead of selling telephones, was critical to its success. He based his decision
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Hubbard was satisfied to leave the head of the Bell
Company to another major investor, William Forbes, who was brought into the company as its president and as a member of its board of directors in late 1878. Under Forbes' leadership, a new executive committee was created at its corporate level to
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Pivotally, late in the evening moments after the main group of tired judges and newspaper reporters had quickly looked over and derided Bell's telephone display, Emperor Dom Pedro, who was straggling, entered the fair's
Education Building where Bell's two displays were located. As the main group
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Shoe
Machinery Company, where its shoe sewing machines were leased, not sold, and royalties also had to be paid to the Gordon McKay Company based on the numbers of shoes produced. Hubbard insisted that leasing was the better option, even if it significantly raised the need for initial capital
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Not long after the
National Bell Telephone Company was established, it required substantial new capital in order to maintain its majority share ownership of its affiliate telephone companies and to provide further funds for expansion of its overall telephone infrastructure. On April 17, 1880,
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the Bell
Company was organized in 1877, an approximate 10% share was provided to Bell's engineering and mechanical associate, Thomas A. Watson, in consideration for his previous unpaid service and for the loans he made to Bell while they worked together creating their first working telephone.
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Bell, who was then a full-time teacher, had not planned to exhibit at the fair because of his heavy teaching schedule and preparation for his student's examinations. He went to Philadelphia only at the stern insistence of Mabel Hubbard, his then-fiancée and future wife and who was an expert
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Significant criticism of AT&T (a monopoly) had emerged in the United States that domestic telephone system rates were higher than they needed to be, and that AT&T was using those revenues to subsidize its European operations. Due to that reason and others, and also due to the U.S.
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and later as a shipyard owner and ship builder—always retaining his friendship with Bell. Thomas Sanders, whose entire personal fortune was virtually depleted during the Bell Telephone's first formative years (until a historic settlement was reached with Bell's fierce competitor
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on November 10, 1879), quickly sold his Bell shares for almost $ 1,000,000 but then lost most of his wealth with an investment in a Colorado gold mine. He also remained a confidant of Bell, who later helped ensure the welfare of Sanders' deaf son in his adulthood.
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on March 3, 1885. Starting from New York City, its long-distance telephone network reached Chicago, Illinois, in 1892, with its multitudes of local exchanges continuing to stretch further and further yearly, eventually creating a continent-wide telephone system.
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Startled by the emperor's enthusiastic response to Bell's telephone demonstration—during which the emperor exclaimed "My God! It talks!", the crowd of judges and press members became energized and vied to take turns communicating with Bell over his invention.
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started moving on to the next exhibit to be reviewed, Dom Pedro came upon the displays and called out to Bell in his booming voice: "What are you doing here?" The emperor had met Bell before in Boston while visiting schools for the deaf in the United States.
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expenses. Sanders for his part, a wealthy leather merchant, provided most of the financing for both Bell's research and the young company, eventually amounting to expenditures of some $ 110,000 "before he received any reimbursement" by the sale of his shares.
347:, and made a wedding gift of 1,487 shares of his allotment to his new wife, keeping only 10 shares for himself. Bell and his wife left not long after for a tour of Europe that lasted over a year, during which time Mabel left her shares with her father under a
480:(Lord Kelvin) recommended his device to the Committee of Electrical Awards, which voted Bell the gold medal for Electrical Equipment, helping to propel him to international fame. Bell also won a second gold medal for his additional display at the exposition,
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The International Bell Telephone Company (IBTC) shortly evolved into a holding company for its various telephone service and production divisions, with its major manufacturing arm being the Bell Telephone Manufacturing Company (BTMC), which was founded in
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reorganize and run the overall company with professional management. The company was also recapitalized, with Vail continuing as its head of operations. After leaving the offices of what became the American Bell Telephone Company, Hubbard created the
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in order to promote sales of its telephone equipment throughout Europe. During his tour of the continent, the Belgian government offered him the greatest financial incentives to establish his European subsidiary's headquarters in their country.
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corporate laws were very restrictive, and limited capitalization to $ 10 million, forestalling American Bell's further growth. With this assets transfer on December 30, 1899, AT&T became the parent of both American Bell and the
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shares of the American Telephone and Telegraph Company. AT&T President Frederick Fish later returned Bell's single American Bell Telephone Company share to him as a memento after it had been converted and canceled.
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561:) in the same year as its Belgian operating subsidiary for telephone service, one of several companies that provided such service in the country, the others having evolved principally from telegraph carriers.
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At the time of the organization of the Bell Telephone Company as an association (also known as the Bell Company), on July 9, 1877, as a joint stock company in 1877 by Hubbard, who soon became its trustee and
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The verbal patent association agreement was formalized in a memorandum of agreement on February 27, 1875. The patent association's assets became the foundational assets of the Bell Telephone Company.
724:'s design was the unanimous choice from among 10 submitted models, winning the competition. The memorial was planned to be completed by 1912 but Allward did not finish it until five years later. The
436:" division to handle its long-distance telecommunications. On January 1, 1900, AT&T, a publicly traded corporation, owned the major assets of American Bell and thus became the head of the
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On December 30, 1899, the assets of American Bell were transferred into its subsidiary American Telephone and Telegraph Company (formerly only the long lines company); this was because
384:(IBTC) as a holding company for its international subsidiaries. IBTC's first non-North American subsidiary was the Bell Telephone Manufacturing Company (BTM), established by Hubbard at
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formed the Bell Memorial Association to commemorate the invention of the telephone by Alexander Graham Bell in July 1874 at his parents' home, Melville House, near Brantford.
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Of the Bell Company's original shareholders, Thomas Watson resigned his position in 1881 with his shares making him a millionaire, thereafter living a colorful life as a
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Allward designed the monument to symbolize the telephone's ability to overcome distances. A series of steps lead to the main section where the allegorical figures of
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667:. The project was the first of its kind to create a nationwide long-distance network with a commercially viable cost-structure. The project was incorporated in
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How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda
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Birth of The Blue Bell Telephone Signs: The History of the Blue Bell Telephone Sign as implemented by New England Telephone and Telegraph
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BTMC eventually came under complete ownership by Western Electric, and also established other divisions as national companies across
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divested almost all of its international interests in 1925, with the exceptions of the Bell Telephone Company of Canada (now called
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The Bell Telephone Company was incorporated in Massachusetts on July 30, 1878, with 4,500 shares of stock. It then merged with the
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How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States
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549:, Belgium, on 26 April 1882. BTMC was created as a joint venture by the International Bell Telephone Company of New York and the
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Gardiner Greene Hubbard, first president and a trustee of the Bell Telephone Company, and father-in-law of Alexander Graham Bell
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1138:, The Hispanic American Historical Review, Duke University Press, Vol. 26, No. 1 (Feb., 1946), pp. 116–118. JSTOR Stable URL:
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432:(AT&T Company) on the second to last day of 1899. AT&T had been incorporated on April 17, 1880, as American Bell's "
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267:. It was established verbally in 1874 to be the holders of the patents produced by Alexander Graham Bell and his assistant
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At the close of 1899, the American Bell Telephone Company was acquired, for business purposes, by its own subsidiary, the
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was the indirect source of the Bell Telephone Company's early commercial success after his creation of the telephone. The
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1664:, Montreal: Herald Press, 1926. N.B.: Patten's full name was William Patten, not Gulielmus Patten as credited elsewhere.
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The Dynamics of Technological Discontinuities: A Patent Citation Network Analysis Of Telecommunication Switches (thesis)
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The National Bell Telephone Company merged with American Speaking Telephone Company on March 20, 1880, to form the
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Gertrude McC. Hubbard (née Mercer, likely Gertrude Mercer McCurdy Hubbard, wife of Gardiner Hubbard): 100 shares
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patent #174465. Upon inception, Hubbard was installed as trustee, although he was additionally the company's
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259:(February 27, 1875 – July 9, 1877, a name later assigned by historians), was not a corporate entity but a
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Tosiello, Rosario. "The Birth and Early Years Of The Bell Telephone System, 1876–1880" (dissertation),
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in 1876 brought Bell's newly invented telephone international attention. Exhibition judges Emperor Dom
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Alexander Graham Bell ceremonially inaugurating the first New York-to-Chicago telephone line in 1892
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Bell Telephone and New England Telephone merged on February 17, 1879, to form two new entities, the
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1573:: Biographical Memoirs, Vol. XXIII, 1847–1922. Presented to the Academy at its 1943 annual meeting.
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took over its operations, becoming a central figure in its rapid growth and commercial success.
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Alexander Graham Bell's ten shares of Bell Telephone Company stock were later converted into a
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1318:, Popular Science, Bonnier Corporation, February 1926, Vol. 108, No. 2, p. 21, ISSN 0161-7370.
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Ibbotson, Heather. "A Day Fit For A Queen: Thousands Enjoy Royal Visit To Bell Homestead",
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Two days after the company's formation, on July 11, 1877, Bell married Hubbard's daughter
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arguing, Mabel turned her sight away from him and became literally deaf to his protests.
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subsidiary, wholly owned by the National Bell, had been established two years earlier.
193:, the Bell Telephone Company was started on the basis of holding "potentially valuable
61:
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The Centennial Exhibition in Philadelphia, 1876, brought Bell international attention.
235:, also of Boston, Massachusetts. The American Bell Telephone Company evolved into the
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A year earlier in 1880 the management of American Bell had created what would become
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joined Bell Telephone as counsel in 1880 and served as president from 1889 to 1900.
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Reluctant Genius: The Passionate Life and Inventive Mind of Alexander Graham Bell
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Charles Eustis Hubbard (the brother or nephew of Gardiner Hubbard): 10 shares
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Never the Twain Shall Meet: Bell, Gallaudet, and the Communications Debate
239:(AT&T), one of the largest telecommunications companies in the world.
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1445:, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, Eindhoven, Netherlands, 2009, pg.53.
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National Bell was split into the American Bell Telephone Company, led by
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http://cf.collectorsweekly.com/stories/6xeKN4f.lkxuSPAUtAFSvQ-small.jpg
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The Telephone And Telephone Exchanges: Their Invention And Development
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Theodore N. Vail and the Role of Innovation in the Modern Bell System
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In 1925, the European division and its subsidiaries were sold to the
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and Russia. Western Electric was itself later majority owned by the
194:
179:
618:, at the start of that company's meteoric rise in the international
572:, returning indirect control of BTMC back to the Bell organization.
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share of the American Bell Telephone Company, and still later into
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Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing
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By 1881, American Bell had acquired a controlling interest in the
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Ownership of American Bell was transferred to its own subsidiary,
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332:(head of operations, and its first full-time employee): 499 shares
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The Master Switch : The Rise and Fall of Information Empires
274:
Approximately one-third of these interests were at first held by
209:. Thomas Sanders, its principal financial backer, was treasurer.
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1414:, StowgerNet Telephone Museum website. Retrieved 20 August 2010.
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Earliest division of Bell Company shares and corporate evolution
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The Chesapeake & Potomac Telephone Company of West Virginia
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323:(inventor and the company's 'Chief Electrician'): 1,497 shares
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originated to build a continental conglomerate and monopoly in
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1549:, City of Brantford/Hurley Printing, Brantford, Ontario, 1944.
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584:(AT&T), which then became the head of the monolithic and
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president, since he also controlled his daughter's shares by
795:. The monument, paid by public subscription and sculpted by
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The master telephone patent (174465), granted March 7, 1876
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The Chesapeake & Potomac Telephone Company of Virginia
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The Chesapeake & Potomac Telephone Company of Maryland
1585:, Brantford, ON: Bell Homestead Society, undated, c. 2009.
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732:, ceremoniously unveiled the memorial on 24 October 1917.
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as its president, with Bell succeeding him the next year.
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Defunct telecommunications companies of the United States
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Government's regulatory intervention, AT&T president
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Bell: Alexander Graham Bell and the Conquest of Solitude
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Notes In The Early Telephone Companies of Latin America
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Manufacturing The Future: A History Of Western Electric
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Second International Congress on Education of the Deaf
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Thomas Sanders (financier and treasurer): 1,497 shares
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American Tel & Tel: the story of a great monopoly
881:. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. p. 231.
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Elisha Gray and Alexander Bell telephone controversy
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309:(trustee and president): 1,397 shares, along with
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1430:, Longmans, Green, and Co., New York/London, 1915.
791:, commemorating the invention of the telephone by
741:appears over a reclining male figure representing
302:president, 5,000 shares in total were issued to:
1640:Bell: Alexander Bell and the Conquest of Solitude
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1125:, Marcel Dekker, 1991. Retrieved August 13, 2013.
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769:, one sending and the other receiving a message.
30:For the Canadian telecommunications company, see
3834:Telecommunications companies established in 1877
1583:Bell Homestead National Historic Site (brochure)
1405:BTMC And ATEA—Antwerp's Twin Telephone Companies
1316:The Laughed at Him, But He Gave Us the Telephone
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916:
484:—developed earlier by his equally famous father
367:on the previous legal work he performed for the
156:was the initial corporate entity from which the
1365:, Gallaudet University Press, 1987, pp. 72–77,
747:, and also pointing to the floating figures of
612:International Telephone & Telegraph Company
553:of Chicago, Illinois. BTMC then established la
1851:The Chesapeake & Potomac Telephone Company
1394:, Popular Science, November 1906, pp. 427–438.
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2533:Edison Gower-Bell Telephone Company of Europe
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220:. International Bell became headquartered in
8:
2609:Alexander Graham Bell National Historic Site
2110:Alexander Graham Bell National Historic Site
1566:Biographical Memoir of Alexander Graham Bell
1284:The Accidental President of Brazil: A Memoir
1164:
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176:New England Telephone and Telegraph Company
43:
3727:Global telecommunications regulation bodies
2573:New England Telephone and Telegraph Company
2158:New England Telephone and Telegraph Company
1658:Patten, William; Bell, Alexander Melville.
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1170:The Worldwide History of Telecommunications
925:The Worldwide History Of Telecommunications
576:Divestiture of most international divisions
351:, allowing him to become the new company's
338:New England Telephone and Telegraph Company
3763:
2719:
2705:
2697:
2513:Canadian Aerodrome Baddeck No. 1 and No. 2
2281:
2267:
2259:
2211:
2200:
2099:
2088:
1995:
1984:
1846:The Bell Telephone Company of Pennsylvania
1830:
1819:
1794:
1783:
1767:
1753:
1745:
1310:
1308:
1278:
1276:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1009:
614:(IT&T, unaffiliated with AT&T) of
582:American Telephone & Telegraph Company
430:American Telephone & Telegraph Company
164:services in the United States and Canada.
49:
42:
3839:American companies disestablished in 1899
2619:Alexander Graham Bell honors and tributes
1722:, New York : Alfred A. Knopf, 2010.
1392:Notes on the Development of the Telephone
18:The Telephone Company (Bells Patents) Ltd
1802:American Telephone and Telegraph Company
805:Victor Cavendish, 9th Duke of Devonshire
730:Victor Cavendish, 9th Duke of Devonshire
673:American Telephone and Telegraph Company
237:American Telephone and Telegraph Company
2614:Alexander Graham Bell School (Illinois)
1498:"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–"
1326:
1324:
1246:
1244:
1212:
1210:
863:
843:
3824:American companies established in 1877
1824:Local telephone companies still extant
1740:The Bell Telephone Co. of Buffalo logo
1559:
1557:
1555:
811:Alexander Graham Bell Gardens in 1917.
388:, Belgium, in 1882. The Bell System's
2624:Bell Homestead National Historic Site
2523:Clarke Schools for Hearing and Speech
2361:Hubbard Bell Grossman Pillot Memorial
2120:Bell Homestead National Historic Site
1496:Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis.
956:Stephen B. Adams, Orville R. Butler.
708:Bell Homestead National Historic Site
603:), and Northern Electric (now called
7:
3829:1877 establishments in Massachusetts
3773:
2178:Bell Telephone Manufacturing Company
2168:The Bell Telephone Company of Canada
2163:International Bell Telephone Company
1254:, Lerner Publications, 2007, p. 28,
1033:https://www.jstor.org/stable/3117054
712:In 1906 the citizens of the City of
538:International Bell Telephone Company
528:International Bell Telephone Company
382:International Bell Telephone Company
218:International Bell Telephone Company
178:. The company was then organized in
2658:The Story of Alexander Graham Bell
1661:Pioneering The Telephone In Canada
1615:Telephone: The First Hundred Years
1123:Encyclopedia of Telecommunications
1044:Patten & Bell 1926, pp. 11–12.
632:American Telephone & Telegraph
476:and the eminent British physicist
25:
1670:The Tangled Web of Patent #174465
559:Bell Telephone Company of Belgium
555:Compagnie Belge du Téléphone Bell
380:as general manager, and with the
3772:
3762:
3753:
3752:
3741:
3362:Free-space optical communication
2681:
2680:
2647:IEEE Alexander Graham Bell Medal
2243:
1841:Bell Telephone Company of Nevada
1337:, HarperCollins, Toronto, 2006,
1222:, Ayer Publishing, 1971, p. 24,
822:Bell Telephone Company of Canada
456:Alexander Graham Bell's fiancée
390:Bell Telephone Company of Canada
27:American telecommunications firm
2224:Regional Bell Operating Company
570:American Bell Telephone Company
243:Predecessor to the Bell Company
233:American Bell Telephone Company
214:National Bell Telephone Company
36:Bell Telephone (disambiguation)
1962:Southern New England Telephone
1286:, PublicAffairs, 2007, p. 11,
1150:Patten & Bell 1926, p. 11.
1085:Patten & Bell 1926, p. 17.
362:National Bell wall phone, 1907
1:
3814:Telecommunications monopolies
2652:Pioneers, a Volunteer Network
2483:Aerial Experiment Association
2130:Telephone Pioneers of America
2054:Advanced Mobile Phone Service
698:Memorials to Bell's invention
197:", principally Bell's master
3748:Telecommunication portal
3529:Telecommunications equipment
1571:National Academy of Sciences
1490:American Antiquarian Society
1470:American Antiquarian Society
1282:Cardoso, Fernando Henrique.
671:as a separate company named
3265:Alexander Stepanovich Popov
2593:Volta Laboratory and Bureau
2563:National Geographic Society
2183:AT&T Technologies, Inc.
1029:The Business History Review
658:anti-monopoly interventions
620:telecommunications industry
423:National Geographic Society
174:, also helped organize the
3855:
2969:Telecommunications history
2578:Oriental Telephone Company
2568:National Telephone Company
2518:Canadian Aerodrome Company
2311:Beinn Bhreagh, Nova Scotia
1618:, Harper & Row, 1976,
1563:Osborne, Harold S. (1943)
1204:, AT&T, April 18, 1905
964:Cambridge University Press
801:Governor General of Canada
726:Governor General of Canada
701:
629:
525:
462:U.S. Centennial Exposition
29:
3736:
3577:Public Switched Telephone
3389:telecommunication circuit
3350:Fiber-optic communication
3095:Francis Blake (telephone)
2890:Optical telecommunication
2676:
2666:The Sound and the Silence
2240:
2214:
2210:
2199:
2098:
2087:
1994:
1983:
1829:
1818:
1797:
1793:
1782:
1192:, AT&T, April 7, 1905
1117:October 23, 2015, at the
994:Pizer 2009, pp. 119, 125.
697:
444:Early promotional success
48:
3488:Orbital angular-momentum
2925:Satellite communications
2764:Communications satellite
2558:Life Extension Institute
1645:Cornell University Press
1202:Letter from Fish to Bell
1190:Letter from Fish to Bell
1110:Brown, Charles L. (ed.)
1071:Pizer 2009, pp. 120–124.
901:Pizer 2009, pp. 123–124.
650:Western Electric Company
551:Western Electric Company
3367:Molecular communication
3190:Gardiner Greene Hubbard
3019:Undersea telegraph line
2754:Cable protection system
2629:Bell Telephone Memorial
2381:Melville Bell Grosvenor
2351:Gilbert Hovey Grosvenor
2346:Gardiner Greene Hubbard
2306:Alexander Melville Bell
2136:Spirit of Communication
2125:Bell Telephone Memorial
2063:Regional Bell companies
1871:Diamond State Telephone
1546:Bell Telephone Memorial
799:, was dedicated by the
789:Bell Telephone Memorial
704:Bell Telephone Memorial
626:Acquisition by AT&T
486:Alexander Melville Bell
307:Gardiner Greene Hubbard
276:Gardiner Greene Hubbard
257:Bell Patent Association
186:, on July 9, 1877,. A
172:Gardiner Greene Hubbard
83:; 147 years ago
3509:Communication protocol
3295:Charles Sumner Tainter
3110:Walter Houser Brattain
3055:Edwin Howard Armstrong
2863:Information revolution
2508:Bell Telephone Company
2442:Walter Seymour Allward
2371:Mabel Gardiner Hubbard
2153:Bell Telephone Company
1921:Pacific Northwest Bell
812:
716:, Ontario, Canada and
645:
453:
363:
345:Mabel Gardiner Hubbard
294:
252:
154:Bell Telephone Company
44:Bell Telephone Company
34:. For other uses, see
3809:AT&T subsidiaries
3799:Alexander Graham Bell
3483:Polarization-division
3215:Narinder Singh Kapany
3180:Erna Schneider Hoover
3100:Jagadish Chandra Bose
3080:Alexander Graham Bell
2811:online video platform
2316:Bell House (Virginia)
2290:Alexander Graham Bell
2250:Telephones portal
1896:New England Telephone
1673:, AuthorHouse, 2009,
1439:Martinelli, Arianna.
1410:July 9, 2013, at the
1390:De Land, Fred (1906)
1252:Alexander Graham Bell
793:Alexander Graham Bell
786:
775:'The Telephone City'.
643:
451:
361:
321:Alexander Graham Bell
292:
250:
168:Alexander Graham Bell
144:Boston, Massachusetts
103:Alexander Graham Bell
3325:Vladimir K. Zworykin
3285:Almon Brown Strowger
3255:Charles Grafton Page
2910:Prepaid mobile phone
2838:Electrical telegraph
2412:Charles Williams Jr.
2356:Gilbert M. Grosvenor
1643:. Ithaca, New York:
1361:Winefield, Richard.
1172:, Wiley-IEEE, 2003,
1168:Huurdeman, Anton A.
928:, Wiley-IEEE, 2003,
922:Huurdeman, Anton A.
809:The Telephone City's
718:its surrounding area
692:John Elbridge Hudson
3275:Johann Philipp Reis
3034:Wireless revolution
2996:The Telephone Cases
2853:Hydraulic telegraph
2583:Phonograph cylinder
1946:Wisconsin Telephone
1667:Pizer, Russell A.
1597:Brantford Expositor
1529:Brooks 1976, p. 107
1426:Kingsbury, John E.
1403:StowgerNet Museum.
1094:Pizer 2009, p. 124.
1062:Bruce 1990, p. 291.
1053:Pizer 2009, p. 122.
1003:Pizer 2009, p. 125.
910:Pizer 2009, p. 127.
827:The Telephone Cases
665:AT&T Long Lines
522:Worldwide expansion
409:Shakespearean actor
216:of Boston, and the
191:joint-stock company
131:Merged assets with
108:Gardiner G. Hubbard
45:
3473:Frequency-division
3450:Telephone exchange
3320:Charles Wheatstone
3250:Jun-ichi Nishizawa
3225:Innocenzo Manzetti
3160:Reginald Fessenden
2895:Optical telegraphy
2728:Telecommunications
2634:Graham Bell Island
2376:Mabel H. Grosvenor
2341:Edwin S. Grosvenor
1989:Other subsidiaries
1931:South Central Bell
1906:New York Telephone
1314:Wheeler, Edgar C.
813:
646:
566:Continental Europe
454:
364:
295:
253:
72:Telecommunications
3786:
3785:
3524:Store and forward
3519:Data transmission
3433:Network switching
3384:Transmission line
3230:Guglielmo Marconi
3195:Internet pioneers
3060:Mohamed M. Atalla
3029:Whistled language
2694:
2693:
2553:Hubbard Monoplane
2528:Dictation machine
2256:
2255:
2236:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2195:
2194:
2191:
2190:
2173:Northern Electric
2083:
2082:
2079:
2078:
1979:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1941:Southwestern Bell
1926:Pacific Telephone
1911:Northwestern Bell
1814:
1813:
1810:
1809:
1728:978-0-307-26993-5
1701:Boston University
1687:978-1-4389-8402-5
1638:Bruce, Robert V.
1632:978-0-06-010540-2
1379:978-1-56368-056-4
1351:978-0-00-200676-7
1300:978-1-58648-429-3
1268:978-0-8225-7606-8
1236:978-0-8369-5691-7
1023:Galambos, Louis.
980:978-0-521-65118-9
942:978-0-471-20505-0
807:with Dr. Bell in
744:Man, the inventor
349:power of attorney
207:power of attorney
170:'s father-in-law
162:telecommunication
150:
149:
81:July 9, 1877
16:(Redirected from
3846:
3776:
3775:
3766:
3765:
3756:
3755:
3746:
3745:
3744:
3617:Notable networks
3607:Wireless network
3547:Cellular network
3539:Types of network
3514:Computer network
3401:Network topology
3315:Thomas A. Watson
3170:Oliver Heaviside
3155:Philo Farnsworth
3130:Daniel Davis Jr.
3105:Charles Bourseul
3065:John Logie Baird
2774:Data compression
2769:Computer network
2721:
2714:
2707:
2698:
2684:
2683:
2437:Thomas A. Watson
2432:Thomas Selfridge
2422:Marcellus Bailey
2336:Graham Fairchild
2283:
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2006:Western Electric
1996:
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875:Bruce, Robert V.
871:
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534:Gardiner Hubbard
514:since age five.
474:Empire of Brazil
91:
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3235:Robert Metcalfe
3090:Tim Berners-Lee
3038:
2858:Information Age
2730:
2725:
2695:
2690:
2672:
2597:
2473:AEA Silver Dart
2446:
2395:
2391:Telephone Cases
2331:David Fairchild
2326:Chichester Bell
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2187:
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2010:
1990:
1971:
1967:Cincinnati Bell
1955:Partially owned
1950:
1901:New Jersey Bell
1825:
1806:
1789:
1778:
1773:
1736:
1706:Larned, Larry.
1696:
1694:Further reading
1604:
1600:, 30 June 1997.
1593:
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1581:
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1562:
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1543:Whitaker, A.J.
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1477:McCusker, J. J.
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1457:McCusker, J. J.
1455:
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1425:
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1412:Wayback Machine
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1119:Wayback Machine
1112:The Bell System
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780:Historic Site.
773:style itself as
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702:Main articles:
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630:Main articles:
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478:William Thomson
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1612:Brooks, John.
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722:Walter Allward
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597:Walter Gifford
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526:Main article:
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482:Visible Speech
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3404:and switching
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3355:optical fiber
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3260:Radia Perlman
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3150:Lee de Forest
3148:
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3145:Thomas Edison
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3135:Donald Davies
3133:
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3120:Claude Chappe
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2964:Smoke signals
2962:
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2942:Semiconductor
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2498:Bell Oionus I
2496:
2494:
2493:Bell Boatyard
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2417:Glenn Curtiss
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2126:
2123:
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2116:
2115:Bell Boatyard
2113:
2111:
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2107:
2105:
2103:Commemorative
2101:
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2090:
2086:
2071:
2068:
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2035:
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2031:Long distance
2029:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2017:
2013:
2007:
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2003:
2001:
1999:Manufacturing
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1986:
1982:
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1936:Southern Bell
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1891:Mountain Bell
1889:
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1886:Michigan Bell
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1876:Illinois Bell
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1684:
1680:
1679:1-4389-8402-2
1676:
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1671:
1666:
1663:
1662:
1657:
1654:
1653:0-8014-9691-8
1650:
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1625:
1624:0-06-010540-2
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1371:1-56368-056-4
1368:
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1343:0-00-200676-6
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1292:1-58648-429-X
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1260:0-8225-7606-6
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1228:0-8369-5691-5
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681:Massachusetts
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654:Western Union
651:
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506:multilingual
503:
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459:
458:Mabel Hubbard
450:
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435:
431:
426:
424:
418:
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414:Western Union
410:
405:
402:
398:
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387:
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379:
378:Theodore Vail
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331:
330:Thomas Watson
328:
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269:Thomas Watson
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229:
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226:Theodore Vail
223:
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196:
192:
189:
185:
184:Massachusetts
181:
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80:
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63:
60:
56:
52:
47:
41:
37:
33:
19:
3460:Multiplexing
3335:Transmission
3300:Nikola Tesla
3290:Henry Sutton
3245:Samuel Morse
3175:Robert Hooke
3140:Amos Dolbear
3075:John Bardeen
2994:
2974:Telautograph
2878:Mobile phone
2833:Edholm's law
2816:social media
2749:Broadcasting
2664:
2656:
2640:
2507:
2468:AEA Red Wing
2463:AEA June Bug
2152:
2134:
1881:Indiana Bell
1834:Wholly owned
1718:
1669:
1660:
1639:
1614:
1607:Bibliography
1606:
1605:
1595:
1590:
1582:
1578:
1565:
1545:
1525:
1503:February 29,
1501:. Retrieved
1481:
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1435:
1399:
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1217:
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1028:
999:
987:
958:
924:
906:
897:
878:
858:
857:
846:
837:
836:
797:W.S. Allward
778:
774:
771:
766:
760:
754:
748:
742:
736:
734:
711:
690:
678:
672:
662:
647:
609:
593:
586:monopolistic
579:
563:
558:
554:
543:
536:founded the
531:
516:
504:
500:
497:
494:
490:
466:Philadelphia
455:
427:
419:
406:
400:
396:
394:
374:
369:Gordon McKay
365:
352:
342:
335:
299:
296:
280:
273:
256:
254:
232:
230:
213:
211:
202:
166:
153:
151:
139:Headquarters
58:Company type
40:
3804:Bell System
3660:NPL network
3372:Radio waves
3310:Alfred Vail
3220:Hedy Lamarr
3205:Dawon Kahng
3165:Elisha Gray
3125:Yogen Dalal
3050:Nasir Ahmed
2984:Teleprinter
2848:Heliographs
2669:(1992 film)
2661:(1939 film)
2543:Graphophone
2503:Bell System
2219:Divestiture
2072:(1880-1975)
2070:Bell Canada
1776:Bell System
1474:1700–1799:
1454:1634–1699:
738:Inspiration
686:Bell System
636:Bell System
601:Bell Canada
589:Bell System
438:Bell System
355:president.
265:partnership
261:trusteeship
224:, Belgium.
158:Bell System
32:Bell Canada
3793:Categories
3706:Antarctica
3665:Toasternet
3587:Television
3070:Paul Baran
3002:Television
2986:(teletype)
2979:Telegraphy
2957:transistor
2935:Phryctoria
2905:Photophone
2883:Smartphone
2873:Mass media
2588:Photophone
2458:AEA Cygnet
2093:Historical
2038:Long Lines
1520:Bruce 1990
833:References
508:lip reader
434:long lines
188:common law
88:1877-07-09
3690:Americas
3679:Locations
3650:Internet2
3411:Bandwidth
3115:Vint Cerf
3012:streaming
2990:Telephone
2930:Semaphore
2821:streaming
2641:Bras d'Or
2022:Bell Labs
1916:Ohio Bell
944:, p. 179.
877:(1990) .
859:Citations
838:Footnotes
750:Knowledge
714:Brantford
199:telephone
3758:Category
3645:Internet
3635:CYCLADES
3552:Ethernet
3502:Concepts
3426:terminal
3377:wireless
3200:Bob Kahn
3043:Pioneers
2868:Internet
2759:Cable TV
2686:Category
2602:Tributes
2297:Life and
2047:Wireless
2015:Research
1647:, 1990.
1479:(1992).
1459:(1997).
1408:Archived
1115:Archived
816:See also
767:Humanity
532:In 1879
470:Pedro II
353:de facto
300:de facto
222:Brussels
203:de facto
133:AT&T
96:Founders
68:Industry
3778:Commons
3768:Outline
3721:Oceania
3640:FidoNet
3625:ARPANET
3438:circuit
3007:digital
2736:History
2146:Defunct
1714:Wu, Tim
1703:, 1971.
1140:2507711
547:Antwerp
472:of the
386:Antwerp
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