Three Laws of Robotics

1240:"—That Thou Art Mindful of Him", which Asimov intended to be the "ultimate" probe into the Laws' subtleties, finally uses the Three Laws to conjure up the very "Frankenstein" scenario they were invented to prevent. It takes as its concept the growing development of robots that mimic non-human living things and given programs that mimic simple animal behaviours which do not require the Three Laws. The presence of a whole range of robotic life that serves the same purpose as organic life ends with two humanoid robots, George Nine and George Ten, concluding that organic life is an unnecessary requirement for a truly logical and self-consistent definition of "humanity", and that since they are the most advanced thinking beings on the planet, they are therefore the only two true humans alive and the Three Laws only apply to themselves. The story ends on a sinister note as the two robots enter hibernation and await a time when they will conquer the Earth and subjugate biological humans to themselves, an outcome they consider an inevitable result of the "Three Laws of Humanics". 1431:) that are too simple to understand when they are causing pain or injury and know to stop. Many are constructed with physical safeguards such as bumpers, warning beepers, safety cages, or restricted-access zones to prevent accidents. Even the most complex robots currently produced are incapable of understanding and applying the Three Laws; significant advances in artificial intelligence would be needed to do so, and even if AI could reach human-level intelligence, the inherent ethical complexity as well as cultural/contextual dependency of the laws prevent them from being a good candidate to formulate robotics design constraints. However, as the complexity of robots has increased, so has interest in developing guidelines and safeguards for their operation. 790:, introduce a new set of the Three Laws. The so-called New Laws are similar to Asimov's originals with the following differences: the First Law is modified to remove the "inaction" clause, the same modification made in "Little Lost Robot"; the Second Law is modified to require cooperation instead of obedience; the Third Law is modified so it is no longer superseded by the Second (i.e., a "New Law" robot cannot be ordered to destroy itself); finally, Allen adds a Fourth Law which instructs the robot to do "whatever it likes" so long as this does not conflict with the first three laws. The philosophy behind these changes is that "New Law" robots should be partners rather than slaves to humanity, according to 887:, with the set of laws containing the Zeroth Law known as the "Giskardian Reformation" to the original "Calvinian Orthodoxy" of the Three Laws. Zeroth-Law robots under the control of R. Daneel Olivaw are seen continually struggling with "First Law" robots who deny the existence of the Zeroth Law, promoting agendas different from Daneel's. Some of these agendas are based on the first clause of the First Law ("A robot may not injure a human being...") advocating strict non-interference in human politics to avoid unwittingly causing harm. Others are based on the second clause ("...or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm") claiming that robots should openly become a 1325:" by Asimov, the potential and severity of all actions are weighed and a robot will break the laws as little as possible rather than do nothing at all. For example, the First Law may forbid a robot from functioning as a surgeon, as that act may cause damage to a human; however, Asimov's stories eventually included robot surgeons ("The Bicentennial Man" being a notable example). When robots are sophisticated enough to weigh alternatives, a robot may be programmed to accept the necessity of inflicting damage during surgery in order to prevent the greater harm that would result if the surgery were not carried out, or was carried out by a more fallible human surgeon. In " 1372:, it is stated that more advanced robots are built capable of determining which action is more harmful, and even choosing at random if the alternatives are equally bad. As such, a robot is capable of taking an action which can be interpreted as following the First Law, thus avoiding a mental collapse. The whole plot of the story revolves around a robot which apparently was destroyed by such a mental collapse, and since his designer and creator refused to share the basic theory with others, he is, by definition, the only person capable of circumventing the safeguards and forcing the robot into a brain-destroying paradox. 251:, published in 1964, Isaac Asimov noted that when he began writing in 1940 he felt that "one of the stock plots of science fiction was ... robots were created and destroyed their creator. Knowledge has its dangers, yes, but is the response to be a retreat from knowledge? Or is knowledge to be used as itself a barrier to the dangers it brings?" He decided that in his stories a robot would not "turn stupidly on his creator for no purpose but to demonstrate, for one more weary time, the crime and punishment of 709:

of the Three Laws the fictional scientists of Asimov's universe would be unable to design a workable brain unit. This is historically consistent: the occasions where roboticists modify the Laws generally occur early within the stories' chronology and at a time when there is less existing work to be re-done. In "Little Lost Robot" Susan Calvin considers modifying the Laws to be a terrible idea, although possible, while centuries later Dr. Gerrigel in

823:, deals with robot servants whose prime directive is "To Serve and Obey, And Guard Men From Harm". While Asimov's robotic laws are meant to protect humans from harm, the robots in Williamson's story have taken these instructions to the extreme; they protect humans from everything, including unhappiness, stress, unhealthy lifestyle and all actions that could be potentially dangerous. All that is left for humans to do is to sit with folded hands. 1562:, Robin Murphy (Raytheon Professor of Computer Science and Engineering at Texas A&M) and David D. Woods (director of the Cognitive Systems Engineering Laboratory at Ohio State) proposed "The Three Laws of Responsible Robotics" as a way to stimulate discussion about the role of responsibility and authority when designing not only a single robotic platform but the larger system in which the platform operates. The laws are as follows: 580:", and tries to apply the Zeroth Law through his understanding of a more subtle concept of "harm" than most robots can grasp. However, unlike Herbie, Giskard grasps the philosophical concept of the Zeroth Law allowing him to harm individual human beings if he can do so in service to the abstract concept of humanity. The Zeroth Law is never programmed into Giskard's brain but instead is a rule he attempts to comprehend through pure 4563: 5146: 1721:(1956) has a hierarchical command structure which keeps him from harming humans, even when ordered to do so, as such orders cause a conflict and lock-up very much in the manner of Asimov's robots. Robby is one of the first cinematic depictions of a robot with internal safeguards put in place in this fashion. Asimov was delighted with Robby and noted that Robby appeared to be programmed to follow his Three Laws. 466:, "It's a little humbling to think that, what is most likely to survive of everything I've said... After all, I've published now... I've published now at least 20 million words. I'll have to figure it out, maybe even more. But of all those millions of words that I've published, I am convinced that 100 years from now only 60 of them will survive. The 60 that make up the Three Laws of Robotics." 5158: 1725: 1834: 3835: 1363:. Here Daneel describes activities contrary to one of the laws, but in support of another, as overloading some circuits in a robot's brain—the equivalent sensation to pain in humans. The example he uses is forcefully ordering a robot to do a task outside its normal parameters, one that it has been ordered to forgo in favor of a robot specialized to that task. 1404: 360:, "Reason" and "Robbie" were updated to acknowledge all the Three Laws, though the material Asimov added to "Reason" is not entirely consistent with the Three Laws as he described them elsewhere. In particular the idea of a robot protecting human lives when it does not believe those humans truly exist is at odds with Elijah Baley's reasoning, as described 1313:, "A robot must know it is a robot": it is presumed that a robot has a definition of the term or a means to apply it to its own actions. Kesarovski played with this idea in writing about a robot that could kill a human being because it did not understand that it was a robot, and therefore did not apply the Laws of Robotics to its actions. 584:. Although he fails – it ultimately destroys his positronic brain as he is not certain whether his choice will turn out to be for the ultimate good of humanity or not – he gives his successor R. Daneel Olivaw his telepathic abilities. Over the course of many thousands of years Daneel adapts himself to be able to fully obey the Zeroth Law. 2570:"But you quote it in incomplete fashion. The Third Law is 'A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the First or Second Law.' " "Yes, Dr. Calvin. That is the Third Law in reality, but in my dream, the Law ended with the word 'existence'. There was no mention of the First or Second Law." 1066:) introduced a Fourth Law of robotics: "A robot must establish its identity as a robot in all cases." Dilov gives reasons for the fourth safeguard in this way: "The last Law has put an end to the expensive aberrations of designers to give psychorobots as humanlike a form as possible. And to the resulting misunderstandings..." 1192:

and containing biological organs capable of individually powering and controlling whole complexes of robots. The robots of Solaria thus respected the Three Laws only with regard to the "humans" of Solaria. It is unclear whether all the robots had such definitions, since only the overseer and guardian

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Asimov later wrote that he should not be praised for creating the Laws, because they are "obvious from the start, and everyone is aware of them subliminally. The Laws just never happened to be put into brief sentences until I managed to do the job. The Laws apply, as a matter of course, to every tool

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Roger Clarke (aka Rodger Clarke) wrote a pair of papers analyzing the complications in implementing these laws in the event that systems were someday capable of employing them. He argued "Asimov's Laws of Robotics have been a very successful literary device. Perhaps ironically, or perhaps because it

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Indeed, Asimov describes "—That Thou Art Mindful of Him" and "Bicentennial Man" as two opposite, parallel futures for robots that obviate the Three Laws as robots come to consider themselves to be humans: one portraying this in a positive light with a robot joining human society, one portraying this

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where it is discovered that the Solarians possess a strong police force of unspecified size that has been programmed to identify only the Solarian race as human. (The novel takes place thousands of years after The Naked Sun, and the Solarians have long since modified themselves from normal humans to

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Baley furthermore proposes that the Solarians may one day use robots for military purposes. If a spacecraft was built with a positronic brain and carried neither humans nor the life-support systems to sustain them, then the ship's robotic intelligence could naturally assume that all other spacecraft

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proposed an additional law that considered the role of artificial intelligence-on-artificial intelligence or the relationship between robots themselves – the so-called AIonAI law. This sixth law states: "All robots endowed with comparable human reason and conscience should act towards one another in

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in his short story "The Fifth Law of Robotics". This fifth law says: "A robot must know it is a robot." The plot revolves around a murder where the forensic investigation discovers that the victim was killed by a hug from a humaniform robot that did not establish for itself that it was a robot. The

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Asimov took varying positions on whether the Laws were optional: although in his first writings they were simply carefully engineered safeguards, in later stories Asimov stated that they were an inalienable part of the mathematical foundation underlying the positronic brain. Without the basic theory

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who was misunderstood and motivated by love and honor. (This was the first of a series of ten stories; the next year "Adam Link's Vengeance" (1940) featured Adam thinking "A robot must never kill a human, of his own free will.") Asimov admired the story. Three days later Asimov began writing "my own

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sprinkles Asimov's ideas like seasoning on a giant bucket of popcorn. Asimov's simple and seemingly foolproof Laws of Robotics, designed to protect human beings and robots alike from harm, are subject to loopholes that the author loved to exploit. After all, much of humanity agrees in principle to

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The development of AI is a business, and businesses are notoriously uninterested in fundamental safeguards — especially philosophic ones. (A few quick examples: the tobacco industry, the automotive industry, the nuclear industry. Not one of these has said from the outset that fundamental safeguards

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Asimov himself believed that his Three Laws became the basis for a new view of robots which moved beyond the "Frankenstein complex". His view that robots are more than mechanical monsters eventually spread throughout science fiction. Stories written by other authors have depicted robots as if they

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create robots with the Three Laws but with a warped meaning of "human". Solarian robots are told that only people speaking with a Solarian accent are human. This enables their robots to have no ethical dilemma in harming non-Solarian human beings (and they are specifically programmed to do so). By

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allow a human being to come to harm." This change in wording makes it clear that robots can become the tools of murder, provided they not be aware of the nature of their tasks; for instance being ordered to add something to a person's food, not knowing that it is poison. Furthermore, he points out

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The plot of "Evidence" revolves around the question of telling a human being apart from a robot constructed to appear human. Calvin reasons that if such an individual obeys the Three Laws he may be a robot or simply "a very good man". Another character then asks Calvin if robots are very different

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basis behind the Three Laws. Calvin points out that human beings are typically expected to refrain from harming other human beings (except in times of extreme duress like war, or to save a greater number) and this is equivalent to a robot's First Law. Likewise, according to Calvin, society expects

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appearing in his fiction, and cannot be bypassed, being intended as a safety feature. Many of Asimov's robot-focused stories involve robots behaving in unusual and counter-intuitive ways as an unintended consequence of how the robot applies the Three Laws to the situation in which it finds itself.

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the robots are rendered inoperable by doses reasonably safe for humans. The robots are being destroyed attempting to rescue the humans who are in no actual danger but "might forget to leave" the irradiated area within the exposure time limit. Removing the First Law's "inaction" clause solves this

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government announced that later in the year it would issue a "Robot Ethics Charter" setting standards for both users and manufacturers. According to Park Hye-Young of the Ministry of Information and Communication the Charter may reflect Asimov's Three Laws, attempting to set ground rules for the

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series but featuring robots programmed with the Three Laws, John Bigman Jones is almost killed by a Sirian robot on orders of its master. The society of Sirius is eugenically bred to be uniformly tall and similar in appearance, and as such, said master is able to convince the robot that the much

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technology and the opportunity to work on sophisticated intelligent machines. This lack of rediscovery and lack of opportunity makes certain that the superior physical and intellectual power wielded by intelligent machines remains squarely in the possession of robots obedient to some form of the

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Characters within the stories often point out that the Three Laws, as they exist in a robot's mind, are not the written versions usually quoted by humans but abstract mathematical concepts upon which a robot's entire developing consciousness is based. This concept is largely fuzzy and unclear in

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The character Dr. Gerrigel uses the term "Asenion" to describe robots programmed with the Three Laws. The robots in Asimov's stories, being Asenion robots, are incapable of knowingly violating the Three Laws but, in principle, a robot in science fiction or in the real world could be non-Asenion.

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writes in 1982, "The Asimov robot stories as a whole may respond best to an analysis on this basis: the ambiguity in the Three Laws and the ways in which Asimov played twenty-nine variations upon a theme". While the original set of Laws provided inspirations for many stories, Asimov introduced

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The original laws have been altered and elaborated on by Asimov and other authors. Asimov himself made slight modifications to the first three in subsequent works to further develop how robots would interact with humans and each other. In later fiction where robots had taken responsibility for

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Woods said, "Our laws are a little more realistic, and therefore a little more boring” and that "The philosophy has been, ‘sure, people make mistakes, but robots will be better – a perfect version of ourselves’. We wanted to write three new laws to get people thinking about the human-robot

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began by introducing the Three Laws, and issues growing from the Three Laws form a large part of the screenplay's plot development. Due to various complications in the Hollywood moviemaking system, to which Ellison's introduction devotes much invective, his screenplay was never filmed.

1016:: building a positronic brain capable of reproducing human cognitive processes requires a high degree of miniaturization, yet Asimov's stories largely overlook the effects this miniaturization would have in other fields of technology. For example, the police department card-readers in 438:

disks are designed to be as tough as possible without breaking unless the job requires it to be spent. Furthermore, they are designed to break at a point before the shrapnel velocity could seriously injure someone (other than the eyes, though safety glasses should be worn at all times

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problem but creates the possibility of an even greater one: a robot could initiate an action that would harm a human (dropping a heavy weight and failing to catch it is the example given in the text), knowing that it was capable of preventing the harm and then decide not to do so.

947:" — simplistic programmable machines akin to real–life modern robots and therefore lacking the Three Laws. The robot conspirators see the Trantorian tiktoks as a massive threat to social stability, and their plan to eliminate the tiktok threat forms much of the plot of 680:), told by a first-person robot narrator, features a robot who disregards the Three Laws because he has found something far more important—he wants to be a writer. Humorous, partly autobiographical and unusually experimental in style, "Cal" has been regarded as one of 314:

Asimov attributes the Three Laws to John W. Campbell, from a conversation that took place on 23 December 1940. Campbell claimed that Asimov had the Three Laws already in his mind and that they simply needed to be stated explicitly. Several years later Asimov's friend

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In early 2011, the UK published what is now considered the first national-level AI softlaw, which consisted largely of a revised set of 5 laws, the first 3 of which updated Asimov's. These laws ere published with commentary, by the EPSRC/AHRC working group in 2010:

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makes a bitter comment to himself thinking that the First Law forbids a robot from harming a human being. He determines that it must be so unless the robot is clever enough to comprehend that its actions are for humankind's long-term good. In Jacques Brécard's 1956

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were robotic beings. Such a ship could operate more responsively and flexibly than one crewed by humans, could be armed more heavily and its robotic brain equipped to slaughter humans of whose existence it is totally ignorant. This possibility is referenced in

902:— which consequently frees Trema from the Three Laws. Trema comes to believe that humanity should be free to choose its own future. Furthermore, a small group of robots claims that the Zeroth Law of Robotics itself implies a higher Minus One Law of Robotics: 3708:, all of which proved that philosophy and social commentary could be smuggled into spectacle. Had the film been based on Asimov's stories, rather than merely "suggested by" them, Proyas might have achieved the intellectual heft missing from his stylish 1998 1236:

points out that the use of humaniform robots as the first wave of settlers on new Spacer worlds may lead to the robots seeing themselves as the true humans, and deciding to keep the worlds for themselves rather than allow the Spacers to settle there.

688:" in which cars fitted with positronic brains are apparently able to harm and kill humans in disregard of the First Law. However, aside from the positronic brain concept, this story does not refer to other robot stories and may not be set in the same 447:

I have my answer ready whenever someone asks me if I think that my Three Laws of Robotics will actually be used to govern the behavior of robots, once they become versatile and flexible enough to be able to choose among different courses of behavior.

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was artistically appropriate, the sum of Asimov's stories disprove the contention that he began with: It is not possible to reliably constrain the behaviour of robots by devising and applying a set of rules." On the other hand, Asimov's later novels

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Asimov's Three Laws-obeying robots (Asenion robots) can experience irreversible mental collapse if they are forced into situations where they cannot obey the First Law, or if they discover they have unknowingly violated it. The first example of this

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individuals to obey instructions from recognized authorities such as doctors, teachers and so forth which equals the Second Law of Robotics. Finally humans are typically expected to avoid harming themselves which is the Third Law for a robot.

620:"Precisely, sir," said Daneel. "In theory, the Zeroth Law was the answer to our problems. In practice, we could never decide. A human being is a concrete object. Injury to a person can be estimated and judged. Humanity is an abstraction." 1534:(1999) suggests that the Three Laws may decay into obsolescence: Robots use the Zeroth Law to rationalize away the First Law and robots hide themselves from human beings so that the Second Law never comes into play. Brin even portrays 994:

saga with robotic minds housed in computer mainframes rather than humanoid bodies. The 2002 Aurora novel has robotic characters debating the moral implications of harming cyborg lifeforms who are part artificial and part biological.

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During the 1950s Asimov wrote a series of science fiction novels expressly intended for young-adult audiences. Originally his publisher expected that the novels could be adapted into a long-running television series, something like

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Isaac Asimov's works have been adapted for cinema several times with varying degrees of critical and commercial success. Some of the more notable attempts have involved his "Robot" stories, including the Three Laws.

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Bigman attempts to speak with a Sirian robot about possible damage to the Solar System population from its actions, but it appears unaware of the data and programmed to ignore attempts to teach it about the matter.

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because the robots would have to follow the Three Laws while designing and the prevalence of the laws would be ensured, design flaws or construction errors could functionally take the place of biological mutation.

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These novels take place in a future dictated by Asimov to be free of obvious robot presence and surmise that R. Daneel's secret influence on history through the millennia has prevented both the rediscovery of

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A robot must be endowed with sufficient situated autonomy to protect its own existence as long as such protection provides smooth transfer of control which does not conflict with the First and Second Laws.

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Robots and artificial intelligences do not inherently contain or obey the Three Laws; their human creators must choose to program them in, and devise a means to do so. Robots already exist (for example, a

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exist. Any running tool will have its power cut if a circuit senses that some current is not returning to the neutral wire, and hence might be flowing through the user. The safety of the user is paramount.

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imply that in the future where Andrew Martin exists his influence causes humanity to abandon the idea of independent, sentient humanlike robots entirely, creating an utterly different future from that of

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Although Asimov pins the creation of the Three Laws on one particular date, their appearance in his literature happened over a period. He wrote two robot stories with no explicit mention of the Laws, "

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complicates the issue by portraying a decentralized, planetwide communication network among Solaria's millions of robots meaning that the criminal mastermind could be located anywhere on the planet.

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take over Earth some time after the story closes, the later stories would be either redundant or impossible. Contradictions of this sort among Asimov's fiction works have led scholars to regard the

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obeyed the Three Laws but tradition dictates that only Asimov could quote the Laws explicitly. Asimov believed the Three Laws helped foster the rise of stories in which robots are "lovable" –

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have hilts to help increase grip. It is of course possible for a person to injure himself with one of these tools, but that injury would only be due to his incompetence, not the design of the tool.

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But a spaceship that was equipped with its own positronic brain would cheerfully attack any ship it was directed to attack, it seems to me. It would naturally assume all other ships were unmanned

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in a negative light with robots supplanting humans. Both are to be considered alternatives to the possibility of a robot society that continues to be driven by the Three Laws as portrayed in the

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wrote a story entitled, "The Fourth Law of Robotics". This Fourth Law states: "A robot must reproduce. As long as such reproduction does not interfere with the First or Second or Third Law."

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A condition stating that the Zeroth Law must not be broken was added to the original Three Laws, although Asimov recognized the difficulty such a law would pose in practice. Asimov's novel

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partnership between the two men—a suggestion that Asimov adopted enthusiastically. According to his autobiographical writings, Asimov included the First Law's "inaction" clause because of

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Humans, not Robots, are responsible agents. Robots should be designed and operated as far as practicable to comply with existing laws, fundamental rights and freedoms, including privacy.

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wrote a trilogy which was set within Asimov's fictional universe. Each title has the prefix "Isaac Asimov's" as Asimov had approved Allen's outline before his death. These three books,

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as a logical extrapolation. The major conflict of the film comes from a computer artificial intelligence reaching the conclusion that humanity is incapable of taking care of itself.

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earlier stories depicting very rudimentary robots who are only programmed to comprehend basic physical tasks, where the Three Laws act as an overarching safeguard, but by the era of

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robots were shown explicitly to have them. In "Robots and Empire", the lower class robots were instructed by their overseer about whether certain creatures are human or not.

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says that if applied thoroughly they would produce unexpected results. He gives the example of a robot roaming the world trying to prevent harm from befalling human beings.

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had been for radio. Fearing that his stories would be adapted into the "uniformly awful" programming he saw flooding the television channels Asimov decided to publish the

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Are you trying to tell me, Daneel, that it hurts the robot to have me do its work? ... experience which the robot undergoes is as upsetting to it as pain is to a human

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imply that the robots inflicted their worst long-term harm by obeying the Three Laws perfectly well, thereby depriving humanity of inventive or risk-taking behaviour.

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to kill enemies) it is unlikely such laws would be built into their designs. In a separate essay, Sawyer generalizes this argument to cover other industries stating:

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featuring robots with human or beyond-human intelligence the Three Laws have become the underlying basic ethical worldview that determines the actions of all robots.

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Law"—so named to continue the pattern where lower-numbered laws supersede the higher-numbered laws—stating that a robot must not harm humanity. The robotic character

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that a clever criminal could divide a task among multiple robots so that no individual robot could recognize that its actions would lead to harming a human being.

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Robots are manufactured artefacts. They should not be designed in a deceptive way to exploit vulnerable users; instead their machine nature should be transparent.

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The Three Laws, and the Zeroth, have pervaded science fiction and are referred to in many books, films, and other media. They have also influenced thought on the

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This modification is motivated by a practical difficulty as robots have to work alongside human beings who are exposed to low doses of radiation. Because their

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are necessary, every one of them has resisted externally imposed safeguards, and none has accepted an absolute edict against ever causing harm to humans.)

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The Laws of Robotics presume that the terms "human being" and "robot" are understood and well defined. In some stories this presumption is overturned.

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different robot factions interpret the Laws in a wide variety of ways, seemingly ringing every possible permutation upon the Three Laws' ambiguities.

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Asimov's stories test his Three Laws in a wide variety of circumstances leading to proposals and rejection of modifications. Science fiction scholar

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A translator incorporated the concept of the Zeroth Law into one of Asimov's novels before Asimov himself made the law explicit. Near the climax of

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Robots are multi-use tools. Robots should not be designed solely or primarily to kill or harm humans, except in the interests of national security.

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construction of his positronic brain. In his dream the first two Laws are absent and the Third Law reads "A robot must protect its own existence".

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A human may not deploy a robot without the human-robot work system meeting the highest legal and professional standards of safety and ethics.

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is "suggested by" Asimov's robot fiction stories and advertising for the film included a trailer featuring the Three Laws followed by the

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it is revealed that the Solarians have genetically modified themselves into a distinct species from humanity—becoming hermaphroditic and

384:"Paul French". When plans for the television series fell through, Asimov decided to abandon the pretence; he brought the Three Laws into 4234: 3824: 3388: 2716: 2519: 1292: 1156: 3247: 2652: 1210:" and "The Tercentenary Incident" describe robots crafted to fool people into believing that the robots are human. On the other hand, " 350:", his third robot story, makes the first mention of the First Law but not the other two. All three laws finally appeared together in " 126: 4484: 1215: 2172: 1963: 1948: 1933: 1918: 1857: 1394: 236: 80: 2910:... one robot poison an arrow without knowing it was using poison, and having a second robot hand the poisoned arrow to the boy ... 2260: 649:

A robot may not harm a human being, unless he finds a way to prove that ultimately the harm done would benefit humanity in general!

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Advanced robots in fiction are typically programmed to handle the Three Laws in a sophisticated manner. In many stories, such as "

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The Second Law: A robot must obey the orders given it by human beings except where such orders would conflict with the First Law.

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My answer is, "Yes, the Three Laws are the only way in which rational human beings can deal with robots—or with anything else."

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The Third Law: A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the First or Second Law.

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sentient life for the benefit of humanity. None of these reinterpretations successfully displace Daneel's Zeroth Law — though

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Three times during his writing career, Asimov portrayed robots that disregard the Three Laws entirely. The first case was a

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One should not neglect Asimov's own creations in these areas such as the Solarian "viewing" technology and the machines of

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Law 3: A tool must remain intact during its use unless its destruction is required for its use or for safety. For example,

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worrying that, should robots continue to reproduce themselves, the Three Laws would become an evolutionary handicap and

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government of whole planets and human civilizations, Asimov also added a fourth, or zeroth law, to precede the others.

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Daneel also comes into conflict with a robot known as R. Lodovic Trema whose positronic brain was infected by a rogue

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collection portrays LVX-1, or "Elvex", a robot who enters a state of unconsciousness and dreams thanks to the unusual

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episode "Shgoratchx!", it is not uncommon for Asimov to be mentioned in the same dialogue as can also be seen in the

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driven by AI and robotic manufacturing power which Moravec believes will arise in the near future. In contrast, the

412:

that human beings use", and "analogues of the Laws are implicit in the design of almost all tools, robotic or not":

159:, which were to be followed by robots in several of his stories. The rules were introduced in his 1942 short story " 5214: 5121: 4517: 3919: 1839: 1445: 1178: 516: 105: 3721: 3333: 5109: 4076: 4069: 3859: 3840: 1784:

by stating that: "It is impossible for me to harm or by omission of action, allow to be harmed, a human being".

937:

Three Laws. That R. Daneel is not entirely successful at this becomes clear in a brief period when scientists on

780: 774: 3591: 3112: 3084: 335:), which includes the satirical lines "Thou shalt not kill, but needst not strive / officiously to keep alive". 4449: 1897: 1777: 1629:

pilot where an android states that it functions under Asimov's Three Laws. However, the 1960s German TV series

1543: 1449: 869: 524: 427:

Law 2: A tool must perform its function efficiently unless this would harm the user. This is the entire reason

4083: 3686:, circumstance, and contradictory impulses can find wiggle room in even the most unambiguous decree. Whenever 3307: 2941: 786: 181:

The First Law: A robot may not injure a human being or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm.

1478:

A robot will guard its own existence with lethal antipersonnel weaponry, because a robot is bloody expensive.

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has discussed the Three Laws in various instances, but possibly most directly by one of his comics entitled

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A robot will obey the orders of authorized personnel except where such orders conflict with the Third Law.

884: 328: 271: 216: 177:

The Three Laws, presented to be from the fictional "Handbook of Robotics, 56th Edition, 2058 A.D.", are:

5194: 5063: 4917: 4527: 3912: 3714: 3158: 1000: 915: 659: 595: 558: 307: 201: 98: 2474: 872:

is seen to be controlled by a conspiracy of humaniform robots who follow the Zeroth Law and are led by

641: 1218:" explore how the robots may change their interpretation of the Laws as they grow more sophisticated. 5013: 4937: 4702: 4662: 4512: 4332: 4059: 3855: 1497: 1275: 1226:"Perhaps we are robots. Robots acting out the last Law of Robotics... To tend towards the human." In 1211: 1184: 1149: 846: 840: 769: 689: 609: 589: 569: 544: 339: 280: 1591:

Robots are products. They should be designed using processes which assure their safety and security.

795: 388:, noting that this "was a dead giveaway to Paul French's identity for even the most casual reader". 5162: 5104: 4967: 4667: 4507: 3781: 2426: 2053: 1354: 914:

They therefore claim that it is morally indefensible for Daneel to ruthlessly sacrifice robots and

791: 577: 480: 347: 2008:

transcription of the laws. They also appear in the front of the book, and in both places there is

1520:

movement) proposed that the Laws of Robotics should be adapted to "corporate intelligences" — the

617:

Trevize frowned. "How do you decide what is injurious, or not injurious, to humanity as a whole?"

5073: 5048: 5038: 5003: 4947: 4927: 4874: 4847: 4785: 4697: 4631: 4532: 4388: 4024: 3985: 3971: 3964: 3181: 2886: 2798: 2576: 1485: 1368: 1342: 1271: 1228: 1075: 968: 802:

says that "With permission from Asimov, Allen rethought the Three Laws and developed a new set."

711: 626: 463: 375: 332: 324: 212: 3364:" at the Novacon SF convention in 1985; published 1986 in the fanzine Prevert #15; collected in 2861:

Ashrafian, Hutan (2014). "AIonAI: A Humanitarian Law of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics".

5150: 5114: 5043: 4972: 4859: 4645: 4547: 4522: 4470: 4097: 3992: 3625: 3570: 3464: 3299: 3221: 3009: 2981: 2878: 2818: 2784: 2706: 2642: 2480: 2291: 2236: 2196: 2168: 2104: 2100: 2094: 2073: 2033: 1993: 1959: 1944: 1929: 1914: 1724: 1539: 1491: 1436: 1377: 1326: 1322: 1310: 1279: 1248: 1219: 1207: 1202: 1070: 979: 974: 814: 671: 553: 493: 392: 351: 160: 3868: 3395: 3385: 2700: 2527: 2192: 2186: 922:

hints that these robotic factions remain active as fringe groups up to the time of the novel

715:

believes it to require a century just to redevelop the positronic brain theory from scratch.

408:

from human beings after all. She replies, "Worlds different. Robots are essentially decent."

224:

Other authors working in Asimov's fictional universe have adopted them and references, often

5099: 4977: 4962: 4837: 4829: 4748: 4707: 4692: 4640: 4542: 4362: 4322: 3679: 3289: 3173: 2870: 2634: 2630: 1847: 1751: 1717: 1535: 1441: 933: 873: 735: 548: 505: 284: 263: 220: 33: 2232: 2226: 496:" several NS-2, or "Nestor", robots are created with only part of the First Law. It reads: 5008: 4993: 4896: 4886: 4878: 4743: 4616: 4594: 4584: 4404: 3412: 3402: 3392: 3361: 3234: 2977: 2971: 1789: 1762: 1747: 1712: 1658: 1197: 1099: 857: 810: 719:"Asenion" is a misspelling of the name Asimov which was made by an editor of the magazine 636: 454:—But when I say that, I always remember (sadly) that human beings are not always rational. 370: 343: 316: 152: 17: 1882: 1262:

stories as more like "the Scandinavian sagas or the Greek legends" than a unified whole.

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which imagines the consequences of every distinct ordering of the existing three laws.

1036: 1013: 685: 298: 294: 85: 3895:

Safety Intelligence and Legal Machine Language: Do we need the Three Laws of Robotics?

279:

story of a sympathetic and noble robot", his 14th story. Thirteen days later he took "

5178: 5078: 5033: 4717: 4712: 4687: 4682: 4134: 4045: 4038: 3978: 3564: 2312:"Isaac Asimov (1920- 1992 R.I.P.) April, 1986 Original air date You Tube Compression" 2067: 1819: 1771: 1664: 1517: 1359: 1189: 1118: 819: 676: 603:

A robot may not injure humanity or, through inaction, allow humanity to come to harm.

581: 302: 3425: 1154:

hermaphroditic telepaths with extended brains and specialized organs) Similarly, in

530:

which adopts a law similar to the First Law, and the Zeroth Law, as its philosophy:

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pauses between action beats, Proyas captures some of the excitement of movies like

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Only highly advanced robots (such as Daneel and Giskard) could comprehend this law.

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points out that the Laws had been deliberately misrepresented because robots could

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Ethical Considerations for Humanoid Robots: Why Asimov's Three Laws are not enough

557:; however, the character Susan Calvin articulates the concept in the short story " 3823: 3491: 2026: 1643:" ("Guardians of the Law") on Asimov's Three Laws without mentioning the source. 1020:

have a capacity of only a few kilobytes per square centimeter of storage medium.

4864: 4790: 4780: 4770: 4733: 4650: 4611: 3704: 3670: 3539:"Alan Winfield's Web Log: Ethical Robots: some technical and ethical challenges" 2132: 1626: 1521: 1505: 1338: 421: 135:

illustrates the story "Runaround", the first to list all Three Laws of Robotics.

1746:

as the Three Laws robot NDR-114 (the serial number is partially a reference to

1619:

being his favorite example. Where the laws are quoted verbatim, such as in the

3894: 3692: 3645: 3454: 2874: 2755: 2311: 1992:(The Isaac Asimov Collection ed.). New York City: Doubleday. p. 40. 1887: 1829: 1525: 1337:

which decides guilt or innocence, the judge who decides the sentence, and the

1130:

break any of them. He restated the first law as "A robot may do nothing that,

865: 573: 75: 3406: 2167:

Asimov, Isaac (1979). In Memory Yet Green. Doubleday. Chapters 21 through 26

346:". He assumed, however, that robots would have certain inherent safeguards. " 5028: 4922: 4621: 3884: 3843:

was created from a revision of this article dated 28 November 2008

3725: 3709: 3683: 3294: 1691: 1615: 1419: 907: 861: 667: 663: 509: 381: 320: 275: 208: 196:

The Three Laws form an organizing principle and unifying theme for Asimov's

3303: 2882: 2400: 2343: 1833: 1008:, for example, terms the Machines "the first RIs, really". In addition the 3354: 2992:

although the woman looked as human as Daneel did, she was just as nonhuman

1646:

References to the Three Laws have appeared in popular music ("Robot" from

1448:

is a major source of funding for robotic research (and already uses armed

293:. Campbell rejected it, claiming that it bore too strong a resemblance to 5068: 5018: 4493: 4337: 4010: 2596: 1877: 1794: 1647: 899: 880: 727:

just like he referred to himself as "Azimuth or, possibly, Asymptote" in

400: 356: 165: 131: 3177: 1403: 354:". When these stories and several others were compiled in the anthology 4998: 4579: 3729: 3329: 2316: 942: 938: 744: 702: 1597:

The person with legal responsibility for a robot should be attributed.

891:

government to protect humans from all potential conflict or disaster.

458:

Asimov stated in a 1986 interview on the Manhattan public access show

169:), although similar restrictions had been implied in earlier stories. 5053: 4604: 4599: 1428: 1025: 740: 435: 417: 259: 225: 2837:"Lawful Little Country: The Bulgarian Laws of Robotics | The Portal" 1632:

Raumpatrouille – Die phantastischen Abenteuer des Raumschiffes Orion

5023: 4571: 3382:

Asimov's laws of robotics: Implications for information technology

3277: 1723: 1542:

would sweep the Laws away — Asimov's careful foundation undone by

1415: 1407: 1402: 572:

is the first robot to act according to the Zeroth Law. Giskard is

443:

Asimov believed that, ideally, humans would also follow the Laws:

252: 197: 124: 5058: 1652: 1334: 879:

The Laws of Robotics are portrayed as something akin to a human

228:, appear throughout science fiction as well as in other genres. 4466: 3908: 1468:

A robot will not harm authorized Government personnel but will

666:" and is often considered an insignificant "tall tale" or even 2702:

The Muse as Therapist: A New Poetic Paradigm for Psychotherapy

1569:

A robot must respond to humans as appropriate for their roles.

587:

Daneel originally formulated the Zeroth Law in both the novel

3821: 460:

Conversations with Harold Hudson Channer with Harold Channer

305:

published the story under the title “Strange Playfellow” in

4462: 1637:

Space Patrol – the Fantastic Adventures of Space Ship Orion

3488:"Want Responsible Robotics? Start With Responsible Humans" 1051:

Authors other than Asimov have often created extra laws.

723:

Asimov used this obscure variation to insert himself into

684:

s strongest stories. The third is a short story entitled "

1329:" Susan Calvin points out that a robot may even act as a 1040: 551:

was the first to give the Zeroth Law a name in the novel

1243:

This story does not fit within the overall sweep of the

3159:"Beyond Asimov: The Three Laws of Responsible Robotics" 1787:

The plot of the film released in 2004 under the name,

910:

or, through inaction, allow sentience to come to harm.

645:

Baley's thoughts emerge in a slightly different way:

534:

Gaia may not harm life or allow life to come to harm.

2609:

The answer is that it had had its First Law modified

1546:. Although the robots would not be evolving through 5092: 4986: 4910: 4873: 4828: 4726: 4570: 4500: 4415: 4380: 4373: 4315: 4279: 4233: 4177: 4125: 4093: 4055: 4002: 3956: 3949: 2758:. Science Fiction and Fantasy World. 16 August 2002 1780:accidentally cuts himself, he attempts to reassure 219:. The Laws are incorporated into almost all of the 2025: 1196:Asimov addresses the problem of humanoid robots (" 207:, the stories linked to it, and in his (initially 2743:In short", Bogard said, "not all people are human 2694: 2692: 2690: 2344:"Conversation with Harold Channer - Episode 4628" 1810:includes the 3 laws in the opening of episode 1. 1333:because in the American justice system it is the 258:On May 3, 1939, Asimov attended a meeting of the 2741:. Byron Press Visual Publications. p. 558. 2581:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 2069:Isaac Asimov: The Foundations of Science Fiction 1941:Isaac Asimov: The Foundations of Science Fiction 1577:relationship in more realistic, grounded ways." 1301:shorter Bigman, is, in fact, not a human being. 1134:will harm a human being; nor, through inaction, 3885:Living Safely with Robots, Beyond Asimov's Laws 2366:"Conversation with Issac Asimov - Episode 4628" 2254: 2252: 904: 647: 615: 601: 532: 498: 445: 3592:"The More You Drive: Repo Man and Punk Cinema" 3482: 3480: 1200:" in later parlance) several times. The novel 898:— specifically, a simulation of the long-dead 361: 4478: 3920: 3869:Frequently Asked Questions about Isaac Asimov 3386:Part 1: IEEE Computer, December 1993, p53–61. 3028:Gunn (1980); reprinted in Gunn (1982), p. 73. 2560:. Archived from the original on 16 March 2012 2508:Gunn (1980); reprinted in Gunn (1982), p. 69. 1608:The Three Laws of Robotics in popular culture 1464:has suggested a tongue-in-cheek set of laws: 1165:Ambiguities resulting from lack of definition 805: 106: 8: 3157:Murphy, Robin; Woods, David D. (July 2009). 3041:(1982). "... That Thou Art Mindful Of Him". 2803:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2524:Jenkins' Spoiler-Laden Guide to Isaac Asimov 576:, like the robot Herbie in the short story " 2777:Dilov, Lyuben (aka Lyubin, Luben or Liuben) 1309:As noted in "The Fifth Law of Robotics" by 4485: 4471: 4463: 4377: 3953: 3927: 3913: 3905: 3415:. Under "Enhancements to codes of ethics". 3211: 3209: 2461: 2459: 1470:terminate intruders with extreme prejudice 1440:on the topic of "Robot Ethics", SF author 113: 99: 29: 3293: 2056:(July 1980). "On Variations on a Robot". 1434:In a 2007 guest editorial in the journal 883:, and referred to in the language of the 416:Law 1: A tool must not be unsafe to use. 270:who had recently published a short story 3851:, and does not reflect subsequent edits. 3834: 3513:"Principles of robotics – EPSRC website" 3405:Both parts are available without fee at 3396:Part 2: IEEE Computer, Jan 1994, p57–66. 1983: 1981: 1979: 1975: 1004:originals that Tiedemann acknowledges. 817:" (1947), later rewritten as the novel 266:) Science Fiction Society where he met 66: 39: 32: 3762:from the original on 25 September 2024 3566:Yours, Isaac Asimov: A Life in Letters 3563:Asimov, Isaac; Stanley Asimov (1995). 3490:. Researchnews.osu.edu. Archived from 3276:Sawyer, Robert J. (16 November 2007). 2948:from the original on 25 September 2024 2796: 2597:"'The Complete Robot' by Isaac Asimov" 2574: 2372:from the original on 25 September 2024 2324:from the original on 25 September 2024 1924:Asimov, Isaac (1964). "Introduction". 670:. On the other hand, the short story " 500:1. A robot may not harm a human being. 27:Fictional set of rules by Isaac Asimov 5210:Fictional elements introduced in 1942 4892:Simultaneous localization and mapping 3368:(1987) and the 2015 ebook version of 2139:Internet Speculative Fiction Database 2024:Isaac Asimov (1964). "Introduction". 1798: 1391:Philosophy of artificial intelligence 806:Jack Williamson's "With Folded Hands" 484:modified versions from time to time. 7: 3622:I, Robot: The illustrated screenplay 3330:"On Asimov's Three Laws of Robotics" 2441:from the original on 8 November 2016 2407:from the original on 10 January 2010 1028:, in a sense, of Asimov's timeline. 395:Asimov lets his recurring character 386:Lucky Starr and the Moons of Jupiter 274:featuring a sympathetic robot named 3752:"A fresh prince in a robot's world" 3426:"Robotic age poses ethical dilemma" 3224:Conference on TransHumanist Thought 2472:, translated by Jacques Brécard as 2188:The Science Fiction of Isaac Asimov 1988:Asimov, Isaac (1950). "Runaround". 1956:The Science Fiction of Isaac Asimov 1293:Lucky Starr and the Rings of Saturn 1157:Lucky Starr and the Rings of Saturn 163:" (included in the 1950 collection 3750:Dowling, Stephen (4 August 2004). 3646:"Aliens (1986) – Memorable quotes" 3220:Extro 1, Proceedings of the First 2641:. Infobase Publishing. p. 7. 1317:Resolving conflicts among the laws 25: 3353:Originally in a speech entitled " 2479:. J'ai Lu Science-fiction. 1975. 1943:. Oxford u.a.: Oxford Univ. Pr.. 1858:Ethics of artificial intelligence 1804:The 2019 Netflix original series 1728:NDR-114 explaining the Three Laws 1558:In the July/August 2009 issue of 1395:Ethics of artificial intelligence 1385:Applications to future technology 747:disguised as "Vivian Darkbloom". 564:In the final scenes of the novel 429:ground-fault circuit interrupters 237:ethics of artificial intelligence 200:-based fiction, appearing in his 5156: 5145: 5144: 4561: 3833: 3068:(1982). "The Bicentennial Man". 2705:. Karnac Books. pp. 22–23. 2072:. Oxford u.a.: Oxford Univ. Pr. 1863:Friendly artificial intelligence 1832: 1686:), tabletop role-playing games ( 1509:future development of robotics. 1399:Friendly artificial intelligence 1085:For the 1986 tribute anthology, 1012:series addresses the problem of 613:contains the following passage: 593:(1986) and the subsequent novel 151:) are a set of rules devised by 5157: 3788:from the original on 2023-06-04 3652:from the original on 2024-09-25 3602:from the original on 2024-09-25 3545:from the original on 2015-04-02 3541:. Alanwinfield.blogspot.co.uk. 3519:from the original on 2024-09-25 3436:from the original on 2024-09-25 3336:from the original on 2006-06-23 3310:from the original on 2024-09-25 3278:"Guest Editorial: Robot Ethics" 3258:from the original on 2024-09-25 3195:from the original on 2023-04-09 2756:"Interview with Mark Tiedemann" 2719:from the original on 2024-09-25 2655:from the original on 2024-09-25 2639:Encyclopedia of science fiction 2286:Asimov, Isaac (12 April 2001). 2259:Asimov, Isaac (November 1981). 1671:Ghost in the Shell 2: Innocence 1622:Buck Rogers in the 25th Century 800:Encyclopedia of Science Fiction 3782:"Four Kinds of Ethical Robots" 3720:Tobias, Scott (20 July 2004). 3118:(Asimov, Isaac - I, Robot.pdf) 3090:(Asimov, Isaac - I, Robot.pdf) 3072:. Nightfall, Inc. p. 658. 3045:. Nightfall, Inc. p. 611. 2863:Science and Engineering Ethics 1639:) bases episode three titled " 1069:A fifth law was introduced by 764:Roger MacBride Allen's trilogy 1: 3590:McGinnis, Rick (2022-07-16). 2942:"Foundation and Earth (1986)" 2739:Isaac Asimov's Aurora (ebook) 1216:—That Thou Art Mindful of Him 4280:Susan Calvin prequel series 3537:Alan Winfield (2013-10-30). 3248:"Rules for the modern robot" 2427:"Sci-fi writer Isaac Asimov" 2185:Patrouch, Joseph F. (1974). 1954:Patrouch, Joseph F. (1974). 1112:Unknowing breach of the laws 734:, in much the same way that 4902:Vision-guided robot systems 3673:' science-fiction thriller 3370:The Silence of the Langford 3254:(2544): 27. 27 March 2006. 3139:Asimov, Isaac (1956–1957). 3004:Butler, Gwendoline (2001). 2976:. Doubleday books. p. 2922:Asimov, Isaac (1956–1957). 2904:Asimov, Isaac (1956–1957). 1893:Three Laws of Transhumanism 1760:'s proposed screenplay for 1516:(a prominent figure in the 1296:, a novel unrelated to the 1278:, Asimov and his co-writer 1173:Definition of "human being" 834:In the officially licensed 5231: 5122:Technological unemployment 3328:Sawyer, Robert J. (1991). 1840:Speculative fiction portal 1605: 1602:Other occurrences in media 1388: 1103:a spirit of brotherhood." 1041:The Three Laws of Robotics 290:Astounding Science-Fiction 18:The Three Laws of Robotics 5140: 5110:Workplace robotics safety 4559: 4438: 2875:10.1007/s11948-013-9513-9 2699:Heward Wilkinson (2009). 2620:Asimov (1979), pp. 291–2. 2518:Jenkins, John H. (2002). 2158:Asimov (1979), pp. 285–7. 1107:Ambiguities and loopholes 868:respectively) the future 654:Removal of the Three Laws 319:attributed the Laws to a 3620:Ellison, Harlan (1994). 3166:IEEE Intelligent Systems 2940:Branislav L. Slantchev. 1898:Regulation of algorithms 1560:IEEE Intelligent Systems 1544:evolutionary computation 1450:unmanned aerial vehicles 508:are highly sensitive to 4958:Human–robot interaction 4003:Short story collections 3355:A Load of Crystal Balls 3295:10.1126/science.1151606 3218:. "The Age of Robots", 3006:A Coffin for the Canary 2944:. gotterdammerung.org. 2635:"Allen, Roger MacBride" 2499:Patrouch (1974), p. 50. 2123:Asimov (1979), pp.236–8 1818:Analytical philosopher 1697:Piled Higher and Deeper 1254:; if the George robots 1224:A Coffin for the Canary 1206:and the short stories " 763: 695:The title story of the 674:" (from the collection 521:collective intelligence 4343:Three Laws of Robotics 4284:Mickey Zucker Reichert 4077:Isaac Asimov's Inferno 4070:Isaac Asimov's Caliban 4018:The Rest of the Robots 3829: 3809:Listen to this article 3055:Gunn (1982), pp. 77–8. 3008:. Black Dagger Crime. 2599:. BBC. 3 November 2000 2466:Asimov, Isaac (1952). 2225:Asimov, Isaac (1980). 2215:Asimov (1979), p. 620. 2149:Asimov (1979), p. 263. 2134:Three Laws of Robotics 2093:Asimov, Isaac (1979). 2028:The Rest of the Robots 1926:The Rest of the Robots 1909:Asimov, Isaac (1979). 1868:List of eponymous laws 1729: 1708:The Three Laws in film 1459: 1444:argues that since the 1423: 1274:, the novelization of 1078:in SFF review webzine 1074:story was reviewed by 912: 885:Protestant Reformation 651: 622: 605: 536: 502: 456: 249:The Rest of the Robots 141:Three Laws of Robotics 136: 51:Three Laws of Robotics 5064:Starship Technologies 4084:Isaac Asimov's Utopia 3828: 3141:The Naked Sun (ebook) 2924:The Naked Sun (ebook) 2906:The Naked Sun (ebook) 2231:. Doubleday. p. 2191:. Doubleday. p. 2137:title listing at the 2099:. Doubleday. p. 1727: 1454: 1406: 1353:occurs in the story " 1305:Definition of "robot" 1001:The Evitable Conflict 906:A robot may not harm 794:, who designed these 639:translation entitled 596:Prelude to Foundation 559:The Evitable Conflict 543:Asimov once added a " 308:Super Science Stories 128: 5205:Robots in literature 5014:Energid Technologies 4333:Frankenstein complex 4303:I Robot: To Preserve 4060:Roger MacBride Allen 3860:More spoken articles 3722:"review of I, Robot" 3460:Foundation's Triumph 2476:Les Cavernes d'acier 2368:. 21 November 2021. 2066:James Gunn. (1982). 2012:"to" in the 2nd law. 1939:James Gunn. (1982). 1776:, after the android 1531:Foundation's Triumph 1498:Foundation and Earth 1341:who carries through 1331:prosecuting attorney 1276:The Bicentennial Man 1212:The Bicentennial Man 1185:Foundation and Earth 1150:Foundation and Earth 1088:Foundation's Friends 986:trilogy updates the 962:Robot Mystery series 956:Foundation's Triumph 920:Foundation's Triumph 853:Foundation's Triumph 847:Foundation and Chaos 770:Roger MacBride Allen 642:Les Cavernes d'acier 610:Foundation and Earth 590:Foundation and Earth 570:R. Giskard Reventlov 329:The Latest Decalogue 268:Earl and Otto Binder 143:(often shortened to 5200:Technology folklore 5190:Foundation universe 5105:Powered exoskeleton 4293:I Robot: To Protect 4056:Second Robot series 3726:The Onion A.V. Club 3226:(1994) pp. 84–100. 3178:10.1109/mis.2009.69 2737:MARK W. TIEDEMANN. 2096:In Memory Yet Green 1911:In Memory Yet Green 1853:Clarke's three laws 1674:), cartoon series ( 1182:the time period of 462:with guest co-host 391:In his short story 217:young-adult fiction 5074:Universal Robotics 5049:Intuitive Surgical 5039:Harvest Automation 5004:Barrett Technology 4786:Robotic spacecraft 4632:Audio-Animatronics 4094:Third Robot series 4025:The Complete Robot 3986:The Robots of Dawn 3972:The Caves of Steel 3965:The Positronic Man 3875:27 September 2004. 3830: 3732:on 9 November 2005 3411:2011-10-07 at the 3401:2017-03-11 at the 3391:2005-04-10 at the 3360:2024-09-25 at the 3233:2006-06-15 at the 3070:The Complete Robot 3043:The Complete Robot 2819:Кесаровски, Никола 2783:. Захари Стоянов. 2468:The Caves of Steel 1770:In the 1986 movie 1730: 1641:Hüter des Gesetzes 1504:In March 2007 the 1486:The Robots of Dawn 1424: 1369:The Robots of Dawn 1343:capital punishment 1272:The Positronic Man 1229:The Robots of Dawn 1076:Valentin D. Ivanov 1064:The Trip of Icarus 1018:The Caves of Steel 969:The Robots of Dawn 753:The Caves of Steel 725:The Caves of Steel 712:The Caves of Steel 627:The Caves of Steel 488:First Law modified 464:Marilyn vos Savant 333:text in Wikisource 325:Arthur Hugh Clough 213:Lucky Starr series 137: 56:in popular culture 5215:Hypothetical laws 5172: 5171: 5115:Robotic tech vest 5044:Honeybee Robotics 4860:Electric unicycle 4813:remotely-operated 4460: 4459: 4434: 4433: 4311: 4310: 4236:Robots and Aliens 4098:Mark W. Tiedemann 3993:Robots and Empire 3826: 3631:978-0-446-67062-3 3576:978-0-385-47622-5 3470:978-0-06-105241-5 3463:. HarperCollins. 3237:available online. 3228:June 1993 version 3222:Extropy Institute 3015:978-0-7540-8580-5 2987:978-0-385-19092-3 2973:Robots and Empire 2790:978-954-739-338-7 2712:978-1-85575-595-6 2648:978-0-8160-5924-9 2520:"Review of "Cal"" 2486:978-2-290-31902-4 2320:. 24 March 2009. 2297:978-1-85798-336-4 2242:978-0-385-15544-1 2228:In Joy Still Felt 2202:978-0-385-08696-7 2110:978-0-380-75432-8 2079:978-0-19-503060-0 2039:978-0-385-09041-4 1999:978-0-385-42304-5 1752:signature numeral 1540:natural selection 1492:Robots and Empire 1378:Robots and Empire 1311:Nikola Kesarovski 1280:Robert Silverberg 1220:Gwendoline Butler 1203:Robots and Empire 1132:to its knowledge, 1071:Nikola Kesarovski 980:Mark W. Tiedemann 975:Robots and Empire 949:Foundation's Fear 841:Foundation's Fear 815:With Folded Hands 660:short-short story 566:Robots and Empire 554:Robots and Empire 519:is a planet with 506:positronic brains 494:Little Lost Robot 420:have handles and 221:positronic robots 123: 122: 16:(Redirected from 5222: 5160: 5159: 5148: 5147: 5132:Fictional robots 5100:Critique of work 4749:Unmanned vehicle 4565: 4487: 4480: 4473: 4464: 4397:Bicentennial Man 4378: 4363:R. Daneel Olivaw 4323:Positronic brain 4298:I Robot: To Obey 3954: 3929: 3922: 3915: 3906: 3891:, June 22, 2009. 3850: 3848: 3837: 3836: 3827: 3817: 3815: 3810: 3797: 3796: 3794: 3793: 3778: 3772: 3771: 3769: 3767: 3747: 3741: 3740: 3738: 3737: 3728:. Archived from 3680:Ten Commandments 3667: 3661: 3660: 3658: 3657: 3642: 3636: 3635: 3617: 3611: 3610: 3608: 3607: 3587: 3581: 3580: 3560: 3554: 3553: 3551: 3550: 3534: 3528: 3527: 3525: 3524: 3509: 3503: 3502: 3500: 3499: 3484: 3475: 3474: 3451: 3445: 3444: 3442: 3441: 3422: 3416: 3378: 3372: 3351: 3345: 3344: 3342: 3341: 3325: 3319: 3318: 3316: 3315: 3297: 3273: 3267: 3266: 3264: 3263: 3244: 3238: 3213: 3204: 3203: 3201: 3200: 3194: 3163: 3154: 3148: 3147: 3136: 3130: 3129: 3127: 3125: 3119: 3108: 3102: 3101: 3099: 3097: 3091: 3080: 3074: 3073: 3062: 3056: 3053: 3047: 3046: 3035: 3029: 3026: 3020: 3019: 3001: 2995: 2994: 2964: 2958: 2957: 2955: 2953: 2937: 2931: 2930: 2919: 2913: 2912: 2901: 2895: 2894: 2858: 2852: 2851: 2849: 2848: 2839:. Archived from 2833: 2827: 2826: 2815: 2809: 2808: 2802: 2794: 2773: 2767: 2766: 2764: 2763: 2752: 2746: 2745: 2734: 2728: 2727: 2725: 2724: 2696: 2685: 2684: 2682: 2681: 2670: 2664: 2663: 2661: 2660: 2627: 2621: 2618: 2612: 2611: 2606: 2604: 2593: 2587: 2586: 2580: 2572: 2567: 2565: 2559: 2545: 2539: 2538: 2536: 2535: 2526:. Archived from 2515: 2509: 2506: 2500: 2497: 2491: 2490: 2471: 2463: 2454: 2453: 2448: 2446: 2437:. 29 July 2007. 2423: 2417: 2416: 2414: 2412: 2397: 2391: 2388: 2382: 2381: 2379: 2377: 2362: 2356: 2355: 2353: 2351: 2340: 2334: 2333: 2331: 2329: 2308: 2302: 2301: 2283: 2277: 2276: 2274: 2272: 2261:"The Three Laws" 2256: 2247: 2246: 2222: 2216: 2213: 2207: 2206: 2182: 2176: 2165: 2159: 2156: 2150: 2147: 2141: 2130: 2124: 2121: 2115: 2114: 2090: 2084: 2083: 2063: 2050: 2044: 2043: 2031: 2021: 2015: 2014: 1985: 1848:Laws of robotics 1842: 1837: 1836: 1742:(1999) features 1739:Bicentennial Man 1718:Forbidden Planet 1536:R. Daneel Olivaw 1442:Robert J. Sawyer 1418:. Shown here at 1410:was an advanced 934:positronic brain 916:extraterrestrial 874:R. Daneel Olivaw 759:By other authors 745:anagrammatically 736:Vladimir Nabokov 549:R. Daneel Olivaw 539:Zeroth Law added 397:Dr. Susan Calvin 380:books under the 311:September 1940. 285:John W. Campbell 115: 108: 101: 34:Laws of robotics 30: 21: 5230: 5229: 5225: 5224: 5223: 5221: 5220: 5219: 5175: 5174: 5173: 5168: 5136: 5088: 5009:Boston Dynamics 4994:Amazon Robotics 4982: 4906: 4897:Visual odometry 4887:Motion planning 4869: 4824: 4744:Continuum robot 4727:Classifications 4722: 4585:Anthropomorphic 4566: 4557: 4553:AI competitions 4496: 4491: 4461: 4456: 4430: 4411: 4369: 4307: 4281: 4275: 4229: 4173: 4132: 4121: 4095: 4089: 4057: 4051: 3998: 3945: 3933: 3864: 3863: 3852: 3846: 3844: 3841:This audio file 3838: 3831: 3822: 3819: 3813: 3812: 3808: 3805: 3800: 3791: 3789: 3780: 3779: 3775: 3765: 3763: 3749: 3748: 3744: 3735: 3733: 3719: 3699:Minority Report 3668: 3664: 3655: 3653: 3644: 3643: 3639: 3632: 3619: 3618: 3614: 3605: 3603: 3589: 3588: 3584: 3577: 3562: 3561: 3557: 3548: 3546: 3536: 3535: 3531: 3522: 3520: 3515:. Epsrc.ac.uk. 3511: 3510: 3506: 3497: 3495: 3486: 3485: 3478: 3471: 3453: 3452: 3448: 3439: 3437: 3424: 3423: 3419: 3413:Wayback Machine 3403:Wayback Machine 3393:Wayback Machine 3380:Clarke, Roger. 3379: 3375: 3362:Wayback Machine 3352: 3348: 3339: 3337: 3327: 3326: 3322: 3313: 3311: 3275: 3274: 3270: 3261: 3259: 3246: 3245: 3241: 3235:Wayback Machine 3214: 3207: 3198: 3196: 3192: 3161: 3156: 3155: 3151: 3138: 3137: 3133: 3123: 3121: 3117: 3110: 3109: 3105: 3095: 3093: 3089: 3082: 3081: 3077: 3064: 3063: 3059: 3054: 3050: 3037: 3036: 3032: 3027: 3023: 3016: 3003: 3002: 2998: 2988: 2966: 2965: 2961: 2951: 2949: 2939: 2938: 2934: 2926:. p. 240. 2921: 2920: 2916: 2908:. p. 233. 2903: 2902: 2898: 2860: 2859: 2855: 2846: 2844: 2835: 2834: 2830: 2817: 2816: 2812: 2795: 2791: 2775: 2774: 2770: 2761: 2759: 2754: 2753: 2749: 2736: 2735: 2731: 2722: 2720: 2713: 2698: 2697: 2688: 2679: 2677: 2674:"The Humanoids" 2672: 2671: 2667: 2658: 2656: 2649: 2629: 2628: 2624: 2619: 2615: 2602: 2600: 2595: 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22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5228: 5226: 5218: 5217: 5212: 5207: 5202: 5197: 5192: 5187: 5185:Fictional laws 5177: 5176: 5170: 5169: 5167: 5166: 5154: 5141: 5138: 5137: 5135: 5134: 5129: 5127:Terrainability 5124: 5119: 5118: 5117: 5107: 5102: 5096: 5094: 5090: 5089: 5087: 5086: 5081: 5076: 5071: 5066: 5061: 5056: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5026: 5021: 5016: 5011: 5006: 5001: 4996: 4990: 4988: 4984: 4983: 4981: 4980: 4975: 4970: 4965: 4960: 4955: 4950: 4945: 4940: 4935: 4930: 4925: 4920: 4914: 4912: 4908: 4907: 4905: 4904: 4899: 4894: 4889: 4883: 4881: 4871: 4870: 4868: 4867: 4862: 4857: 4852: 4851: 4850: 4840: 4834: 4832: 4826: 4825: 4823: 4822: 4821: 4820: 4815: 4805: 4800: 4795: 4794: 4793: 4783: 4778: 4773: 4768: 4763: 4762: 4761: 4756: 4746: 4741: 4739:Cloud robotics 4736: 4730: 4728: 4724: 4723: 4721: 4720: 4715: 4710: 4705: 4700: 4695: 4690: 4685: 4680: 4675: 4670: 4665: 4660: 4655: 4654: 4653: 4643: 4638: 4637: 4636: 4635: 4634: 4619: 4614: 4609: 4608: 4607: 4602: 4597: 4592: 4582: 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3899:Vienna: I-Tech 3892: 3882: 3876: 3853: 3839: 3832: 3820: 3807: 3806: 3804: 3803:External links 3801: 3799: 3798: 3773: 3742: 3662: 3637: 3630: 3612: 3582: 3575: 3555: 3529: 3504: 3476: 3469: 3446: 3432:. 2007-03-07. 3417: 3373: 3366:Platen Stories 3346: 3320: 3288:(5853): 1037. 3268: 3239: 3205: 3149: 3143:. p. 56. 3131: 3111:Isaac Asimov. 3103: 3083:Isaac Asimov. 3075: 3057: 3048: 3030: 3021: 3014: 2996: 2986: 2959: 2932: 2914: 2896: 2853: 2828: 2810: 2789: 2768: 2747: 2729: 2711: 2686: 2665: 2647: 2622: 2613: 2588: 2540: 2510: 2501: 2492: 2485: 2455: 2435:The Daily Star 2418: 2401:"Isaac Asimov" 2392: 2383: 2357: 2346:. 9 April 2020 2335: 2303: 2296: 2278: 2248: 2241: 2217: 2208: 2201: 2177: 2160: 2151: 2142: 2125: 2116: 2109: 2085: 2078: 2045: 2038: 2016: 1998: 1974: 1972: 1969: 1968: 1967: 1952: 1937: 1922: 1905: 1902: 1901: 1900: 1895: 1890: 1885: 1880: 1875: 1873:Military robot 1870: 1865: 1860: 1855: 1850: 1844: 1843: 1827: 1824: 1815: 1812: 1807:Better than Us 1758:Harlan Ellison 1744:Robin Williams 1709: 1706: 1650:'s 1979 album 1606:Main article: 1603: 1600: 1599: 1598: 1595: 1592: 1589: 1586: 1574: 1573: 1570: 1567: 1480: 1479: 1476: 1473: 1462:David Langford 1412:humanoid robot 1386: 1383: 1318: 1315: 1306: 1303: 1174: 1171: 1166: 1163: 1113: 1110: 1108: 1105: 1093:Harry Harrison 1048: 1045: 1037:Randall Munroe 1033: 1032:Randall Munroe 1030: 1014:nanotechnology 963: 960: 831: 830:sequel trilogy 825: 813:'s novelette " 807: 804: 796:New Law Robots 768:In the 1990s, 765: 762: 760: 757: 655: 652: 540: 537: 489: 486: 476: 473: 471: 468: 441: 440: 432: 425: 295:Lester del Rey 287:the editor of 244: 241: 193: 192:Use in fiction 190: 189: 188: 185: 182: 174: 171: 145:The Three Laws 129:This cover of 121: 120: 118: 117: 110: 103: 95: 92: 91: 89: 88: 86:Machine ethics 83: 78: 72: 69: 68: 67:Related topics 64: 63: 61: 60: 59: 58: 47: 44: 43: 37: 36: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5227: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5191: 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4755: 4752: 4751: 4750: 4747: 4745: 4742: 4740: 4737: 4735: 4732: 4731: 4729: 4725: 4719: 4718:Soft robotics 4716: 4714: 4713:BEAM robotics 4711: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4668:Entertainment 4666: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4656: 4652: 4649: 4648: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4639: 4633: 4630: 4629: 4628: 4625: 4624: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4615: 4613: 4610: 4606: 4603: 4601: 4598: 4596: 4593: 4591: 4588: 4587: 4586: 4583: 4581: 4578: 4577: 4575: 4573: 4569: 4564: 4554: 4551: 4549: 4546: 4544: 4541: 4539: 4536: 4534: 4531: 4529: 4526: 4524: 4521: 4519: 4516: 4514: 4511: 4509: 4506: 4505: 4503: 4501:Main articles 4499: 4495: 4488: 4483: 4481: 4476: 4474: 4469: 4468: 4465: 4455: 4453: 4447: 4445: 4440:Followed by: 4437: 4426: 4425: 4421: 4420: 4418: 4414: 4407: 4406: 4402: 4399: 4398: 4394: 4391: 4390: 4386: 4385: 4383: 4379: 4376: 4372: 4364: 4361: 4359: 4356: 4354: 4351: 4350: 4349: 4346: 4344: 4341: 4339: 4336: 4334: 4331: 4329: 4326: 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Wu 4131: 4129: 4124: 4118: 4115: 4113: 4110: 4108: 4105: 4104: 4102: 4099: 4092: 4086: 4085: 4081: 4079: 4078: 4074: 4072: 4071: 4067: 4066: 4064: 4061: 4054: 4048: 4047: 4043: 4041: 4040: 4039:Robot Visions 4036: 4034: 4033: 4029: 4027: 4026: 4022: 4020: 4019: 4015: 4013: 4012: 4008: 4007: 4005: 4001: 3995: 3994: 3990: 3988: 3987: 3983: 3981: 3980: 3979:The Naked Sun 3976: 3974: 3973: 3969: 3967: 3966: 3962: 3961: 3959: 3955: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3942: 3937: 3930: 3925: 3923: 3918: 3916: 3911: 3910: 3907: 3900: 3896: 3893: 3890: 3886: 3883: 3880: 3877: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3842: 3802: 3787: 3783: 3777: 3774: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3746: 3743: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3718: 3716: 3711: 3707: 3706: 3701: 3700: 3695: 3694: 3689: 3685: 3681: 3678:abide by the 3676: 3672: 3666: 3663: 3651: 3647: 3641: 3638: 3633: 3627: 3623: 3616: 3613: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3586: 3583: 3578: 3572: 3569:. 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