851:. He would moo and cry out, "Kill me so that a good stew may be made of my flesh," and would never eat anything. Avicenna was persuaded to take the case. Avicenna sent a message to the patient, asking him to be happy as the butcher was coming to slaughter him, and the sick man rejoiced. When Avicenna approached the prince with a knife in his hand, he asked "where is the cow so I may kill it." The patient then mooed like a cow to indicate where he was. The patient was laid on the ground for slaughter. When Avicenna approached the patient, pretending to be ready to slaughter him, he said, "the cow is too lean and not ready to be killed. He must be fed properly and I will kill it when it becomes healthy and fat." The patient was then offered food which he ate eagerly, and gradually "gained strength, got rid of his delusion, and was completely cured."
99:
616:"If what is said concerning the petrifaction of animals and plants is true, the cause of this (phenomenon) is a powerful mineralizing and petrifying virtue which arises in certain stony spots, or emanates suddenly from the earth during earthquake and subsidences, and petrifies whatever comes into contact with it. As a matter of fact, the petrifaction of the bodies of plants and animals is not more extraordinary than the transformation of waters."
2031:
2041:
1067:). He argued that the fact of existence can not be inferred from or accounted for by the essence of existing things and that form and matter by themselves cannot interact and originate the movement of the universe or the progressive actualization of existing things. Existence must, therefore, be due to an
1102:
and an ontological argument. "It is ontological insofar as ‘necessary existence’ in intellect is the first basis for arguing for a
Necessary Existent". The proof is also "cosmological insofar as most of it is taken up with arguing that contingent existents cannot stand alone and must end up in a
1163:
science without inferring them from some more basic premises?" He explains that the ideal situation is when one grasps that a "relation holds between the terms, which would allow for absolute, universal certainty." Avicenna then adds two further methods for arriving at the
655:, etc. He writes that at the most common level, the influence of the mind on the body can be seen in voluntary movements, in that the body obeys whenever the mind wishes to move the body. He further writes that the second level of influence of the mind on the body is from
567:
Around A.D. 1000, Avicenna was already suggesting a hypothesis about the origin of mountain ranges, which in the
Christian world, would still have been considered quite radical eight hundred years later
4059:
5483:
2980:
3222:
667:, a person could hardly creep over it without falling if that person only pictures themself in a possible fall so vividly that the "natural power of limbs accord with it."
4393:
3147:
5508:
2094:
4211:
4120:
4186:
3195:
3071:
2287:
5488:
2965:
399:, and is intended to "cure" or "heal" ignorance of the soul. Thus, despite its title, it is not concerned with medicine, in contrast to Avicenna's earlier
270:
2077:
301:
682:), stating that one could create conditions in another person so that they accepts the reality of hypnosis. Avicenna was also the first to divide human
1627:
Haque, Amber. 2004. "Psychology from
Islamic Perspective: Contributions of Early Muslim Scholars and Challenges to Contemporary Muslim Psychologists."
5337:
4052:
3701:
3333:
2970:
98:
5331:
5110:
4961:
4068:
3258:
3253:
2771:
750:), which perceives qualities (such as good and bad, love and hate, etc.) and forms the basis of a person's character whether or not influenced by
4865:
1071:
that necessitates, imparts, gives, or adds existence to an essence. To do so, the cause must be an existing thing and coexist with its effect.
961:
843:
Avicenna often used psychological methods to treat his patients. One such example is when a
Persian prince had melancholia, suffering from the
4886:
4636:
3328:
3305:
3661:
2529:
1646:
5513:
4045:
3411:
3022:
925:
4707:
4590:
2297:
5411:
4535:
3162:
2873:
1576:
1250:), edited by S. Zayed and I. Madkour, Cairo: Organisme General des Imprimeries Gouvernementales, 1964. (Volume I, Part 4 of al-Shifa’.)
960:. By the 12th century, Avicennian logic had replaced Aristotelian logic as the dominant system of logic in the Islamic world. After the
648:
186:
469:
4773:
3569:
2893:
1933:
1644:
Pulmonary
Transit and Bodily Resurrection: The Interaction of Medicine, Philosophy and Religion in the Works of Ibn al-Nafīs (d. 1288)
3635:
2277:
1857:
1744:
1606:
1520:
1490:
674:
can have a negative effect on the vegetative functions of an individual and may even lead to death in some cases. He also discusses
1151:
and the question of "How does one acquire the first principles of a science?" He asks how a scientist would arrive at "the initial
3188:
2635:
4737:
4727:
3416:
2909:
517:
3742:
1283:), edited by A.F. Al-Ehwany. Cairo: Organisme General des Imprimeries Gouvernementales, 1965. (Volume I, Part 6 of al-Shifa’.)
4595:
2514:
2070:
1629:
1330:
514:
453:
294:
4530:
2594:
1271:), edited by A. E. Affifi. Cairo: Organisme General des Imprimeries Gouvernementales, 1956. (Volume I, Part 5 of al-Shifa’.)
4550:
4135:
4646:
3968:
3958:
3913:
3549:
2584:
2206:
4125:
1761:
1200:
that it purports to provide." In its place, he develops a "method of experimentation as a means for scientific inquiry."
4671:
2832:
2761:
2524:
2519:
2372:
4763:
2847:
5498:
5326:
5205:
5079:
3521:
3313:
3295:
3248:
3227:
3181:
3009:
2008:
1598:
1566:
1196:). Avicenna criticizes Aristotelian induction, arguing that "it does not lead to the absolute, universal, and certain
949:
195:
4312:
4201:
2914:
1311:
R. M. Savory and D. A. Agius, ed. and trans. 1984. ‘Ibn Sina on
Primary Concepts in the Metaphysics of al-Shifa’, in
3828:
5478:
4580:
4570:
4191:
4081:
3813:
3594:
3057:
2842:
2791:
1950:
1852:
1769:
4847:
4651:
4428:
4018:
2766:
2685:
2367:
2063:
1973:
1537:(December 2003), "The achievements of IBN SINA in the field of science and his contributions to its philosophy",
1308:, edited by M.Y. Moussa, S. Dunya and S. Zayed, Cairo: Organisme General des Imprimeries Gouvernementales, 1960;
608:
by the 16th century. Ibn Sina made the following observation on the theories held at the time on fossils and the
287:
262:
31:
2015:
4661:
4555:
4196:
4008:
3359:
3126:
2786:
2650:
2615:
2337:
2124:
1696:
1658:
1418:
886:
445:
366:
4433:
4156:
2448:
2408:
2312:
204:
1042:
endures within a being beyond the accidental. The philosophy of Ibn Sīnā, particularly that part relating to
5380:
4666:
4615:
4277:
4267:
4206:
3645:
3554:
3477:
3043:
2989:
2945:
2827:
2690:
2413:
2342:
1482:
1298:
5493:
5084:
5044:
4858:
4799:
4758:
4585:
4565:
4484:
4362:
3978:
3928:
3923:
3889:
3757:
3584:
3574:
3406:
3121:
2781:
2695:
2640:
2539:
2433:
2403:
2307:
1926:
976:
972:
329:
245:
219:
1348:, edited by G. C. Anawati and S. Zayed. Cairo: Organisme General des Imprimeries Gouvernementales, 1975;
5351:
5145:
5059:
4732:
4545:
4514:
4459:
4247:
4013:
3762:
3681:
3105:
2996:
2817:
2423:
2256:
1959:
1654:
1405:
1212:, 1952–83, originally under the supervision of Ibrahim Madkour; some of these editions are given below.
1122:
1116:
1099:
1091:
1087:
630:
401:
388:. He most likely began to compose the book in 1014, completed it around 1020, and published it in 1027.
176:
145:
3095:
2347:
1980:
1050:. The search for a truly definitive Islamic philosophy can be seen in what is left to us of his work.
736:, which acts upon these images by combining and separating them, serving as the seat of the practical
5503:
5370:
5344:
5185:
5155:
4560:
4540:
4231:
4130:
4115:
3993:
3869:
3803:
3752:
3747:
3676:
3666:
2888:
2812:
2645:
2589:
2231:
2114:
2044:
1987:
1291:
1079:
707:
592:
previously explained it in terms of vaporous exhalations, which Ibn Sina modified into the theory of
3884:
808:
inside the head can contribute to mood disorders. He recognizes that this occurs when the amount of
5311:
5150:
5130:
5064:
5049:
4920:
4600:
4575:
4262:
4226:
4181:
3953:
3864:
3823:
3300:
3265:
3157:
3078:
2919:
2710:
2655:
2599:
2498:
2377:
2241:
1267:
1173:
1160:
1139:
1011:
991:
433:
425:
1452:
5375:
5316:
4994:
4804:
4357:
4151:
3963:
3818:
3579:
3351:
3204:
3003:
2929:
2620:
2322:
2302:
2251:
2144:
2139:
1899:
1430:
1413:
1238:), edited by M. El-Khodeiri. Cairo: Dar al-Katib al-Arabi, 1970. (Volume 1, Part 3 of al-Shifa’.)
1234:
1148:
957:
866:
777:
773:
235:
78:
4946:
4605:
2680:
2170:
1643:
1329:. A parallel English-Arabic text, with introduction and annotation by M. E. Marmura. Provo, UT:
5406:
5401:
5275:
5135:
4794:
4676:
4610:
4322:
3933:
3879:
3798:
3722:
2705:
2534:
2149:
2034:
1919:
1740:
1602:
1516:
1486:
1143:
and significantly diverges from it on several points. Avicenna explains the issue of a proper
1126:
999:
995:
921:
785:
695:
660:
486:
429:
275:
250:
240:
126:
107:
5455:
4697:
1573:
964:, his writings on logic were also an important influence on Western medieval writers such as
5461:
5416:
5385:
5260:
5250:
5180:
5039:
4999:
4984:
4907:
4872:
4852:
4717:
4702:
4423:
4272:
4161:
4003:
3973:
3948:
3793:
3559:
3394:
3152:
2868:
2822:
2756:
2700:
2438:
2362:
2292:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2086:
1891:
1861:
1834:
1098:
alone. Avicenna's proof of God's existence is unique in that it can be classified as both a
1075:
1015:
671:
437:
1879:
1226:, Part 1, al-Ahwani, Cairo: al-Matba’ah al-Amiriyah, 1952. (Volume I, Part 1 of al-Shifa’.)
1053:
Following al-Farabi's lead, Avicenna initiated a full-fledged inquiry into the question of
979:, which were both part of the Stoic logical tradition. He developed an original theory of “
5321:
5255:
5019:
4974:
4504:
4378:
4347:
4282:
4110:
4037:
3988:
3983:
3938:
3399:
3384:
3379:
2878:
2493:
2282:
2246:
2109:
1765:
1650:
1580:
1554:
1423:
1295:), edited by S. Salim, Cairo: Imprimerie Nationale, 1954. (Volume I, Part 8 of al-Shifa’.)
1246:
1169:
1165:
1019:
965:
953:
929:
893:
870:
825:
719:
711:
691:
601:
552:
413:
377:
362:
320:
4337:
4297:
5165:
5140:
4926:
4789:
4443:
4418:
4403:
4388:
4352:
4221:
3918:
3894:
3874:
3854:
3389:
3270:
2883:
2863:
2574:
2483:
2478:
2458:
2428:
2387:
2261:
2001:
1808:
Steve A. Johnson (1984), "Ibn Sina's Fourth
Ontological Argument for God's Existence",
1558:
980:
937:
581:
556:
340:
1825:
Morewedge, P. (1970), "Ibn Sina (Avicenna) and
Malcolm and the Ontological Argument",
5472:
5285:
5195:
5069:
4939:
4932:
4631:
4499:
4474:
4413:
3808:
3732:
3706:
3640:
3050:
2746:
2741:
2665:
2630:
2559:
2453:
2357:
909:
897:
820:, but if this moisture goes beyond its limits, the brain would lose control over its
789:
256:
214:
1903:
1121:
In the "Al-Burhan" ('On
Demonstration') section of the book, Avicenna discusses the
780:, alwayings linking the physical and psychological illnesses together. He describes
5115:
5009:
4722:
4656:
4509:
4252:
4216:
3998:
3943:
3767:
3696:
3452:
3437:
3275:
2796:
2670:
2488:
2201:
1783:
1534:
874:
609:
593:
577:
533:
385:
369:
181:
17:
3630:
5290:
5280:
5245:
5054:
5034:
4913:
4753:
4489:
4438:
4398:
4166:
3859:
3783:
3589:
3029:
2731:
2675:
2327:
2134:
1703:
1338:
1144:
1043:
983:
933:
821:
817:
781:
733:
663:. As an example, he states that if a plank of wood is placed as a bridge over a
417:
5442:
889:
by the 12th century, with
Avicenna becoming a central authority on philosophy.
5235:
5225:
5215:
5120:
5100:
5024:
4692:
4641:
4479:
4469:
4307:
4302:
4287:
3788:
3691:
3610:
3525:
3369:
3100:
2924:
2837:
2736:
2726:
2660:
2625:
2579:
2564:
2463:
2352:
2317:
2196:
1757:
1216:
1187:
1183:
1156:
1112:
917:
882:
860:
683:
652:
626:
605:
525:
421:
396:
171:
5270:
5210:
4989:
4768:
4712:
4383:
4317:
4292:
4176:
3849:
3737:
3671:
3615:
3564:
3432:
3374:
3364:
3036:
2776:
2554:
2473:
2468:
2418:
2332:
2236:
2211:
2191:
2165:
2129:
2119:
1838:
1736:
1512:
1279:
1134:
1068:
1047:
1032:
1027:
987:
901:
829:
813:
761:
737:
699:
644:
589:
529:
465:
441:
209:
1672:"The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Avicenna/Ibn Sina (CA. 980-1037)"
1671:
1895:
1865:
1379:. Translated by Marmura, Michael E. Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University.
5295:
5265:
5230:
5220:
5160:
4979:
4494:
4464:
4408:
4342:
4332:
4257:
4171:
3686:
3625:
3620:
3544:
3442:
3131:
2751:
2569:
2549:
2544:
2443:
2186:
1994:
1942:
1399:
1386:
The Physics of The Healing: A Parallel English-Arabic Text in Two Volumes
1355:, London: Oxford University Press, 1959. (Volume 1, part 6 of al-Shifa’.)
1197:
844:
833:
805:
747:
675:
461:
373:
152:
115:
46:
5200:
5190:
5125:
5074:
5014:
5004:
4969:
4327:
3467:
3447:
3318:
3237:
3064:
1130:
1038:
1023:
905:
792:
in which the person may become suspicious and develop certain types of
724:
656:
560:
537:
521:
457:
449:
392:
381:
5447:
5175:
5170:
3497:
3338:
3173:
1388:. Translated by McGinnis, Jon. Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University.
1095:
837:
809:
793:
765:
751:
585:
1715:
Richard F. Washell (1973), "Logic, Language, and Albert the Great",
1353:
Avicenna's De Anima, Being the Psychological Part of Kitab al-Shifa’
908:
distinction, along with the debates and censure that they raised in
2055:
816:
increases the breath, which leads to increased moisture inside the
5240:
5105:
5029:
3502:
3492:
3487:
3457:
2382:
1691:
I. M. Bochenski (1961), "On the history of the history of logic",
1322:
21 and 27). Paris: Vrin. (Vol. I, Books 1-5; Vol. II. Books 6-10.)
1318:
Anawati, G. C., trans. 1978, 1985. "La metaphysique du Shifa’ ," (
1209:
1152:
1063:
1054:
913:
878:
801:
797:
703:
687:
664:
541:
510:
494:
490:
409:
1574:
The Contribution of Ibn Sina to the development of Earth sciences
3833:
3727:
3482:
3472:
3462:
3285:
1595:
The Meaning of Fossils: Episodes in the History of Palaeontology
640:
4825:
4079:
4041:
3519:
3177:
2059:
1915:
730:
the imaginative faculty, which conserves the perceptual images;
536:. He created a synthesis of ideas concerning the nature of the
5450:
with a list of English translations of his philosophical works
4898:
1700:
1570:
848:
498:
1315:, Toronto, Ont.: Pontifical Institute for Mediaeval Studies;
1208:
Critical editions of the Arabic text have been published in
714:) and the five internal senses which he discovered himself:
1911:
996:
methods of agreement, difference and concomitant variation
5457:
Kitab al-Shifa fi [kidha] tariff huquq al-Mustafa
5443:
Ibn Sina (Avicenna) — Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1704:
Ancient Islamic (Arabic and Persian) Logic and Ontology
1366:
BYU's Islamic Translation Series includes two parts of
1850:
Mayer, Toby. 2001. "Ibn Sina's 'Burhan Al-Siddiqin'."
604:
in the 13th century and accepted in some form by most
5448:
Avicenna on the subject and the object of metaphysics
27:
Scientific and philosophical encyclopedia by Avicenna
1086:. This was the first attempt at using the method of
1082:, which he proposes in the "Metaphysics" section of
1036:
is the domain of the contingent and the accidental,
334:
5394:
5363:
5304:
5093:
4960:
4896:
4836:
4782:
4746:
4685:
4624:
4523:
4452:
4371:
4240:
4144:
4103:
3903:
3842:
3776:
3715:
3654:
3603:
3537:
3425:
3350:
3215:
3140:
3114:
3088:
2979:
2958:
2938:
2902:
2856:
2805:
2719:
2608:
2507:
2396:
2270:
2179:
2158:
2102:
2093:
1949:
828:. He also writes about symptoms and treatments for
723:('common sense'), which integrates sense data into
84:
74:
66:
52:
42:
956:known as "Avicennian logic" as an alternative to
869:, due to Avicenna's successful reconciliation of
1695:, p. 4-10. Translated by I. Thomas, Notre Dame,
952:extensively in his works, and developed his own
896:, particular his doctrines on the nature of the
559:(1965), commented on Avicenna's contribution to
614:
187:Al-Ghazali's criticism of Avicennian philosophy
30:"al-Shifa" redirects here. For other uses, see
1563:The Ancestry of Science: The Discovery of Time
4053:
3189:
2071:
1927:
1057:, in which he distinguished between essence (
295:
8:
2288:Abu Bakr Rabee Ibn Ahmad Al-Akhawyni Bokhari
1880:"Scientific Methodologies in Medieval Islam"
56:
37:
5484:Medical works of the medieval Islamic world
1623:
1621:
1619:
1617:
271:Avicenna Cultural and Scientific Foundation
4840:
4833:
4822:
4089:
4076:
4060:
4046:
4038:
3534:
3516:
3212:
3196:
3182:
3174:
2099:
2078:
2064:
2056:
1934:
1920:
1912:
1503:
1501:
1499:
302:
288:
93:
36:
3072:Commentary on Anatomy in Avicenna's Canon
1473:
1471:
1469:
800:heralds the transition of melancholia to
5509:Psychology in the medieval Islamic world
885:eventually became the leading school of
4069:Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world
2772:Najm al-Din Mahmud ibn Ilyas al-Shirazi
1447:
1445:
1441:
764:), which conserve all these notions in
227:
194:
163:
125:
114:
4866:Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity
4212:Khalid ibn Abd al‐Malik al‐Marwarrudhi
962:Latin translations of the 12th century
509:Ibn Sina's theory on the formation of
405:(5 vols.) which is, in fact, medical.
391:This work is Ibn Sina's major work on
4887:The Remaining Signs of Past Centuries
460:scientists and philosophers, such as
408:The book is divided into four parts:
7:
3023:Book of the Ten Treatises of the Eye
2040:
1884:Journal of the History of Philosophy
912:. This was particularly the case in
489:, the book proposes the theory that
2874:Abul Qasim ibn Mohammed al-Ghassani
1255:The Propositional Logic of Ibn Sina
924:and theory of knowledge influenced
892:Avicennism was also influential in
324:
5489:11th-century Arabic-language books
1018:, distinguishes more clearly than
25:
2298:Abu Sahl 'Isa ibn Yahya al-Masihi
1858:Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies
2636:Amin al-Din Rashid al-Din Vatvat
2039:
2030:
2029:
1630:Journal of Religion & Health
948:Avicenna discussed the topic of
580:with his explanation of how the
97:
4591:Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr al‐Farisi
2910:Qiwam al-Din Muhammad al-Hasani
2894:Taqi al-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf
1717:Journal of the History of Ideas
518:sulfur-mercury theory of metals
436:. It was influenced by ancient
5080:Schema for horizontal sundials
4596:Abu Ali al-Hasan al-Marrakushi
4121:Muḥammad ibn Ibrāhīm al-Fazārī
2515:Abu Jafar ibn Harun al-Turjali
1788:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
1758:History of logic: Arabic logic
1377:The Metaphysics of The Healing
1331:Brigham Young University Press
1327:The Metaphysics of the Healing
647:, the mind–body relationship,
600:), which was elaborated on by
376:(also known as Avicenna) from
1:
3969:Gholamhossein Ebrahimi Dinani
3959:Syed Muhammad Naquib al-Attas
3550:Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari
2585:Muhammad ibn Aslam Al-Ghafiqi
2207:Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari
1453:"Ibn Sina Abu 'Ali Al-Husayn"
916:, where Avicennism was later
576:Ibn Sina also contributed to
520:(although he was a critic of
5338:Constantinople (Taqi al-Din)
3636:Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi
2833:Muhammad ibn Yusuf al-Harawi
2621:Abraham ben Moses ben Maimon
2525:Abu al-Majd ibn Abi al-Hakam
2520:Abu al-Bayan ibn al-Mudawwar
2373:Mohammed ibn Abdun al-Jabali
2278:'Ali ibn al-'Abbas al-Majusi
1642:Fancy, Nahyan A. G. 2006. "
5514:Islamic philosophical texts
5327:University of al-Qarawiyyin
4531:Ibn al-Banna' al-Marrakushi
3010:Anatomy Charts of the Arabs
2595:Ya'qub ibn Ishaq al-Israili
2009:On the Science of the Pulse
1878:McGinnis, Jon (July 2003),
1731:Goodman, Lenn Evan (1992);
1599:University of Chicago Press
1567:University of Chicago Press
950:logic in Islamic philosophy
920:in 1210. Nevertheless, his
670:He also writes that strong
335:
5530:
4571:Shams al-Din al-Samarqandi
3914:Muhammad Husayn Tabatabaei
3814:Qadi Mir Husayn al-Maybudi
3728:Jalal ad-Din Muhammad Rumi
3058:Kamel al-Sanaat al-Tibbyya
2843:Shaykh Muhammad ibn Thaleb
2792:Yusuf ibn Ismail al-Kutubi
1853:Journal of Islamic Studies
1593:Rudwick, M. J. S. (1985),
1507:Goodman, Lenn Evan. 1992.
1477:Goodman, Lenn Evan. 2003.
1325:Marmura, Michael E. 2005.
1253:Shehaby, N., trans. 1973.
1110:
998:which are critical to the
936:influenced the thought of
858:
624:
29:
5412:Medieval European science
4843:
4832:
4821:
4672:Sadr al-Shari'a al-Asghar
4429:Ibrahim ibn Said al-Sahli
4092:
4088:
4075:
3662:Abu'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī
3533:
3515:
3211:
2767:Muhammad ibn Mahmud Amuli
2762:Mas‘ud ibn Muhammad Sijzi
2686:Joseph ben Judah of Ceuta
2530:Abu'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī
2368:Isaac Israeli ben Solomon
2025:
1974:Al-isharat wa al-tanbihat
1693:A history of formal logic
1674:. Iep.utm.edu. 2013-08-02
1074:Avicenna's proof for the
776:explanations for certain
690:(the classical senses of
639:, Avicenna discusses the
32:al-Shifa (disambiguation)
5460:(in Arabic) – via
4662:Nizam al-Din al-Nisapuri
4556:Muhyi al-Din al-Maghribi
4197:Ali ibn Isa al-Asturlabi
3127:Ancient Iranian medicine
2915:Abd El Razzaq Al-Jazaïri
2787:Sadid al-Din al-Kazaruni
2651:Hussam al-Din al-Jarrahi
2616:Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi
2439:Ammar ibn Ali al-Mawsili
2338:Al-Tamimi, the physician
2125:Ibn Abi Ramtha al-Tamimi
1697:Indiana University Press
1659:University of Notre Dame
1419:Early Islamic philosophy
887:early Islamic philosophy
4764:Baha' al-din al-'Amili
4738:'Abd al-'Aziz al-Wafa'i
4616:Fakhr al-Din al-Akhlati
4536:Ibn al‐Ha'im al‐Ishbili
3646:Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani
3595:Abu Ya'qub al-Sijistani
3555:Abu al-Abbas Iranshahri
3079:Lives of the Physicians
3044:Zakhireye Khwarazmshahi
2990:Al-Risalah al-Dhahabiah
2946:Al-Khurasani al-Shirazi
2828:Muhammad Ali Astarabadi
2691:Najib ad-Din Samarqandi
2414:Abu al-Hakam al-Kirmani
2343:Eutychius of Alexandria
2318:Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi
1839:10.5840/monist197054212
1770:Encyclopædia Britannica
1483:Oxford University Press
1125:and describes an early
1022:the difference between
1014:, imbued as it is with
686:into the five external
612:of plants and animals:
5045:Navigational astrolabe
4800:Al Achsasi al Mouakket
4566:Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi
4485:Al-Samawal al-Maghribi
4434:Ibn Mu'adh al-Jayyani
4363:Abu al-Hasan al-Ahwazi
3979:Mohammed Abed al-Jabri
3929:Mohammad Baqir al-Sadr
3890:Shah Waliullah Dehlawi
3758:Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi
3585:Abu Sulayman Sijistani
3407:Transcendent theosophy
3122:Ancient Greek medicine
2782:Rashid-al-Din Hamadani
2696:Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi
2540:Al-Samawal al-Maghribi
2434:Ali ibn Yusuf al-Ilaqi
2404:Abdollah ibn Bukhtishu
2308:Abu al-Hasan al-Tabari
2016:The Book of the Mi'raj
1455:. Muslimphilosophy.com
1362:In English Translation
1351:Rahman, F., ed. 1959.
977:propositional calculus
973:hypothetical syllogism
867:medieval Islamic world
618:
569:
344:
246:Bu-Ali Sina University
220:Ali ibn Yusuf al-Ilaqi
57:
5381:Hellenistic astronomy
5352:Samarkand (Ulugh Beg)
5146:Deferent and epicycle
4546:Alam al-Din al-Hanafi
4515:Sharaf al-Din al-Tusi
4157:Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi
3763:Sadr al-Din al-Qunawi
3106:Nur al-Din Bimaristan
2997:The Canon of Medicine
2818:Burhan-ud-din Kermani
2424:Ali ibn Isa al-Kahhal
2409:Abu 'Ubayd al-Juzjani
2313:Abu al-Qasim Muqane'i
2257:Yuhanna ibn Bukhtishu
1960:The Canon of Medicine
1896:10.1353/hph.2003.0033
1655:doctoral dissertation
1406:The Canon of Medicine
1182:), and the method of
1123:philosophy of science
1117:The Canon of Medicine
1111:Further information:
1107:Philosophy of science
1103:Necessary Existent."
1100:cosmological argument
631:The Canon of Medicine
565:
402:The Canon of Medicine
205:Abu 'Ubayd al-Juzjani
146:The Canon of Medicine
5371:Babylonian astronomy
5186:Gravitational energy
4561:Nasir al-Din al-Tusi
4551:Najm al‐Din al‐Misri
4232:Yahya ibn Abi Mansur
4131:Mashallah ibn Athari
4116:Al-Fadl ibn Naubakht
3994:Reza Davari Ardakani
3870:Abd al-Razzaq Lahiji
3804:Sadr ad-Din Dashtaki
3753:Fakhr al-Din al-Razi
3667:Afdal al-Din Kashani
2889:Sultan Ali Khorasani
2590:Serapion the Younger
2232:Jabril ibn Bukhtishu
2115:Al-Harith ibn Kalada
1257:, Dordrecht: Reidel.
1204:Sections of the text
1080:ontological argument
804:, and explains that
772:Avicenna also gives
598:succus lapidificatus
426:arithmetic, geometry
38:The Book of Healing
5312:Al-Azhar University
5131:Celestial mechanics
4921:Book of Fixed Stars
4880:The Book of Healing
4859:Aja'ib al-Makhluqat
4601:Ibn Ishaq al-Tunisi
4576:Zakariya al-Qazwini
4187:Al-Ḥajjāj ibn Yūsuf
4182:Abu Hanifa Dinawari
3954:Seyyed Hossein Nasr
3875:Mujaddid Alf-i-Sani
3865:Mohsen Fayz Kashani
3824:Sayyid Haydar Amuli
3334:Medieval psychology
3306:Natural philosophy
3158:Medical Renaissance
3016:The Book of Healing
2920:Qurayshi al-Shirazi
2711:Zakariya al-Qazwini
2600:Zayn al-Din Gorgani
2242:Salmawaih ibn Bunan
1967:The Book of Healing
1866:10.1093/jis/12.1.18
1539:Islam & Science
1140:Posterior Analytics
1084:The Book of Healing
1012:Islamic metaphysics
926:William of Auvergne
637:The Book of Healing
316:The Book of Healing
139:The Book of Healing
53:Original title
39:
18:The book of healing
5499:Iranian literature
5376:Egyptian astronomy
5317:House of Knowledge
4995:Astronomical clock
4805:Muhammad al-Rudani
4202:Banū Mūsā brothers
4152:Abu Ali al-Khayyat
3964:Abdolkarim Soroush
3809:Aziz Mahmud Hudayi
3723:Hajji Bektash Wali
3259:medieval astronomy
3205:Islamic philosophy
3096:Al-'Adudi Hospital
3004:Tacuinum Sanitatis
2930:Maqsud-Ali Tabrizi
2449:Badi' al-Asturlabi
2348:Ibn Abi al-Ashʿath
2323:Abu ul-Ala Shirazi
2303:Abu Zayd al-Balkhi
2252:Yahya ibn Sarafyun
2145:Rufaida Al-Aslamia
2140:Nafi ibn al-Harith
1764:2007-10-12 at the
1722:(3), pp. 445–450 .
1649:2015-04-04 at the
1579:2010-03-14 at the
1431:Medical literature
1414:Islamic Golden Age
1149:scientific inquiry
958:Aristotelian logic
438:Greek philosophers
236:Avicenna Mausoleum
177:On God's existence
79:Natural Philosophy
5479:Works by Avicenna
5433:
5432:
5429:
5428:
5425:
5424:
5407:Chinese astronomy
5402:Byzantine science
5276:Temporal finitism
5206:Islamic cosmology
5136:Celestial spheres
4956:
4955:
4848:Arabic star names
4817:
4816:
4813:
4812:
4677:Fathullah Shirazi
4611:Al-Ashraf Umar II
4323:Ibrahim ibn Sinan
4126:Ibrāhīm al-Fazārī
4035:
4034:
4031:
4030:
4027:
4026:
3880:Rajab Ali Tabrizi
3819:Mahmud Shabistari
3799:Jalaladdin Davani
3748:Nasir al-Din Tusi
3570:Abu Hatim al-Razi
3511:
3510:
3171:
3170:
3163:Medieval medicine
2954:
2953:
2813:Abu Sa'id al-Afif
2646:Da'ud Abu al-Fadl
2535:Ahmad ibn Farrokh
2150:Zaynab al-Awadiya
2053:
2052:
1981:Alai Encyclopedia
1384:Avicenna (2010).
1375:Avicenna (2005).
1320:Etudes Musulmanes
1127:scientific method
1090:, which utilizes
1061:) and existence (
1000:scientific method
922:Muslim psychology
910:scholastic Europe
796:. He states that
778:somatic illnesses
672:negative emotions
448:thinkers such as
333:
312:
311:
276:Scholars Pavilion
251:Avicenne Hospital
241:Avicenna (crater)
92:
91:
16:(Redirected from
5521:
5465:
5417:Indian astronomy
5386:Indian astronomy
5354:
5347:
5340:
5261:Sublunary sphere
5251:Specific gravity
5151:Earth's rotation
5040:Mural instrument
4985:Armillary sphere
4908:Alfonsine tables
4873:Tabula Rogeriana
4853:Islamic calendar
4841:
4834:
4823:
4718:Sibt al-Maridini
4703:Jamshid al-Kashi
4424:Said al-Andalusi
4227:Thābit ibn Qurra
4162:Abu Said Gorgani
4136:Yaʿqūb ibn Ṭāriq
4090:
4077:
4062:
4055:
4048:
4039:
4009:Hasanzadeh Amoli
4004:Mostafa Malekian
3974:Taha Abdurrahman
3949:Ismail al-Faruqi
3907:
3829:Dawūd al-Qayṣarī
3560:Abu Bakr al-Razi
3535:
3517:
3342:
3329:Medieval science
3324:
3309:
3291:
3281:
3244:
3233:
3213:
3198:
3191:
3184:
3175:
3153:Learned medicine
3148:Ibn Sina Academy
2848:Şerafeddin Kadir
2823:Husayni Isfahani
2757:Mansur ibn Ilyas
2701:Rashidun al-Suri
2580:Moshe ben Maimon
2363:Ibrahim ibn Baks
2293:Abu Bakr al-Razi
2227:Jabir ibn Hayyan
2222:Ishaq ibn Hunayn
2217:Hunayn ibn Ishaq
2100:
2087:Islamic medicine
2080:
2073:
2066:
2057:
2043:
2042:
2033:
2032:
1936:
1929:
1922:
1913:
1907:
1906:
1875:
1869:
1848:
1842:
1841:
1822:
1816:
1810:The Muslim World
1806:
1800:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1780:
1774:
1754:
1748:
1729:
1723:
1713:
1707:
1689:
1683:
1682:
1680:
1679:
1668:
1662:
1640:
1634:
1625:
1612:
1611:
1590:
1584:
1555:Toulmin, Stephen
1552:
1546:
1545:
1530:
1524:
1505:
1494:
1479:Islamic Humanism
1475:
1464:
1463:
1461:
1460:
1449:
1389:
1380:
1166:first principles
1076:existence of God
1016:Islamic theology
990:and made use of
971:He wrote on the
826:mental disorders
468:(Alfarabi), and
414:natural sciences
374:Abu Ali ibn Sīna
360:
347:; also known as
338:
328:
326:
304:
297:
290:
120:
101:
94:
62:
60:
40:
21:
5529:
5528:
5524:
5523:
5522:
5520:
5519:
5518:
5469:
5468:
5454:
5439:
5434:
5421:
5390:
5359:
5350:
5343:
5336:
5322:House of Wisdom
5300:
5256:Spherical Earth
5089:
5020:Equatorial ring
5000:Celestial globe
4975:Analog computer
4952:
4947:Sullam al-sama'
4892:
4828:
4809:
4778:
4742:
4681:
4620:
4519:
4505:Jabir ibn Aflah
4448:
4379:Abu Nasr Mansur
4367:
4348:Abolfadl Harawi
4283:Ahmad ibn Yusuf
4236:
4140:
4111:Ahmad Nahavandi
4099:
4084:
4071:
4066:
4036:
4023:
3989:Fouad Zakariyya
3984:Mohammed Arkoun
3939:Frithjof Schuon
3905:
3899:
3885:Qazi Sa’id Qumi
3838:
3772:
3711:
3650:
3599:
3529:
3507:
3421:
3380:Illuminationism
3346:
3340:
3322:
3307:
3290:(jurisprudence)
3289:
3279:
3242:
3231:
3207:
3202:
3172:
3167:
3136:
3110:
3084:
2975:
2950:
2934:
2898:
2879:Dawud al-Antaki
2852:
2801:
2715:
2656:Ibn Abi Usaibia
2604:
2503:
2494:Jonah ibn Janah
2392:
2283:Aayon Ibn Aayon
2266:
2247:Shapur ibn Sahl
2175:
2154:
2110:Abu Hafsa Yazid
2089:
2084:
2054:
2049:
2021:
1988:Book of science
1945:
1940:
1910:
1877:
1876:
1872:
1849:
1845:
1824:
1823:
1819:
1815:(3-4), 161–171.
1807:
1803:
1793:
1791:
1782:
1781:
1777:
1766:Wayback Machine
1755:
1751:
1730:
1726:
1714:
1710:
1690:
1686:
1677:
1675:
1670:
1669:
1665:
1651:Wayback Machine
1641:
1637:
1626:
1615:
1609:
1592:
1591:
1587:
1581:Wayback Machine
1553:
1549:
1532:
1531:
1527:
1506:
1497:
1476:
1467:
1458:
1456:
1451:
1450:
1443:
1439:
1424:Islamic science
1396:
1383:
1374:
1364:
1313:Logos Islamikos
1206:
1188:experimentation
1133:. He discusses
1119:
1109:
1046:, owes much to
1020:Aristotelianism
1008:
992:inductive logic
966:Albertus Magnus
954:system of logic
946:
930:Albertus Magnus
894:medieval Europe
871:Aristotelianism
863:
857:
788:) as a type of
720:sensus communis
712:ancient history
680:al Wahm al-Amil
633:
623:
602:Albertus Magnus
550:
507:
483:
478:
378:medieval Persia
348:
336:Kitāb al-Shifāʾ
308:
118:
117:
58:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5527:
5525:
5517:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5471:
5470:
5467:
5466:
5451:
5445:
5438:
5437:External links
5435:
5431:
5430:
5427:
5426:
5423:
5422:
5420:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5398:
5396:
5392:
5391:
5389:
5388:
5383:
5378:
5373:
5367:
5365:
5361:
5360:
5358:
5357:
5356:
5355:
5348:
5341:
5329:
5324:
5319:
5314:
5308:
5306:
5302:
5301:
5299:
5298:
5293:
5288:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5263:
5258:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5166:Elliptic orbit
5163:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5141:Circular orbit
5138:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5097:
5095:
5091:
5090:
5088:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4966:
4964:
4958:
4957:
4954:
4953:
4951:
4950:
4943:
4936:
4929:
4927:Toledan Tables
4924:
4917:
4910:
4904:
4902:
4894:
4893:
4891:
4890:
4883:
4876:
4869:
4862:
4855:
4850:
4844:
4838:
4830:
4829:
4826:
4819:
4818:
4815:
4814:
4811:
4810:
4808:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4790:Yang Guangxian
4786:
4784:
4780:
4779:
4777:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4750:
4748:
4744:
4743:
4741:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4689:
4687:
4683:
4682:
4680:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4628:
4626:
4622:
4621:
4619:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4527:
4525:
4521:
4520:
4518:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4456:
4454:
4450:
4449:
4447:
4446:
4444:Ali ibn Khalaf
4441:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4419:Kushyar Gilani
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4389:Ali ibn Ridwan
4386:
4381:
4375:
4373:
4369:
4368:
4366:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4353:Haseb-i Tabari
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4244:
4242:
4238:
4237:
4235:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4222:Sahl ibn Bishr
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4148:
4146:
4142:
4141:
4139:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4107:
4105:
4101:
4100:
4098:
4097:
4093:
4086:
4085:
4080:
4073:
4072:
4067:
4065:
4064:
4057:
4050:
4042:
4033:
4032:
4029:
4028:
4025:
4024:
4022:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3919:Muhammad Iqbal
3916:
3910:
3908:
3901:
3900:
3898:
3897:
3895:Hādī Sabzavārī
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3855:Mir Fendereski
3852:
3846:
3844:
3840:
3839:
3837:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3780:
3778:
3774:
3773:
3771:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3719:
3717:
3713:
3712:
3710:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3658:
3656:
3652:
3651:
3649:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3607:
3605:
3601:
3600:
3598:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3580:Ikhwan al-Safa
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3541:
3539:
3531:
3530:
3520:
3513:
3512:
3509:
3508:
3506:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3429:
3427:
3423:
3422:
3420:
3419:
3414:
3412:Traditionalist
3409:
3404:
3403:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3356:
3354:
3348:
3347:
3345:
3344:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3316:
3311:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3283:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3262:
3261:
3256:
3246:
3235:
3225:
3219:
3217:
3209:
3208:
3203:
3201:
3200:
3193:
3186:
3178:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3144:
3142:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3118:
3116:
3112:
3111:
3109:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3092:
3090:
3086:
3085:
3083:
3082:
3075:
3068:
3061:
3054:
3047:
3040:
3033:
3026:
3019:
3012:
3007:
3000:
2993:
2985:
2983:
2977:
2976:
2974:
2973:
2968:
2962:
2960:
2956:
2955:
2952:
2951:
2949:
2948:
2942:
2940:
2936:
2935:
2933:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2906:
2904:
2900:
2899:
2897:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2884:Hakim-e-Gilani
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2864:Rostam Gorgani
2860:
2858:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2809:
2807:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2723:
2721:
2717:
2716:
2714:
2713:
2708:
2706:Sa'ad al-Dawla
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2612:
2610:
2606:
2605:
2603:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2575:Ibn al-Tilmīdh
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2511:
2509:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2484:Ibn al-Kattani
2481:
2479:Ibn al-Haytham
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2459:Ibn Al-Thahabi
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2429:Ali ibn Ridwan
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2400:
2398:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2390:
2388:Qusta ibn Luqa
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2274:
2272:
2268:
2267:
2265:
2264:
2262:Yusuf al-Khuri
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2183:
2181:
2177:
2176:
2174:
2173:
2171:Ja'ar al-Sadiq
2168:
2162:
2160:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2106:
2104:
2097:
2091:
2090:
2085:
2083:
2082:
2075:
2068:
2060:
2051:
2050:
2048:
2047:
2037:
2026:
2023:
2022:
2020:
2019:
2012:
2005:
2002:Five Treatises
1998:
1991:
1984:
1977:
1970:
1963:
1955:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1941:
1939:
1938:
1931:
1924:
1916:
1909:
1908:
1890:(3): 307–327,
1870:
1843:
1817:
1801:
1775:
1749:
1724:
1708:
1684:
1663:
1635:
1613:
1607:
1601:, p. 24,
1585:
1559:June Goodfield
1547:
1525:
1495:
1465:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1433:
1428:
1427:
1426:
1421:
1411:
1410:
1409:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1390:
1381:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1358:
1357:
1356:
1336:
1335:
1334:
1323:
1316:
1296:
1284:
1272:
1260:
1259:
1258:
1239:
1235:Interpretation
1227:
1205:
1202:
1168:: the ancient
1108:
1105:
1088:a priori proof
1078:was the first
1007:
1004:
994:, such as the
945:
942:
938:Thomas Aquinas
859:Main article:
856:
853:
847:that he was a
770:
769:
755:
741:
731:
728:
622:
619:
574:
573:
549:
548:Earth sciences
546:
506:
503:
482:
479:
477:
474:
452:; and earlier
310:
309:
307:
306:
299:
292:
284:
281:
280:
279:
278:
273:
268:
260:
253:
248:
243:
238:
230:
229:
225:
224:
223:
222:
217:
212:
207:
199:
198:
192:
191:
190:
189:
184:
179:
174:
166:
165:
161:
160:
159:
158:
157:
156:
149:
142:
130:
129:
123:
122:
112:
111:
103:
102:
90:
89:
86:
82:
81:
76:
72:
71:
68:
64:
63:
54:
50:
49:
44:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5526:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5494:Iranian books
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5476:
5474:
5463:
5459:
5458:
5452:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5440:
5436:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5399:
5397:
5393:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5368:
5366:
5362:
5353:
5349:
5346:
5342:
5339:
5335:
5334:
5333:
5332:Observatories
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5309:
5307:
5303:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5286:Triangulation
5284:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5196:Heliocentrism
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5098:
5096:
5092:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5070:Shadow square
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4967:
4965:
4963:
4959:
4949:
4948:
4944:
4942:
4941:
4940:Zij-i Sultani
4937:
4935:
4934:
4933:Zij-i Ilkhani
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4922:
4918:
4916:
4915:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4905:
4903:
4901:
4900:
4895:
4889:
4888:
4884:
4882:
4881:
4877:
4875:
4874:
4870:
4868:
4867:
4863:
4861:
4860:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4845:
4842:
4839:
4835:
4831:
4824:
4820:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4787:
4785:
4781:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4751:
4749:
4745:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4708:Kadızade Rumi
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4690:
4688:
4684:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4632:Ibn al-Shatir
4630:
4629:
4627:
4623:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4606:Ibn al‐Raqqam
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4528:
4526:
4522:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4500:Ibn al-Kammad
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4457:
4455:
4451:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4414:Ibn al-Saffar
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4376:
4374:
4370:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4245:
4243:
4239:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4149:
4147:
4143:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4108:
4106:
4102:
4095:
4094:
4091:
4087:
4083:
4078:
4074:
4070:
4063:
4058:
4056:
4051:
4049:
4044:
4043:
4040:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3911:
3909:
3902:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3847:
3845:
3841:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3781:
3779:
3775:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3720:
3718:
3714:
3708:
3707:Shams Tabrizi
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3659:
3657:
3653:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3641:Nasir Khusraw
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3616:Ibn Miskawayh
3614:
3612:
3609:
3608:
3606:
3602:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3542:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3527:
3523:
3518:
3514:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3430:
3428:
3424:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3387:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3357:
3355:
3353:
3349:
3343:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3251:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3241:
3236:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3220:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3199:
3194:
3192:
3187:
3185:
3180:
3179:
3176:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3145:
3143:
3139:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3113:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3093:
3091:
3087:
3081:
3080:
3076:
3074:
3073:
3069:
3067:
3066:
3062:
3060:
3059:
3055:
3053:
3052:
3051:Adab al-Tabib
3048:
3046:
3045:
3041:
3039:
3038:
3034:
3032:
3031:
3027:
3025:
3024:
3020:
3018:
3017:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3005:
3001:
2999:
2998:
2994:
2992:
2991:
2987:
2986:
2984:
2982:
2978:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2966:Ophthalmology
2964:
2963:
2961:
2957:
2947:
2944:
2943:
2941:
2937:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2901:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2869:ʽImad Shirazi
2867:
2865:
2862:
2861:
2859:
2855:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2810:
2808:
2804:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2747:Ibn al-Khatib
2745:
2743:
2742:Ibn al-Akfani
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2718:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2681:Ibn al‐Raqqam
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2666:Ibn al-Baitar
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2631:Al-Shahrazuri
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2607:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2506:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2454:Ibn Abi Sadiq
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2401:
2399:
2395:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2358:Ibn al-Jazzar
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2275:
2273:
2269:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2182:
2178:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2157:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2081:
2076:
2074:
2069:
2067:
2062:
2061:
2058:
2046:
2038:
2036:
2028:
2027:
2024:
2018:
2017:
2013:
2011:
2010:
2006:
2004:
2003:
1999:
1997:
1996:
1992:
1990:
1989:
1985:
1983:
1982:
1978:
1976:
1975:
1971:
1969:
1968:
1964:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1937:
1932:
1930:
1925:
1923:
1918:
1917:
1914:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1874:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1856:12(1):18–39.
1855:
1854:
1847:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1833:(2): 234–49,
1832:
1828:
1821:
1818:
1814:
1811:
1805:
1802:
1789:
1785:
1779:
1776:
1772:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1753:
1750:
1746:
1745:0-415-01929-X
1742:
1738:
1734:
1728:
1725:
1721:
1718:
1712:
1709:
1705:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1688:
1685:
1673:
1667:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1645:
1639:
1636:
1633:43(4):357–77.
1632:
1631:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1608:0-226-73103-0
1604:
1600:
1596:
1589:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1575:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1551:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1529:
1526:
1522:
1521:0-415-01929-X
1518:
1514:
1510:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1491:0-19-513580-6
1488:
1484:
1480:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1466:
1454:
1448:
1446:
1442:
1436:
1432:
1429:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1415:
1412:
1408:
1407:
1403:
1402:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1393:
1387:
1382:
1378:
1373:
1372:
1371:
1369:
1361:
1354:
1350:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1321:
1317:
1314:
1310:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1281:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1268:Demonstration
1264:
1261:
1256:
1252:
1251:
1249:
1248:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1236:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1214:
1213:
1211:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1195:
1194:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1180:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1141:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1118:
1114:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1072:
1070:
1066:
1065:
1060:
1056:
1051:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1040:
1035:
1034:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1005:
1003:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
982:
978:
974:
969:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
943:
941:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
890:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
862:
854:
852:
850:
846:
841:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
790:mood disorder
787:
783:
779:
775:
774:psychological
767:
763:
759:
756:
753:
749:
745:
742:
739:
735:
732:
729:
726:
722:
721:
717:
716:
715:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
668:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
632:
628:
620:
617:
613:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
571:
570:
568:
564:
562:
558:
554:
547:
545:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
526:mineralogical
523:
519:
516:
513:combined the
512:
504:
502:
500:
496:
493:is closer to
492:
488:
480:
475:
473:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
406:
404:
403:
398:
394:
389:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
368:
367:philosophical
364:
359:
358:
353:
352:
346:
342:
337:
331:
322:
318:
317:
305:
300:
298:
293:
291:
286:
285:
283:
282:
277:
274:
272:
269:
267:
265:
264:The Physician
261:
259:
258:
257:The Physician
254:
252:
249:
247:
244:
242:
239:
237:
234:
233:
232:
231:
226:
221:
218:
216:
215:Ibn Abi Sadiq
213:
211:
208:
206:
203:
202:
201:
200:
197:
193:
188:
185:
183:
180:
178:
175:
173:
170:
169:
168:
167:
162:
155:
154:
150:
148:
147:
143:
141:
140:
136:
135:
134:
133:
132:
131:
128:
124:
121:
113:
109:
105:
104:
100:
96:
95:
88:1027 (Arabic)
87:
83:
80:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
55:
51:
48:
45:
41:
33:
19:
5456:
5305:Institutions
5156:Eccentricity
5116:Astrophysics
5010:Compass rose
4945:
4938:
4931:
4919:
4912:
4897:
4885:
4879:
4878:
4871:
4864:
4857:
4723:Ibn al-Majdi
4698:Abd al‐Wajid
4657:Al-Wabkanawi
4652:Abū al‐ʿUqūl
4541:Jamal ad-Din
4510:Omar Khayyam
4338:Al-ʻIjliyyah
4313:Aṣ-Ṣaidanānī
4298:Ibn al-A'lam
4217:Al-Khwarizmi
4019:Partawi Shah
4014:Javadi Amoli
3999:Ahmad Fardid
3944:Martin Lings
3794:Hajji Bayram
3768:Ibn Taymiyya
3697:Omar Khayyám
3682:Ayn-al-Quzat
3677:Ahmad Yasavi
3590:Ibn Masarrah
3524:by century (
3522:Philosophers
3417:Contemporary
3319:
3286:
3276:
3239:
3228:
3077:
3070:
3063:
3056:
3049:
3042:
3035:
3028:
3021:
3015:
3014:
3002:
2995:
2988:
2939:18th century
2903:17th century
2857:16th century
2806:15th century
2797:Zayn-e-Attar
2720:14th century
2671:Ibn al-Nafis
2609:13th century
2508:12th century
2489:Ibn al-Wafid
2397:11th century
2271:10th century
2202:Ali al-Ridha
2014:
2007:
2000:
1993:
1986:
1979:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1958:
1887:
1883:
1873:
1851:
1846:
1830:
1826:
1820:
1812:
1809:
1804:
1794:November 27,
1792:. Retrieved
1787:
1778:
1768:
1752:
1732:
1727:
1719:
1716:
1711:
1692:
1687:
1676:. Retrieved
1666:
1661:. pp. 80-81.
1638:
1628:
1594:
1588:
1562:
1550:
1542:
1538:
1535:Hossein Nasr
1528:
1508:
1478:
1457:. Retrieved
1404:
1385:
1376:
1367:
1365:
1352:
1343:
1339:
1326:
1319:
1312:
1303:
1299:
1290:
1286:
1278:
1274:
1266:
1262:
1254:
1245:
1241:
1233:
1229:
1221:
1217:
1207:
1192:
1191:
1178:
1177:
1170:Aristotelian
1138:
1120:
1083:
1073:
1062:
1058:
1052:
1037:
1031:
1009:
970:
947:
932:, while his
891:
875:Neoplatonism
864:
842:
824:and lead to
771:
757:
743:
718:
710:known since
679:
669:
636:
634:
615:
610:petrifaction
597:
588:was caused.
578:paleontology
575:
572:Paleontology
566:
551:
534:Theophrastus
528:theories of
508:
484:
464:(Alkindus),
407:
400:
390:
386:Maverounnahr
370:encyclopedia
356:
355:
350:
349:
345:Sufficientia
315:
314:
313:
263:
255:
182:Floating man
151:
144:
138:
137:
5504:1020s books
5462:archive.org
5291:Tusi couple
5281:Trepidation
5246:Salah times
5181:Geocentrism
5055:Planisphere
5035:Graph paper
4962:Instruments
4914:Huihui Lifa
4795:Ehmedê Xanî
4754:Al-Birjandi
4733:al-Kubunani
4490:Abu al-Salt
4439:Al-Isfizari
4399:Ibn al-Samh
4278:Abu al-Wafa
4263:al-Khojandi
4167:Al-Farghani
4082:Astronomers
3934:René Guénon
3924:Gohar Shahi
3860:Mulla Sadra
3784:Ibn Khaldun
3395:metaphysics
3341:(mysticism)
3323:(education)
3301:Metaphysics
3280:(dialectic)
3266:Eschatology
3243:(intellect)
3030:De Gradibus
2676:Ibn al-Quff
2180:9th century
2159:8th century
2135:Masarjawaih
2103:7th century
1565:. Chicago:
1368:The Healing
1300:Al-Ilahiyat
1287:Al-Khatabah
1184:examination
1145:methodology
1069:agent-cause
1044:metaphysics
1006:Metaphysics
988:syllogistic
975:and on the
934:metaphysics
877:along with
836:, and weak
822:rationality
782:melancholia
734:imagination
606:naturalists
524:) with the
446:Hellenistic
434:metaphysics
418:mathematics
372:written by
325:کتاب الشفاء
266:(2013 film)
59:كتاب الشفاء
5473:Categories
5395:Influenced
5364:Influences
5236:Precession
5216:Multiverse
5121:Axial tilt
5101:Almucantar
5085:Triquetrum
5025:Equatorium
4774:Takiyüddin
4647:al-Battiwi
4642:Ibn Shuayb
4637:Al-Khalili
4480:Al-Khazini
4475:Al-Kharaqī
4470:Ibn Tufail
4460:Al-Bitruji
4394:Al-Zarqālī
4358:al-Majriti
4308:Al-Saghani
4303:Al-Nayrizi
4288:al-Battani
4207:Iranshahri
4192:Al-Marwazi
4096:by century
3789:Yunus Emre
3733:Ibn Sab’in
3702:Suhrawardi
3692:Ibn Tufail
3611:Al-Ghazali
3565:Apharabius
3400:psychology
3370:Avicennism
3232:(theology)
3141:Influenced
3115:Influences
3101:Bimarestan
2971:Psychology
2925:Tunakabuni
2838:Nurbakhshi
2737:Ibn Shuayb
2727:Al-Nagawri
2661:Ibn Tumlus
2641:As-Suwaydi
2626:Al-Dakhwar
2565:Ibn Tufayl
2560:Ibn Jumay‘
2464:Ibn Butlan
2353:Ibn Juljul
2328:Al-Kaŝkarī
2197:Albubather
2095:Physicians
1735:, p. 188,
1678:2014-08-05
1569:. p. 64. (
1459:2014-08-05
1437:References
1230:Al-‘Ibarah
1172:method of
1157:hypotheses
1113:Avicennism
1030:. Whereas
981:temporally
918:proscribed
883:Avicennism
861:Avicennism
855:Philosophy
786:depression
762:intentions
684:perception
653:perception
627:Avicennism
625:See also:
621:Psychology
594:petrifying
515:alchemical
422:quadrivium
397:philosophy
363:scientific
172:Avicennism
119:(Ibn Sīnā)
5271:Supernova
5226:Obliquity
5211:Moonlight
5111:Astrology
4990:Astrolabe
4769:Piri Reis
4759:al-Khafri
4728:al-Wafa'i
4713:Ulugh Beg
4693:Ali Kuşçu
4667:al-Jadiri
4586:al-Abhari
4384:al-Biruni
4318:Ibn Yunus
4293:Al-Qabisi
4268:al-Khazin
4177:Al-Mahani
3850:Mir Damad
3843:17th–19th
3777:14th–16th
3743:al-Abharī
3738:Ibn Arabi
3672:Ahi Evren
3631:Bahmanyār
3390:cosmology
3375:Averroism
3308:(physics)
3254:astrology
3249:Cosmology
3037:Al-Tasrif
2777:Nakhshabi
2555:Ibn Habal
2474:Ibn Jazla
2469:Ibn Hindu
2419:Al-Biruni
2333:Al-Natili
2237:Masawaiyh
2212:Bukhtishu
2192:Al-Ruhawi
2166:Bukhtishu
2130:Ibn Uthal
2120:Bukhtishu
1737:Routledge
1513:Routledge
1493:. p. 155.
1280:Dialectic
1263:Al-Burhan
1247:Syllogism
1218:Al-Mantiq
1174:induction
1161:deductive
1135:Aristotle
1092:intuition
1048:al-Farabi
1033:existence
1028:existence
984:modalized
902:existence
830:nightmare
814:happiness
812:changes:
738:intellect
649:sensation
645:existence
590:Aristotle
582:stoniness
557:Goodfield
530:Aristotle
505:Chemistry
497:than the
487:astronomy
481:Astronomy
470:Al-Bīrūnī
466:Al-Farabi
442:Aristotle
430:astronomy
330:romanized
228:Monuments
210:Bahmanyar
85:Published
5345:Maragheh
5296:Universe
5266:Sunlight
5231:Parallax
5221:Muwaqqit
5161:Ecliptic
5094:Concepts
5060:Quadrant
4980:Aperture
4495:Averroes
4465:Avempace
4409:Avicenna
4343:Nastulus
4333:al-Sijzi
4258:Al-Adami
4172:Al-Kindi
3687:Averroes
3626:Ibn Hazm
3621:Avicenna
3575:Al Amiri
3545:Al-Kindi
3538:9th–10th
3448:ʼIjtihād
3433:ʻAṣabīya
3426:Concepts
3365:Farabism
3320:Madrasah
3132:Ayurveda
2959:Concepts
2752:Jaghmini
2732:Aqsara'i
2570:Ibn Zuhr
2550:Averroes
2545:Avempace
2499:Masawaih
2444:Avicenna
2378:Muvaffak
2187:Al-Kindi
2035:Category
1995:Al-Nijat
1943:Avicenna
1904:30864273
1762:Archived
1733:Avicenna
1647:Archived
1577:Archived
1561:. 1965.
1523:. p. 31.
1509:Avicenna
1400:Avicenna
1394:See also
1344:The Soul
1304:Theology
1292:Rhetoric
1275:Al-Jadal
1242:Al-Qiyas
1198:premises
900:and his
845:delusion
834:epilepsy
806:humidity
748:instinct
725:percepts
676:hypnosis
659:and the
657:emotions
596:fluids (
544:states.
542:metallic
476:Sciences
462:Al-Kindi
440:such as
351:The Cure
164:Thoughts
153:Al-Nijat
116:Avicenna
108:a series
106:Part of
67:Language
47:Avicenna
5201:Inertia
5191:Gravity
5126:Azimuth
5075:Sundial
5065:Sextant
5015:Dioptra
5005:Compass
4970:Alidade
4581:al-Urdi
4404:Alhazen
4328:Ma Yize
4273:al-Qūhī
4248:al-Sufi
3906:present
3468:Maslaha
3352:Schools
3339:Sufism
3223:Alchemy
3089:Centers
3065:Al-Hawi
2045:Commons
1784:"Islam"
1533:Seyyed
1340:Al-Nafs
1193:tajriba
1179:istiqra
1131:inquiry
1039:essence
1024:essence
906:essence
865:In the
794:phobias
692:hearing
586:fossils
561:geology
553:Toulmin
538:mineral
522:alchemy
454:Persian
450:Ptolemy
432:), and
393:science
382:Bukhara
380:, near
361:) is a
357:Assepha
332::
5176:Galaxy
5171:Equant
5106:Apogee
5050:Octant
4827:Topics
3498:Tawḥīd
3458:ʻIrfān
3271:Ethics
3229:Aqidah
3216:Fields
1902:
1827:Monist
1790:. 2007
1743:
1605:
1557:. and
1519:
1489:
1153:axioms
1096:reason
1059:mahiat
1010:Early
838:memory
810:breath
784:(i.e.
766:memory
752:reason
688:senses
643:, its
511:metals
458:Muslim
321:Arabic
196:Pupils
70:Arabic
43:Author
5453:(AR)
5241:Qibla
5030:Globe
4837:Works
3904:20th–
3503:Ummah
3493:Shūrā
3488:Qiyās
3478:Qadar
3463:Ijmāʿ
3443:Iʻjaz
3360:Early
3314:Peace
3296:Logic
3277:Kalam
2981:Works
2383:Qumri
1951:Works
1900:S2CID
1222:Logic
1210:Cairo
1159:of a
1064:wujud
1055:being
944:Logic
914:Paris
879:Kalam
818:brain
802:mania
798:anger
758:ma'ni
754:; and
708:touch
704:taste
700:smell
696:sight
665:chasm
495:Earth
491:Venus
410:logic
341:Latin
127:Works
75:Genre
4783:17th
4747:16th
4686:15th
4625:14th
4524:13th
4453:12th
4372:11th
4241:10th
3834:Jami
3716:13th
3655:12th
3604:11th
3483:Qalb
3473:Nafs
3453:ʻIlm
3385:Sufi
3287:Fiqh
1796:2007
1741:ISBN
1603:ISBN
1517:ISBN
1487:ISBN
1186:and
1147:for
1115:and
1094:and
1026:and
928:and
898:soul
873:and
744:wahm
706:and
661:will
641:mind
629:and
555:and
540:and
532:and
395:and
365:and
4899:Zij
4253:Ibn
4145:9th
4104:8th
3438:Ḥāl
3240:Aql
1892:doi
1862:doi
1835:doi
1760:."
1701:cf.
1699:. (
1657:).
1653:" (
1571:cf.
1155:or
1137:'s
1129:of
849:cow
635:In
584:of
499:Sun
485:In
424:of
420:(a
384:in
354:or
5475::
3526:CE
1898:,
1888:41
1886:,
1882:,
1860:.
1831:54
1829:,
1813:74
1786:.
1739:,
1720:34
1616:^
1597:,
1583:.)
1541:,
1515:.
1511:.
1498:^
1485:.
1481:.
1468:^
1444:^
1370:.
1002:.
986:”
968:.
940:.
881:,
840:.
832:,
702:,
698:,
694:,
651:,
501:.
472:.
444:;
428:,
416:,
412:,
343::
339:;
327:,
323::
110:on
5464:.
4061:e
4054:t
4047:v
3528:)
3238:'
3197:e
3190:t
3183:v
2079:e
2072:t
2065:v
1935:e
1928:t
1921:v
1894::
1868:.
1864::
1837::
1798:.
1773:.
1756:"
1747:.
1706:)
1681:.
1543:1
1462:.
1346:)
1342:(
1333:.
1306:)
1302:(
1289:(
1277:(
1265:(
1244:(
1232:(
1224:)
1220:(
1190:(
1176:(
904:-
768:.
760:(
746:(
740:;
727:;
678:(
563::
456:/
319:(
303:e
296:t
289:v
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
