76:
918:
277:
of Thrace, in 680/681. However, it is unclear whether this implies the existence of Thrace as a separate command, with
Theodore holding a dual post, or whether Thrace was administratively united to the
660:
933:
653:
615:
646:
347:, counting 10 fortified places and 5,000 troops. Indeed, the boundaries of the theme fluctuated along with the northern frontier of Byzantium during the
928:
620:
943:
629:
538:
232:
579:
Catalogue of
Byzantine Seals at Dumbarton Oaks and in the Fogg Museum of Art, Volume 1: Italy, North of the Balkans, North of the Black Sea
255:
Traditionally, it has been held that the theme (at the time primarily a military command) was constituted in c. 680, as a response to the
587:
562:
343:(wrote ca. 903) mention the theme as extending "from the long wall " to the theme of Macedonia, and north up to the country of the
553:
348:
301:, in the late eighth century, the theme was divided, with the western part being constituted as the separate theme of
56:
638:
669:
938:
398:
From the eleventh century, Thrace and
Macedonia appear to have been usually combined, as attested by numerous
387:. Thus, at around the start of the tenth century, the theme comprised essentially the eastern half of modern
344:
306:
112:
923:
835:
372:
865:
853:
847:
752:
740:
573:
408:) holding jurisdiction over both themes. The name fell out of use as an administrative term in the
800:
705:
409:
859:
823:
782:
764:
734:
625:
583:
558:
548:
534:
352:
320:
302:
889:
776:
758:
716:
673:
376:
236:
166:
60:
31:
883:
829:
298:
871:
841:
788:
701:
695:
388:
336:
216:
96:
912:
794:
678:
412:, but it is still encountered in some historians of the time as an antiquarian term.
273:
116:
901:
Thrace and
Macedonia were counted among the Eastern themes for hierarchical purposes
75:
360:
340:
152:
577:
528:
286:
of Thrace are not clearly attested in literary sources until 742, while seals of
877:
311:
17:
709:
291:
104:
35:
728:
261:
770:
722:
267:
100:
746:
392:
368:
256:
240:
404:
384:
380:
356:
244:
203:
108:
582:. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection.
332:
316:
530:
Byzantium in the
Seventh Century: The Transformation of a Culture
364:
642:
351:. Initially, the theme must have comprised most of the ancient
221:
46:
290:
are also extant only from the eighth century on. Initially,
379:
to roughly the line of the present
Bulgarian frontier with
919:
States and territories disestablished in the 14th century
391:, although it extended north along the coast to include
375:(r. 893–927) the border moved by stages south of the
34:, which was situated in the central western coast of
809:
687:
601:(in Italian). Rome: Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana.
199:
177:
163:
149:
139:
127:
92:
43:
444:
259:threat. This is based on the mention of a certain
27:Administrative subdivision of the Byzantine Empire
557:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
934:States and territories established in the 680s
654:
327:("of Thrace") is also attested, possibly the
8:
305:. From then on, the theme's capital was at
661:
647:
639:
74:
40:
533:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
506:
504:
599:Constantino Porfirogenito: De Thematibus
621:The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity
510:
495:
483:
471:
459:
440:
438:
436:
420:
91:
455:
453:
427:
194:
190:
176:
162:
148:
138:
134:
122:
7:
624:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
355:, except for the country along the
179:• Divided into smaller units.
554:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
294:was probably the theme's capital.
243:, comprising varying parts of the
25:
929:Themes of the Byzantine Empire
618:. In Nicholson, Oliver (ed.).
445:Nesbitt & Oikonomides 1991
363:), but after the conquests of
1:
239:located in the south-eastern
944:Geography of medieval Thrace
331:deputy at Arcadiopolis. The
30:Not to be confused with the
245:eponymous geographic region
223:θέμα Θρᾴκης or θέμα Θρᾳκῷον
960:
810:Western or European themes
222:
47:
29:
899:
220:
195:
191:
187:
135:
123:
73:
66:
55:
48:θέμα Θρᾴκης, θέμα Θρᾳκῷον
614:Humphreys, Mike (2018).
527:Haldon, John F. (1997).
359:overrun by the Bulgars (
349:Byzantine–Bulgarian Wars
688:Eastern or Asian themes
325:tourmarches tes Thrakes
265:Theodore, Count of the
84:of Asia Minor and the
474:, pp. 2079–2080.
597:Pertusi, A. (1952).
574:Oikonomides, Nicolas
339:(wrote ca. 847) and
282:. In fact, separate
247:during its history.
88:of Thrace in c. 780.
498:, pp. 157–158.
309:, with subordinate
141:• Established
616:"Thrace, Theme of"
549:Kazhdan, Alexander
410:Palaiologan period
371:(r. 814–831), and
323:. Another, called
227:) was a province (
69:1230s–14th century
906:
905:
783:Cibyrrhaeot Theme
735:Bucellarian Theme
631:978-0-19-866277-8
540:978-0-521-31917-1
353:Diocese of Thrace
209:
208:
16:(Redirected from
951:
717:Thracesian Theme
674:Byzantine Empire
663:
656:
649:
640:
635:
602:
593:
568:
544:
514:
508:
499:
493:
487:
481:
475:
469:
463:
457:
448:
442:
431:
425:
377:Balkan mountains
237:Byzantine Empire
226:
225:
224:
78:
61:Byzantine Empire
50:
49:
41:
32:Thracesian Theme
21:
959:
958:
954:
953:
952:
950:
949:
948:
939:Medieval Thrace
909:
908:
907:
902:
895:
884:Cherson/Klimata
805:
683:
667:
632:
613:
610:
608:Further reading
605:
596:
590:
576:, eds. (1991).
572:Nesbitt, John;
571:
565:
547:
541:
526:
522:
517:
513:, p. 2080.
509:
502:
494:
490:
482:
478:
470:
466:
458:
451:
443:
434:
426:
422:
418:
299:Irene of Athens
253:
213:Theme of Thrace
180:
170:
156:
142:
79:
68:
51:
44:Theme of Thrace
39:
28:
23:
22:
18:Theme of Thrace
15:
12:
11:
5:
957:
955:
947:
946:
941:
936:
931:
926:
921:
911:
910:
904:
903:
900:
897:
896:
894:
893:
886:
880:
874:
868:
862:
856:
850:
844:
838:
832:
826:
820:
813:
811:
807:
806:
804:
803:
797:
791:
785:
779:
773:
767:
761:
755:
749:
743:
737:
731:
725:
723:Opsician Theme
719:
713:
702:Armeniac Theme
698:
696:Anatolic Theme
691:
689:
685:
684:
668:
666:
665:
658:
651:
643:
637:
636:
630:
609:
606:
604:
603:
594:
588:
569:
563:
551:, ed. (1991).
545:
539:
523:
521:
518:
516:
515:
500:
488:
486:, p. 157.
476:
464:
462:, p. 156.
449:
447:, p. 155.
432:
430:, p. 216.
419:
417:
414:
389:Eastern Thrace
367:(r. 803–814),
337:Ibn Khordadbeh
297:Under Empress
252:
249:
207:
206:
201:
197:
196:
193:
192:
189:
188:
185:
184:
181:
178:
175:
174:
171:
164:
161:
160:
157:
150:
147:
146:
143:
140:
137:
136:
133:
132:
129:
128:Historical era
125:
124:
121:
120:
97:Constantinople
94:
90:
89:
80:The Byzantine
71:
70:
64:
63:
53:
52:
45:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
956:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
916:
914:
898:
891:
887:
885:
881:
879:
875:
873:
869:
867:
863:
861:
857:
855:
851:
849:
845:
843:
839:
837:
833:
831:
827:
825:
821:
819:
815:
814:
812:
808:
802:
798:
796:
792:
790:
786:
784:
780:
778:
774:
772:
768:
766:
762:
760:
756:
754:
750:
748:
744:
742:
738:
736:
732:
730:
726:
724:
720:
718:
714:
711:
707:
703:
699:
697:
693:
692:
690:
686:
681:
680:
679:De Thematibus
676:according to
675:
671:
664:
659:
657:
652:
650:
645:
644:
641:
633:
627:
623:
622:
617:
612:
611:
607:
600:
595:
591:
589:0-88402-194-7
585:
581:
580:
575:
570:
566:
564:0-19-504652-8
560:
556:
555:
550:
546:
542:
536:
532:
531:
525:
524:
519:
512:
507:
505:
501:
497:
492:
489:
485:
480:
477:
473:
468:
465:
461:
456:
454:
450:
446:
441:
439:
437:
433:
429:
424:
421:
415:
413:
411:
407:
406:
401:
396:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
313:
308:
304:
300:
295:
293:
289:
285:
281:
276:
275:
274:hypostrategos
270:
269:
264:
263:
258:
250:
248:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
218:
214:
205:
202:
200:Today part of
198:
186:
182:
172:
168:
158:
154:
144:
130:
126:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
95:
87:
83:
77:
72:
65:
62:
58:
54:
42:
37:
33:
19:
924:Roman Thrace
836:Thessalonica
817:
677:
619:
598:
578:
552:
529:
511:Kazhdan 1991
496:Pertusi 1952
491:
484:Pertusi 1952
479:
472:Kazhdan 1991
467:
460:Pertusi 1952
423:
403:
402:and judges (
399:
397:
361:Lower Moesia
341:Ibn al-Faqih
335:geographers
328:
324:
310:
307:Arcadiopolis
296:
287:
283:
279:
272:
266:
260:
254:
228:
212:
210:
183:14th century
113:Arcadiopolis
85:
81:
878:Longobardia
866:Dyrrhachium
854:Cephallenia
848:Peloponnese
753:Mesopotamia
741:Paphlagonia
428:Haldon 1997
312:tourmarchai
131:Middle Ages
67:c. 680–1204
913:Categories
888:(omitted:
801:Aegean Sea
710:Charsianon
706:Cappadocia
416:References
329:strategos'
292:Adrianople
117:Lüleburgaz
105:Adrianople
36:Asia Minor
860:Nicopolis
824:Macedonia
765:Sebasteia
729:Optimates
400:strategoi
393:Anchialos
321:Sozopolis
303:Macedonia
288:strategoi
284:strategoi
262:patrikios
235:) of the
169:recovery
155:conquest
890:Dalmatia
777:Seleucia
771:Lykandos
759:Koloneia
682:(c. 950)
280:Opsikion
268:Opsikion
101:Istanbul
830:Strymon
747:Chaldia
704:(incl.
672:of the
520:Sources
369:Omurtag
345:Bulgars
251:History
241:Balkans
167:Nicaean
165:•
151:•
145:680/681
93:Capital
82:themata
59:of the
872:Sicily
842:Hellas
818:Thrace
789:Cyprus
670:Themes
628:
586:
561:
537:
405:kritai
385:Turkey
381:Greece
373:Symeon
357:Danube
257:Bulgar
204:Turkey
109:Edirne
795:Samos
317:Bizye
233:theme
229:thema
217:Greek
173:1230s
153:Latin
86:thema
57:Theme
882:12.
876:11.
870:10.
799:17.
793:16.
787:15.
781:14.
775:13.
769:12.
763:11.
757:10.
708:and
626:ISBN
584:ISBN
559:ISBN
535:ISBN
383:and
365:Krum
333:Arab
319:and
271:and
211:The
159:1204
103:) /
864:9.
858:8.
852:7.
846:6.
840:5.
834:4.
828:3.
822:2.
816:1.
751:9.
745:8.
739:7.
733:6.
727:5.
721:4.
715:3.
700:2.
694:1.
315:at
231:or
111:)/
915::
503:^
452:^
435:^
395:.
219::
892:)
712:)
662:e
655:t
648:v
634:.
592:.
567:.
543:.
215:(
119:)
115:(
107:(
99:(
38:.
20:)
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