Theodora (wife of Theophilos)

762: 921:(814–843). In order to counteract opposition and save the legacy of her husband, Theodora claimed that Theophilos had repented of Iconoclasm on his deathbed. This story also ensured that Theophilos's iconoclasm would not adversely affect Michael's reign in the future. Though religious policy would normally have been decided in conjunction with religious officials, nearly all bishops of the empire had been forced to profess Iconoclasm. As such, Theodora instead assembled a group of officials, courtiers and clerics. The most prominent members of the assembly were Theodora herself, Theoktistos, Niketiates and Theodora's two brothers; more akin to a family affair than a large council. The group met at Theoktistos's house, where they condemned Iconoclasm through accepting the 1166:

by Bardas, further detailed that Theodora planned to retain power, elevate someone else to the throne and blind and depose Michael, following in Irene's footsteps. After years in exile, Bardas was summoned back to the capital by Michael and together they had Theoktistos assassinated in November 855. The conspiracy, which was also supported by Kalomaria (one of Theodora's sisters) and Theophanes (the chief of the wardrobe), may not originally have been intended to kill Theoktistos, and instead just to humiliate him and force him into exile. At a critical moment, however, Michael cried out to his guards to kill Theoktistos. According to the later writings of

804:. Most of her advisors were, like her, iconophiles, though some (including Theoktistos) had been iconoclasts up until recently. Theoktistos and possibly Bardas had been appointed to assist Theodora by Theophilos shortly before his death. Theophilos also appointed Manuel, Theodora's uncle, to assist her, but he might already have been dead by this point. Theophilos may have been felt it important to appoint such experienced officials to assist Theodora due to the previous reign of Irene. There is no evidence to suggest that he did so because of Theodora's religious convictions. Shortly after becoming senior ruler, Theodora was criticized by an 859:, it is difficult to determine whether Theodora or Theoktistos was primarily responsible for running the empire during Michael's minority, but that one or both should be considered "remarkably successful in government". Regardless of whether he was the effective power behind the throne, or simply an advisor, it is clear that Theoktistos, a senior government official with a long and loyal history of service, contributed to and influenced imperial policy during Theodora's reign. Theodora is recorded as handling the matters of state, appointing ministers and officials and handling diplomacy with foreign powers, sending ambassadors to 695: 813: 715: 711:

this, the younger daughter Pulcheria, about two years old, told her father in the middle of 839 of the "beautiful dolls" kept in a box in the monastery and how they would pull them to their faces and kiss them. Furious, Theophilos forbade his daughters from seeing Euphrosyne again and might also have forced Euphrosyne to leave the monastery. In any event, Theodora's and Euphrosyne's secret iconophile teachings had already been successful; none of Theophilos's and Theodora's children grew up to become iconoclasts.

940:, ordering a servant there to poke out the eyes of an icon, which prompted Theodora to order him to whipped 200 times (though she had at first wanted to blind him). Soon after becoming patriarch, Methodios had nearly every bishop in the empire deposed due to them having gone against the Second Council of Nicaea. On 11 March 843, the restoration of the icons was celebrated in a grand procession in the Hagia Sophia. The day of Theodora's assembly and restoration of the icons has been celebrated ever since as the 879:). Thus, she is clearly depicted as the senior ruler. These coins served to establish Theodora's own authority as ruler, and associate the young heirs. The coins also associate her eldest daughter (who is depicted more prominently than Michael) with imperial power, and show that Thekla was made co-empress alongside Michael. An imperial seal, also from the early years of her reign, gives not only Michael but also Theodora and Thekla the title "Emperors of the Romans". Later coins tend to depict the image of 635: 1170:, Theodora learned of what was happening and rushed to save Theoktistos, but was scared away by one of the conspirators. Distraught at the loss of her friend and confidant, Theodora was enraged at Michael and the other conspirators for several months. She is recorded to have berated him for killing the man who had "acted as a second father to him". Unable to placate his mother, Michael proclaimed himself sole emperor on 15 March 856, formally deposing her as empress and stripping her of the rank of 534: 1003: 1016: 68: 1198: 707:, for their daughters. According to a possibly invented account, the couple also had a falling out after Theophilos spotted a fine merchant ship in the harbor, asked who it belonged to, and was informed that it belonged to his wife. Deeming merchant activities to be incompatible with imperial life, Theophilos exclaimed "What! Has my wife made me, an emperor, into a merchant?" and immediately had the ship and its cargo burnt. 1134: 971: 745: 1044:

from the court. Perhaps worried that Bardas harbored certain ambitions of his own, Theodora did not put up much resistance to the idea of exiling him. Despite his failures, Theoktistos suffered no loss in prestige himself and remained influential at the imperial court. There was no major use of the military setbacks as propaganda by iconoclasts, and the veneration of icons endured mostly unchallenged.

898: 1088: 1035:. However, Theoktistos became concerned when he heard rumors that Theodora intended to name a new emperor, possibly her brother Bardas, and abandoned the campaign to return to Constantinople. Though these rumors were false, and Theodora very much intended to hold onto power herself, Theoktistos was unable to return to Crete since news arrived of an invasion of 1176:. The final catalyst for Theodora's deposition may have been her possibly being a part of a plot to assassinate Bardas. It is also possible that some senators wished to restore her to power, but Theodora refused. Theodora accepted the deposition, refraining from causing any of the damage that would result from a struggle for power, and retired in peace. 967:, finally reuniting her remains with those of her husband and placing her alongside the other rulers of the empire. It is possible that Theodora admired Irene on account of her being a previous female ruler as well as a previous restorer of the icons. Irene's grave would in later years often be commemorated as the resting place of an iconophile hero. 936:. The entire process was conducted in relative peace, though John at first refused to leave the patriarch's residence and showed wounds on his stomach that he claimed had been inflicted by imperial guards, though they were more likely self-inflicted. John also produced issues while in exile in a monastery by the 687:

the icon veneration secret given the privacy of the female quarters of the imperial palace. If he was aware, it is also not clear to what extent the differing religious convictions divided them on a personal level. At one point she succeeded in convincing her husband to release the imprisoned iconophile painter

1310:, commemorated on 11 February for her role in the restoration of the icons. Lynda Garland assessed Theodora as "a woman of character, who was able to exclude her brother from power without difficulty, who was not afraid to speak her mind when necessary, and who was fully capable of governing the empire". 871:. Coins issued in the first year of Theodora's reign show, significantly, Theodora (not Michael III) alone on the obverse and omit the other regents. Michael III and Thekla, the eldest daughter, are depicted on the reverse. Theodora is the only one given a title on these coins (she is titled Theodora 785:

and ruling as empress in her own right, Theodora was not as ruthless and did not need to use as drastic methods to retain power. Though she was only in her late twenties, she had several able and loyal advisors and was a capable leader who inspired loyalty. Theodora never remarried, which allowed her

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refusing to tonsure them since they were not becoming nuns willingly. Later sources record that while in exile, Theodora took pity on a number of men who came to her for protection for various reasons and helped them. It is possible that she was released around 863 and was allowed by Michael to play

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Relations between the emperor and empress were not always good. In 839, Theophilos was discovered to have begun an affair with one of Theodora's attendants, which the empress took badly and made public. Theophilos broke off the affair, apologized to his wife, and as part of his apologies constructed

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Towards the end of both of their lives, Theodora and Michael reconciled. In the autumn of 867, Theodora invited Michael to a dinner on 25 September and both seemed to be taking measures to ensure that it would be an agreeable occasion. Their dinner never took place since Michael was murdered by his

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Annoyed by not being able to choose his own wife, Michael resolved to overthrow his mother and the regents. Michael was also concerned about unfounded rumors that Theodora planned to remarry, perhaps to Theoktistos, or marry one of Michael's sisters off to some suitable noble. These rumors, started

1157:

to dismiss this narrative. Whatever the case, although Theodora's reign had been highly successful, both she and Theoktistos were dissatisfied with Michael III, who neglected matters of state in preference of chariot racing, drinking and spending time with his alleged mistress Eudokia Ingerina. In

1112:

of Bulgaria began making threats towards the empire as the Bulgarian treaty was once more about to expire, however, he was convinced to renew it without the need for military action. Later chronicles, probably fancifully, claimed that Theodora had threatened Boris that she would lead the Byzantine

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ended in a Byzantine defeat. In 854, the Arabs on Crete counterattacked and destroyed the Byzantine invasion force and killed Niketiates. The Byzantines had lost at Mauropotamos partly due to desertions to the Arabs, which Theoktistos blamed upon Bardas, and convinced Theodora to expel her brother

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Throughout Theophilos's reign, Theodora apparently continued to secretly venerate icons despite her husband's disapproval. It is not clear to which extent she practiced these beliefs, or to what extent Theophilos was aware of them. For the most part it would have been possible for Theodora to keep

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and also iconoclasts (as they rejected the entire material world). Shortly after restoring the icons, Theodora ordered the army to either forcefully convert, or execute, the Paulicians of the empire. Though some converted, thousands were killed and many escaped across the imperial border and were

731:

Theodora celebrated various public ceremonies together with her husband. Though she had barely witnessed such ceremonies before becoming empress, there is no evidence that she ever erred in her actions, perhaps she was helped by Euphrosyne. Theodora also took part in celebrations of her husband's

710:

Theodora's icon veneration sometimes led to conflict with her husband. She often sent their daughters to the monastery where Euphrosyne had retired to after 830. There, unbeknownst to Theophilos, the daughters were taught to venerate icons. Though the older daughters were smart and kept quiet of

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in the late 830s and commemorated on a highly unusual issue of coins, depicting Theophilos, Theodora and Thekla on the obverse (forward facing side) and Anna and Anastasia on the reverse. Constantine was the fourth eldest, followed by Pulcheria and Maria. Michael was the couple's youngest child.

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from exile, and with him assassinated Theoktistos in November 855. Theodora was enraged at Michael and the other conspirators for several months, before Michael, who was unable to placate his mother, deposed her on 15 March 856 and became sole emperor. Theodora continued to live in the imperial

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Theodora proved to be fully capable of governing the empire. Though only in her late twenties, she led well and inspired loyalty, was surrounded by experienced officials, and had no obvious rivals. The reintroduction of icon veneration was made without much issue, though the

847:(1912), Theodora's position was very similar to that of Irene during Constantine VI's regency and the imperial government was exercised jointly by both Theodora and the underage Michael III, with actual imperial authority "devolved upon the mother provisionally". In 1825, 1158:

the hope that marriage could perhaps steer him on the right course, Theodora organized a bride-show for her son. Though Eudokia Ingerina was allowed to be present, Theodora and Theoktistos disqualified her on account of not being a virgin. Michael was then married to

962:

and burned, with the ashes scattered so that no site would ever be associated with his burial. His tomb in the Church of the Holy Apostles was replaced with the tomb of Empress Irene, with her remains being transferred from her previous resting place on the island of

1402:

The decision to restore the icons is likely to have been Theodora's own idea and it demonstrates her authority as ruler and decision-maker. A figure like Theoktistos, who up until recently had been an iconoclast, is unlikely to have taken the initiative for such an

1063:

due to the expiration of a thirty-year treaty with the empire, but he was repulsed and forced to sign a new treaty. Theodora organized an expedition in 848 to attempt to retake Sicily, but it was defeated by the Arab invaders. In the summers of 851 to 854,

1124:

had also successfully been forced to pay tribute. Despite continuing a policy of high wages for the soldiers, instituted by Theophilos, Theodora maintained a small surplus in the imperial budget and even modestly increased the imperial gold reserves.

1072:, raided imperial territory, perhaps viewing the empire being governed by a young widow and her child as a sign of weakness. Though Ali's raids did little damage, Theodora decided to retaliate and sent raiding parties to raid the coastline of 1084:, taking 20,000 prisoners. On Theoktistos's orders, some of the prisoners who refused to convert to Christianity were executed. According to later chroniclers, these successes, particularly the sack of Anazarbus, impressed even the Arabs. 565:

for the young emperor, handpicking a selection of young women after having sent out officials to gather the most beautiful and well-born women of the provinces. Theophilos was born in 812/813 and had been crowned co-emperor by his father

585:

Theophilos was eager for a bride and made the affair into a spectacle, assembling the women in a newly erected and splendid hall in the imperial palace. In the end, Theophilos chose Theodora, and indicated his choice by giving her a

507:

Theodora's rural Paphlagonian family is generally believed to have been of Armenian descent, although no contemporary sources describe her as being Armenian. Though a link between Theodora's family and the Armenian noble clan of the

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867, at some point after Michael's murder. The last time she is attested was at Michael's burial, when she and her daughters are recorded as having been present and weeping over his body. She was buried in the convent in Gastria.

1285:. Theodora continued to resent Bardas, who reached high offices under Michael. Around 866, she sent him a tunic that was intentionally too short for him and had a golden partridge on it, interpreted by Bardas as a sign of deceit. 1031:, lost some decades prior to Arab conquerors. Headed by Niketiates and Theoktistos, the expedition began as a considerable success, with the invasion force successfully landing, besieging the Arab fortresses, and setting up a 740:

on 20 January 842, probably younger than 30. On his deathbed, Theophilos had delivered an eloquent speech to his courtiers and officials, imploring them to defend the rights of his wife and their two-year-old son Michael III.

1362:

An imperial seal from Theodora's reign also demonstrates her status as empress regnant in that it ascribes the (masculine) title "Emperor of the Romans" not only to the young Michael III but also to Theodora and her daughter

1301:

Theodora was highly regarded by later generations and she was remembered as a formidable leader, both because of her bringing an end to Iconoclasm and her successful dealings with foreign powers. Theodora is recognized as a

808:

holy man by the name of Symeon, to whom she is said to have responded "Since you have reached this conclusion, depart from me. For as I received and learned from my spouse and husband, I will rule with a firm hand. You will

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alongside some of her daughters. She may have been released from the convent around 863 and allowed to take some form of ceremonial role. She died shortly after Michael III was murdered by his friend and co-emperor,

383:. The couple had seven children and Theodora was a loyal participant in imperial affairs and ceremonies, but she continued to secretly venerate icons throughout her husband's reign. Theophilos died of 1384:

in 840, wrote that he was unable to take his eyes off of her while she was in the same room, despite Theophilos being astonished at his rudeness, and that "she had captivated him with her black eyes".

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has been suggested in the past, there are not enough sources to prove such a connection. In any event, Theodora's family associated with certain Armenian families in the capital. She was the niece of

520:, as they owned ships used for commerce. It is not clear whether Theodora's family, with the exception of Manuel, were well connected or well established prior to her becoming empress. 1149:, though this narrative is challenged. Simeon's neutrality is disputed, and other contemporary sources do not speak of this conspiracy, leading several prominent Byzantists, such as 1113:

army in person against him if he invaded the empire, and that she had stated that Boris achieving victory over a female head of state would hardly be considered a great achievement.

765:

Coin minted during the first year of Theodora's reign. Theodora is depicted alone on the obverse and her daughter Thekla is depicted more prominently on the reverse than her son

1027:

In order to demonstrate that Orthodoxy, just as well as Iconoclasm, could win victories for the empire, Theodora later in 853 organized an expedition to retake the island of

1051:, the empire was mostly safe from further Arab threats throughout Theodora's reign and the empire as a whole enjoyed an extended period of relative peace. In 846, Khan 516:, a prominent Byzantine general who in 819/820 briefly commanded all five of the empire's Asian provinces. It is possible that the family was involved in trade on the 674:

at the age of two. Unlike many emperors, Theophilos took great pride in his daughters. Thekla, Anna and Anastasia were the eldest children, and were all proclaimed

614:, Theodora was "beautiful, sensible and adaptable, and suited him well; but Theophilus seems to initially not have realized that his bride, like Euphrosyne, was an 414:

were ruthlessly suppressed on Theodora's orders. Without the need of much military action, she managed to safeguard the empire from attacks by the Bulgarian rulers

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Michael III turned fifteen in 855, bringing him near the age when he could rule in his own right. According to the tradition of Simeon Logothete, he took

732:

military achievements, appearing together with Theophilos at triumphs in 831 and 837, and hosting a special reception for the emperor and his generals at

606:

to have been an "unfortunate way to engage a future wife's affections", prompted Kassia to reply "through a woman, better things began" (referring to the

658:. Much of Theodora's time as empress consort was spent giving birth to and caring for her children. Theophilos and Theodora had seven children: the sons 5230: 4485: 777:

in 780, Theophilos's death in 842 meant that an iconoclast emperor was succeeded by his iconophile wife and their underage son. Unlike Leo IV's wife

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largely ended the Arab threat for the near future. As Michael III grew older, he feared that Theodora meant to follow in the footsteps of Empress

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Karagianni, Alexandra (2013). "Female Monarchs in the Medieval Byzantine Court: Prejudice, Disbelief and Calumnies". In Woodacre, Elena (ed.).

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The Roman Empire: Essays on the Constitutional History from the Accession of Domitian (81 A.D.) to the Retirement of Nicephorus III (1081 A.D.)

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It is unclear why Theodora's mother Theoktiste, and not Theophilos's step-mother Euphrosyne, who actually instructed the children, is depicted.

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and depose him in order to rule alone. Angered by Theodora's refusal to allow him to choose his own wife, Michael recalled her brother

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A wide array of contemporary sources, both Byzantine and foreign, describe Theodora as exceptionally beautiful. The contemporary poet

1116:

By the end of Theodora's reign, the empire had gained the upper hand over both Bulgaria and the Abbasid Caliphate. At some point the

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Theodora continued to live in the imperial palace until 857 or 858, when she and Michael's sisters were expelled and confined to a

336:, Theodora's foreign policy was otherwise highly successful; by 856, the Byzantine Empire had gained the upper hand over both the 5418: 5408: 1314: 5007: 4225: 4208: 4035: 4023: 3034: 1364: 914: 892: 667: 659: 643: 214: 210: 125: 855:. Several recent scholars also maintain that Theodora ruled the empire as empress regnant, not merely as regent. According to 4982: 4911: 4196: 3988: 3950: 3910: 3877: 1342: 831: 33: 4456:

Italics indicates a junior co-emperor, underlining indicates an emperor variously regarded as either legitimate or a usurper

2692:: History, Hagiography, and Religious Apologetics in Mar Saba Monastery in Early Abbasid Times". In Patrich, Joseph (ed.). 5413: 5002: 4478: 4411: 4237: 4064: 3994: 3883: 316:, exercising power in her own right, rather than just a regent. Theodora is most famous for bringing an end to the second 1293:

after a dinner on the day before. Theodora had long mistrusted Basil but had been powerless to act against him. She died

598:(later a prominent poet and composer), and cynically said to her that "through a woman, evils came to man" (referring to 5473: 5190: 5119: 5104: 4972: 4804: 4789: 4052: 3097: 5398: 5052: 4645: 4133: 3812: 3278: 959: 651: 132: 2590: 387:

on 20 January 842, probably younger than 30. On his deathbed, he named Theodora as regent for their two-year-old son

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Among Theodora's most prominent advisors and supporters were her brothers Bardas and Petronas, her close relative

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for the young emperor. After being chosen by Theophilos she was crowned empress on 5 June 830. Theophilos was an

329: 37: 812: 5057: 4471: 4360: 4313: 3860: 3507: 3057: 922: 714: 554: 542: 364: 610:). Taken aback by Kassia's bold retort, Theophilos passed her by and gave the apple to Theodora. According to 1459: 5143: 5132: 4992: 4764: 4749: 4168: 4148: 3922: 3802: 3090: 1350: 1307: 1065: 325: 1039:

by Umar al-Aqta of Malatya. Theoktistos was sent at the head of an army to confront him, but the resulting

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One symbolic action taken to mark the restoration of the icons was the desecration of the tomb of emperor

860: 337: 5200: 5138: 5069: 4926: 4538: 4372: 4367: 4343: 4338: 4254: 4091: 4079: 3850: 3475: 3074: 2629: 2592:

A History of the Eastern Roman Empire from the Fall of Irene to the Accession of Basil I (A. D. 802–867)

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Queenship in the Mediterranean: Negotiating the Role of the Queen in the Medieval and Early Modern Eras

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A History of the Roman Emperors: From the Accession of Augustus to the Fall of the Last Constantine

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and designated a selection of advisors to assist her. The most prominent of these advisors was the

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Ringrose, Kathryn M. (2008). "Women and Power at the Byzantine Court". In Walthall, Anne (ed.).

2953: 999:, in the empty border lands between the Abbasid Caliphate and the empire under his protection. 913:

As she had considerable support, Theodora restored the veneration of icons in March 843 at the

839:

842–856 but also states that Theoktistos held effective power throughout Theodora's reign. Per

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after his first military victory. After about twelve years on the throne, Theophilos died of

670:, Anna, Anastasia, Pulcheria and Maria. Constantine, briefly co-emperor, drowned in a palace 5357:

indicates a consort to an emperor variously regarded as either legitimate or a usurper, and

5339: 5289: 5284: 5195: 5175: 5158: 5094: 5074: 4945: 4916: 4866: 4711: 4655: 4613: 4603: 4593: 4528: 4428: 4405: 4308: 4281: 4266: 4232: 4158: 4118: 4108: 3833: 3760: 3730: 3593: 3548: 3543: 3415: 2891: 1142: 1101: 1020: 822: 724: 655: 611: 591: 465: 169: 73: 54: 1015: 1002: 379:, who opposed the veneration of icons; it is unclear how aware he was that Theodora was an 5247: 5215: 5148: 5099: 5019: 4844: 4839: 4824: 4799: 4721: 4676: 4568: 4563: 4558: 4543: 4518: 4069: 4059: 3968: 3755: 3663: 3651: 3645: 3497: 3318: 3288: 3231: 3211: 2985: 1253: 1167: 1154: 1032: 836: 778: 500:

and sisters Sophia, Maria and Irene. Irene might later have married the prominent general

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Late-14th- or early-15th-century icon of the "Triumph of Orthodoxy" under Theodora over

5294: 5153: 5084: 5027: 4834: 4686: 4630: 4625: 4598: 4548: 4523: 3963: 3927: 3872: 3765: 3688: 3586: 3580: 3512: 3492: 3246: 3206: 1133: 1069: 964: 782: 270: 970: 744: 17: 5372: 5322: 5267: 5257: 4957: 4921: 4881: 4876: 4774: 4691: 4433: 4393: 3937: 3745: 3553: 2849: 2735: 2713: 2643: 948: 856: 603: 646:(left). The reverse depicts the younger daughters Anna (left) and Anastasia (right). 578:), given that the empire had returned to Iconoclasm under his father's predecessor, 359:

descent, Theodora was born into a rural family of traders and military officials in

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Though ordinary iconoclasm swiftly disappeared, a larger religious threat were the

748:

Theophilos kissing an icon before his impending death. Scene from the 14th century

623: 587: 958:

741–775), a champion of iconoclasm. His remains were removed from his tomb in the

352:

had been forced to pay tribute, all without decreasing the imperial gold reserve.

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The Sabaite Heritage in the Orthodox Church from the Fifth Century to the Present

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After her coronation, Theodora donated 15 pounds (7 kg) of gold each to the

312:, after the death of Theophilos, from 842 to 856. She is sometimes counted as an 4608: 4463: 4042: 3917: 3867: 3792: 3366: 3313: 3256: 3042: 3030: 1346: 1121: 1073: 933: 906: 897: 817: 801: 766: 663: 607: 483: 475: 469: 399: 388: 360: 349: 309: 226: 173: 111: 718:

Theodora's daughters being instructed in venerating icons by their grandmother

570:

in 821, becoming the senior emperor in 829 after his father's death. He was an

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in 853 and 854. In 853, the Byzantine raiders burnt down the Egyptian city of

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The extent of Theodora's power is somewhat debated in modern scholarship. The

719: 615: 571: 567: 562: 546: 509: 501: 489: 380: 376: 372: 258: 147: 1349:, being considered Theodora I. In this arrangement the later empress regnant 1047:

Save for some minor attacks and raids in the east, and larger engagements in

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and in 855, a Byzantine army invaded Ali's emirate and sacked the city of

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An unusual coin minted under Theophilos: the emperor is depicted on the

4997: 4931: 4901: 4784: 4769: 4588: 4047: 3750: 3657: 3570: 3425: 3201: 1290: 1271: 1267: 1146: 996: 805: 671: 449: 444: 440: 427: 233: 905:. Theodora and Michael III are depicted in the top-left and Patriarch 4891: 4737: 3819: 3676: 3558: 3330: 3196: 1229: 1060: 1048: 868: 798: 733: 595: 594:, Theophilos had at first been struck by the beauty of another girl, 493: 435: 396: 305: 1137:

Solidus of Michael III as senior emperor, dating from 856 – 867

917:, just fourteen months after Theophilos's death, ending the second 851:

counted Theodora among the monarchs of the Byzantine Empire in his

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Satire in the Middle Byzantine Period: The Golden Age of Laughter?

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Michael III and Theodora with a selection of courtiers, including

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palace until 857 or 858, when she was expelled and confined to a

3166: 3156: 2669:

Greenwalt, William S. (2002). "Thecla". In Commire, Anne (ed.).

1203: 575: 4467: 3086: 2307: 2305: 2303: 2301: 618:". Theodora was crowned empress in the Church of St Stephen in 599: 2652:

Byzantine Empresses: Women and Power in Byzantium AD 527–1204

1878: 1876: 883:

on one side and Theodora together with Michael on the other.

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Depiction of ambassadors being sent between Theodora and

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as a mistress, and later married her to his co-emperor

1006:

The Paulicians are massacred on the orders of Theodora.

2873:

Servants of the Dynasty: Palace Women in World History

2013: 2011: 1487: 1485: 1483: 622:

on 5 June 830 and the couple were then married in the

1235:

Metropolitan Church of the Virgin Mary Spilaiotissa,

422:

through diplomacy. The Byzantine sack of the city of

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Unrivalled Influence: Women and Empire in Byzantium

2671:

Women in World History: A Biographical Encyclopedia

1252: 1242: 1226: 1216: 1211: 1188: 320:(814–843), an act for which she is recognized as a 254: 246: 232: 204: 194: 179: 160: 156: 146: 138: 131: 118: 107: 97: 89: 81: 47: 2848: 2454: 2452: 2450: 2448: 2446: 1443: 1441: 1439: 654:and the clergy, and 50 pounds (23 kg) to the 402:, who would become a close confidant of Theodora. 1437: 1435: 1433: 1431: 1429: 1427: 1425: 1423: 1421: 1419: 698:Empress Theodora discussing icons with her court. 642:, flanked by Theodora (right) and their daughter 72:Empress Theodora as depicted in the 12th century 1515: 1345:, the wife (and in certain aspects co-ruler) of 786:to maintain her own independence and authority. 773:Just as had happened after the death of emperor 488:Marinos, who died at some point before 830, and 2823:Marciniak, Przemysław; Nilsson, Ingela (2020). 1279:a ceremonial role. Perhaps she was restored as 932:, was deposed and replaced with the iconophile 925:(which in 787 had decided against Iconoclasm). 4479: 3098: 2718:Women in Purple: Rulers of Medieval Byzantium 8: 5353:indicates a consort to a junior co-emperor, 2959:Prosopographie der mittelbyzantinischen Zeit 2896:A History of the Byzantine State and Society 2876:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 2762:Romanland: Ethnicity and Empire in Byzantium 2614:. Vol. 1. Clark: The Lawbook Exchange. 2568:On the Historical Development of the Liturgy 974:Soldiers guarding the tomb of Constantine V. 928:The iconoclast Patriarch of Constantinople, 2371: 1321:after four years of preliminary trial use. 1280: 1171: 872: 675: 481: 473: 4810: 4486: 4472: 4464: 3609: 3105: 3091: 3083: 2976: 1503: 1474: 1196: 1185: 66: 44: 2437: 2359: 2311: 2292: 2245: 2191: 2116: 1987: 1950: 1691: 1650: 1591: 1551: 1527: 2053: 2041: 1023:in 842, at the start of Theodora's reign 2898:. Stanford: Stanford University Press. 2518: 2506: 2405: 2268: 2170: 2065: 1882: 1835: 1818: 1714: 1614: 1572: 1539: 1415: 1330: 492:. Theodora had five siblings: brothers 2744:. Oxford: Princeton University Press. 2654:. London: Routledge. pp. 95–108. 2595:. London: MacMillan and Co., Limited. 2494: 2482: 2470: 2422: 2386: 2330: 2280: 2230: 2218: 2206: 2155: 2143: 2128: 2104: 2092: 2077: 2017: 2002: 1935: 1923: 1906: 1894: 1867: 1850: 1799: 1782: 1767: 1731: 1674: 1638: 1626: 820:(depicted with a white cap), from the 781:, who later ended up deposing her son 549:, choosing Theodora to become his wife 27:Byzantine empress (c. 815 – c. 867 CE) 2931:Prosopography of the Byzantine Empire 2765:. Harvard: Harvard University Press. 1491: 1108:Shortly after the sack of Anazarbus, 845:A History of the Eastern Roman Empire 7: 5424:Byzantine people of Armenian descent 2608:Bussell, Frederick William (2000) . 2029: 1755: 1743: 590:. According to the later chronicler 5434:Burials at the Monastery of Gastria 2808:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2532:"General Convention Virtual Binder" 2571:. Collegeville: Liturgical Press. 982:heretics, concentrated in eastern 537:19th-century depiction of Emperor 25: 2688:Griffith, Sidney H. (2001). "The 2648:"Theodora, restorer of Orthodoxy" 1353:is considered to be Theodora III. 32:For the wife of Justinian I, see 2784:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. 662:and Michael (the future emperor 277:815 – c. 867), sometimes called 5439:9th-century Byzantine empresses 2458: 1962: 1662: 1447: 1380:, sent as an emissary from the 1337:She is sometimes enumerated as 1190:Theodora, Empress of the Romans 1120:tribes that had settled in the 953: 893:Council of Constantinople (843) 2981:Theodora (wife of Theophilos) 2851:History of the Byzantine State 2805:Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium 887:Restoration of icon veneration 832:Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium 472:. She was the daughter of the 34:Theodora (wife of Justinian I) 1: 5469:9th-century empresses consort 5464:Mothers of Byzantine emperors 5459:9th-century empresses regnant 5444:9th-century Byzantine writers 5361:incidates an empress regnant. 2998: 2994: 1317:officially added Theodora to 1294: 909:is depicted in the top-right. 853:History of the Roman Emperors 630:Activities as empress consort 557:, the step-mother of Emperor 461: 367:, step-mother of the emperor 363:. In 830 she was selected by 274: 187: 183: 164: 93:20 January 842 – 15 March 856 5191:Euphrosyne Doukaina Kamatera 2855:. Rutgers University Press. 1516:Marciniak & Nilsson 2020 5394:Byzantine empresses regnant 2759:Kaldellis, Anthony (2019). 2638:. Baldwin, Cradock and Joy. 960:Church of the Holy Apostles 652:patriarch of Constantinople 602:). This comment, deemed by 574:(against the veneration of 328:. Though her reign saw the 308:for the couple's young son 142:5 June 830 – 20 January 842 5490: 5449:9th-century Armenian women 4378:Constantine XI Palaiologos 4329:Andronikos III Palaiologos 4216:Nikephoros III Botaneiates 2690:Life of Theodora of Edessa 890: 31: 5454:9th-century women regents 5348: 5226:Elena Asenina of Bulgaria 4727:Flavia Maximiana Theodora 4454: 4351:Andronikos IV Palaiologos 4319:Andronikos II Palaiologos 4144:Constantine IX Monomachos 3071: 3065:Byzantine empress consort 3062: 3054: 3049: 3039: 3022:Byzantine empress regnant 3019: 3011: 3006: 2979: 2962:(in German). De Gruyter. 2720:. London: Phoenix Press. 2565:Baumstark, Anton (2011). 1195: 915:Council of Constantinople 835:(1991) recognizes her as 456:Background and early life 286: 133:Byzantine empress consort 83:Byzantine empress regnant 65: 52: 38:Theodora (disambiguation) 4314:Michael VIII Palaiologos 2954:"Theodora (#7286/corr.)" 923:Second Council of Nicaea 36:. For other people, see 5419:Byzantine Paphlagonians 5409:Byzantine female saints 5144:Eudokia Makrembolitissa 4750:Flavia Julia Constantia 4169:Eudokia Makrembolitissa 3803:Tiberius II Constantine 1464:Encyclopædia Britannica 1351:Theodora Porphyrogenita 1319:its liturgical calendar 1308:Eastern Orthodox Church 1066:Ali ibn Yahya al-Armani 326:Eastern Orthodox Church 4667:Marcia Otacilia Severa 4324:Michael IX Palaiologos 2630:Elton, Charles Abraham 1289:friend and co-emperor 1281: 1172: 1138: 1105: 1041:Battle of Mauropotamos 1024: 1007: 986:. The Paulicians were 975: 910: 873: 826: 770: 753: 728: 699: 676: 647: 550: 529:Selection and marriage 482: 474: 371:, as a candidate in a 332:and failure to retake 330:loss of most of Sicily 18:Theodora (9th century) 5231:Theodora Palaiologina 5201:Anna Komnene Angelina 5139:Catherine of Bulgaria 5070:Eudokia Dekapolitissa 4539:Agrippina the Younger 4418:Thessalonian emperors 4412:Trapezuntine emperors 4373:John VIII Palaiologos 4368:Manuel II Palaiologos 4339:John VI Kantakouzenos 4255:Andronikos I Komnenos 4092:Constantine Lekapenos 3120:and empresses regnant 3075:Eudokia Dekapolitissa 2950:Lilie, Ralph-Johannes 1180:Later life and legacy 1160:Eudokia Dekapolitissa 1136: 1090: 1018: 1005: 973: 900: 849:Charles Abraham Elton 815: 764: 747: 717: 697: 637: 536: 279:Theodora the Armenian 59:Empress of the Romans 5414:Byzantine Iconoclasm 5302:Sophia of Montferrat 5221:Anna of Hohenstaufen 5080:Theophano Martinakia 4988:Theodora of Khazaria 4621:Julia Cornelia Paula 4584:Faustina the Younger 4356:John VII Palaiologos 4304:Theodore II Laskaris 4164:Constantine X Doukas 4104:Nikephoros II Phokas 2542:on 13 September 2022 2221:, pp. 204, 211. 2032:, pp. 144, 159. 1274:, despite Patriarch 1162:, against his will. 919:Byzantine Iconoclasm 666:) and the daughters 410:heretics in eastern 318:Byzantine Iconoclasm 304:from 830 to 842 and 291:Theodora the Blessed 5474:9th-century regents 5280:Keratsa of Bulgaria 5263:Helena Kantakouzene 5243:Irene of Montferrat 5206:Philippa of Armenia 5186:Margaret of Hungary 5038:Theophano of Athens 4857:Julius Nepos's wife 4672:Herennia Etruscilla 4495:Roman and Byzantine 4287:Theodore I Laskaris 4272:Alexios III Angelos 4250:Alexios II Komnenos 4174:Romanos IV Diogenes 4129:Romanos III Argyros 4075:Romanos I Lekapenos 2845:Ostrogorsky, George 2698:. Leuven: Peeters. 2497:, pp. 232–233. 2314:, pp. 448–450. 2295:, pp. 448–449. 2119:, pp. 343–344. 1885:, pp. 100–101. 1770:, pp. 200–201. 1055:of Bulgaria raided 541:at his step-mother 514:Manuel the Armenian 490:Theoktiste Phlorina 259:Theoktiste Phlorina 5399:Dethroned monarchs 5307:Maria of Trebizond 5273:Irene Palaiologina 5253:Irene of Brunswick 5211:Maria of Courtenay 5171:Bertha of Sulzbach 4579:Faustina the Elder 4554:Statilia Messalina 4406:Britannic emperors 4400:Palmyrene emperors 4334:John V Palaiologos 4277:Alexios IV Angelos 4226:Constantine Doukas 4221:Alexios I Komnenos 4209:Constantine Doukas 4192:Michael VII Doukas 4154:Michael VI Bringas 3720:Romulus Augustulus 3343:Trebonianus Gallus 3336:Herennius Etruscus 3118:Byzantine emperors 2800:Kazhdan, Alexander 1477:, pp. 15, 22. 1382:Emirate of Córdoba 1206:depicting Theodora 1139: 1106: 1025: 1008: 976: 942:Feast of Orthodoxy 911: 881:Christ Pantocrator 827: 791:Sergios Niketiates 771: 754: 750:Manasses Chronicle 729: 703:a new palace, the 700: 648: 551: 460:Theodora was born 242:(through marriage) 5389:Byzantine regents 5366: 5365: 5335:Byzantine emperor 5164:Dobrodeia of Kiev 4940: 4939: 4744:Valeria Maximilla 4682:Cornelia Salonina 4636:Sallustia Orbiana 4461: 4460: 4299:John III Vatatzes 4245:Manuel I Komnenos 3984:Michael I Rangabe 3828: 3827: 3670:Petronius Maximus 3269:Severus Alexander 3237:Septimius Severus 3081: 3080: 3072:Succeeded by 3040:Succeeded by 2941:978-1-897747-32-2 2892:Treadgold, Warren 2862:978-0-813-51198-6 2836:978-90-04-44256-6 2829:. Leiden: BRILL. 2815:978-0-19-504652-6 1262: 1261: 1258:Imperial Vestment 1221:Eastern Orthodoxy 1217:Venerated in 865:Abbasid Caliphate 793:, as well as the 689:Lazarus Zographos 342:Abbasid Caliphate 299:Byzantine emperor 295:Byzantine empress 264: 263: 16:(Redirected from 5481: 5404:Phrygian dynasty 5285:Irene Gattilusio 5196:Eudokia Angelina 5176:Maria of Antioch 5159:Irene of Hungary 5095:Zoe Karbonopsina 5075:Eudokia Ingerina 4948:Byzantine Empire 4811: 4656:Caecilia Paulina 4614:Fulvia Plautilla 4604:Manlia Scantilla 4594:Bruttia Crispina 4529:Milonia Caesonia 4488: 4481: 4474: 4465: 4309:John IV Laskaris 4282:Alexios V Doukas 4267:Isaac II Angelos 4233:John II Komnenos 4159:Isaac I Komnenos 4119:Constantine VIII 4109:John I Tzimiskes 3836:Byzantine Empire 3610: 3107: 3100: 3093: 3084: 3055:Preceded by 3012:Preceded by 3002: 3000: 2996: 2977: 2973: 2945: 2922:Martindale, J.R. 2909: 2887: 2866: 2854: 2840: 2819: 2795: 2776: 2755: 2731: 2709: 2684: 2665: 2639: 2625: 2604: 2582: 2552: 2551: 2549: 2547: 2538:. 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3966: 3964:Constantine VI 3961: 3956: 3940: 3935: 3930: 3928:Theodosius III 3925: 3920: 3915: 3903: 3898: 3893: 3888: 3873:Constantine IV 3870: 3865: 3853: 3848: 3842: 3840: 3830: 3829: 3826: 3825: 3823: 3822: 3817: 3805: 3800: 3795: 3790: 3785: 3780: 3768: 3763: 3758: 3753: 3748: 3743: 3737: 3735: 3731:Eastern Empire 3727: 3726: 3724: 3723: 3716: 3711: 3704: 3697: 3692: 3685: 3680: 3673: 3666: 3661: 3654: 3649: 3642: 3626: 3620: 3618: 3614:Western Empire 3607: 3606: 3599: 3587:Magnus Maximus 3583: 3581:Valentinian II 3578: 3573: 3568: 3561: 3556: 3551: 3546: 3541: 3534: 3527: 3520: 3515: 3513:Constantius II 3510: 3508:Constantine II 3505: 3500: 3495: 3490: 3485: 3478: 3473: 3468: 3463: 3458: 3453: 3447: 3445: 3437: 3436: 3434: 3433: 3428: 3423: 3418: 3413: 3408: 3403: 3398: 3393: 3388: 3376: 3371: 3363: 3358: 3340: 3328: 3316: 3311: 3306: 3301: 3296: 3291: 3285: 3283: 3275: 3274: 3272: 3271: 3266: 3261: 3249: 3244: 3239: 3234: 3229: 3224: 3219: 3214: 3209: 3207:Antoninus Pius 3204: 3199: 3194: 3189: 3184: 3179: 3174: 3169: 3164: 3159: 3154: 3149: 3144: 3139: 3133: 3131: 3130:27 BC – AD 235 3123: 3122: 3112: 3110: 3109: 3102: 3095: 3087: 3079: 3078: 3073: 3070: 3061: 3056: 3052: 3051: 3047: 3046: 3041: 3038: 3018: 3013: 3009: 3008: 3007:Regnal titles 3004: 3003: 2983: 2980: 2975: 2974: 2969:978-3110151794 2968: 2952:, ed. (2013). 2946: 2940: 2924:, ed. (2001). 2916: 2913: 2911: 2910: 2905:978-0804726306 2904: 2888: 2883:978-0520254435 2882: 2867: 2861: 2841: 2835: 2820: 2814: 2802:, ed. (1991). 2796: 2791:978-1137362827 2790: 2777: 2772:978-0674986510 2771: 2756: 2751:978-0691153216 2750: 2736:Herrin, Judith 2732: 2726: 2714:Herrin, Judith 2710: 2704: 2685: 2679: 2666: 2660: 2644:Garland, Lynda 2640: 2626: 2621:978-1584770824 2620: 2605: 2583: 2578:978-0814662595 2577: 2561: 2559: 2556: 2554: 2553: 2523: 2521:, p. 108. 2511: 2509:, p. 107. 2499: 2487: 2485:, p. 229. 2475: 2473:, p. 232. 2463: 2442: 2440:, p. 451. 2438:Treadgold 1997 2427: 2425:, p. 228. 2410: 2408:, p. 105. 2391: 2389:, p. 226. 2376: 2374:, p. 233. 2364: 2362:, p. 450. 2360:Treadgold 1997 2335: 2333:, p. 236. 2316: 2312:Treadgold 1997 2297: 2293:Treadgold 1997 2285: 2283:, p. 215. 2273: 2271:, p. 104. 2250: 2248:, p. 448. 2246:Treadgold 1997 2235: 2233:, p. 211. 2223: 2211: 2209:, p. 213. 2196: 2194:, p. 447. 2192:Treadgold 1997 2175: 2173:, p. 101. 2160: 2158:, p. 204. 2148: 2146:, p. 213. 2133: 2131:, p. 327. 2121: 2117:Greenwalt 2002 2109: 2097: 2095:, p. 202. 2082: 2080:, p. 216. 2070: 2068:, p. 103. 2058: 2056:, p. 155. 2046: 2034: 2022: 2007: 1992: 1990:, p. 446. 1988:Treadgold 1997 1967: 1955: 1953:, p. 445. 1951:Treadgold 1997 1940: 1938:, p. 199. 1928: 1911: 1909:, p. 181. 1899: 1897:, p. 105. 1887: 1872: 1870:, p. 192. 1855: 1840: 1838:, p. 100. 1823: 1804: 1802:, p. 191. 1787: 1785:, p. 171. 1772: 1760: 1748: 1736: 1734:, p. 190. 1719: 1696: 1694:, p. 437. 1692:Treadgold 1997 1679: 1677:, p. 188. 1667: 1655: 1653:, p. 172. 1651:Kaldellis 2019 1643: 1641:, p. 185. 1631: 1629:, p. 186. 1619: 1596: 1594:, p. 438. 1592:Treadgold 1997 1577: 1575:, p. 102. 1556: 1554:, p. 344. 1552:Greenwalt 2002 1544: 1532: 1530:, p. 128. 1528:Baumstark 2011 1520: 1518:, p. 386. 1508: 1496: 1494:, p. 304. 1479: 1467: 1452: 1414: 1412: 1409: 1406: 1405: 1395: 1386: 1369: 1355: 1329: 1328: 1326: 1323: 1260: 1259: 1256: 1250: 1249: 1246: 1240: 1239: 1233: 1224: 1223: 1218: 1214: 1213: 1209: 1208: 1201: 1193: 1192: 1189: 1184: 1183: 1181: 1178: 1130: 1127: 1033:Theme of Crete 1012: 1011:Foreign policy 1009: 891:Main article: 888: 885: 783:Constantine VI 758: 755: 631: 628: 530: 527: 525: 522: 457: 454: 348:tribes in the 262: 261: 256: 252: 251: 248: 244: 243: 236: 230: 229: 208: 202: 201: 196: 192: 191: 181: 177: 176: 162: 158: 157: 154: 153: 150: 144: 143: 140: 136: 135: 129: 128: 122: 116: 115: 109: 105: 104: 99: 95: 94: 91: 87: 86: 79: 78: 71: 63: 62: 50: 49: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5486: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5432: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5380: 5377: 5376: 5374: 5360: 5356: 5352: 5347: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5329: 5326: 5325: 5324: 5323:Roman emperor 5321: 5320: 5318: 5314: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5297: 5296: 5291: 5290:Helena Dragaš 5288: 5286: 5283: 5281: 5278: 5275: 5274: 5269: 5268:Irene Asanina 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5258:Anna of Savoy 5256: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5238: 5237: 5232: 5229: 5227: 5224: 5222: 5219: 5217: 5214: 5212: 5209: 5207: 5204: 5202: 5199: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5182: 5179: 5177: 5174: 5172: 5169: 5166: 5165: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5134: 5130: 5128: 5127: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5073: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5065: 5061: 5059: 5056: 5054: 5051: 5049: 5046: 5044: 5041: 5039: 5036: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5022: 5018: 5016: 5015: 5011: 5009: 5006: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4958:Fabia Eudokia 4956: 4955: 4953: 4949: 4943: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4922:Ino Anastasia 4920: 4918: 4915: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4882:Aelia Eudocia 4880: 4878: 4877:Aelia Eudoxia 4875: 4874: 4872: 4868: 4864: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4852: 4848: 4846: 4843: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4833: 4831: 4828: 4826: 4823: 4822: 4820: 4816: 4812: 4806: 4803: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4788: 4786: 4783: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4775:Marina Severa 4773: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4745: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4733: 4730: 4728: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4710: 4709: 4707: 4703: 4699: 4693: 4692:Magnia Urbica 4690: 4688: 4685: 4683: 4680: 4678: 4675: 4673: 4670: 4668: 4665: 4663: 4660: 4657: 4654: 4653: 4651: 4647: 4643: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4629: 4627: 4624: 4622: 4619: 4616: 4615: 4610: 4607: 4605: 4602: 4600: 4597: 4595: 4592: 4590: 4587: 4585: 4582: 4580: 4577: 4575: 4572: 4570: 4567: 4565: 4562: 4560: 4557: 4555: 4552: 4550: 4547: 4545: 4542: 4540: 4537: 4535: 4532: 4530: 4527: 4525: 4522: 4520: 4517: 4515: 4512: 4511: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4496: 4489: 4484: 4482: 4477: 4475: 4470: 4469: 4466: 4453: 4445: 4442: 4440: 4437: 4436: 4435: 4432: 4430: 4427: 4425: 4422: 4419: 4416: 4413: 4410: 4407: 4404: 4401: 4398: 4395: 4392: 4391: 4389: 4385: 4379: 4376: 4374: 4371: 4369: 4366: 4363: 4362: 4357: 4354: 4352: 4349: 4346: 4345: 4340: 4337: 4335: 4332: 4330: 4327: 4325: 4322: 4320: 4317: 4315: 4312: 4310: 4307: 4305: 4302: 4300: 4297: 4294: 4293: 4288: 4285: 4283: 4280: 4278: 4275: 4273: 4270: 4268: 4265: 4262: 4261: 4256: 4253: 4251: 4248: 4246: 4243: 4240: 4239: 4234: 4231: 4228: 4227: 4222: 4219: 4217: 4214: 4211: 4210: 4205: 4204: 4199: 4198: 4193: 4190: 4187: 4186: 4181: 4180: 4175: 4172: 4170: 4167: 4165: 4162: 4160: 4157: 4155: 4152: 4150: 4147: 4145: 4142: 4140: 4137: 4135: 4132: 4130: 4127: 4125: 4122: 4120: 4117: 4115: 4112: 4110: 4107: 4105: 4102: 4100: 4097: 4094: 4093: 4088: 4087: 4082: 4081: 4076: 4073: 4071: 4068: 4066: 4063: 4061: 4058: 4055: 4054: 4049: 4046: 4044: 4041: 4038: 4037: 4032: 4031:Theodora (II) 4029: 4026: 4025: 4020: 4017: 4015: 4012: 4009: 4008: 4003: 4000: 3997: 3996: 3991: 3990: 3985: 3982: 3980: 3977: 3975: 3972: 3970: 3967: 3965: 3962: 3960: 3957: 3954: 3953: 3952: 3946: 3945: 3941: 3939: 3938:Constantine V 3936: 3934: 3931: 3929: 3926: 3924: 3923:Anastasius II 3921: 3919: 3916: 3913: 3912: 3907: 3904: 3902: 3899: 3897: 3894: 3892: 3889: 3886: 3885: 3880: 3879: 3874: 3871: 3869: 3866: 3863: 3862: 3857: 3854: 3852: 3849: 3847: 3844: 3843: 3841: 3837: 3831: 3821: 3818: 3815: 3814: 3809: 3806: 3804: 3801: 3799: 3796: 3794: 3791: 3789: 3786: 3784: 3781: 3778: 3777: 3772: 3769: 3767: 3764: 3762: 3759: 3757: 3754: 3752: 3749: 3747: 3746:Theodosius II 3744: 3742: 3739: 3738: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3722: 3721: 3717: 3715: 3712: 3710: 3709: 3705: 3703: 3702: 3698: 3696: 3693: 3691: 3690: 3686: 3684: 3681: 3679: 3678: 3674: 3672: 3671: 3667: 3665: 3662: 3660: 3659: 3655: 3653: 3650: 3648: 3647: 3643: 3640: 3639: 3638: 3632: 3631: 3627: 3625: 3622: 3621: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3605: 3604: 3600: 3597: 3596: 3595: 3589: 3588: 3584: 3582: 3579: 3577: 3574: 3572: 3569: 3567: 3566: 3562: 3560: 3557: 3555: 3554:Valentinian I 3552: 3550: 3547: 3545: 3542: 3540: 3539: 3535: 3533: 3532: 3528: 3526: 3525: 3521: 3519: 3516: 3514: 3511: 3509: 3506: 3504: 3501: 3499: 3496: 3494: 3491: 3489: 3486: 3484: 3483: 3479: 3477: 3476:Constantine I 3474: 3472: 3469: 3467: 3466:Constantius I 3464: 3462: 3459: 3457: 3454: 3452: 3449: 3448: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3432: 3429: 3427: 3424: 3422: 3419: 3417: 3414: 3412: 3409: 3407: 3404: 3402: 3399: 3397: 3394: 3392: 3389: 3386: 3385: 3380: 3377: 3375: 3372: 3369: 3368: 3364: 3362: 3359: 3356: 3355: 3350: 3349: 3344: 3341: 3338: 3337: 3332: 3329: 3326: 3325: 3320: 3317: 3315: 3312: 3310: 3307: 3305: 3302: 3300: 3297: 3295: 3292: 3290: 3287: 3286: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3270: 3267: 3265: 3262: 3259: 3258: 3253: 3250: 3248: 3245: 3243: 3240: 3238: 3235: 3233: 3230: 3228: 3225: 3223: 3220: 3218: 3215: 3213: 3210: 3208: 3205: 3203: 3200: 3198: 3195: 3193: 3190: 3188: 3185: 3183: 3180: 3178: 3175: 3173: 3170: 3168: 3165: 3163: 3160: 3158: 3155: 3153: 3150: 3148: 3145: 3143: 3140: 3138: 3135: 3134: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3119: 3115: 3108: 3103: 3101: 3096: 3094: 3089: 3088: 3085: 3076: 3067: 3066: 3059: 3053: 3050:Royal titles 3048: 3044: 3037: 3036: 3032: 3024: 3023: 3016: 3010: 3005: 2993: 2988: 2987: 2978: 2971: 2965: 2961: 2960: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2937: 2933: 2932: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2918: 2914: 2907: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2879: 2875: 2874: 2868: 2864: 2858: 2853: 2852: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2832: 2828: 2827: 2821: 2817: 2811: 2807: 2806: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2787: 2783: 2778: 2774: 2768: 2764: 2763: 2757: 2753: 2747: 2743: 2742: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2727:1-84212-529-X 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2705:90-429-0976-5 2701: 2697: 2696: 2691: 2686: 2682: 2680:0-7876-4074-3 2676: 2672: 2667: 2663: 2661:0-415-14688-7 2657: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2636: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2617: 2613: 2612: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2593: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2574: 2570: 2569: 2563: 2562: 2557: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2527: 2524: 2520: 2515: 2512: 2508: 2503: 2500: 2496: 2491: 2488: 2484: 2479: 2476: 2472: 2467: 2464: 2460: 2455: 2453: 2451: 2449: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2434: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2419: 2417: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2402: 2400: 2398: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2383: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2368: 2365: 2361: 2356: 2354: 2352: 2350: 2348: 2346: 2344: 2342: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2327: 2325: 2323: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2308: 2306: 2304: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2289: 2286: 2282: 2277: 2274: 2270: 2265: 2263: 2261: 2259: 2257: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2242: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2227: 2224: 2220: 2215: 2212: 2208: 2203: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2188: 2186: 2184: 2182: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2167: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2152: 2149: 2145: 2140: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2125: 2122: 2118: 2113: 2110: 2107:, p. 66. 2106: 2101: 2098: 2094: 2089: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2074: 2071: 2067: 2062: 2059: 2055: 2054:Griffith 2001 2050: 2047: 2044:, p. 78. 2043: 2042:Ringrose 2008 2038: 2035: 2031: 2026: 2023: 2019: 2014: 2012: 2008: 2005:, p. 30. 2004: 1999: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1984: 1982: 1980: 1978: 1976: 1974: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1959: 1956: 1952: 1947: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1932: 1929: 1926:, p. 76. 1925: 1920: 1918: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1903: 1900: 1896: 1891: 1888: 1884: 1879: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1864: 1862: 1860: 1856: 1853:, p. 62. 1852: 1847: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1832: 1830: 1828: 1824: 1821:, p. 99. 1820: 1815: 1813: 1811: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1796: 1794: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1779: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1764: 1761: 1758:, p. 84. 1757: 1752: 1749: 1746:, p. 82. 1745: 1740: 1737: 1733: 1728: 1726: 1724: 1720: 1717:, p. 98. 1716: 1711: 1709: 1707: 1705: 1703: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1688: 1686: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1671: 1668: 1664: 1659: 1656: 1652: 1647: 1644: 1640: 1635: 1632: 1628: 1623: 1620: 1617:, p. 96. 1616: 1611: 1609: 1607: 1605: 1603: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1588: 1586: 1584: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1569: 1567: 1565: 1563: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1548: 1545: 1541: 1536: 1533: 1529: 1524: 1521: 1517: 1512: 1509: 1506:, p. 22. 1505: 1500: 1497: 1493: 1488: 1486: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1471: 1468: 1465: 1461: 1456: 1453: 1449: 1444: 1442: 1440: 1438: 1436: 1434: 1432: 1430: 1428: 1426: 1424: 1422: 1420: 1416: 1410: 1399: 1396: 1390: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1373: 1370: 1366: 1359: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1334: 1331: 1324: 1322: 1320: 1316: 1313:In 2022, the 1311: 1309: 1305: 1299: 1292: 1286: 1283: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1257: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1245: 1241: 1238: 1234: 1231: 1225: 1222: 1219: 1215: 1210: 1205: 1202:19th-century 1199: 1194: 1187: 1179: 1177: 1174: 1169: 1163: 1161: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1135: 1128: 1126: 1123: 1119: 1114: 1111: 1104: 1103: 1098: 1094: 1089: 1085: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1045: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1022: 1017: 1010: 1004: 1000: 998: 994: 989: 985: 981: 972: 968: 966: 961: 950: 949:Constantine V 945: 943: 939: 935: 931: 926: 924: 920: 916: 908: 904: 899: 894: 886: 884: 882: 877: 876: 870: 866: 862: 858: 857:Lynda Garland 854: 850: 846: 842: 838: 834: 833: 825: 824: 819: 814: 810: 807: 803: 800: 796: 792: 787: 784: 780: 776: 768: 763: 756: 751: 746: 742: 739: 735: 727: 726: 721: 716: 712: 708: 706: 696: 692: 690: 684: 680: 679: 673: 669: 665: 661: 657: 653: 645: 641: 636: 629: 627: 625: 621: 617: 613: 609: 605: 604:Judith Herrin 601: 597: 593: 589: 583: 581: 577: 573: 569: 564: 560: 556: 548: 544: 540: 535: 528: 523: 521: 519: 515: 511: 505: 503: 499: 495: 491: 486: 485: 478: 477: 471: 467: 455: 453: 451: 446: 442: 437: 433: 429: 425: 421: 417: 413: 409: 403: 401: 398: 394: 390: 386: 382: 378: 374: 370: 366: 362: 358: 353: 351: 347: 343: 339: 335: 331: 327: 323: 319: 315: 311: 307: 303: 300: 296: 292: 284: 280: 272: 268: 260: 257: 253: 249: 245: 240: 237: 235: 231: 228: 216: 212: 209: 207: 203: 200: 197: 193: 182: 178: 175: 171: 163: 159: 155: 151: 149: 145: 141: 137: 134: 130: 127: 123: 117: 113: 110: 106: 103: 100: 96: 92: 88: 84: 80: 75: 69: 64: 61: 60: 56: 51: 46: 43: 39: 35: 30: 19: 5358: 5354: 5350: 5293: 5271: 5234: 5162: 5131: 5124: 5063: 5062: 5020: 5012: 4849: 4742: 4662:Tranquillina 4612: 4574:Vibia Sabina 4361:Andronikos V 4359: 4342: 4290: 4258: 4236: 4224: 4207: 4201: 4195: 4183: 4177: 4090: 4084: 4078: 4051: 4034: 4030: 4022: 4005: 3993: 3987: 3974:Nikephoros I 3949: 3948: 3942: 3909: 3906:Justinian II 3901:Tiberius III 3891:Justinian II 3882: 3876: 3859: 3811: 3783:Anastasius I 3774: 3718: 3714:Julius Nepos 3706: 3699: 3687: 3675: 3668: 3656: 3644: 3635: 3634: 3628: 3601: 3592: 3591: 3585: 3576:Theodosius I 3563: 3536: 3529: 3522: 3493:Maximinus II 3480: 3382: 3365: 3352: 3346: 3334: 3322: 3255: 3217:Lucius Verus 3063: 3028: 3020: 2991: 2984: 2958: 2929: 2926:"Theodora 2" 2895: 2872: 2850: 2825: 2804: 2781: 2761: 2740: 2717: 2694: 2689: 2670: 2651: 2634: 2610: 2591: 2567: 2558:Bibliography 2544:. Retrieved 2540:the original 2535: 2526: 2519:Garland 1999 2514: 2507:Garland 1999 2502: 2490: 2478: 2466: 2406:Garland 1999 2367: 2288: 2276: 2269:Garland 1999 2226: 2214: 2171:Garland 1999 2151: 2124: 2112: 2100: 2073: 2066:Garland 1999 2061: 2049: 2037: 2025: 2020:, p. 2. 1958: 1931: 1902: 1890: 1883:Garland 1999 1836:Garland 1999 1819:Garland 1999 1763: 1751: 1739: 1715:Garland 1999 1670: 1658: 1646: 1634: 1622: 1615:Garland 1999 1573:Garland 1999 1547: 1540:Bussell 1910 1535: 1523: 1511: 1499: 1470: 1455: 1398: 1389: 1372: 1358: 1338: 1333: 1312: 1300: 1287: 1265: 1164: 1140: 1115: 1107: 1100: 1046: 1026: 993:Umar al-Aqta 977: 946: 927: 912: 852: 844: 830: 828: 821: 788: 772: 730: 723: 709: 701: 685: 649: 624:Hagia Sophia 588:golden apple 584: 552: 506: 459: 404: 355:Possibly of 354: 290: 278: 266: 265: 53: 42: 29: 5355:underlining 4927:Constantina 4609:Julia Domna 4420:(1224–1242) 4414:(1204–1461) 4203:Konstantios 4080:Christopher 4053:Constantine 4043:Michael III 4024:Constantine 4007:Constantine 3989:Theophylact 3918:Philippicus 3868:Constans II 3793:Justinian I 3689:Severus III 3637:Constans II 3391:Claudius II 3367:Silbannacus 3314:Gordian III 3289:Maximinus I 3257:Diadumenian 3043:Michael III 3031:Michael III 2587:Bury, J. B. 2495:Herrin 2002 2483:Herrin 2002 2471:Herrin 2002 2423:Herrin 2002 2387:Herrin 2002 2331:Herrin 2002 2281:Herrin 2002 2231:Herrin 2013 2219:Herrin 2013 2207:Herrin 2002 2156:Herrin 2002 2144:Herrin 2013 2129:Herrin 2013 2105:Herrin 2013 2093:Herrin 2002 2078:Herrin 2002 2018:Herrin 2002 2003:Herrin 2013 1936:Herrin 2002 1924:Herrin 2013 1907:Herrin 2002 1895:Herrin 2013 1868:Herrin 2002 1851:Herrin 2013 1800:Herrin 2002 1783:Herrin 2002 1768:Herrin 2002 1732:Herrin 2002 1675:Herrin 2002 1639:Herrin 2002 1627:Herrin 2002 1347:Justinian I 1339:Theodora II 1248:11 February 1151:Ostrogorsky 1122:Peloponnese 1019:Map of the 991:settled by 934:Methodios I 907:Methodios I 818:Theoktistos 802:Theoktistos 767:Michael III 722:, from the 664:Michael III 660:Constantine 608:Virgin Mary 484:tourmarches 476:droungarios 470:Paphlagonia 400:Theoktistos 389:Michael III 361:Paphlagonia 350:Peloponnese 310:Michael III 287:Թեոդորա Հայ 273:: Θεοδώρα; 227:Michael III 211:Constantine 174:Paphlagonia 112:Michael III 98:Predecessor 48:Theodora II 5384:867 deaths 5379:815 births 5373:Categories 5058:Euphrosyne 4830:Thermantia 4790:Constantia 4504:Principate 4197:Andronikos 4185:Nikephoros 4134:Michael IV 4099:Romanos II 4019:Theophilos 4014:Michael II 3995:Staurakios 3979:Staurakios 3951:Nikephoros 3944:Artabasdos 3856:Heraclonas 3813:Theodosius 3771:Basiliscus 3531:Nepotianus 3524:Magnentius 3518:Constans I 3471:Severus II 3451:Diocletian 3396:Quintillus 3361:Aemilianus 3354:Volusianus 3299:Gordian II 3264:Elagabalus 3127:Principate 3058:Euphrosyne 3015:Theophilos 1492:Elton 1825 1411:References 1254:Attributes 1068:, emir of 1037:Asia Minor 995:, emir of 903:iconoclasm 841:J. 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Bury 720:Theoktiste 616:iconophile 572:iconoclast 568:Michael II 563:bride-show 559:Theophilos 555:Euphrosyne 547:bride-show 543:Euphrosyne 539:Theophilos 510:Mamikonian 502:Theophobos 381:iconophile 377:iconoclast 373:bride-show 369:Theophilos 365:Euphrosyne 344:, and the 302:Theophilos 199:Theophilos 186:867 (aged 152:5 June 830 148:Coronation 102:Theophilos 5110:Theophano 5048:Theodosia 5023:of Athens 4978:Anastasia 4887:Pulcheria 4732:Minervina 4534:Messalina 4497:empresses 4439:Classical 4424:Empresses 4408:(286–296) 4402:(267–273) 4396:(260–274) 4139:Michael V 4065:Alexander 3878:Heraclius 3846:Heraclius 3798:Justin II 3708:Glycerius 3695:Anthemius 3565:Procopius 3503:Martinian 3482:Maxentius 3411:Florianus 3384:Saloninus 3379:Gallienus 3348:Hostilian 3324:Philip II 3294:Gordian I 3242:Caracalla 3177:Vespasian 3172:Vitellius 2716:(2002) . 2030:Bury 1912 1756:Bury 1912 1744:Bury 1912 1378:Al-Ghazal 1082:Anazarbus 1057:Macedonia 980:Paulician 965:Prinkipos 795:logothete 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4805:Galla 4795:Laeta 4514:Livia 4002:Leo V 3969:Irene 3756:Leo I 3421:Carus 3192:Nerva 3182:Titus 3162:Galba 3114:Roman 3029:with 2992:Born: 1325:Notes 1304:saint 1244:Feast 1237:Corfu 1074:Egypt 1029:Crete 809:see." 779:Irene 580:Leo V 576:icons 432:Irene 334:Crete 322:saint 289:) or 271:Greek 224:Maria 206:Issue 5359:bold 5328:list 5292:(w. 5270:(w. 5233:(w. 5161:(w. 5014:Anna 4611:(w. 4358:(w. 4341:(w. 4289:(w. 4260:John 4257:(w. 4235:(w. 4223:(w. 4194:(w. 4176:(w. 4077:(w. 4050:(w. 4033:(w. 4021:(w. 4004:(w. 3986:(w. 3947:(w. 3908:(w. 3875:(w. 3858:(w. 3810:(w. 3773:(w. 3766:Zeno 3633:(w. 3590:(w. 3381:(w. 3345:(w. 3333:(w. 3321:(w. 3254:(w. 3247:Geta 3167:Otho 3157:Nero 3116:and 3033:and 2997:815 2964:ISBN 2936:ISBN 2900:ISBN 2878:ISBN 2857:ISBN 2831:ISBN 2810:ISBN 2786:ISBN 2767:ISBN 2746:ISBN 2722:ISBN 2700:ISBN 2675:ISBN 2656:ISBN 2616:ISBN 2597:OCLC 2573:ISBN 2548:2022 1204:icon 1153:and 1059:and 797:and 757:Rule 496:and 480:and 418:and 395:and 218:Anna 180:Died 161:Born 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Knowledge (XXG)

Theodora (wife of Theophilos)

Index