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845:, Germany, has been interpreted as depicting the installation of one of these relics. Historian Kenneth Holum describes the Ivory thus: "On the Ivory Theodosius wears distinctive costume and inclines slightly forward, but essentially he remains only part of the cortege and thus of the ceremonial context. The direction of the wagon's movement inexorably toward the scene at the right, toward the diminutive woman clothed in the rich costume of an Augusta … in it she deposited the holy relics."
375:; and the event was celebrated by loud acclamations, dancing, games, and other manifestations of public rejoicing … John declared that these proceedings reflected dishonor on the hurch." Also according to Sozomen, Chrysostom had condemned the empress for her grandiose style in his sermons, which enraged her and resulted in Chrysostom's immediate deposition. Later in life, Pulcheria returned the relics of John Chrysostom and installed them for the church, in gratitude for his pious life.
1225:"…the entire Roman Church is most grateful to you for all the works of your faith, whether having assisted envoys in every way with devoted affection and for having brought back the Catholic bishops who were ejected from their churches by an unjust sentence, or for having brought back with fitting honor to the church he governed so well the remains of Flavian of holy memory, an innocent and Catholic bishop." Pope St. Leo the Great.
1455:"Nestorius took specific action against Pulcheria. He implied that she enjoyed illicit sexual relations with at least seven lovers. He also would not accede to her demand that she be remembered in prayers as the 'bride of Christ' since she had been 'corrupted by men'. Most egregious of all, he effaced her image which he had removed from above the altar; and he refused to use her robe as an altar cover," in Limberis, Vasiliki.
459:, a contemporary of Pulcheria, he complimented her great piety and despisal of the errors of heretics. It is possible that Pulcheria may have had another motive to remain unmarried, as she would have had to relinquish her power to a potential husband. In addition, the husbands of Pulcheria and her sisters could have wielded overbearing influence on their young brother, or even posed a threat to him.
649:." One condition of the marriage was that Marcian obey and respect Pulcheria's vow of virginity, which he did. In order for the marriage to not seem scandalous to the Roman state, the church proclaimed that "Christ himself sponsored the union and it therefore should not provoke shock or unjustified suspicions." After their marriage, Pulcheria and Marcian had Chrysaphius killed.
684:", i.e. "Mother of God", in the church. This conflicted with the religious beliefs of Pulcheria, as she was a virgin empress, and a rivalry between them ensued, during which Nestorius launched a smear campaign against her. Nestorius also tried to remove Pulcheria's image and her altar cloth from the altar, against her wishes. However, Pulcheria and her allies, including
434:
According to
Sozomen, Pulcheria's training of Theodosius included good deportment, horsemanship, and how to don clothes. Not only did Pulcheria train her brother in the duties and customs of imperial office, but she also ensured that Theodosius was trained to become a pious Christian leader. However, Theodosius was accused by some people of providing poor leadership.
1551:"She became a saint of the church, both in West and in the East, where centuries later the faithful of Constantinople celebrated her memorial each year on September 10, bearing in mind her piety and virginity, her works of philanthropy and construction and especially her greatest triumph: 'she caused the holy synod to take place at Chalcedon'." Holum, Kenneth G.
51:
1481:"Under such public pressure Theodosius succumbed to Pulcheria's demands and had Cyril's decree deposing Nestorius read in the Great Church. Nestorius was sent back to his monastery in Antioch…" – Limberis, Vasiliki. Divine Heiress: The Virgin Mary and the Creation of Christian Constantinople. London and New York: Routledge, 1994. pp. 56–57.
751:, attended by 452 bishops. It condemned the doctrines of both Nestorius and Eutyches, developed the doctrines of Cyril and Pope Leo I into one, and it declared the doctrine of the "Theotokos" orthodox. It also reversed the decision of the second Council of Ephesus and denounced it as 'Robber Council'. According to historian
688:, struck back by launching a campaign against Nestorius. Meanwhile, Cyril had already publicly condemned Nestorius and wrote to the imperial court stating that the doctrine of the "Theotokos" was correct. Theodosius and his advisors decided to hold a council, thereby allowing Nestorius an opportunity to vindicate himself.
691:
However, the
Council, teeming with Cyril's allies, condemned Nestorius' position. Nestorians, who were unable to take part in the previous council, held their own council to denounce Cyril. The emperor first tried to find a middle ground but eventually favored Cyril. The title of "Theotokos" was
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altar. Theodosius sent troops into battle, described by
Socrates as "ready to do anything for the sake of Christianity." Though the war was inconclusive, a surviving inscription declares that Theodosius was able to conquer through his sisters' vows of virginity. Theodosius thus made his sister's
509:
were treated as private property and protected by the imperial government. Theodosius enacted a law that forbade the construction of synagogues and required the destruction of those in existence. Pulcheria and
Theodosius also ordered the execution of a group of Jews after strife among Christians
433:
and fasting twice per week. The sisters relinquished luxurious jewelry and apparel, which most women of the imperial court wore. Pulcheria assembled the emperor's imperial announcements and provided many instructions necessary for
Theodosius to be a successful emperor when he would come of age.
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fell from his horse and injured his spine; he died two days later. What exactly happened in government during the interregnum is unclear. It is speculated by some historians that
Pulcheria reigned over the empire alone for about one month after the death of Theodosius, which may have primarily
450:
She devoted her virginity to God, and instructed her sisters to do likewise. To avoid cause of scandal and opportunities for intrigue, she permitted no man to enter her palace. In confirmation of her resolution she took God, the priests, and all the subjects of the Roman empire as witnesses
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of the empire until her death in 453. In fact it can be said without exaggeration that
Pulcheria gave the identity to her brother's reign." from Limberis, Vasiliki. Divine Heiress: The Virgin Mary and the Creation of Christian Constantinople. London and New York: Routledge, 1994. p.
1468:"The council was weighted heavily in favor of the Cyrillians, since they had 'planted' uncouth Alexandrians to heckle the Nestorians. They drove the emperor's ambassador and the Nestorian bishops out of the session, and then declared Nestorius a heretic." – Limberis, Vasiliki.
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consisted of arranging the public funeral of
Theodosius. As the deceased emperor lacked surviving male children, Pulcheria could bestow dynastic legitimacy on an outsider by marrying him. She honoured her vow of virginity despite entering a legitimate marriage. She married
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to a Greek philosopher and professor of rhetoric. When her father died, he left her with little means, only "one hundred gold coins". She visited her aunt in
Constantinople out of desperation. On 7 June 421, Theodosius married Athenais, and her name was changed to
641:, probably at the general's suggestion. Marcian's origins were of low status in comparison to those of previous emperors: "Marcian was a man of little substance, with no ancient aristocratic or imperial blood. He was Roman, however, and thus the bond of
278:. Through her religious devotion and involvement in the contemporary ecclesiastical scene, Pulcheria had significant, though changing, influence and political power during her brother's reign. After Theodosius II died on 26 July 450, Pulcheria married
1091:"... how an emperor must walk, and ride his horse, alone or in procession; how he should sit upon his throne: how to wear his Imperial armor and robes; and how to speak with dignity. By no means must he yield to loud laughter …" Duckett, Eleanor.
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They all pursue the same mode of life; they are sedulous in their attendance in the house of prayer, and evince great charity towards strangers and the poor…and pass their days and their nights together in singing the praises of God.
1212:"Some of these establishments were extensive enough to give the names of their proprietors to entire quarters of the city such as the 'Marina quarter' in the second region and the Pulcherianai in the eleventh." – Holum, Kenneth G.
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Pulcheria was also famous for her philanthropy. She erected many churches and buildings for the poor in and around
Constantinople. Pulcheria's building projects in Constantinople were so vast that a whole district was named the
608:, a seaport seven miles from Constantinople." However, the chronology of her departure does not support Theophanes' narrative. The rivalry of Eudocia and Pulcheria may have come to a head when Eudocia departed for the
526:. As well as contributing new churches and districts to the city, Pulcheria contributed significantly to the Christian Church by reinstating bishops who were dismissed and returning the remains of others, such as
1077:"Although the empire was technically to be ruled by Theodosius II when he would come of age, his older sister Pulcheria exercised such profound influence over him all his life that she must be considered the co-
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Even in her last days Pulcheria thought of ways to help the poor of Constantinople, for "in her will she reinforced that bond by instructing that all of her remaining wealth be distributed among the poor…"
398:
educated Theodosius, but upon reaching adulthood the emperor dismissed him from office. In 414, Pulcheria began to act as her brother and his government's guardian: Theodosius proclaimed Pulcheria
573:, Theodosius II's wife, was strained. The two women over the years had developed a rivalry, possibly based on their different backgrounds and religious beliefs. Eudocia was originally named
1293:"She had always felt jealous of her sister-in-law, Pulcheria, who for many years had held greater influence at Court then she herself had enjoyed, as Empress, as wife." – Duckett, Eleanor.
416:, to deter potential suitors. After this, the imperial palace assumed a monastic tone more so than the previous regime. Sozomen describes the pious ways of Pulcheria and her sisters in his
1104:"He was by nature kind, affable, easily led … Not only was he foolishly kind; he was careless, and often he was to neglect his duty in the administration of his Empire." Duckett, Eleanor.
990:. She then took personal charge of the imperial family, directing its affairs with such authority that she became known in society at large as the emperor's guardian." Holum, Kenneth G.
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fully God and fully human." Pulcheria and Marcian were both hailed as the "new Constantine" and "new Helena" at the council. From this council grew an irreconcilable gulf between
986:"In 412 Pulcheria quarreled with Antiochus, who like Anthemius had served the dynasty faithfully for a number of years, and induced her brother to dismiss him from the duties of
604:, convinced Theodosius to rely less on his sister's influence and more on that of his new wife. This caused Pulcheria in the late 440s to leave the imperial palace and live in "…
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1199:"Sozomen writes that it would take too much time to describe all the churches Pulcheria built, as well as hospitals and inns for the poor." – Limberis, Vasiliki.
1603:"CBOMGS seminar: The Trier Ivory, the Icon of Christ on the Chalke Gate, empress Irene's triumph over Iconoclasm and the church of St Euphemia at the Hippodrome"
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virginity a tool of war propaganda, and because of her vow to be faithful only to God, the hand of God would help Roman troops in battle against Persia.
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1534:"Mention of her death in the chronicles confirms that her passing, like that of Flacilla , struck like an earthquake in the dynastic city. Unlike
1538:, she lived out her life in Constantinople and its suburbs, forming a bond with its people which even death could not sever." Holum, Kenneth G.
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1328:"But she had been brought up in Athens in pagan ways; she had ever been devoted to the literature of her native Greece." – Duckett, Eleanor.
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1130:"In it you clearly show how much you love the Catholic faith and how much you despise the errors of heretics." – Pope St. Leo the Great.
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and her brother's reign as emperor; however, Pulcheria's influence was mostly ecclesiastical. Pulcheria and her brother potentially held
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590:. The rivalry between the two women was posed by some scholars to have been motivated by Eudocia's envy of Pulcheria's power in court.
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held that he had only a divine nature, while Nestorius, and 'Nestorians' after him, emphasized the human." Cameron, Averil.
943:“Although his reign (Arcadius) was short, it is remembered in part for the controversial conflicts Eudoxia encountered with
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on 25 November 450, while simultaneously not violating her vow of virginity. She died three years later, in July 453.
696:. Thus, Pulcheria's campaign against Nestorius was successful, but ecclesiastical controversies did not stop there.
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Christianity, which appeared to contemporaries to be of Jewish origin, no doubt served to confirm that hatred."
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The Trier Ivory, representing a procession with royal figures theorized to depict Theodosius II and Pulcheria.
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387:, then 7 years of age, who had been his father's nominal co-emperor since 402 and was now sole emperor. The
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802:. Her death shocked the people of Constantinople, since she had formed a bond with the city's inhabitants.
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was the primary advocate for Pulcheria's claims of the doctrine, and he "…forcefully intervened, sending a
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R.W. Burgess, 'The Accession of Marcian in the Light of Chalcedonian Apologetic and Monophysite Polemic',
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341:. Pulcheria's older sister, Flaccilla, was born in 397 but probably died young. Her younger siblings were
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was able to overturn the situation, whereupon Leo asked for a second council, calling that Ephesus the
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During this council, Flavian was beaten and died from his injuries. He was later declared a saint and
359:. Sozomen reports that much of the rivalry was based on a silver statue of Eudoxia set up outside the
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586:. Opinions differ as to whether Pulcheria really recommended Eudocia to her brother, a claim made by
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The Ecclesiastical History of Sozomen: Comprising a History of the Church from A.D. 324 to A.D. 440
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The Ecclesiastical History of Sozomen: Comprising a History of the Church from A.D. 324 to A.D. 440
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The Ecclesiastical History of Sozomen: Comprising a History of the Church from A.D. 324 to A.D. 440
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The Ecclesiastical History of Sozomen: Comprising a History of the Church from A.D. 324 to A.D. 440
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1229:. Translated by Brother Edmund Hunt, C.S.C., New York: Fathers of the Church, Inc., 1957. p. 145.
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However, this interpretation is disputed, and another opinion is that the ivory shows the later
1134:. Translated by Brother Edmund Hunt, C.S.C., New York: Fathers of the Church, Inc. 1957. p. 132
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indicates a consort to an emperor variously regarded as either legitimate or a usurper, and
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Elton, H. (25 June 2019). Pulcheria, Roman Augusta, 414–453 CE. Oxford Classical Dictionary
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Pulcheria devoted the last years of her life to the "Theotokos", and had three churches in
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Eudoxia died in 404, and Arcadius in 408. They left behind four young children, including
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and Deborah Klezmer. Waterford, Connecticut: Yorkin Publications. 1999–2002. Page 840-841
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1674:. Translated by Brother Edmund Hunt, C.S.C. New York: Fathers of the Church, Inc. 1957.
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616:. Nonetheless, the sources do not speak of any dispute between them in this period.
270:. In 414, the fifteen-year old Pulcheria became the guardian of her younger brother
1990:
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977:. Berkeley and Los Angeles, California: University of California Press, 1982. p.184
916:. Berkeley and Los Angeles, California: University of California Press, 1982. p. 97
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The First Christian Histories: Eusibius, Socrates, Sozomen, Theodoret and Evagrius
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decreed as orthodox. He also deposed Nestorius and banished him to a monastery in
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514:. Kenneth Holum writes "Pulcheria had long nursed a special hatred for Jews and
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Rituals within the imperial palace included chanting and reciting passages of
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Pulcheria died in 453, but the specific day is unknown. She probably died in
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Pulcheria's time as Augusta also was marked by war and ongoing conflict with
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when she vowed her virginity in 414 and was highly esteemed at court. In the
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Divine Heiress: The Virgin Mary and the Creation of Christian Constantinople
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Divine Heiress: The Virgin Mary and the Creation of Christian Constantinople
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Divine Heiress: The Virgin Mary and the Creation of Christian Constantinople
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Divine Heiress: The Virgin Mary and the Creation of Christian Constantinople
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Divine Heiress: The Virgin Mary and the Creation of Christian Constantinople
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Divine Heiress: The Virgin Mary and the Creation of Christian Constantinople
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Divine Heiress: The Virgin Mary and the Creation of Christian Constantinople
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Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1982. pp. 110–111
1151:. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1982. p. 93-94
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1542:. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1982. p. 226.
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552:. The imperial court called for war against Persia when the Persian king
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She was the second (and oldest surviving) child of Eastern Roman Emperor
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1568:. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1982. p. 107
1555:. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1982. p. 227
1399:. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1982. p. 209
1348:. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1982. p. 208
1245:. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1982. p. 102
1216:. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1982. p. 132
1190:. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1982. p. 188
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994:. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1982. p. 91
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Pulcheria brought many holy relics to churches in Constantinople. The
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Nestorius advocated diminishing the influence of the doctrine of the "
677:. The dispute grew from their disagreement over the nature of Christ.
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1438:"The issue was whether, and, if so, how, Christ had two natures; the
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in 414, and her sisters followed her example. Sozomen explains that:
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Theodosian Empresses: Women and Imperial Dominion in Late Antiquity.
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In 449, Christological debates flared up again. Theodosius summoned
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Theodosian Empresses: Women and Imperial Dominion in Late Antiquity
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Theodosian Empresses: Women and Imperial Dominion in Late Antiquity
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Theodosian Empresses: Women and Imperial Dominion in Late Antiquity
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Theodosian Empresses: Women and Imperial Dominion in Late Antiquity
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Theodosian Empresses: Women and Imperial Dominion in Late Antiquity
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Theodosian Empresses: Women and Imperial Dominion in Late Antiquity
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Theodosian Empresses: Women and Imperial Dominion in Late Antiquity
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Theodosian Empresses: Women and Imperial Dominion in Late Antiquity
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Theodosian Empresses: Women and Imperial Dominion in Late Antiquity
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Theodosian Empresses: Women and Imperial Dominion in Late Antiquity
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Theodosian Empresses: Women and Imperial Dominion in Late Antiquity
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Theodosian Empresses: Women and Imperial Dominion in Late Antiquity
1055:. Translated by Edward Walford. London: Henry G. Bohn. 1855. p. 410
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Theodosian Empresses: Women and Imperial Dominion in Late Antiquity
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Theodosian Empresses: Women and Imperial Dominion in Late Antiquity
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Theodosian Empresses: Women and Imperial Dominion in Late Antiquity
947:, bishop of Constantinople from 398 to 404." – Limberis, Vasiliki.
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Theodosian Empresses: Women and Imperial Dominion in Late Antiquity
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964:. Translated by Edward Walford. London: Henry G. Bohn. 1855. p.391
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1660:. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. 1982.
661:, held in 431 in Theodosius's reign, involved two rival bishops:
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Byzantine empresses: women and power in Byzantium, AD 527–1204
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Byzantine empresses: women and power in Byzantium, AD 527–1204
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of the eighth century, who sponsored renovation of the church.
352:
Arcadius' reign experienced conflict between his wife and the
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242:
1681:. Translated by Edward Walford. London: Henry G. Bohn. 1855.
1121:. Translated by Edward Walford. London: Henry G. Bohn. 1855.
1108:. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 1972. p. 125
1095:. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 1972. p. 123
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The Life and Times of Empress Pulcheria: A.D. 399–A.D. 452
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at first led government affairs. The imperial chamberlain
755:, the Council of Chalcedon "…developed and clarified the
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and its theological development by being involved in the
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1271:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1972. p. 125.
1332:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1972. p. 164
1310:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1972. p. 146
1297:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1972. p. 146
1284:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1972. p. 126
255:, during his minority and then became wife to emperor
477:
a bust of her was erected, along with those of other
217:
19:
This article is about the empress. For her aunt, see
1695:. Cincinnati, OH: St. Anthony Messenger Press. 1986.
1693:
Women in Church History: 20 Stories for 20 Centuries
1646:. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press. 1972.
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The Mediterranean World In Late Antiquity AD 395–600
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Rudge, F.M. "St. Flavian." The Catholic Encyclopedia
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The Mediterranean World In Late Antiquity AD 395–600
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The Mediterranean World In Late Antiquity AD 395–600
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The Mediterranean World In Late Antiquity AD 395–600
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Two years later, Pulcheria and Marcian summoned the
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Women in World History: a Biographical Encyclopedia
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Women in World History: A biographical encyclopedia
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412:. At the same time, Pulcheria and her sisters made
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1639:. Macon, GA: Mercer University Press. 1986 2nd Ed.
489:Many important events occurred during her time as
1688:. London: Swan Sonnenshein & Co., Lim. 1907.
556:executed a Christian bishop who had destroyed a
1509:Vol. 6. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1909
767:, those who upheld the council's decision, and
597:wrote that Eudocia and the chief minister, the
1667:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1971.
1663:Jones, A.H.M; J.R. Martindale; and J. Morris.
1010:. University of California Press. p. 97.
934:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1971.
930:Jones, A.H.M, J.R. Martindale, and J. Morris.
1808:
1522:. London and New York: Routledge, 1994. p. 57
1472:. London and New York: Routledge, 1994. p. 56
1459:. London and New York: Routledge, 1994. p. 54
1203:. London and New York: Routledge, 1994. p. 49
497:, which may have contributed to laws against
333:. Her parents were the eastern Roman emperor
251:empress who advised her brother, the emperor
8:
2682:indicates a consort to a junior co-emperor,
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951:. London and New York: Routledge, 1994. p.37
1665:The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire
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1338:
932:The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire
612:and, for a time, openly supported monastic
2758:Burials at the Church of the Holy Apostles
2139:
1815:
1801:
1793:
1729:
707:to resolve the disputes. At this council,
49:
31:
349:(born in 401), and Marina (born in 401).
1702:. London and New York: Routledge. 1994.
1164:. London and New York: Routledge, 1994.
905:
723:for denying them. At this the party of
569:The relationship between Pulcheria and
259:from November 450 to her death in 453.
247:; 19 January 398 or 399 – 453) was an
1644:Medieval Portraits from East and West
1330:Medieval Portraits from East and West
1308:Medieval Portraits from East and West
1295:Medieval Portraits from East and West
1282:Medieval Portraits from East and West
1269:Medieval Portraits from East and West
1106:Medieval Portraits from East and West
1093:Medieval Portraits from East and West
889:List of Roman and Byzantine Empresses
645:at once communicated eligibility for
467:Pulcheria also attained the title of
7:
2743:Late Ancient Christian female saints
894:Monastery of the Panaghia Hodegetria
809:After her death, she was declared a
717:Archbishop Flavian of Constantinople
501:in the capital. Before the reign of
325:, whose Eastern branch in the later
21:Pulcheria (daughter of Theodosius I)
784:Monastery of the Panagia Hodegetria
624:While hunting on horseback in 450,
1429:London: Routledge, 1993. pp. 22–23
813:by the church, which is today the
345:(born in 400), the future emperor
14:
309:subsequently recognized her as a
16:Byzantine empress (398/399 – 453)
1362:. London: Routledge. p. 3.
863:
841:, now housed in the treasury of
788:Church of St. Mary of Blachernae
184:
2798:Daughters of Byzantine emperors
2738:5th-century Byzantine empresses
1725:Santa Pulcheria – Santi e Beati
637:and close associate of general
565:Relationship with Aelia Eudocia
404:on 4 July 414. Pulcheria was a
297:, in which the Church ruled on
1580:"The Trier Ivory Reconsidered"
1446:London: Routledge, 1993. p. 23
1:
2803:5th-century empresses consort
2690:incidates an empress regnant.
1578:Wortley, John (Winter 1980).
23:. For the genus of moth, see
2728:5th-century Christian saints
2723:4th-century Byzantine people
2520:Euphrosyne Doukaina Kamatera
667:Archbishop of Constantinople
544:Roman–Sassanid War (421–422)
354:Archbishop of Constantinople
321:Pulcheria was born into the
2768:Roman Catholic royal saints
2733:4th-century Byzantine women
1584:Roman and Byzantine Studies
2834:
2753:Saints from Constantinople
2748:Saints from Roman Anatolia
1672:St. Leo the Great: Letters
1653:. London: Routledge. 1999.
1605:. University of Birmingham
1227:St. Leo the Great: Letters
1147:9.1.3.; Holum, Kenneth G.
1145:The Ecclesiastical History
1132:St. Leo the Great: Letters
884:List of Byzantine emperors
541:
243:
18:
2813:5th-century women regents
2677:
2555:Elena Asenina of Bulgaria
2056:Flavia Maximiana Theodora
1781:
1775:Byzantine Empress consort
1772:
1764:
1759:
1732:
1497:London: Routledge, p. 23.
1386:86/87 (1993/1994), 47–68.
1384:Byzantinische Zeitschrift
1004:Kenneth G. Holum (1989).
790:, and the Chalkoprateia.
285:Pulcheria influenced the
48:
39:
1670:Pope St. Leo the Great.
659:First Council of Ephesus
653:Ecclesiastical conflicts
595:Theophanes the Confessor
274:and was also proclaimed
83:25 August 450 – July 453
2763:Byzantine female saints
2473:Eudokia Makrembolitissa
2079:Flavia Julia Constantia
1358:Garland, Lynda (1999).
871:Byzantine Empire portal
727:, Cyril's successor in
675:Patriarch of Alexandria
307:Eastern Orthodox Church
109:Probably Constantinople
2793:Christian royal saints
1996:Marcia Otacilia Severa
1412:a. 450; John Malalas,
879:Icon of the Hodegetria
834:
495:anti-Jewish sentiments
453:
427:
418:Ecclesiastical History
2560:Theodora Palaiologina
2530:Anna Komnene Angelina
2468:Catherine of Bulgaria
2399:Eudokia Dekapolitissa
1868:Agrippina the Younger
1709:", Robert W. Hewsen.
832:
686:Eusebius of Dorylaeum
448:
422:
379:Sister of the emperor
303:Roman Catholic Church
107:July 453 (aged 53–55)
95:19 January 398 or 399
2631:Sophia of Montferrat
2550:Anna of Hohenstaufen
2409:Theophano Martinakia
2317:Theodora of Khazaria
1950:Julia Cornelia Paula
1913:Faustina the Younger
1698:Limberis, Vasiliki.
1601:Niewöhner, Philipp.
1518:Limberis, Vasiliki.
1160:Limberis, Vasiliki.
839:Trier Adventus Ivory
794:Death and veneration
749:Council of Chalcedon
715:, a long letter, to
295:Council of Chalcedon
2818:5th-century regents
2609:Keratsa of Bulgaria
2592:Helena Kantakouzene
2572:Irene of Montferrat
2535:Philippa of Armenia
2515:Margaret of Hungary
2367:Theophano of Athens
2186:Julius Nepos's wife
2001:Herennia Etruscilla
1824:Roman and Byzantine
1739:House of Theodosius
1635:Chestnut, Glenn F.
1408:Marcellinus Comes,
780:Blessed Virgin Mary
172:Nicene Christianity
130:House of Theodosius
2773:Theodosian dynasty
2636:Maria of Trebizond
2602:Irene Palaiologina
2582:Irene of Brunswick
2540:Maria of Courtenay
2500:Bertha of Sulzbach
1908:Faustina the Elder
1883:Statilia Messalina
1747:19 January 398/399
1656:Holum, Kenneth G.
1642:Duckett, Eleanor.
1632:London: Routledge.
1564:Holum, Kenneth G.
1395:Holum, Kenneth G.
1344:Holum, Kenneth G.
1306:Duckett, Eleanor.
1280:Duckett, Eleanor.
1267:Duckett, Eleanor.
1254:Holum, Kenneth G.
1241:Holum, Kenneth G.
1186:Holum, Kenneth G.
1173:Holum, Kenneth G.
1064:Holum, Kenneth G.
973:Holum, Kenneth G.
912:Holum, Kenneth G.
835:
771:, who opposed it.
485:Church and Judaism
389:praetorian prefect
323:Theodosian dynasty
291:Council of Ephesus
2808:Byzantine regents
2695:
2694:
2664:Byzantine emperor
2493:Dobrodeia of Kiev
2269:
2268:
2073:Valeria Maximilla
2011:Cornelia Salonina
1965:Sallustia Orbiana
1791:
1790:
1782:Succeeded by
1628:Cameron, Averil.
1493:Cameron, Averil.
1425:Cameron, Averil.
1017:978-0-520-90970-0
778:dedicated to the
593:Centuries later,
455:In a letter from
414:vows of virginity
177:
176:
2825:
2788:Byzantine saints
2614:Irene Gattilusio
2525:Eudokia Angelina
2505:Maria of Antioch
2488:Irene of Hungary
2424:Zoe Karbonopsina
2404:Eudokia Ingerina
2277:Byzantine Empire
2140:
1985:Caecilia Paulina
1943:Fulvia Plautilla
1933:Manlia Scantilla
1923:Bruttia Crispina
1858:Milonia Caesonia
1817:
1810:
1803:
1794:
1765:Preceded by
1755:
1748:
1730:
1691:Turpin, Joanne.
1684:Teetgen, Ada B.
1649:Garland, Lynda.
1615:
1614:
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1610:
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935:
928:
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910:
873:
868:
867:
866:
819:Eastern Orthodox
577:and was born in
475:Byzantine Senate
444:vow of virginity
442:She also took a
438:Vow of virginity
431:sacred scripture
293:and guiding the
287:Christian Church
246:
245:
236:
235:
232:
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219:
216:
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210:
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190:
53:
32:
25:Pulcheria (moth)
2833:
2832:
2828:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2823:
2822:
2698:
2697:
2696:
2691:
2673:
2640:
2577:Rita of Armenia
2565:Anna of Hungary
2545:Irene Laskarina
2510:Agnes of France
2478:Maria of Alania
2429:Helena Lekapene
2279:
2276:
2265:
2198:
2190:
2174:Marcia Euphemia
2169:Licinia Eudoxia
2146:
2138:
2129:Aelia Flaccilla
2051:Galeria Valeria
2033:
2025:
2006:Cornelia Supera
1977:
1969:
1898:Pompeia Plotina
1893:Domitia Longina
1888:Galeria Fundana
1873:Claudia Octavia
1848:Livia Orestilla
1835:
1827:
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981:
972:
968:
959:
955:
945:John Chrysostom
942:
938:
929:
920:
911:
907:
902:
869:
864:
862:
859:
853:
843:Trier Cathedral
827:
796:
757:creed of Nicaea
701:another council
655:
622:
567:
550:Sassanid Persia
546:
540:
538:War with Persia
534:of the church.
487:
465:
463:Role as Augusta
440:
381:
357:John Chrysostom
319:
204:
187:
183:
180:Aelia Pulcheria
108:
96:
75:
61:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2831:
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2815:
2810:
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2800:
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2648:
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2642:
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2639:
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2633:
2628:
2624:Anna of Moscow
2616:
2611:
2606:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2485:
2483:Irene Doukaina
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2458:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2419:Eudokia Baïana
2416:
2414:Zoe Zaoutzaina
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2357:Maria of Amnia
2354:
2346:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
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2281:
2271:
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2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
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2213:
2208:
2202:
2200:
2196:Eastern Empire
2192:
2191:
2189:
2188:
2183:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2164:Galla Placidia
2161:
2156:
2150:
2148:
2144:Western Empire
2137:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2069:
2064:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2037:
2035:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2023:
2018:
2016:Ulpia Severina
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1981:
1979:
1971:
1970:
1968:
1967:
1962:
1960:Annia Faustina
1957:
1955:Aquilia Severa
1952:
1947:
1935:
1930:
1928:Flavia Titiana
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1878:Poppaea Sabina
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1853:Lollia Paulina
1850:
1845:
1839:
1837:
1836:27 BC – AD 235
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1812:
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369:Hagia Sophia
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337:and empress
327:Roman Empire
320:
301:issues. The
284:
266:and Empress
261:
179:
178:
60:of Pulcheria
55:
40:
29:
2713:390s births
2684:underlining
2256:Constantina
1938:Julia Domna
988:praepositus
769:Miaphysites
761:Incarnation
602:Chrysaphius
558:Zoroastrian
554:Yazdegerd I
510:emerged in
329:ruled from
2718:453 deaths
2702:Categories
2387:Euphrosyne
2159:Thermantia
2119:Constantia
1833:Principate
1734:Pulcheria
1622:References
821:churches.
729:Alexandria
709:Pope Leo I
665:, who was
507:synagogues
457:Pope Leo I
317:Early life
142:Theodosian
2708:Pulcheria
2439:Theophano
2377:Theodosia
2352:of Athens
2307:Anastasia
2216:Pulcheria
2061:Minervina
1863:Messalina
1826:empresses
1707:Pulcheria
1677:Sozomen.
1410:Chronicle
1143:Sozomen,
1117:Sozomen.
1051:Sozomen.
960:Sozomen.
725:Dioscorus
682:Theotokos
663:Nestorius
610:Holy Land
516:Nestorian
512:Palestine
396:Antiochus
392:Anthemius
361:cathedral
244:Πουλχερία
35:Pulcheria
2783:Augustae
2669:Augustae
2645:See also
2462:Theodora
2444:Theodora
2434:Theodora
2393:Theodora
2372:Prokopia
2362:Theodote
2297:Gregoria
2280:610–1453
2275:Eastern/
2241:Theodora
2236:Euphemia
2180:Placidia
2089:Faustina
2046:Eutropia
2031:Dominate
1779:450–453
1754:July 453
857:See also
721:Eutyches
647:basileia
606:Hebdomon
575:Athenais
410:basileia
373:porphyry
335:Arcadius
305:and the
264:Arcadius
168:Religion
152:Arcadius
70:(in the
2680:Italics
2337:Eudokia
2327:Tzitzak
2312:Eudokia
2292:Martina
2261:Leontia
2231:Zenonis
2226:Ariadne
2199:395–610
2147:395–480
2114:Domnica
2109:Justina
2099:Charito
2084:Eusebia
2034:284–610
1978:235–285
1918:Lucilla
1536:Eudocia
705:Ephesus
694:Antioch
635:tribune
631:Marcian
620:Empress
584:Eudocia
528:Flavian
491:augusta
479:augusti
470:augusta
401:Augusta
343:Arcadia
280:Marcian
276:Augusta
257:Marcian
137:Dynasty
118:Marcian
57:Solidus
42:Augusta
2449:Helena
2382:Thekla
2302:Fausta
2246:Sophia
2221:Verina
2094:Helena
2067:Fausta
2041:Prisca
1975:Crisis
1785:Verina
1750:
1609:4 July
1366:
1079:regent
1014:
825:In art
786:, the
782:: the
742:martyr
673:, the
669:, and
643:kedeia
599:eunuch
579:Athens
532:relics
158:Mother
148:Father
114:Spouse
80:Tenure
2778:Aelii
2350:Irene
2332:Maria
2322:Maria
2154:Maria
2134:Galla
2124:Laeta
1843:Livia
1752:Died:
1745:Born:
1416:14.32
900:Notes
811:saint
671:Cyril
639:Aspar
530:, as
311:saint
239:Greek
125:House
2688:bold
2657:list
2621:(w.
2599:(w.
2562:(w.
2490:(w.
2343:Anna
1940:(w.
1611:2014
1364:ISBN
1012:ISBN
817:and
713:Tome
657:The
633:, a
104:Died
92:Born
72:East
2455:Zoë
2063:(?)
1987:(?)
737:."
703:to
451:...
363:of
2704::
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192:iː
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1946:)
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215:ˈ
212:l
209:ʌ
206:p
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189:ˈ
186:/
182:(
27:.
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