1258:
1122:
1292:
1179:
1133:
907:, where his cult spread widely. Gregory of Nyssa said nothing about St Theodore's life beyond the basic legend as given above, but he told how he could influence the lives of his hearers and specifically mentioned that he could intervene in battles. This became a particularly important attribute of St Theodore. Theodore was one of the important military saints of Byzantium and eventually had 15 churches in his honor in Constantinople. He was also widely venerated in Asia Minor, Syria, and Palestine and there are churches dedicated to him in
652:
1232:
1313:
1210:
712:), generally dated to the 10th century, which portrays two "sacred riders" confronting a two serpents twined around a tree, in a striking parallel to the Dioskuroi stela, except that the riders are now attacking the snake in the "tree of life" instead of a boar. In this example, at least, there appear to be two snakes with separate heads, but other examples of 10th-century Cappadocia show polycephalous snakes. A poorly preserved wall-painting at the
644:
1025:
723:("Snake Church") that depicts the two saints Theodore and George attacking a dragon has been tentatively dated to the 10th century, or alternatively even to the mid-9th. A similar example, but showing three equestrian saints, Demetrius, Theodore and George, is from the "Zoodochos Pigi" chapel in central Macedonia in Greece, in the prefecture of
65:
1186:
The two
Byzantine columns in the Piazzetta in Venice were set up soon after 1172. The eastern column bears a strange animal representing the winged lion of St Mark. A statue representing St Theodore was placed on the western column in 1372, but this was not the statue now to be seen there, which is a
663:
Iconography of a horseman with a spear overcoming evil as personified as a dragon was widespread throughout the
Christian period. Iconographic representations of St Theodore as dragon-slayer are dated to as early as the 7th century, certainly by the early 10th century (the oldest certain depiction of
1935:, p. "the pairing of the two holy dragon-slayers has no narrative source, and the symbolic meaning of the scene is spelled out in an inscription written on both sides of the central cross, which compares the victory of the two saints over the dragon to Christ's triumph over evil on the cross."
891:
of the saint and became an important place of pilgrimage, to the point it was also known as
Theodoropolis. In a tradition recorded in the 10th or 11th century, a woman from Euchaita named Eusebia had transferred the saint's relics according to his wishes. The same tradition also associates Theodore
1156:
opted emphatically for the latter in 1960 and was followed in this by Fenlon. However, Demus later noted that none of the 12th-century mosaics which show St
Theodore mentions more than his name and that he may have become the patron of the city before the two saints were distinguished. In fact the
998:
In mosaics and icons, he is most often shown in military dress from the 6th century, but sometimes in civilian or court dress. When on horseback, he is always in military dress, possibly spearing a dragon, and often accompanied by St George. Both he and St
Theodore Stratelates are shown with thick
1083:
during the first week of Great Lent to sprinkle all the food provisions in the marketplace with the blood offered to pagan idols, knowing that the people would be hungry after the strict fasting of the first week. Thus he would force the
Christians to unknowingly eat food "polluted" (from the
1175:. When this was enlarged and rebuilt in the late 11th century, the chapel of St Theodore disappeared in the rebuilding. There is today a small chapel dedicated to St Theodore, behind St Mark's church, but this was not built until 1486. (It was later occupied by the Inquisition in Venice).
753:, Saint Theodore Tiro. The transfer of the dragon iconography from Theodore, or Theodore and George as "Dioskuroi" to George on his own, first becomes tangible in the early 11th century. The oldest certain images of St. George combatting the serpent date are still found in
780:
Numerous conflicting legends grew up about the life and martyrdom of St
Theodore so that, in order to bring some consistency into the stories, it seems to have been assumed that there must have been two different saints, St Theodore Tiron of Amasea and St
1257:
800:
wrote in 1909 that the existence of the second
Theodore had not been historically established, and Walter in 2003 wrote that "the Stratelates is surely a fiction". Blackburn et al. treat the second figure as a promotion in rank of the former.
1014:
In the
Eastern church, St Theodore of Amasea is celebrated on 8 February in the Slavonic Byzantine calendar or on 17 February or on the 1st Saturday in Lent. In the western church, his date was 9 November but, since 1969 after the
1148:
were (according to tradition) brought to the city in 828. The original chapel of the Doge was dedicated to St
Theodore, though, after the translation of the relics of St Mark, it was superseded by the church of St Mark.
1312:
1462:
had mentioned the likelihood that there was only one saint, probably a martyr and possibly a soldier, pointing out that the legends overlapped and could not be distinguished. His 20th-century editor
1376:
773:
as a separate saint is attested from the late 9th century. The two Theodores were frequently depicted alongside one another in the later Byzantine period. Theodore Stratelates had a shrine at
701:, where frescoes of the 10th century show military saints on horseback confronting serpents with one, two or three heads. One of the earliest examples is from the church known as Mavrucan 3 (
1896:"Thierry 1972, who dates the fresco to as early as the seventh century. However, this seems unlikely, as it would be three hundred years earlier than any other church fresco in the region."
1191:
to represent a dragon, and was placed there in the second half of the 15th century. The statue on the pillar is now a copy of the original, which is kept elsewhere for its preservation.
1164:
There were 15 churches in Constantinople dedicated to St Theodore, who was a Greek saint, specially venerated by the Eastern church. Venice had originally been a subject city of the
1198:
by a Venetian admiral in 1257 and, after being first placed in a Venetian church in Constantinople, were brought to Venice in 1267. They were placed in the church of San Salvatore.
796:, a different place. They were distinguished at least by the 9th century. However it is now generally accepted, at least in the west, that there was in fact only one St Theodore.
1072:(boiled wheat with honey and raisins) which is distributed to the faithful in commemoration of the following miracle worked by St. Theodore on the First Saturday of Great Lent:
1231:
1291:
1092:, ordering him to inform all the Christians that no one should buy anything at the market, but rather to boil the wheat they had at home and eat it sweetened with honey.
1168:, and the Venetians saw St Theodore as a symbol of their subjection to Constantinople. The adoption of St Mark as their patron helped to establish their independence.
2696:
2534:
1979:
501:
2666:
465:. The epithets are not generally needed, as Theodore Tiron is generally the intendend saint when the name "St Theodore" is used without other clarification.
2582:
887:
The initial center of veneration was in the district around Amasea. From at least the 9th century (and possibly much earlier), Euchaita housed the
1959:"Warrior Saints as Protectors of the Byzantine Army in the Palaiologan Period: the Case of the Rock-cut Hermitage in Kolchida (Kilkis Prefecture)"
447:
argued that this epithet was a later mistake and that, rather than being a recruit, Theodore's name had originally referenced his service in the
2860:
1209:
2655:
2634:
665:
656:
929:
from the 9th or 10th century depicted him as dragon-slayer alongside Saints Demetrius and George. He was adopted as a military saint by the
792:
in Pontus. In fact the shrine existed before any distinction was made between these two saints. The separate shrine of Stratelates was at
2845:
2769:
2571:
2467:
2347:
2005:
1121:
713:
2830:
378:
39:
1572:
777:, but was said to have originally been from Euchaita. His "lives" are listed in Bibliotecha Hagiographica Graeca 1760–1773.
679:
in a legend not younger than the late 9th century. The earliest image of St Theodore as a horseman (named in Latin) is from
2811:
1178:
1157:
Venetians never appear to have made any distinction between the different St Theodores. None of the mosaics in Venice's
2880:
2865:
2603:"Muslim Artists, Christian Patrons and the Painted Ceilings of the Cappella Palatina (Palermo, Sicily, circa 1143 CE)"
1470:. For other theories of the origin of Stratelates and a review of the relationship between the two saints, see Walter.
893:
867:
859:
856:
718:
655:
Saints Theodore and George shown side by side as equestrian heroes. Theodore kills a dragon and George a human enemy.
638:
1865:
Charles Clermont-Ganneau, "Horus et Saint Georges, d’après un bas-relief inédit du Louvre". Revue archéologique, 1876
344:
1705:
1132:
230:
651:
2875:
2671:
1152:
There is some doubt whether this first patron of Venice was Theodore of Amasea or Theodore of Heraclea, although
684:
222:
1958:
2870:
2626:
Romanesque and the Mediterranean: Patterns of Exchange Across the Latin, Greek and Islamic Worlds c.1000-c.1250
917:
804:
There were several churches dedicated to both saints, Theodore Tiron and Theodore Stratelates. For instance at
1172:
707:
788:
There is much confusion between these two saints, and each of them is sometimes said to have had a shrine at
2602:
1297:
1037:
904:
877:
866:
before 397. There was a church dedicated to him in Constantinople in 452, a mosaic created of him at Rome's
848:, but a church at Euchaita related to pilgrimage in Theodore's honor is known to have existed from at least
680:
130:
1220:
1216:
1016:
724:
489:
335:
702:
2850:
2482:
1272:
1057:
683:
and, if genuine, dates to the 6th or 7th century. Here, Theodore is not slaying a dragon, but holding a
1664:
1158:
698:
377:, "gift"). In Rome, he was also known to locals as St Toto. He was eventually distinguished from other
2049:
1323:
1165:
1126:
840:
in his honor at his sanctuary in the winter of 381. It is uncertain if this sanctuary was located at
825:
782:
770:
293:
277:
35:
2495:
2130:
999:
black hair and pointed beards, usually one point for Theodore Tiron and two points for Stratelates.
2855:
1674:
1371:
1089:
1076:
1061:
949:
613:
555:
976:
window with 38 panels depicting Theodore's life, but his cult did not become common beyond Italy.
372:
2491:
2173:
1973:
1480:
1467:
965:
925:, from the 9th century, he was depicted as a soldier in military dress. A tradition origating in
797:
754:
497:
120:
2780:
2716:
2765:
2746:
2690:
2651:
2630:
2567:
2557:
2528:
2463:
2343:
2168:
2001:
1921:
1893:
1692:
1622:
987:
979:
735:
694:
624:
524:
269:
226:
2738:
2430:
1463:
1065:
1041:
948:'s chapel was dedicated to him until the 9th century, when Venice largely replaced him with
888:
829:
595:
591:
563:
509:
314:
297:
253:
249:
234:
2186:
609:
535:
444:
310:
257:
238:
214:
169:
147:
125:
1732:
356:
2805:
2521:
2200:
1717:
1334:
1100:
1080:
1045:
945:
863:
587:
528:
400:
386:
321:
318:
281:
1002:
His encounter with a dragon was increasingly transferred to the more-widely venerated
896:
motif. In the late 11th century, the Amasea province was gradually overwhelmed by the
643:
2839:
1407:
983:
973:
897:
881:
750:
621:
600:
551:
1668:
288:, attracted a great deal of additional legends including accounts of battle against
2443:
2426:
2413:
1459:
1300:
1238:
1003:
937:
605:
571:
559:
493:
242:
218:
211:
176:
1171:
The new church of St Mark was built between the old chapel of St Theodore and the
1024:
730:
A 12th-century depiction of Theodore as equestrian dragon-slayer is found in four
85:
2759:
2624:
2561:
2457:
575:
547:
285:
2815:
2800:
2543:
2513:
1361:
1153:
1145:
1053:
926:
922:
520:
329:
324:
273:
245:
139:
134:
2750:
1019:, he is no longer liturgically celebrated except in certain local calendars.
17:
2742:
1195:
1188:
1104:
1060:
on Friday evening (since, liturgically, the day begins at sunset) a special
908:
793:
774:
531:
517:
562:. Rather than immediately execute him, the judges—taking pity on his youth—
64:
1771:, vol. III, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991, pp. 2048–2049
647:
The Yılanlı Kilise fresco of saints Theodore and George slaying the dragon
292:, and was often confused with (or was the original source of) the similar
1338:
1242:
1085:
957:
953:
912:
845:
833:
813:
805:
789:
727:, near the modern village of Kolchida, dated to the 9th or 10th century.
676:
617:
505:
186:
2781:"The Reign of Constantine V in the Miracles of St Theodore the Recruit"
1998:
The Medieval Saints' Lives: Spiritual Renewal and Old French Literature
1396:
1108:
1088:. St Theodore appeared in a dream to the Archbishop of Constantinople,
1049:
960:
in the 12th century, after which he was honored as that city's patron.
930:
739:
731:
513:
152:
Dressed as a soldier sometimes in court dress, with emblems such as a
2592:
1330:
1246:
1141:
1069:
1029:
969:
941:
841:
837:
809:
758:
746:
583:
579:
543:
539:
485:
481:
289:
265:
261:
182:
157:
112:
89:
1401:
2340:
The ceremonial city: history, memory and myth in renaissance Venice
749:
motif was transferred to the George legend from that of his fellow
2683:
Kalendarium Manuale Utriusque Ecclesiae Orientalis et Occidentalis
1177:
1131:
1120:
1023:
961:
952:
as a sign of its growing independence. His cult spread during the
650:
642:
567:
161:
153:
51:
1733:"Intaglio with Saint Theodore Teron Slaying a Many-Headed Dragon"
527:. When the soldiers of Theodore's cohort were obliged to perform
2787:, Paris: Institut Français d'Études Byzantines, pp. 191–210
2723:, Paris: Institut Français d'Études Byzantines, pp. 163–210
2418:
The Lives of the Fathers, Martyrs, and Other Principal Saints...
2069:
2067:
165:
2806:
Hagiography from the website of the Orthodox Church in America
362:
1820:
1818:
1445:
1435:
1425:
1415:
880:, a separate circular church in his honor at the foot of the
410:
404:
370:
354:
342:
2729:
Walter, C. (1995), "The Origins of the Cult of St. George",
2086:
2084:
2082:
1736:
1377:
Saints Theodore Tyro and Theodore Stratelates Church, Serres
855:. His cult spread rapidly and he became highly popular. The
1187:
composite of several fragments, some antique, including a
757:, in particular the image in the church of Saint Barbara,
675:). Theodore is reported as having destroyed a dragon near
1052:
attributed to St. Theodore Tyro on the First Saturday of
828:
of St Theodore is attested by the late 4th century, when
812:, at the monastery of Kuprianou at Constantinople and at
2812:"Feast of the Dedication of St. John Lateran November 9"
2435:
Butler's Lives of the Fathers, Martyrs, and Other Saints
1368:(Saint Theodore's) day on the Croatian island of Korčula
1075:
Fifty years after the death of St Theodore, the emperor
1837:
1835:
1833:
1793:
1791:
1709:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1524:
2459:
Aspects of the Liturgical Year in Cappadocia (325–430)
1522:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1406:("recruit") preceded the Greek and was also variously
2586:
2566:, Budapest: Central European University Medievalia,
1646:
1644:
2027:, II 1, Paris (1936), p. 322, pl. 187, 2; 189, 2-3.
1720:: Russian Orthodox Cathedral of St John the Baptist
944:during its period under Byzantine hegemony and the
598:. The year of his martyrdom is cited as 287 in the
175:
146:
119:
96:
76:
71:
49:
2450:, vol. II & XI, London: Burns & Oates
1966:ГЕРОИ • КУЛТОВЕ • СВЕТЦИ / Heroes • Cults • Saints
1706:"Theodore Tyro (of Amasea), Warrior, Great Martyr"
2761:The Warrior Saints in Byzantine Art and Tradition
2685:(in Latin), vol. I (2nd ed.), Innsbruck
2648:Saints, Women and Humanists in Renaissance Venice
2437:, vol. II & XI, London: Virtue & Co.
2217:
2073:
1743:, New York City: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2023
1099:is distributed to all who are present and, after
1032:, of the type blessed on Saint Theodore Saturday.
2301:
2142:
956:. His body was said to have been transferred to
2000:. Lexington, KY: French Forum. pp. 51–52.
1964:. In Ivanka Gergova; Emmanuel Moutafov (eds.).
903:St Theodore became especially important in the
566:to allow him to change his mind. Theodore then
546:, about 30 miles or 48 kilometres south of the
280:by the late 4th century, he became a prominent
2446:(1995–2000), Burns, Paul; et al. (eds.),
1194:Reputed relics of St Theodore were taken from
385:, Theodore the Tyro, or Theodore the Soldier (
2814:. St. Patrick Catholic Church. Archived from
2090:
1483:was mistaken in thinking them the same place.
884:, was consecrated in the 6th or 7th century.
697:iconography can be traced to the Cappadocian
8:
2497:Les Légendes Grecques des Saints Militaires
1991:
1989:
1873:
1871:
620:, possibly his birthplace, by the Christian
488:. The basic legend recounts that Theodore's
423:). The same name is variously anglicized as
2462:, Patristic Studies, New York: Peter Lang,
1853:
1782:
1399:
1107:, is the first food eaten after the strict
448:
394:
327:
189:, against storms, recovery of lost articles
2717:"Theodore, Archetype of the Warrior Saint"
2695:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2533:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1978:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1917:
1889:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1573:"Great Martyr Theodore the Tyro (Recruit)"
990:in 2000, with services beginning in 2004.
986:and was made available to the Orthodox by
639:Saint George and the Dragon § Origins
63:
46:
1597:
1084:Christian perspective) with the blood of
2707:The Serpent Column: A Cultural Biography
2126:
2023:, p. 320, citing G. de Jerphanion,
1688:
1556:
982:in Rome was made a collegiate church by
133:: 17 February and the first Saturday in
2563:The Crusades and the Military Orders...
2403:Blackburn, Bonnie; et al. (1999),
2313:
2289:
1824:
1809:
1618:
1500:
1388:
1205:
921:mention him twice. After the period of
2688:
2581:Giftopoulou, Sofia (21 January 2003),
2526:
2277:
2265:
2253:
2241:
2229:
2154:
2114:
2102:
2036:
2020:
1971:
1944:
1905:
1841:
1797:
1754:
1650:
1636:Greek-English Lexicon & Supplement
1068:, is chanted. Then the priest blesses
453:.) The saint is also distinguished as
2831:Colonnade Statue in St Peter's Square
2386:
2374:
2362:
2325:
1932:
1908:, pp. 56 & 125 and plate 27.
1877:
1567:
1565:
7:
2646:Labalme, Patricia H. (31 May 2023).
2342:. New Haven: Yale University Press.
1140:St Theodore was the patron saint of
1079:(361-363) commanded the governor of
936:In Western Europe, Theodore was the
2588:Encyclopaedia of the Hellenic World
198:(Άγιος Θεοδώρος), distinguished as
2595:: Foundation of the Hellenic World
2558:"Crusaders in the Central Balkans"
2548:The Mosaics of San Marco in Venice
2050:"Bibliotheca hagiographica graeca"
2025:Les églises rupestres de Cappadoce
1182:Sculpture of St Theodore in Venice
657:Saint Catherine's Monastery, Sinai
627:sometime before her death in 360.
25:
2518:The Church of San Marco in Venice
2407:, Oxford: Oxford University Press
1064:to St. Theodore, composed by St.
900:and Euchaita became depopulated.
862:preached a sermon on Theodore at
34:For another Saint Theodore, see:
2623:Bacile, Rosa (2 December 2017).
2405:The Oxford Companion to the Year
2205:Cult of Saints in Late Antiquity
2199:Efthymios Rizos (24 June 2015).
1311:
1290:
1256:
1230:
1208:
964:claimed to have taken his head.
868:Church of SS Cosmas & Damian
664:Theodore killing a dragon is at
604:, but later tradition including
2779:Zuckerman, Constantine (1988),
2501:Greek Legends of Martial Saints
2207:. University of Oxford. E00550.
1006:beginning in the 13th century.
40:Saint Theodore (disambiguation)
2675:, New York: Encyclopedia Press
2629:. Routledge. pp. 170 ff.
2456:Comings, Jill Burnett (2005),
2420:, vol. I & IV, London
1769:Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
1303:of the Miracle of St Theodore
693:The "Christianisation" of the
554:), he refused and recounted a
221:, particularly revered in the
1:
2861:4th-century Christian martyrs
2507:(in French), Paris: A. Picard
2174:Migne's Imprimerie Catholique
1663:Mulholland, James II (2020),
1343:
1278:
870:
849:
669:
2758:Walter, Christopher (2003),
2715:Walter, Christopher (1999),
2448:Butler's Lives of the Saints
1579:. Orthodox Church in America
1161:show him in military dress.
2785:Revue des Études Byzantines
2731:Revue des études byzantines
2721:Revue des Études Byzantines
2665:Mershman, Francis (1913), "
2556:Džidrova, Ljubinka (2001),
1968:. Sofija. pp. 181–198.
1237:St Theodore in a fresco at
206:(Θεοδώρος ό Τήρων), and by
2897:
2846:Saints from Roman Anatolia
2801:Website of Orthodox Church
1996:Robertson, Duncan (1995).
1957:Paissidou, Melina (2015).
1446:
1436:
1426:
1416:
1044:churches which follow the
734:panels in the nave of the
636:
582:), whereupon he was again
411:
405:
371:
355:
343:
276:in the early 4th century.
207:
2709:, Oxford University Press
2705:Stephenson, Paul (2016),
2681:Nilles, Nikolaus (1896),
2316:, pp. 622 & 636.
2172:. Vol. XLVI. Paris:
1267:and Theodore of Heraclea
223:Eastern Orthodox Churches
62:
2650:. Taylor & Francis.
2583:"Metropolis of Euchaita"
2477:Delaney, John J (1980),
2304:, pp. 82 & 642.
2218:Burns et al. (1995–2000)
2074:Burns et al. (1995–2000)
918:Bir el Qutt inscriptions
2764:, Abingdon: Routledge,
2743:10.3406/rebyz.1995.1911
2302:Blackburn et al. (1999)
2143:Blackburn et al. (1999)
2039:, pp. 58 & 63.
1095:After the service, the
1038:Eastern Orthodox Church
905:Eastern Orthodox Church
878:San Teodoro al Palatino
699:cave churches of Göreme
681:Vinica, North Macedonia
164:, crocodile or dragon,
131:Eastern Orthodox Church
2601:Johns, Jeremy (2012),
2145:, pp. 82 and 642.
1767:"Theodore of Amasea",
1634:Liddell & Scott's
1400:
1318:SS Theodore of Amasea
1263:SS Theodore of Amasea
1183:
1137:
1129:
1033:
1017:Second Vatican Council
915:. The oldest Georgian
761:(dated 1006 or 1021).
660:
648:
608:has the year 306. His
564:delayed their sentence
449:
395:
390:
328:
82:Euchaita, Roman Empire
2672:Catholic Encyclopedia
2667:St Theodore of Amasea
2338:Fenlon, Iain (2007).
1364:, dance performed on
1273:Kremikovtsi Monastery
1181:
1144:before the relics of
1135:
1124:
1058:Presanctified Liturgy
1027:
659:, 9th or 10th century
654:
646:
496:for winter quarters.
379:saints named Theodore
2479:Dictionary of Saints
2220:, Feb., pp. 169–170.
2091:Thurston (1926–1938)
1324:Theodore of Heraclea
1166:Eastern Roman Empire
1127:San Salvador, Venice
1056:. At the end of the
783:Theodore Stratelates
771:Theodore Stratelates
459:Theodore of Euchaita
383:Theodore the Recruit
294:Theodore Stratelates
225:but also honored in
204:Theodore the Recruit
109:Amasea, Roman Empire
36:Theodore Stratelates
2492:Delehaye, Hippolyte
1827:, pp. 547–548.
1577:Lives of the Saints
1372:Theodore the Martyr
1215:St Theodore in the
1111:of the first week.
1077:Julian the Apostate
972:has a 13th-century
703:Güzelöz, Yeşilhisar
558:in the divinity of
556:confession of faith
510:Edict of Toleration
508:, prior to his 311
2881:People from Amasya
2866:4th-century Romans
2818:on 6 February 2007
1854:Butler (1756–1759)
1812:, p. 43, 204.
1783:Giftopoulou (2003)
1665:"St Theodore Tiro"
1479:Walter shows that
1184:
1159:St Mark's Basilica
1138:
1130:
1034:
966:Chartres Cathedral
661:
649:
455:Theodore of Amasea
231:Oriental Orthodoxy
200:Theodore of Amasea
2657:978-1-000-93878-4
2636:978-1-351-19105-0
2431:Thurston, Herbert
2389:, pp. 21–22.
2328:, pp. 20–21.
2268:, pp. 55–56.
2169:Patrologia Graeca
2105:, pp. 59–64.
1918:Stephenson (2016)
1890:Stephenson (2016)
1350:
1328:
1321:
1306:
1285:
1270:
1266:
1251:
1225:
988:Pope John Paul II
769:The emergence of
765:The two Theodores
736:Cappella Palatina
695:Thracian horseman
525:Great Persecution
270:Great Persecution
227:Roman Catholicism
193:
192:
16:(Redirected from
2888:
2876:Legendary Romans
2827:
2825:
2823:
2788:
2774:
2753:
2724:
2710:
2700:
2694:
2686:
2676:
2661:
2640:
2617:
2607:
2596:
2576:
2551:
2538:
2532:
2524:
2508:
2486:
2472:
2451:
2438:
2421:
2408:
2390:
2384:
2378:
2372:
2366:
2360:
2354:
2353:
2335:
2329:
2323:
2317:
2311:
2305:
2299:
2293:
2287:
2281:
2275:
2269:
2263:
2257:
2251:
2245:
2244:, p. 49-50.
2239:
2233:
2227:
2221:
2215:
2209:
2208:
2196:
2190:
2184:
2178:
2177:
2164:
2158:
2152:
2146:
2140:
2134:
2124:
2118:
2112:
2106:
2100:
2094:
2088:
2077:
2071:
2062:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2046:
2040:
2034:
2028:
2018:
2012:
2011:
1993:
1984:
1983:
1977:
1969:
1963:
1954:
1948:
1942:
1936:
1930:
1924:
1915:
1909:
1903:
1897:
1887:
1881:
1875:
1866:
1863:
1857:
1851:
1845:
1839:
1828:
1822:
1813:
1807:
1801:
1795:
1786:
1780:
1774:
1772:
1764:
1758:
1752:
1746:
1744:
1729:
1723:
1721:
1702:
1696:
1686:
1680:
1678:
1660:
1654:
1648:
1639:
1632:
1626:
1616:
1601:
1598:Zuckerman (1988)
1595:
1589:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1569:
1560:
1554:
1484:
1477:
1471:
1457:
1451:
1449:
1448:
1439:
1438:
1429:
1428:
1419:
1418:
1405:
1393:
1348:
1345:
1341:
1326:
1319:
1315:
1304:
1294:
1283:
1280:
1276:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1249:
1234:
1223:
1212:
1066:John of Damascus
1042:Eastern Catholic
898:Turkish invasion
875:
872:
854:
851:
830:Gregory of Nyssa
722:
711:
674:
671:
452:
414:
413:
408:
407:
398:
376:
375:
360:
359:
348:
347:
333:
106:
104:
67:
47:
21:
2896:
2895:
2891:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2886:
2885:
2871:Military saints
2836:
2835:
2821:
2819:
2810:
2797:
2792:
2778:
2772:
2757:
2728:
2714:
2704:
2687:
2680:
2664:
2658:
2645:
2637:
2622:
2621:Republished in
2605:
2600:
2580:
2574:
2555:
2542:
2525:
2512:
2490:
2476:
2470:
2455:
2442:
2425:
2412:
2402:
2398:
2393:
2385:
2381:
2373:
2369:
2361:
2357:
2350:
2337:
2336:
2332:
2324:
2320:
2312:
2308:
2300:
2296:
2288:
2284:
2276:
2272:
2264:
2260:
2252:
2248:
2240:
2236:
2228:
2224:
2216:
2212:
2198:
2197:
2193:
2187:Thierry Ruinart
2185:
2181:
2166:
2165:
2161:
2153:
2149:
2141:
2137:
2127:Delehaye (1909)
2125:
2121:
2113:
2109:
2101:
2097:
2089:
2080:
2072:
2065:
2055:
2053:
2048:
2047:
2043:
2035:
2031:
2019:
2015:
2008:
1995:
1994:
1987:
1970:
1961:
1956:
1955:
1951:
1943:
1939:
1931:
1927:
1916:
1912:
1904:
1900:
1888:
1884:
1876:
1869:
1864:
1860:
1852:
1848:
1840:
1831:
1823:
1816:
1808:
1804:
1796:
1789:
1781:
1777:
1766:
1765:
1761:
1753:
1749:
1731:
1730:
1726:
1704:
1703:
1699:
1689:Džidrova (2001)
1687:
1683:
1662:
1661:
1657:
1649:
1642:
1633:
1629:
1617:
1604:
1596:
1592:
1582:
1580:
1571:
1570:
1563:
1557:Mershman (1913)
1555:
1502:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1487:
1478:
1474:
1458:
1454:
1394:
1390:
1385:
1358:
1351:
1346:
1316:
1307:
1295:
1286:
1281:
1271:in a fresco at
1261:
1252:
1235:
1226:
1213:
1204:
1119:
1012:
996:
873:
852:
822:
767:
716:
705:
672:
641:
635:
536:Galatian Pontus
516:, enforced his
480:Theodore was a
478:
473:
463:Theodore Martyr
417:Theódōros Tḗrōn
308:
258:Galatian Pontus
233:. According to
170:crown of thorns
138:
129:
126:Catholic Church
110:
108:
107:17 February 306
102:
100:
83:
81:
58:
55:
54:
28:
27:Anatolian saint
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2894:
2892:
2884:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2838:
2837:
2834:
2833:
2828:
2808:
2803:
2796:
2795:External links
2793:
2791:
2790:
2776:
2770:
2755:
2726:
2712:
2702:
2678:
2662:
2656:
2643:
2642:
2641:
2635:
2610:Hadiith Ad-Dar
2598:
2578:
2572:
2553:
2540:
2510:
2488:
2474:
2468:
2453:
2440:
2423:
2410:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2391:
2379:
2367:
2355:
2348:
2330:
2318:
2314:Delaney (1980)
2306:
2294:
2292:, p. 642.
2290:Delaney (1980)
2282:
2270:
2258:
2246:
2234:
2222:
2210:
2201:"Inscriptions"
2191:
2179:
2176:. p. 741.
2159:
2147:
2135:
2119:
2107:
2095:
2078:
2063:
2052:. 21 July 2010
2041:
2029:
2013:
2006:
1985:
1949:
1947:, p. 128.
1937:
1925:
1910:
1898:
1882:
1867:
1858:
1846:
1829:
1825:Delaney (1980)
1814:
1802:
1787:
1775:
1759:
1757:, p. 105.
1747:
1724:
1697:
1681:
1677:: Catholic.net
1655:
1640:
1627:
1619:Comings (2005)
1602:
1590:
1561:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1472:
1452:
1387:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1352:
1335:Rila Monastery
1317:
1310:
1308:
1296:
1289:
1287:
1262:
1255:
1253:
1236:
1229:
1227:
1214:
1207:
1203:
1200:
1136:Theodore Tiron
1118:
1115:
1101:Holy Communion
1081:Constantinople
1048:, celebrate a
1046:Byzantine Rite
1011:
1008:
995:
992:
864:Constantinople
821:
818:
766:
763:
714:Yılanlı Kilise
637:Main article:
634:
633:Dragon slaying
631:
477:
474:
472:
469:
450:Cohors Tyronum
425:Theodore Tiron
406:Θεόδωρος Τήρων
391:Theodorus Tyro
307:
304:
196:Saint Theodore
191:
190:
179:
173:
172:
150:
144:
143:
123:
117:
116:
98:
94:
93:
78:
74:
73:
69:
68:
60:
59:
56:
50:
45:
44:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2893:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2843:
2841:
2832:
2829:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2798:
2794:
2786:
2782:
2777:
2773:
2771:9781351880510
2767:
2763:
2762:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2692:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2659:
2653:
2649:
2644:
2638:
2632:
2628:
2627:
2620:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2590:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2575:
2573:9789639241428
2569:
2565:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2550:, vol. I
2549:
2545:
2541:
2536:
2530:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2506:
2505:
2502:
2498:
2493:
2489:
2484:
2480:
2475:
2471:
2469:9780820474649
2465:
2461:
2460:
2454:
2449:
2445:
2444:Butler, Alban
2441:
2436:
2432:
2429:(1926–1938),
2428:
2427:Butler, Alban
2424:
2419:
2416:(1756–1759),
2415:
2414:Butler, Alban
2411:
2406:
2401:
2400:
2395:
2388:
2383:
2380:
2376:
2371:
2368:
2364:
2359:
2356:
2351:
2349:9780300119374
2345:
2341:
2334:
2331:
2327:
2322:
2319:
2315:
2310:
2307:
2303:
2298:
2295:
2291:
2286:
2283:
2280:, p. 60.
2279:
2278:Walter (2003)
2274:
2271:
2267:
2266:Walter (2003)
2262:
2259:
2256:, p. 50.
2255:
2254:Walter (2003)
2250:
2247:
2243:
2242:Walter (2003)
2238:
2235:
2232:, p. 46.
2231:
2230:Walter (2003)
2226:
2223:
2219:
2214:
2211:
2206:
2202:
2195:
2192:
2188:
2183:
2180:
2175:
2171:
2170:
2163:
2160:
2157:, p. 63.
2156:
2155:Walter (2003)
2151:
2148:
2144:
2139:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2123:
2120:
2117:, p. 58.
2116:
2115:Walter (2003)
2111:
2108:
2104:
2103:Walter (2003)
2099:
2096:
2092:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2070:
2068:
2064:
2051:
2045:
2042:
2038:
2037:Walter (2003)
2033:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2021:Walter (1995)
2017:
2014:
2009:
2007:9780917058905
2003:
1999:
1992:
1990:
1986:
1981:
1975:
1967:
1960:
1953:
1950:
1946:
1945:Walter (2003)
1941:
1938:
1934:
1929:
1926:
1923:
1919:
1914:
1911:
1907:
1906:Walter (2003)
1902:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1886:
1883:
1879:
1874:
1872:
1868:
1862:
1859:
1855:
1850:
1847:
1844:, p. 45.
1843:
1842:Walter (2003)
1838:
1836:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1821:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1806:
1803:
1800:, p. 59.
1799:
1798:Walter (2003)
1794:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1779:
1776:
1770:
1763:
1760:
1756:
1755:Nilles (1896)
1751:
1748:
1742:
1741:
1739:Official site
1738:
1734:
1728:
1725:
1719:
1715:
1714:
1712:Official site
1711:
1707:
1701:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1685:
1682:
1676:
1672:
1671:
1666:
1659:
1656:
1652:
1651:Walter (1999)
1647:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1631:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1609:
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1603:
1599:
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1578:
1574:
1568:
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1562:
1558:
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1551:
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1535:
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1529:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1501:
1495:
1490:
1482:
1476:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1456:
1453:
1443:
1433:
1423:
1413:
1409:
1404:
1403:
1398:
1392:
1389:
1382:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1367:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1355:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1325:
1314:
1309:
1302:
1299:
1293:
1288:
1274:
1259:
1254:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1233:
1228:
1222:
1218:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1192:
1190:
1180:
1176:
1174:
1169:
1167:
1162:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1147:
1143:
1134:
1128:
1123:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1082:
1078:
1073:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1031:
1026:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1000:
993:
991:
989:
985:
984:Pope Felix IV
981:
977:
975:
974:stained glass
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
934:
932:
928:
924:
920:
919:
914:
910:
906:
901:
899:
895:
894:dragon slayer
890:
885:
883:
879:
869:
865:
861:
858:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
819:
817:
815:
811:
807:
802:
799:
795:
791:
786:
785:of Heraclea.
784:
778:
776:
772:
764:
762:
760:
756:
752:
751:soldier saint
748:
743:
741:
737:
733:
728:
726:
720:
715:
709:
704:
700:
696:
691:
689:
687:
682:
678:
667:
658:
653:
645:
640:
632:
630:
628:
626:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
602:
601:legenda aurea
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
534:at Amasea in
533:
530:
526:
522:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
502:still illegal
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
475:
470:
468:
466:
464:
460:
456:
451:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
402:
397:
392:
388:
384:
380:
374:
368:
364:
358:
352:
346:
340:
337:
336:Ancient Greek
332:
331:
326:
323:
320:
316:
312:
305:
303:
301:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
282:warrior saint
279:
275:
271:
268:) during the
267:
263:
259:
256:at Amasea in
255:
251:
248:who suffered
247:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
188:
184:
180:
178:
174:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
149:
145:
141:
136:
132:
127:
124:
122:
118:
114:
99:
95:
91:
87:
79:
75:
70:
66:
61:
53:
48:
42:
41:
37:
32:
31:
30:
19:
18:Theodore Tyro
2851:Roman Pontus
2820:. Retrieved
2816:the original
2784:
2760:
2734:
2730:
2720:
2706:
2682:
2670:
2647:
2625:
2613:
2609:
2587:
2562:
2547:
2517:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2478:
2458:
2447:
2434:
2417:
2404:
2396:Bibliography
2387:Demus (1960)
2382:
2375:Demus (1960)
2370:
2363:Demus (1984)
2358:
2339:
2333:
2326:Demus (1960)
2321:
2309:
2297:
2285:
2273:
2261:
2249:
2237:
2225:
2213:
2204:
2194:
2182:
2167:
2162:
2150:
2138:
2122:
2110:
2098:
2054:. Retrieved
2044:
2032:
2024:
2016:
1997:
1965:
1952:
1940:
1933:Johns (2012)
1928:
1913:
1901:
1885:
1880:, p. 15
1878:Johns (2012)
1861:
1849:
1810:Labalme 2023
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892:with the
860:Nectarius
857:patriarch
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775:Euchaneia
532:sacrifice
476:Martyrdom
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330:Theodorus
322:masculine
278:Venerated
250:martyrdom
239:legionary
212:Christian
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1103:and the
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