307:
860:
with the Arab threat. He further states that the meeting of the
Patriarch, senate, and chief officials, which chose Leo over Theodosius, was done with the knowledge and consent of Theodosius himself, who accepted the decision. Bury postulates that, without the threat of the Arabs, it is possible that Theodosius may have retained power, and a succession of nominal emperors might have followed him, controlled by court officials and the elites.
53:
817:. Although they had not taken any action to prevent the overthrowal of Anastasius, they took issue with Theodosius' ascension, and Leo proclaimed himself Byzantine emperor in the summer of 716. He also sought the support of the Arabs, who viewed the Byzantine disunity as advantageous, and thought the confusion would weaken the Byzantine Empire and make it easier to take Constantinople. Theodosius negotiated a treaty with the
429:, defined by struggles between the emperors and the elites, and political instability, with a rapid succession of emperors. The nobles of this time were often natives of Asia Minor, and rarely had a strong agenda beyond preventing the emperors from growing stronger and disrupting the status quo. The Twenty Years' Anarchy began when Emperor Justinian II was overthrown by
863:
Leo entered
Constantinople and definitively seized power on 25 March 717, allowing Theodosius and his son, also named Theodosius, to retire to a monastery as monks. After his retirement to a monastery, Theodosius might have become the bishop of Ephesus, if he was the same person as Theodosius, son of
345:
principalities, and the Arabs gradually encroached upon the
Byzantine borderlands. Annually, generals from the Caliphate would launch raids into Byzantine territory, seizing fortresses and towns. After 712, the defenses of the Byzantine Empire weakened, as Arab raids penetrated deeper into Byzantine
859:
and the
Byzantine Senate, agreed to abdicate and recognize Leo as emperor. Bury states that the elite of Constantinople, who might otherwise have sided with the inoffensive Theodosius, who would be unlikely to politically weaken them, sided with Leo, as Theodosius was not competent enough to deal
721:
When the malefactors arrived at
Adramyttium, being leaderless they found there a local man named Theodosius, a receiver of public revenues, non-political and a private citizen. They urged him to become Emperor. He, however, fled to the hills and hid. But they found him and forced him to accept
292:
and recognize Leo as emperor. Leo entered
Constantinople and definitively seized power on 25 March 717, allowing Theodosius and his son to retire to a monastery. Exactly when Theodosius died is uncertain, but it may have been on 24 July 754.
792:
for this action. Theodosius, whom
Byzantine sources convey as being both unwilling and incapable, was viewed by many of his subjects as a puppet emperor of the troops of the Opsician Theme. Thus he was not recognized as legitimate by the
746:
from
Constantinople. From Chrysopolis, he launched a six-month-long siege of Constantinople, before supporters within the capital managed to open the gates for him, allowing him to seize the city in November 715. Anastasius remained at
713:
do not view this theory as likely, as it would mean that
Theodosius lived for thirty more years after his abdication. Cyril Mango proposed that it was actually Theodosius III's son who became bishop, rather than the son of Tiberius.
350:, and Byzantine response to these raids became less common; much of the frontier became depopulated, as the inhabitants were either killed, enslaved, or driven away, a result of this was that many frontier forts, especially in
634:
Sulayman's preparations, including his construction of a war fleet, were quickly noticed by the
Byzantine Empire. Emperor Anastasius II began making preparations to defend against this new onslaught. This included sending the
690:, the son of Emperor Tiberius III, therefore explaining why he might have been chosen by the troops, as he would have legitimacy from his father, himself made emperor by a naval revolt. Theodosius, the son of Tiberius, was
681:
suggests that he was selected at random for little more than the fact that he already had an imperial-sounding name, was inoffensive, obscure but respectable, and could easily be controlled by the Opsicians.
760:
444:, which had retained power for eighty years. During this period of anarchy, seven different emperors took the throne, including a restored Justinian for a time. The modern historian
422:
advanced as far as the walls of Constantinople itself, plundering the surrounding country, including villas and estates near the capital, where the Byzantine elites often summered.
621:
855:, where he found and captured, among other officials, Theodosius' son, and then marched to Chrysopolis. After his son was captured, Theodosius, taking the advice of
214:, the capital, seizing the city in November 715. Anastasius did not surrender until several months later, accepting exile in a monastery in return for safety. Many
441:
3549:
1730:
2140:
851:. Negotiations with Leo led them to withdraw. Leo began to march his troops to Constantinople soon after declaring himself emperor, first capturing
272:
region to the Bulgarians, as well as stipulating the payment of tribute to them. Leo then marched his troops to Constantinople, seizing the city of
3514:
2665:
655:
states that in early 715 Anastasius II had commanded the navy to gather at Rhodes to then advance to Phoenix. It was there that the troops of the
840:
region to the Bulgarians, as well as stipulating the payment of tribute to the Bulgarians, the return of fugitives, and some trade agreements.
647:, to spy on the Arabs, under the pretense of a diplomatic embassy, as well as shoring up the defences of Constantinople, and strengthening the
614:
319:
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3327:
1979:
1794:
1766:
1738:
1715:
1667:
1595:
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1632:
1815:
The Byzantine Response to the Spread of the Arabs. Studies on the Structural Change of the Byzantine State in the 7th and 8th Centuries
3539:
1945:
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1836:
26:
1810:
Die byzantinische Reaktion auf die Ausbreitung der Araber. Studien zur Strukturwandlung des byzantinischen Staates im 7. und 8. Jhd
607:
1899:
828:), likely to secure his support against an imminent Arab attack. The treaty fixed the border between the Byzantine Empire and the
3261:
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3071:
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2007:
1680:(1955). "L'Expedition de Maslama contre Constantinople (717–718)" [Maslama's Expedition to Constantinople (717–718)].
3232:
3024:
2986:
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2913:
1955:
1817:] (in German). Vol. 22–23. Munich: Institut für Byzantinistik und Neugriechische Philologie der Universität München.
779:
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Italics indicates a junior co-emperor, underlining indicates an emperor variously regarded as either legitimate or a usurper
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1971:
1615:
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281:
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137:
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354:, were gradually abandoned. The success of these raids emboldened the Arabs, who prepared for a second assault against
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in the Opsician Theme to crush the rebellion. Rather than remaining to fight Anastasius, Theodosius led his fleet to
872:
701:, and held this position until his death, sometime around 24 July 754, and was a leading figure of the iconoclastic
3544:
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43:
22:
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also formed a growing threat to the northern frontier of the Byzantine Empire, threatening Byzantine control in
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1858:
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389:
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667:, in southwestern Asia Minor, and there declared Theodosius, a tax collector, as Emperor Theodosius III. The
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viewed Theodosius to be a puppet of the troops of the Opsician Theme, and his legitimacy was denied by the
3474:
3453:
3359:
2149:
829:
775:
250:
871:, and, if he is the same, died on 24 July 754 according to Sumner. Either he or his son is buried in the
3408:
3403:
3379:
3374:
3290:
3127:
3115:
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2511:
158:
933:, state that Anastasius II was the first to reinstate the image of the Sixth Ecumenical Synod, citing
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3139:
3054:
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2818:
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2118:
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2072:
2002:
1998:
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783:
471:
380:) continued planning the campaign, Sulayman began assembling his forces in late 716, on the plain of
235:
110:
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1684:(in French). Paris: Publications de la Faculté des Lettres et Sciences Humaines de Paris: 109–133.
683:
1587:
The End of the Jihâd State: The Reign of Hishām ibn ʻAbd al-Malik and the Collapse of the Umayyads
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2409:
2378:
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2032:
2024:
1967:
1846:
1644:
934:
930:
788:
326:
experienced a period of peace between each other. Hostilities were resumed by Byzantine Emperor
337:), resulting in a string of Arab victories. As a consequence, the Byzantines lost control over
3334:
3280:
3121:
3019:
2994:
2843:
2705:
2441:
2426:
2304:
2272:
2062:
1975:
1941:
1911:
1862:
1832:
1790:
1776:
1762:
1734:
1711:
1685:
1677:
1663:
1648:
1619:
1591:
702:
691:
584:
315:
246:
169:
132:
76:
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2579:
2451:
2016:
1927:
810:
766:
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593:
338:
323:
285:
180:
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2533:
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1748:
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269:
1609:
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Around this time, Sulayman had begun advancing into Byzantine territory, laying siege to
2999:
2908:
2801:
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2616:
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2528:
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1960:
1919:
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355:
211:
192:
188:
149:
57:
52:
21:
This article is about the Byzantine emperor. For the 10th-century Abkhazian ruler, see
3503:
3469:
3429:
2973:
2781:
2589:
2036:
1851:
1828:
The Chronicle of Theophanes Confessor. Byzantine and Near Eastern History, AD 284–813
644:
1877:
739:
207:
3214:
3009:
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2749:
2611:
2252:
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751:
for several months, before finally agreeing to abdicate and retire to a monastery.
524:
516:
449:
381:
327:
1703:
Byzantium in the Seventh Century: The Transformation of a Culture. Revised Edition
1611:
A History of the Later Roman Empire, from Arcadius to Irene (395 A.D. to 565 A.D.)
726:
He was acclaimed as Emperor Theodosius III by the troops of the Opsician Theme at
1931:
1808:
1752:
1701:
1585:
3078:
2953:
2903:
2828:
2402:
2349:
2292:
1822:
1697:
727:
706:
674:
664:
543:
408:
404:
396:
206:), acclaiming the reluctant Theodosius as emperor. Theodosius led his troops to
184:
774:
One of Theodosius' first acts as emperor was to reinstate the depiction of the
3134:
3049:
3014:
2979:
2891:
2806:
2566:
2559:
2506:
2486:
2431:
2396:
2389:
2334:
2299:
2162:
1605:
848:
818:
814:
717:
Theodosius was allegedly unwilling to be emperor and according to Theophanes:
678:
359:
347:
245:
Leo declared himself emperor in the summer of 716 and allied himself with the
239:
1915:
1689:
2881:
2833:
2743:
2730:
2517:
2446:
2419:
2414:
2383:
2329:
2277:
2212:
2207:
1623:
913:
852:
804:
636:
273:
229:
223:
219:
1780:
677:
Constantine, his full name being "Theodosius Constantinus". The historian
3149:
2931:
2823:
2776:
2736:
2718:
2638:
2573:
2553:
2523:
2496:
2491:
2476:
2466:
2436:
2344:
2339:
2287:
2262:
2257:
2222:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
743:
735:
508:
430:
342:
289:
686:, a Byzantologist, suggests that Theodosius might be the same person as
3083:
2786:
2693:
2606:
2461:
2237:
917:
905:
844:
400:
351:
2028:
276:, and capturing many officials, including Theodosius' son, also named
179:
to 25 March 717. Before rising to power and seizing the throne of the
2855:
2712:
2594:
2366:
2232:
909:
897:
833:
748:
481:), who overthrew Theodosius, and whose dynasty reigned for 85 years.
419:
385:
265:
254:
2020:
2456:
2227:
2217:
2197:
901:
758:
305:
1500:
1498:
448:
states that between 695 and 717 the only competent emperors were
2202:
2192:
1215:
1213:
2122:
786:
had removed, earning himself the epithet of "Orthodox" in the
1111:
1109:
802:
227:
2015:. The Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies: 20–21.
875:
in Ephesus. Little is known of the reign of Theodosius III.
1401:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1232:
1230:
1228:
280:. With his son in captivity, Theodosius took the advice of
195:, one of the Byzantine provinces, revolted against Emperor
1060:
1058:
1056:
310:
A map of the Byzantine Empire during the 20 Years' Anarchy
388:, entrusting the command of these forces to his brother,
1590:. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press.
1334:
1332:
1330:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1727:
The Chronicle of Zuqnin, Parts III and IV A.D. 488–775
1007:
1005:
1003:
1001:
249:, the Islamic empire; Theodosius sought aid from the
425:
Theodosius came to power during a period called the
3422:
2868:
2765:
2648:
2475:
2313:
2161:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1293:
163:
131:
120:
116:
106:
96:
82:
75:
36:
1959:
1850:
1962:History of the Byzantine Empire: Vol. 1, 324–1453
1900:"Philippicus, Anastasius II and Theodosius III"
719:
1754:Byzantium: The Imperial Centuries, AD 610-1071
2134:
2003:"The Campaign of 716–718 from Arabic Sources"
615:
8:
1933:A History of the Byzantine State and Society
1374:
1115:
968:
764:
2645:
2141:
2127:
2119:
2044:
1654:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
1504:
1417:
1219:
1204:
1168:
622:
608:
488:
51:
33:
1731:Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies
1662:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 821–822.
1405:
1362:
1192:
1064:
60:of Theodosius III. The inscription reads
1441:
1100:
1076:
1035:
1564:
1477:
1260:
1156:
1144:
1088:
949:
889:
673:states that Theodosius ruled under the
570:
500:
491:
407:. During the rule of Byzantine Emperor
288:, and negotiated with Leo, agreeing to
1552:
1489:
1350:
1338:
1321:
1284:
1011:
980:
734:May 715. Anastasius led his army into
651:. The 9th-century Byzantine historian
62:
1540:
1453:
1386:
1248:
1236:
1180:
1047:
1023:
992:
956:
418:), in 712, the Bulgarians under Khan
7:
1528:
1516:
1465:
1429:
1309:
1272:
1127:
66:
1904:Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies
1831:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
470:). The crisis was ended by Emperor
369:). After his death, his successor,
1910:. University of Toronto: 287–294.
1782:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
763:Coin of Theodosius with the title
659:mutinied against their commander,
320:first Arab siege of Constantinople
25:. For the Pope of Alexandria, see
14:
1614:. University Park, Pennsylvania:
663:, killing him before sailing for
27:Pope Theodosius III of Alexandria
16:Byzantine emperor from 715 to 717
3550:Byzantine emperors who abdicated
358:as early as the reign of Caliph
2008:The Journal of Hellenic Studies
896:Usually identified with modern
847:, and a separate force entered
823:
801:Themes, under their respective
476:
465:
454:
435:
413:
375:
364:
332:
259:
201:
3515:8th-century Byzantine emperors
1853:History of the Byzantine State
780:Great Palace of Constantinople
1:
1972:University of Wisconsin Press
1857:. New Brunswick, New Jersey:
1616:Pennsylvania State University
865:
731:
705:in 754. Byzantine historians
695:
173:
86:
3510:710s in the Byzantine Empire
1026:, pp. 120–122, 139–140.
335: 685–695, 705–711
264:), setting a firm border at
183:, he was a tax collector in
1759:University of Toronto Press
1633:"Sulaymān b. ʿAbd al-Malik"
164:
3566:
3414:Constantine XI Palaiologos
3365:Andronikos III Palaiologos
3252:Nikephoros III Botaneiates
1878:"Theodosius III (715–717)"
1708:Cambridge University Press
23:Theodosius III of Abkhazia
20:
3490:
3387:Andronikos IV Palaiologos
3355:Andronikos II Palaiologos
3180:Constantine IX Monomachos
2104:
2095:
2084:
2079:
2069:
2060:
2052:
2047:
1938:Stanford University Press
1582:Blankinship, Khalid Yahya
1251:, p. 123 (Note #62).
959:, pp. 81–82, 97–106.
322:(674–678), the Arabs and
153:
50:
41:
3350:Michael VIII Palaiologos
1936:. Stanford, California:
1883:De Imperatoribus Romanis
1859:Rutgers University Press
1207:, p. 537 (Note #5).
904:, it may also be modern
390:Maslama ibn Abd al-Malik
3205:Eudokia Makrembolitissa
2839:Tiberius II Constantine
2067:May 715 – 25 March 717
1825:; Scott, Roger (1997).
1787:Oxford University Press
803:
722:acclamation as Emperor.
228:
226:under their respective
126:possibly on 24 July 754
3360:Michael IX Palaiologos
1898:Sumner, Grant (1976).
1876:Neil, Bronwen (2000).
1749:Jenkins, Romilly J. H.
1725:Harrack, Amir (1999).
1505:Mango & Scott 1997
1418:Mango & Scott 1997
1220:Mango & Scott 1997
1205:Mango & Scott 1997
1169:Mango & Scott 1997
929:Some sources, such as
776:Sixth Ecumenical Synod
771:
765:
724:
311:
191:and the troops of the
3540:Twenty Years' Anarchy
3454:Thessalonian emperors
3448:Trapezuntine emperors
3409:John VIII Palaiologos
3404:Manuel II Palaiologos
3375:John VI Kantakouzenos
3291:Andronikos I Komnenos
3128:Constantine Lekapenos
2156:and empresses regnant
1805:Lilie, Ralph-Johannes
1777:Kazhdan, Alexander P.
762:
494:Twenty Years' Anarchy
440:) in 695, ending the
427:Twenty Years' Anarchy
309:
44:Emperor of the Romans
3392:John VII Palaiologos
3340:Theodore II Laskaris
3200:Constantine X Doukas
3140:Nikephoros II Phokas
1631:Eisener, R. (1997).
1507:, pp. 540, 545.
873:Church of St. Philip
784:Philippicus Bardanes
530:(restored; 2nd term)
318:was repelled at the
3323:Theodore I Laskaris
3308:Alexios III Angelos
3286:Alexios II Komnenos
3210:Romanos IV Diogenes
3165:Romanos III Argyros
3111:Romanos I Lekapenos
1922:on 16 January 2020.
1847:Ostrogorsky, George
1543:, pp. 127–128.
1531:, pp. 385–386.
1444:, pp. 118–119.
1420:, pp. 538–539.
1365:, pp. 344–345.
1287:, pp. 291–294.
1275:, pp. 372–373.
1239:, pp. 123–124.
1222:, pp. 535–536.
1195:, pp. 343–344.
1183:, pp. 122–123.
1130:, pp. 384–385.
1079:, pp. 110–111.
995:, pp. 107–120.
3530:Bishops of Ephesus
3525:8th-century rebels
3520:8th-century deaths
3442:Britannic emperors
3436:Palmyrene emperors
3370:John V Palaiologos
3313:Alexios IV Angelos
3262:Constantine Doukas
3257:Alexios I Komnenos
3245:Constantine Doukas
3228:Michael VII Doukas
3190:Michael VI Bringas
2756:Romulus Augustulus
2379:Trebonianus Gallus
2372:Herennius Etruscus
2154:Byzantine emperors
2080:Political offices
1968:Madison, Wisconsin
1678:Guilland, Rodolphe
1606:Bury, John Bagnell
1353:, pp. 80, 82.
935:Agathon the Diacon
931:George Ostrogorsky
857:Patriarch Germanus
789:Liber Pontificalis
772:
485:Rise to the throne
312:
282:Patriarch Germanus
3545:Byzantine consuls
3497:
3496:
3335:John III Vatatzes
3281:Manuel I Komnenos
3020:Michael I Rangabe
2864:
2863:
2706:Petronius Maximus
2305:Severus Alexander
2273:Septimius Severus
2117:
2116:
2105:Succeeded by
2070:Succeeded by
2063:Byzantine Emperor
1981:978-0-2998-0925-6
1928:Treadgold, Warren
1796:978-0-19-504652-6
1768:978-0-8020-6667-1
1740:978-0-88844-286-4
1717:978-0-521-31917-1
1682:Études byzantines
1669:978-90-04-10422-8
1597:978-0-7914-1827-7
1492:, pp. 82–83.
1480:, pp. 62–63.
703:Council of Hieria
692:bishop of Ephesus
632:
631:
599:
598:
585:Heraclian dynasty
442:Heraclian dynasty
316:Umayyad Caliphate
247:Umayyad Caliphate
170:Byzantine emperor
162:
143:
142:
77:Byzantine emperor
3557:
3345:John IV Laskaris
3318:Alexios V Doukas
3303:Isaac II Angelos
3269:John II Komnenos
3195:Isaac I Komnenos
3155:Constantine VIII
3145:John I Tzimiskes
2872:Byzantine Empire
2646:
2143:
2136:
2129:
2120:
2085:Preceded by
2053:Preceded by
2045:
2040:
1985:
1965:
1951:
1923:
1918:. Archived from
1894:
1892:
1890:
1872:
1856:
1842:
1818:
1800:
1772:
1744:
1721:
1693:
1673:
1645:Heinrichs, W. P.
1627:
1601:
1568:
1562:
1556:
1550:
1544:
1538:
1532:
1526:
1520:
1514:
1508:
1502:
1493:
1487:
1481:
1475:
1469:
1463:
1457:
1451:
1445:
1439:
1433:
1427:
1421:
1415:
1409:
1403:
1390:
1384:
1378:
1375:Ostrogorsky 1957
1372:
1366:
1360:
1354:
1348:
1342:
1336:
1325:
1319:
1313:
1307:
1288:
1282:
1276:
1270:
1264:
1258:
1252:
1246:
1240:
1234:
1223:
1217:
1208:
1202:
1196:
1190:
1184:
1178:
1172:
1166:
1160:
1154:
1148:
1142:
1131:
1125:
1119:
1116:Ostrogorsky 1957
1113:
1104:
1098:
1092:
1086:
1080:
1074:
1068:
1062:
1051:
1045:
1039:
1033:
1027:
1021:
1015:
1009:
996:
990:
984:
978:
972:
969:Blankinship 1994
966:
960:
954:
938:
927:
921:
894:
870:
867:
830:Bulgarian Empire
827:
825:
811:Leo the Isaurian
808:
782:, which Emperor
770:
733:
700:
697:
670:Zuqnin Chronicle
624:
617:
610:
594:Isaurian dynasty
577:
576:
495:
489:
480:
478:
469:
467:
458:
456:
439:
437:
417:
415:
379:
377:
368:
366:
336:
334:
286:Byzantine Senate
263:
261:
236:Leo the Isaurian
233:
205:
203:
181:Byzantine Empire
178:
175:
167:
157:
155:
127:
91:
88:
69:
68:
64:
55:
34:
3565:
3564:
3560:
3559:
3558:
3556:
3555:
3554:
3500:
3499:
3498:
3493:
3486:
3430:Gallic emperors
3418:
3106:Constantine VII
2887:Constantine III
2874:
2871:
2860:
2769:
2761:
2700:Valentinian III
2688:Constantius III
2682:Priscus Attalus
2666:Constantine III
2652:
2644:
2534:Valerius Valens
2479:
2471:
2317:
2309:
2268:Didius Julianus
2248:Marcus Aurelius
2165:
2157:
2147:
2113:
2108:
2101:
2093:
2091:
2075:
2066:
2058:
2043:
1997:
1993:
1991:Further reading
1988:
1982:
1956:Vasiliev, A. A.
1954:
1948:
1926:
1897:
1888:
1886:
1875:
1869:
1845:
1839:
1821:
1803:
1797:
1775:
1769:
1747:
1741:
1724:
1718:
1698:Haldon, John F.
1696:
1676:
1670:
1637:Bosworth, C. E.
1630:
1604:
1598:
1580:
1576:
1571:
1567:, p. 2052.
1563:
1559:
1551:
1547:
1539:
1535:
1527:
1523:
1515:
1511:
1503:
1496:
1488:
1484:
1476:
1472:
1464:
1460:
1452:
1448:
1440:
1436:
1428:
1424:
1416:
1412:
1404:
1393:
1385:
1381:
1373:
1369:
1361:
1357:
1349:
1345:
1337:
1328:
1320:
1316:
1308:
1291:
1283:
1279:
1271:
1267:
1259:
1255:
1247:
1243:
1235:
1226:
1218:
1211:
1203:
1199:
1191:
1187:
1179:
1175:
1167:
1163:
1155:
1151:
1143:
1134:
1126:
1122:
1114:
1107:
1099:
1095:
1087:
1083:
1075:
1071:
1063:
1054:
1046:
1042:
1034:
1030:
1022:
1018:
1010:
999:
991:
987:
979:
975:
967:
963:
955:
951:
947:
942:
941:
928:
924:
895:
891:
886:
881:
868:
822:
757:
698:
661:John the Deacon
628:
592:
583:
564:
556:
548:
540:
529:
521:
513:
493:
487:
475:
464:
453:
446:Romilly Jenkins
434:
412:
374:
363:
331:
304:
299:
268:and ceding the
258:
200:
176:
125:
89:
71:
61:
30:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3563:
3561:
3553:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3535:Tax collectors
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3502:
3501:
3495:
3494:
3491:
3488:
3487:
3485:
3484:
3483:
3482:
3477:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3451:
3445:
3439:
3433:
3426:
3424:
3420:
3419:
3417:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3389:
3384:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3266:
3254:
3249:
3225:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3185:Theodora (III)
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3081:
3076:
3064:
3052:
3047:
3035:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
3000:Constantine VI
2997:
2992:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2964:Theodosius III
2961:
2956:
2951:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2909:Constantine IV
2906:
2901:
2889:
2884:
2878:
2876:
2866:
2865:
2862:
2861:
2859:
2858:
2853:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2773:
2771:
2767:Eastern Empire
2763:
2762:
2760:
2759:
2752:
2747:
2740:
2733:
2728:
2721:
2716:
2709:
2702:
2697:
2690:
2685:
2678:
2662:
2656:
2654:
2650:Western Empire
2643:
2642:
2635:
2623:Magnus Maximus
2619:
2617:Valentinian II
2614:
2609:
2604:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2570:
2563:
2556:
2551:
2549:Constantius II
2546:
2544:Constantine II
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2483:
2481:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2412:
2407:
2399:
2394:
2376:
2364:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2321:
2319:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2243:Antoninus Pius
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2169:
2167:
2166:27 BC – AD 235
2159:
2158:
2148:
2146:
2145:
2138:
2131:
2123:
2115:
2114:
2106:
2103:
2094:
2086:
2082:
2081:
2077:
2076:
2071:
2068:
2059:
2054:
2050:
2049:
2048:Regnal titles
2042:
2041:
2021:10.2307/623841
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1986:
1980:
1952:
1946:
1924:
1895:
1873:
1867:
1843:
1837:
1819:
1801:
1795:
1773:
1767:
1745:
1739:
1722:
1716:
1694:
1674:
1668:
1641:van Donzel, E.
1628:
1602:
1596:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1569:
1557:
1555:, p. 293.
1545:
1533:
1521:
1519:, p. 383.
1509:
1494:
1482:
1470:
1468:, p. 381.
1458:
1456:, p. 125.
1446:
1434:
1432:, p. 378.
1422:
1410:
1408:, p. 345.
1406:Treadgold 1997
1391:
1389:, p. 124.
1379:
1377:, p. 135.
1367:
1363:Treadgold 1997
1355:
1343:
1341:, p. 291.
1326:
1324:, p. 292.
1314:
1289:
1277:
1265:
1263:, p. 149.
1253:
1241:
1224:
1209:
1197:
1193:Treadgold 1997
1185:
1173:
1171:, p. 534.
1161:
1149:
1132:
1120:
1118:, p. 136.
1105:
1103:, p. 229.
1093:
1091:, p. 821.
1081:
1069:
1067:, p. 344.
1065:Treadgold 1997
1052:
1050:, p. 122.
1040:
1038:, p. 110.
1028:
1016:
997:
985:
973:
961:
948:
946:
943:
940:
939:
922:
888:
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
826: 700–721
756:
753:
657:Opsician Theme
649:Byzantine navy
630:
629:
627:
626:
619:
612:
604:
601:
600:
597:
596:
587:
573:
572:
568:
567:
566:
565:
562:
560:Theodosius III
557:
554:
549:
546:
541:
538:
537:as co-emperor
531:
527:
522:
519:
514:
511:
503:
502:
498:
497:
486:
483:
479: 717–741
468: 713–715
457: 698–705
438: 695–698
416: 711–713
378: 715–717
367: 705–715
356:Constantinople
303:
300:
298:
295:
262: 700–721
212:Constantinople
204: 713–715
193:Opsician Theme
189:Byzantine navy
187:. In 715, the
177: May 715
146:Theodosius III
141:
140:
135:
129:
128:
122:
118:
117:
114:
113:
108:
104:
103:
98:
94:
93:
92:– 25 March 717
90: May 715
84:
80:
79:
73:
72:
56:
48:
47:
39:
38:
37:Theodosius III
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3562:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3507:
3505:
3489:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3472:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3455:
3452:
3449:
3446:
3443:
3440:
3437:
3434:
3431:
3428:
3427:
3425:
3421:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3399:
3398:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3382:
3381:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3330:
3329:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3298:
3297:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3276:
3275:
3270:
3267:
3264:
3263:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3247:
3246:
3241:
3240:
3235:
3234:
3229:
3226:
3223:
3222:
3217:
3216:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3130:
3129:
3124:
3123:
3118:
3117:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3091:
3090:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3074:
3073:
3068:
3067:Theodora (II)
3065:
3062:
3061:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3045:
3044:
3039:
3036:
3033:
3032:
3027:
3026:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2990:
2989:
2988:
2982:
2981:
2977:
2975:
2974:Constantine V
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2959:Anastasius II
2957:
2955:
2952:
2949:
2948:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2922:
2921:
2916:
2915:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2899:
2898:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2879:
2877:
2873:
2867:
2857:
2854:
2851:
2850:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2814:
2813:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2782:Theodosius II
2780:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2758:
2757:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2745:
2741:
2739:
2738:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2726:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2714:
2710:
2708:
2707:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2695:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2683:
2679:
2676:
2675:
2674:
2668:
2667:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2657:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2641:
2640:
2636:
2633:
2632:
2631:
2625:
2624:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2602:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2590:Valentinian I
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2575:
2571:
2569:
2568:
2564:
2562:
2561:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2519:
2515:
2513:
2512:Constantine I
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2502:Constantius I
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2484:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2422:
2421:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2405:
2404:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2392:
2391:
2386:
2385:
2380:
2377:
2374:
2373:
2368:
2365:
2362:
2361:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2295:
2294:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2155:
2151:
2144:
2139:
2137:
2132:
2130:
2125:
2124:
2121:
2111:
2100:
2099:
2089:
2088:Anastasius II
2083:
2078:
2074:
2065:
2064:
2057:
2056:Anastasius II
2051:
2046:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2009:
2004:
2000:
1999:Brooks, E. W.
1996:
1995:
1990:
1983:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1964:
1963:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1947:0-8047-2630-2
1943:
1939:
1935:
1934:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1896:
1885:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1870:
1868:0-8135-0599-2
1864:
1860:
1855:
1854:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1838:0-19-822568-7
1834:
1830:
1829:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1811:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1783:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1755:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1723:
1719:
1713:
1709:
1706:. Cambridge:
1705:
1704:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1655:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1612:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1593:
1589:
1588:
1583:
1579:
1578:
1573:
1566:
1561:
1558:
1554:
1549:
1546:
1542:
1537:
1534:
1530:
1525:
1522:
1518:
1513:
1510:
1506:
1501:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1486:
1483:
1479:
1474:
1471:
1467:
1462:
1459:
1455:
1450:
1447:
1443:
1442:Guilland 1955
1438:
1435:
1431:
1426:
1423:
1419:
1414:
1411:
1407:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1383:
1380:
1376:
1371:
1368:
1364:
1359:
1356:
1352:
1347:
1344:
1340:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1318:
1315:
1311:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1281:
1278:
1274:
1269:
1266:
1262:
1257:
1254:
1250:
1245:
1242:
1238:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1201:
1198:
1194:
1189:
1186:
1182:
1177:
1174:
1170:
1165:
1162:
1159:, p. 63.
1158:
1153:
1150:
1147:, p. 60.
1146:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1124:
1121:
1117:
1112:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1101:Vasiliev 1980
1097:
1094:
1090:
1085:
1082:
1078:
1077:Guilland 1955
1073:
1070:
1066:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1044:
1041:
1037:
1036:Guilland 1955
1032:
1029:
1025:
1020:
1017:
1014:, p. 80.
1013:
1008:
1006:
1004:
1002:
998:
994:
989:
986:
983:, p. 72.
982:
977:
974:
971:, p. 31.
970:
965:
962:
958:
953:
950:
944:
936:
932:
926:
923:
919:
915:
912:, or perhaps
911:
907:
903:
899:
893:
890:
883:
878:
876:
874:
864:Tiberius, in
861:
858:
854:
850:
846:
841:
839:
836:, ceding the
835:
831:
821:khan Tervel (
820:
816:
812:
807:
806:
800:
796:
791:
790:
785:
781:
777:
769:
768:
761:
754:
752:
750:
745:
742:, across the
741:
737:
729:
723:
718:
715:
712:
708:
704:
693:
689:
685:
684:Graham Sumner
680:
676:
672:
671:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
641:urban prefect
638:
625:
620:
618:
613:
611:
606:
605:
603:
602:
595:
591:
588:
586:
582:
579:
578:
575:
574:
569:
563:715–717
561:
558:
555:713–715
553:
552:Anastasius II
550:
547:711–713
545:
542:
539:706–711
536:
532:
528:705–711
526:
523:
520:698–705
518:
515:
512:695–698
510:
507:
506:
505:
504:
499:
496:
490:
484:
482:
473:
462:
461:Anastasius II
451:
447:
443:
432:
428:
423:
421:
410:
406:
402:
398:
393:
391:
387:
383:
372:
361:
357:
353:
349:
344:
340:
329:
325:
321:
317:
308:
301:
296:
294:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
256:
252:
248:
243:
241:
237:
232:
231:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
198:
197:Anastasius II
194:
190:
186:
182:
171:
166:
160:
151:
147:
139:
136:
134:
130:
123:
119:
115:
112:
109:
105:
102:
101:Anastasius II
99:
95:
85:
81:
78:
74:
59:
54:
49:
46:
45:
40:
35:
32:
28:
24:
19:
3397:Andronikos V
3395:
3378:
3326:
3294:
3272:
3260:
3243:
3237:
3231:
3219:
3213:
3126:
3120:
3114:
3087:
3070:
3058:
3041:
3029:
3023:
3010:Nikephoros I
2985:
2984:
2978:
2963:
2945:
2942:Justinian II
2937:Tiberius III
2927:Justinian II
2918:
2912:
2895:
2847:
2819:Anastasius I
2810:
2754:
2750:Julius Nepos
2742:
2735:
2723:
2711:
2704:
2692:
2680:
2671:
2670:
2664:
2637:
2628:
2627:
2621:
2612:Theodosius I
2599:
2572:
2565:
2558:
2529:Maximinus II
2516:
2418:
2401:
2388:
2382:
2370:
2358:
2291:
2253:Lucius Verus
2098:Roman consul
2096:
2061:
2012:
2006:
1961:
1932:
1920:the original
1907:
1903:
1887:. Retrieved
1881:
1852:
1827:
1823:Mango, Cyril
1814:
1809:
1781:
1753:
1726:
1702:
1681:
1659:
1652:
1610:
1586:
1565:Kazhdan 1991
1560:
1548:
1536:
1524:
1512:
1485:
1478:Jenkins 1987
1473:
1461:
1449:
1437:
1425:
1413:
1382:
1370:
1358:
1346:
1317:
1280:
1268:
1261:Harrack 1999
1256:
1244:
1200:
1188:
1176:
1164:
1157:Jenkins 1987
1152:
1145:Jenkins 1987
1123:
1096:
1089:Eisener 1997
1084:
1072:
1043:
1031:
1019:
988:
976:
964:
952:
925:
908:across from
892:
862:
842:
787:
773:
725:
720:
716:
668:
643:, Daniel of
633:
589:
580:
559:
525:Justinian II
517:Tiberius III
450:Tiberius III
424:
394:
328:Justinian II
313:
244:
145:
144:
42:
31:
18:
3456:(1224–1242)
3450:(1204–1461)
3239:Konstantios
3116:Christopher
3089:Constantine
3079:Michael III
3060:Constantine
3043:Constantine
3025:Theophylact
2954:Philippicus
2904:Constans II
2829:Justinian I
2725:Severus III
2673:Constans II
2427:Claudius II
2403:Silbannacus
2350:Gordian III
2325:Maximinus I
2293:Diadumenian
2092:then lapsed
1757:. Toronto:
1729:. Toronto:
1649:Lecomte, G.
1553:Sumner 1976
1490:Haldon 1990
1351:Haldon 1990
1339:Sumner 1976
1322:Sumner 1976
1285:Sumner 1976
1012:Haldon 1990
981:Haldon 1990
809:(generals)
740:Chrysopolis
728:Adramyttium
711:Roger Scott
707:Cyril Mango
675:regnal name
665:Adramyttium
590:Followed by
581:Preceded by
544:Philippicus
409:Philippicus
405:the Balkans
384:, north of
253:under Khan
234:(generals)
208:Chrysopolis
185:Adramyttium
124:After 717,
97:Predecessor
65:theodosius
3504:Categories
3233:Andronikos
3221:Nikephoros
3170:Michael IV
3135:Romanos II
3055:Theophilos
3050:Michael II
3031:Staurakios
3015:Staurakios
2987:Nikephoros
2980:Artabasdos
2892:Heraclonas
2849:Theodosius
2807:Basiliscus
2567:Nepotianus
2560:Magnentius
2554:Constans I
2507:Severus II
2487:Diocletian
2432:Quintillus
2397:Aemilianus
2390:Volusianus
2335:Gordian II
2300:Elagabalus
2163:Principate
1785:. Oxford:
1658:Volume IX:
1541:Lilie 1976
1454:Lilie 1976
1387:Lilie 1976
1249:Lilie 1976
1237:Lilie 1976
1181:Lilie 1976
1048:Lilie 1976
1024:Lilie 1976
993:Lilie 1976
957:Lilie 1976
879:References
869: 729
849:Cappadocia
815:Artabasdos
699: 729
688:Theodosius
679:J. B. Bury
653:Theophanes
571:Succession
501:Chronology
360:al-Walid I
348:Asia Minor
324:Byzantines
314:After the
302:Background
278:Theodosius
251:Bulgarians
240:Artabasdos
165:Theodósios
138:Theodosius
3475:Classical
3460:Empresses
3444:(286–296)
3438:(267–273)
3432:(260–274)
3175:Michael V
3101:Alexander
2914:Heraclius
2882:Heraclius
2834:Justin II
2744:Glycerius
2731:Anthemius
2601:Procopius
2539:Martinian
2518:Maxentius
2447:Florianus
2420:Saloninus
2415:Gallienus
2384:Hostilian
2360:Philip II
2330:Gordian I
2278:Caracalla
2213:Vespasian
2208:Vitellius
2037:163360931
1958:(1980) .
1916:0017-3916
1690:603552986
1529:Bury 1889
1517:Bury 1889
1466:Bury 1889
1430:Bury 1889
1310:Neil 2000
1273:Bury 1889
1128:Bury 1889
945:Citations
914:Phoenicia
853:Nicomedia
819:Bulgarian
805:strategoi
637:patrician
343:Caucasian
274:Nicomedia
230:strategoi
224:Armeniacs
220:Anatolics
210:and then
159:romanized
154:Θεοδόσιος
107:Successor
3470:Usurpers
3465:Augustae
3423:See also
3328:Nicholas
3150:Basil II
2947:Tiberius
2932:Leontius
2920:Tiberius
2897:Tiberius
2875:610–1453
2870:Eastern/
2824:Justin I
2777:Arcadius
2737:Olybrius
2719:Majorian
2660:Honorius
2639:Eugenius
2574:Vetranio
2524:Licinius
2497:Galerius
2492:Maximian
2477:Dominate
2467:Numerian
2437:Aurelian
2410:Valerian
2355:Philip I
2345:Balbinus
2340:Pupienus
2288:Macrinus
2263:Pertinax
2258:Commodus
2223:Domitian
2188:Claudius
2183:Caligula
2178:Tiberius
2173:Augustus
2001:(1899).
1930:(1997).
1889:8 August
1849:(1957).
1807:(1976).
1779:(1991).
1751:(1987).
1700:(1990).
1651:(eds.).
1624:83109100
1608:(1889).
1584:(1994).
916:(modern
799:Armeniac
797:and the
795:Anatolic
767:augustus
744:Bosporus
736:Bithynia
535:Tiberius
509:Leontius
431:Leontius
371:Sulayman
341:and the
290:abdicate
284:and the
222:and the
3480:Eastern
3380:Matthew
3274:Alexios
3122:Stephen
3084:Basil I
2969:Leo III
2844:Maurice
2787:Marcian
2770:395–610
2694:Joannes
2653:395–480
2607:Gratian
2480:284–610
2462:Carinus
2442:Tacitus
2318:235–285
2238:Hadrian
2110:Leo III
2107:Lapsed,
2090:in 714,
2073:Leo III
1660:San–Sze
1574:Sources
918:Lebanon
906:Fenaket
845:Amorium
838:Zagoria
778:in the
472:Leo III
401:Bulgars
352:Cilicia
339:Armenia
297:History
270:Zagoria
161::
111:Leo III
58:Solidus
3242:&
3218:&
3125:&
3096:Leo VI
3072:Thekla
3028:&
2995:Leo IV
2917:&
2856:Phocas
2812:Marcus
2797:Leo II
2713:Avitus
2630:Victor
2595:Valens
2585:Jovian
2580:Julian
2452:Probus
2387:&
2367:Decius
2315:Crisis
2233:Trajan
2112:in 718
2035:
2029:623841
2027:
1978:
1944:
1914:
1865:
1835:
1793:
1765:
1737:
1714:
1688:
1666:
1647:&
1622:
1594:
910:Rhodes
898:Finike
834:Thrace
749:Nicaea
645:Sinope
459:) and
420:Tervel
386:Aleppo
266:Thrace
255:Tervel
216:themes
168:) was
3038:Leo V
3005:Irene
2792:Leo I
2457:Carus
2228:Nerva
2218:Titus
2198:Galba
2150:Roman
2033:S2CID
2025:JSTOR
1813:[
1635:. In
902:Lycia
884:Notes
755:Reign
533:with
397:Slavs
382:Dabiq
172:from
150:Greek
133:Issue
83:Reign
67:mul a
3394:(w.
3377:(w.
3325:(w.
3296:John
3293:(w.
3271:(w.
3259:(w.
3230:(w.
3212:(w.
3113:(w.
3086:(w.
3069:(w.
3057:(w.
3040:(w.
3022:(w.
2983:(w.
2944:(w.
2911:(w.
2894:(w.
2846:(w.
2809:(w.
2802:Zeno
2669:(w.
2626:(w.
2417:(w.
2381:(w.
2369:(w.
2357:(w.
2290:(w.
2283:Geta
2203:Otho
2193:Nero
2152:and
2102:716
1976:ISBN
1942:ISBN
1912:ISSN
1908:XVII
1891:2023
1863:ISBN
1833:ISBN
1791:ISBN
1763:ISBN
1735:ISBN
1712:ISBN
1686:OCLC
1664:ISBN
1620:OCLC
1592:ISBN
813:and
709:and
639:and
399:and
395:The
238:and
121:Died
3215:Leo
3160:Zoe
2406:(?)
2017:doi
2013:XIX
900:in
832:at
730:in
694:by
63:d n
3506::
3236:,
3119:,
2031:.
2023:.
2011:.
2005:.
1974:.
1970::
1966:.
1940:.
1906:.
1902:.
1880:.
1861:.
1789:.
1761:.
1733:.
1710:.
1656:.
1643:;
1639:;
1618:.
1497:^
1394:^
1329:^
1292:^
1227:^
1212:^
1135:^
1108:^
1055:^
1000:^
920:).
866:c.
824:r.
732:c.
696:c.
477:r.
466:r.
455:r.
436:r.
414:r.
392:.
376:r.
365:r.
333:r.
260:r.
242:.
202:r.
174:c.
156:,
152::
87:c.
3400:)
3383:)
3331:)
3299:)
3277:)
3265:)
3248:)
3224:)
3131:)
3092:)
3075:)
3063:)
3046:)
3034:)
2991:)
2950:)
2923:)
2900:)
2852:)
2815:)
2677:)
2634:)
2423:)
2393:)
2375:)
2363:)
2296:)
2142:e
2135:t
2128:v
2039:.
2019::
1984:.
1950:.
1893:.
1871:.
1841:.
1799:.
1771:.
1743:.
1720:.
1692:.
1672:.
1626:.
1600:.
1312:.
937:.
623:e
616:t
609:v
474:(
463:(
452:(
433:(
411:(
373:(
362:(
330:(
257:(
199:(
148:(
70:.
29:.
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