204:
307:
946:...this, the Patriarch firmly declared, could on no account be contemplated. On the contrary, there could be no question of John Tzimisces being crowned Emperor until the Empress were put away, never again to show her face in Constantinople. ... He next demanded that John should do public penance and denounce all those who had been his accomplices in the crime. Finally, he must undertake to abrogate all his predecessor's decrees against the church.
274:, a celebrated military commander who had been proclaimed emperor by his army after the death of Romanos. In return for her hand, the childless Nikephoros gave his sacred pledge to protect her children and their interests. On August 14, supporters of Nikephoros took control of Constantinople over the resistance of
290:
complications arose when
Nikephoros was alleged to have been godfather to one or more of Theophano's children, which placed the couple within a prohibited spiritual relationship. Nikephoros organised a council which nullified the relevant rules, on the grounds that they had been pronounced by the discredited
803:
Theophano was a wine-merchant's daughter, and for this reason alone the more snobbish
Byzantine commentators have hated her, but even her worst detractors do not attempt to deny that she was beautiful, so beautiful and so beguiling that Romanos II, while still heir to the throne, insisted on marrying
680:
The
Emperor Constantine Porphyrogenitus, who wrote about the middle of the tenth century, has left us a favourable sketch of the Peloponnese as it was in his day.. His biography represents that city (Sparta) – of which the contemporary Empress Theophano, wife of Romanos II and Nikephoros Phokas, was
338:
John now proposed to marry
Theophano. However, the empress had by now been too damaged by gossip and rumors. Patriarch Polyeuctus refused to perform the coronation unless John punished those who had assisted him in the assassination, removed the "scarlet empress" from the court, and repealed all his
317:
Nikephoros' gruff military style proved counterproductive in diplomacy and at court. Soon the empire was at war on multiple fronts, the heavy taxes needed to support the wars were widely unpopular particularly as they coincided with a few years of poor harvests which brought famine. When the emperor
565:
The new ruler, Romanus II... took possession of the government, or rather handed it over to his wife
Theophano. We have already seen who this wife was. The daughter of Craterus, a poor tavern-keeper of Laconian origin, she owed the unhoped-for honour of ascending the throne solely to her beauty and
289:
felt towards the young upstart empress. Both
Theophano and Nikephoros had previously been bereaved of a spouse, and the Orthodox Church only begrudgingly accepted remarriage. Polyeuctus banned Nikephoros from kissing the holy altar until the emperor performed a penance for having remarried. Further
740:
Anastasia, daughter of
Craterus, of illustrious parentage according to the panegyrist, but a former barmaid nicknamed Anastaso according to the other chronicles. Not only did Constantine approve this marriage, but he had it celebrated with great splendour in the church of Hagia Sophia and gave his
329:
John was good-looking and irrepressibly charming and the contemporary writers record that he and
Theophano were lovers. They had come to an understanding on the conspiracy against the emperor. On the night of the assassination Theophano suspiciously left the imperial bedchamber, leaving the doors
244:
Theophano's humble origins made her unpopular among
Byzantine elites and when her father-in-law Constantine VII died, rumors were spread alleging that she had poisoned him. Constantine died in 959 of a fever which lasted several months, not showing evidence of poisoning. Astute and intelligent,
339:
predecessor's decrees that ran contrary to the interests of the church. John calculated that his legitimacy would be better enhanced by church approval than marriage to the unpopular empress and acceded to the patriarch's demands. Theophano was sent into exile to the island of
269:
However, hereditary ascension was a matter of tradition, not law. Theophano realized that, to secure her position and the future of her children, she would need a protector. Passing over a bevy of would-be suitors among
Constantinople's courtiers, she made an alliance with
253:
On March 15, 963, Emperor Romanos II died unexpectedly at the age of twenty-six. Again, Theophano was rumored to have poisoned him, although she had nothing to gain and everything to lose from this action and, indeed, was still in bed only 48 hours after giving birth to
237:, or more familiarly Anastaso and was the daughter of a poor tavern-keeper called Craterus. Theophano was renowned for her great beauty and heir apparent Romanos fell in love with her around the year 956 and married her against the wishes of his father, Emperor
927:
Scandal and rumor had done their work and Patriarch Polyeuctus (an elderly bigot more than willing to believe the worst of a beautiful and ambitious woman) flatly refused to perform the coronation while the "scarlet empress" still resided in the
515:
Nikephoros himself claimed that he wished to maintain his customary moderate lifestyle unaltered, avoiding cohabitation with a wife..And he took in marriage the wife of Romanos, who was distinguished in beauty, and was indeed a Laconian
653:
Theophano, in spite of her accomplishments, was but of the humblest birth ... she came from Laconia, no doubt bringing with her thence the peerless beauty of the Greek type. Romanus II and Theophano were married about the year
302:
and another person testified that Nikephoros was not in fact godfather to any of Theophano's children, at which Polyeuctus relented and allowed Nikephoros to return to full communion and keep Theophano as his wife.
982:
Perhaps, as has already been suggested, John had never really loved Theophano, and had seen her merely as the most direct instrument of his own ambition; in any case, he did not hesitate in making his choice.
318:
tried to relieve the suffering by limiting the wealth of the monasteries, he alienated the church. A widespread conspiracy developed to remove the emperor. On the night of 10 and 11 December 969, his nephew
599:
Perhaps Romanus II (958-63) was like other children, and did not read his father's books. He married a Greek girl, Theophano; she was suspected of poisoning her father-in-law and hastening Romanus' death.
774:
Her father, Craterus, of Laconian origin, was an obscure plebeian who kept a public-house in one of the slums of the capital. She herself, before her marriage, was called Anastasia, or more familiarly,
355:
Following the death of Tzimiskes in January 976, Theophano's teenage sons Basil and Constantine took sole power. One of the emperors' first acts was to recall their mother from exile.
627:
Theophana, a Greek inn-keeper's daughter, married the emperor Romanus II in 958. She was alleged to have murdered this husband to marry the general Nicephorus.
587:
The Story of Civilization: The age of Faith; a history of medieval civilization - Christian, Islamic, and Judaic - from Constantine to Dante: A.D. 325-1300
2006:
1843:
1098:
2031:
2046:
964:
Tzimiskes made no attempt to defend his benefactress. Enraged and humiliated, she was immediately bundled off to a convent on the island of Prote.
298:. Polyeuctus did not accept the council as legitimate, and declared Nikephoros excommunicated until the emperor sent Theophano away. In response,
2041:
1919:
1885:
1727:
1107:
1068:
620:
440:
422:
47:
2026:
370:. This seems to be the last reference to Theophano in any source, and it may be that she died relatively early in the reign of her sons.
2011:
1848:
29:
2001:
1793:
1590:
1014:
1372:
889:
853:
796:
733:
702:
508:
195:. Contemporary sources have depicted Theophano as scheming and adulterous, although modern scholars have called this into question.
1620:
709:
The emperor Romanos II was married to the daughter of a merchant, called Anastaso, who took the name of Theophano at marriage.
1595:
1524:
245:
Theophano had influence with her husband, Romanos, an influence resented and likely exaggerated by her rivals in the court.
2051:
1676:
1615:
1091:
2036:
1803:
1732:
1717:
1585:
1417:
1402:
825:
after a reign of four years, she mingled for her husband the same deadly draught which she had composed for his father.
2016:
1665:
1258:
1046:
428:
326:
in a storm, was smuggled into the palace and allowed into the imperial chambers where he woke and killed his uncle.
2021:
548:
1838:
1660:
1626:
1339:
1670:
1084:
295:
203:
544:
1756:
1745:
1605:
1377:
1362:
299:
112:
1940:
1469:
1279:
285:
The marriage provoked some clerical opposition, aggravated by the tremendous enmity the arch-conservative
1813:
1751:
1682:
1539:
1151:
536:
532:
149:
406:
306:
278:, a eunuch palace official and former counselor of Romanos. Nikephoros was crowned on 16 August in the
1996:
1914:
1833:
1692:
1600:
1427:
1233:
1196:
904:
841:
540:
391:
286:
1991:
1892:
1875:
1855:
1818:
1798:
1650:
1284:
1023:
255:
120:
410:
1865:
1823:
1783:
1738:
1645:
1519:
1191:
1166:
869:
995:
Streams of Gold, Rivers of Blood: The Rise and Fall of Byzantium, 955 A.D. to the First Crusade
1947:
1776:
1702:
1575:
1509:
1392:
1367:
1356:
1294:
1248:
885:
881:
874:
849:
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729:
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644:
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504:
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474:
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436:
418:
380:
271:
172:
105:
1970:
indicates a consort to an emperor variously regarded as either legitimate or a usurper, and
1952:
1902:
1897:
1808:
1788:
1771:
1707:
1687:
1558:
1529:
1479:
1324:
1268:
1226:
1216:
1206:
1141:
721:
363:
359:
319:
263:
209:
192:
116:
1860:
1828:
1761:
1712:
1632:
1457:
1452:
1437:
1412:
1334:
1289:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1156:
1131:
1057:
1039:
238:
266:, five and three years old, respectively, were the heirs and Theophano was named regent.
1907:
1766:
1697:
1640:
1447:
1299:
1243:
1238:
1211:
1161:
1136:
837:
367:
275:
140:
34:
1985:
1935:
1880:
1870:
1570:
1534:
1494:
1489:
1387:
1304:
816:
758:
753:
464:
180:
98:
1274:
1186:
582:
279:
218:
695:
The Empress Theophano: Byzantium and the West at the Turn of the First Millennium
1221:
1076:
578:
501:
The History of Leo the Deacon: Byzantine Military Expansion in the Tenth Century
358:
She is last attested in the year 978, appealing to the retired Georgian general
222:
183:. In 963, between the deaths of Romanos and her marriage to Nikephoros, she was
483:(Theophano) came from Laconia, and we may regard her as a common type of Greek.
1442:
1116:
528:
291:
176:
94:
675:
594:
560:
1499:
1344:
1146:
323:
234:
28:
769:
648:
478:
1655:
1580:
1463:
1329:
1314:
340:
259:
188:
213:
depicting Theophano poisoning her father-in-law, Emperor Constantine VII
1610:
1544:
1514:
1397:
1382:
1201:
282:, and soon after married Empress Theophano, bolstering his legitimacy.
226:
168:
76:
1504:
1350:
230:
184:
164:
207:
Theophano had to deal with bad rumors against her. Picture from the
1407:
1126:
305:
202:
823:. Vol. V. London: Ballantyne, Hanson & CO. p. 247.
1080:
804:
her over the strong objections of his father, Constantine VII.
366:
to support her sons against the first revolt of the general
880:. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press. pp.
16:
10th-century empress consort of the Byzantine Empire
1928:
1557:
1478:
1426:
1313:
1257:
1115:
962:. I.B. Tauris & Co. Ltd., London. p. 248.
925:. I.B. Tauris & Co. Ltd., London. p. 248.
154:
126:
104:
90:
82:
65:
61:
53:
46:
21:
873:
846:The New Cambridge Medieval History: c. 900-c. 1024
757:
641:A handbook of the coinage of the Byzantine Empire
313:of Basil II and Constantine VIII holding a cross
362:to broker an alliance with his former overlord
911:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf: 1992, p. 192–194.
1092:
8:
1966:indicates a consort to a junior co-emperor,
848:. Cambridge University Press. p. 597.
697:. Cambridge University Press. p. 325.
385:Theophano: The Crusade of the Tenth Century
1423:
1099:
1085:
1077:
1028:
791:. I.B. Tauris & Co. Ltd. p. 243.
27:
18:
233:, in 941. Theophano was originally named
452:
728:. North-Holland Pub. Co. p. 127.
409:wrote a graphic novel, illustrated by
821:The Rise and Fall of the Roman Empire
555:. Camb. Univ. Press. pp. 67–68.
7:
458:
456:
390:The Greek historical-fiction writer
589:. Simon and Schuster. p. 429.
503:. Dumbarton Oaks. pp. 99–100.
394:(b. 1920) wrote a biography called
258:when the emperor died. Their sons,
14:
57:959 – March 963; August 963 – 969
2007:10th-century Byzantine empresses
249:Marriage to Nikephoros II Phokas
2032:Mistresses of Byzantine royalty
726:The life and death of Byzantium
466:The empresses of Constantinople
217:Theophano was born of Laconian
48:Empress of the Byzantine Empire
2047:10th-century empresses consort
1011:History of the Byzantine State
980:. Penguin Books. p. 240.
944:. Penguin Books. p. 240.
876:History of The Byzantine State
639:Goodacre, Hugh George (1957).
553:The Cambridge medieval history
545:Charles William, Previté-Orton
1:
2042:Mothers of Byzantine emperors
1974:incidates an empress regnant.
976:Norwich, John Julius (1993).
940:Norwich, John Julius (1993).
670:. A. M. Hakkert. p. 47.
615:. Cuthan Books. p. 545.
499:; Sullivan, Denis F. (2005).
398:(1963), followed by the 1964
160:
71:
1804:Euphrosyne Doukaina Kamatera
405:The Greek comic book writer
2027:Remarried empresses consort
993:Kaldellis, Anthony (2017).
415:Theophano: A Byzantine Tale
155:
2068:
2012:10th-century women regents
668:Essays on the Latin Orient
229:, possibly in the city of
2002:10th-century Greek people
1961:
1839:Elena Asenina of Bulgaria
1340:Flavia Maximiana Theodora
1065:
1047:Byzantine Empress consort
1044:
1036:
1031:
923:A Byzantine Journey, 1995
693:Davids, Adelbert (2002).
167:woman from the region of
144:
26:
666:Miller, William (1964).
296:Constantine V Copronymus
175:by marriage to emperors
1757:Eudokia Makrembolitissa
1363:Flavia Julia Constantia
469:. R.G. Badger. p.
463:McCabe, Joseph (1913).
163:941 – after 978) was a
113:Basil the Bulgar-Slayer
1280:Marcia Otacilia Severa
643:. Spink. p. 203.
549:Brooke, Zachary Nugent
537:Whitney, James Pounder
533:Gwatkin, Henry Melvill
322:(969–976) crossed the
314:
214:
210:Skyllitzes Matritensis
199:Marriage to Romanos II
1844:Theodora Palaiologina
1814:Anna Komnene Angelina
1752:Catherine of Bulgaria
1683:Eudokia Dekapolitissa
1152:Agrippina the Younger
1020:Byzantium: The Apogee
978:Byzantium: The Apogee
942:Byzantium: The Apogee
909:Byzantium: The Apogee
842:McKitterick, Rosamond
541:Tanner, Joseph Robson
427:Theophano appears in
309:
206:
2052:10th-century regents
1915:Sophia of Montferrat
1834:Anna of Hohenstaufen
1693:Theophano Martinakia
1601:Theodora of Khazaria
1234:Julia Cornelia Paula
1197:Faustina the Younger
1015:Georgije Ostrogorski
905:Norwich, John Julius
343:(sometimes known as
287:Patriarch Polyeuctus
2037:People from Laconia
1893:Keratsa of Bulgaria
1876:Helena Kantakouzene
1856:Irene of Montferrat
1819:Philippa of Armenia
1799:Margaret of Hungary
1651:Theophano of Athens
1470:Julius Nepos's wife
1285:Herennia Etruscilla
1108:Roman and Byzantine
1024:John Julius Norwich
960:A Byzantine Journey
870:Ostrogorsky, George
789:A Byzantine Journey
760:Byzantine portraits
611:Hyslop, R. (2008).
400:Basil Bulgaroktonus
256:Anna Porphyrogenita
121:Anna Porphyrogenita
2017:Macedonian dynasty
1920:Maria of Trebizond
1886:Irene Palaiologina
1866:Irene of Brunswick
1824:Maria of Courtenay
1784:Bertha of Sulzbach
1192:Faustina the Elder
1167:Statilia Messalina
958:Ash, John (1995).
921:Ash, John (1995).
787:Ash, John (1995).
529:Bury, John Bagnell
497:Talbot, Alice-Mary
315:
215:
2022:Byzantine regents
1979:
1978:
1948:Byzantine emperor
1777:Dobrodeia of Kiev
1553:
1552:
1357:Valeria Maximilla
1295:Cornelia Salonina
1249:Sallustia Orbiana
1075:
1074:
1066:Succeeded by
681:perhaps a native.
622:978-0-9558718-2-5
495:le Diacre, Léon;
441:979-8-6680-7148-7
423:979-8-6680-7148-7
407:Theocharis Spyros
381:Frederic Harrison
272:Nikephoros Phokas
173:Byzantine empress
153:
134:
133:
2059:
1898:Irene Gattilusio
1809:Eudokia Angelina
1789:Maria of Antioch
1772:Irene of Hungary
1708:Zoe Karbonopsina
1688:Eudokia Ingerina
1561:Byzantine Empire
1424:
1269:Caecilia Paulina
1227:Fulvia Plautilla
1217:Manlia Scantilla
1207:Bruttia Crispina
1142:Milonia Caesonia
1101:
1094:
1087:
1078:
1037:Preceded by
1029:
998:
991:
985:
984:
973:
967:
966:
955:
949:
948:
937:
931:
930:
918:
912:
902:
896:
895:
879:
866:
860:
859:
834:
828:
827:
813:
807:
806:
784:
778:
777:
763:
750:
744:
743:
741:daughter-in-law.
718:
712:
711:
690:
684:
683:
663:
657:
656:
636:
630:
629:
608:
602:
601:
575:
569:
568:
525:
519:
518:
492:
486:
485:
460:
364:Davit III of Tao
320:John I Tzimiskes
264:Constantine VIII
193:Constantine VIII
162:
158:
148:
146:
117:Constantine VIII
73:
31:
19:
2067:
2066:
2062:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2057:
2056:
1982:
1981:
1980:
1975:
1957:
1924:
1861:Rita of Armenia
1849:Anna of Hungary
1829:Irene Laskarina
1794:Agnes of France
1762:Maria of Alania
1713:Helena Lekapene
1563:
1560:
1549:
1482:
1474:
1458:Marcia Euphemia
1453:Licinia Eudoxia
1430:
1422:
1413:Aelia Flaccilla
1335:Galeria Valeria
1317:
1309:
1290:Cornelia Supera
1261:
1253:
1182:Pompeia Plotina
1177:Domitia Longina
1172:Galeria Fundana
1157:Claudia Octavia
1132:Livia Orestilla
1119:
1111:
1105:
1071:
1062:(956–959)
1058:Helena Lekapene
1054:
1052:
1050:
1042:
1040:Helena Lekapene
1007:
1002:
1001:
992:
988:
975:
974:
970:
957:
956:
952:
939:
938:
934:
920:
919:
915:
903:
899:
892:
868:
867:
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838:Reuter, Timothy
836:
835:
831:
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810:
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786:
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623:
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572:
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511:
494:
493:
489:
462:
461:
454:
449:
429:Jonathan Harris
392:Kostas Kyriazis
379:English author
376:
360:T'or'nik of Tao
353:
351:Return to court
336:
251:
239:Constantine VII
201:
119:
115:
111:
97:
75:
70:
42:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2065:
2063:
2055:
2054:
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2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
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2014:
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1943:
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1923:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1908:Anna of Moscow
1900:
1895:
1890:
1878:
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1868:
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1858:
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1841:
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1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1769:
1767:Irene Doukaina
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1742:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1703:Eudokia Baïana
1700:
1698:Zoe Zaoutzaina
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1641:Maria of Amnia
1638:
1630:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
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1578:
1573:
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1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1486:
1484:
1480:Eastern Empire
1476:
1475:
1473:
1472:
1467:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1448:Galla Placidia
1445:
1440:
1434:
1432:
1428:Western Empire
1421:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1353:
1348:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1321:
1319:
1311:
1310:
1308:
1307:
1302:
1300:Ulpia Severina
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1265:
1263:
1255:
1254:
1252:
1251:
1246:
1244:Annia Faustina
1241:
1239:Aquilia Severa
1236:
1231:
1219:
1214:
1212:Flavia Titiana
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1162:Poppaea Sabina
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1137:Lollia Paulina
1134:
1129:
1123:
1121:
1120:27 BC – AD 235
1113:
1112:
1106:
1104:
1103:
1096:
1089:
1081:
1073:
1072:
1067:
1064:
1043:
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1034:
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764:. A.A. Knopf.
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35:John Skylitzes
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1032:Royal titles
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178:
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36:
30:
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20:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1906:
1884:
1847:
1775:
1744:
1737:
1722:
1675:
1633:
1625:
1462:
1355:
1275:Tranquillina
1225:
1187:Vibia Sabina
1061:
1055:
1045:
1019:
1010:
994:
989:
981:
977:
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579:Durant, Will
573:
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514:
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465:
432:
414:
411:Chrysa Sakel
399:
395:
384:
357:
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344:
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328:
316:
310:
284:
280:Hagia Sophia
268:
252:
243:
216:
208:
136:
135:
38:
33:Depicted in
1997:970s deaths
1968:underlining
1540:Constantina
1222:Julia Domna
402:on her son.
1992:941 births
1986:Categories
1671:Euphrosyne
1443:Thermantia
1403:Constantia
1117:Principate
566:her vices.
447:References
330:unbolted.
311:Histamenon
292:iconoclast
225:region of
177:Romanos II
95:Romanos II
1723:Theophano
1661:Theodosia
1636:of Athens
1591:Anastasia
1500:Pulcheria
1345:Minervina
1147:Messalina
1110:empresses
997:. OUP USA
775:Anastaso.
676:174255384
613:Varangian
595:245829181
561:271025434
413:, called
396:Theophano
324:Bosphorus
235:Anastasia
156:Theophanō
150:romanized
137:Theophano
86:after 978
69:Anastasia
22:Theophano
1953:Augustae
1929:See also
1746:Theodora
1728:Theodora
1718:Theodora
1677:Theodora
1656:Prokopia
1646:Theodote
1581:Gregoria
1564:610–1453
1559:Eastern/
1525:Theodora
1520:Euphemia
1464:Placidia
1373:Faustina
1330:Eutropia
1315:Dominate
1069:Theodora
872:(1969).
844:(1995).
819:(1904).
756:(1927).
724:(1977).
585:(1950).
551:(1923).
435:(2023).
417:(2020).
341:Prinkipo
334:Downfall
294:emperor
260:Basil II
189:Basil II
130:Craterus
1964:Italics
1621:Eudokia
1611:Tzitzak
1596:Eudokia
1576:Martina
1545:Leontia
1515:Zenonis
1510:Ariadne
1483:395–610
1431:395–480
1398:Domnica
1393:Justina
1383:Charito
1368:Eusebia
1318:284–610
1262:235–285
1202:Lucilla
1005:Sources
928:palace.
770:1377097
649:2705898
433:Theosis
387:(1904).
227:Lakonia
169:Laconia
152::
145:Θεοφανώ
77:Laconia
39:History
1733:Helena
1666:Thekla
1586:Fausta
1530:Sophia
1505:Verina
1378:Helena
1351:Fausta
1325:Prisca
1259:Crisis
888:
852:
795:
768:
732:
701:
674:
647:
619:
593:
559:
516:woman.
507:
479:188408
477:
439:
421:
383:wrote
231:Sparta
185:regent
127:Father
110:Helena
91:Spouse
54:Tenure
1634:Irene
1616:Maria
1606:Maria
1438:Maria
1418:Galla
1408:Laeta
1127:Livia
1056:with
345:Prote
219:Greek
165:Greek
141:Greek
106:Issue
1972:bold
1941:list
1905:(w.
1883:(w.
1846:(w.
1774:(w.
1627:Anna
1224:(w.
886:ISBN
850:ISBN
793:ISBN
766:OCLC
730:ISBN
699:ISBN
672:OCLC
654:956.
645:OCLC
617:ISBN
591:OCLC
557:OCLC
505:ISBN
475:OCLC
437:ISBN
419:ISBN
262:and
191:and
179:and
83:Died
66:Born
1739:Zoë
1347:(?)
1271:(?)
1022:by
1013:by
882:284
471:140
431:'s
347:).
74:941
37:'s
1988::
907:.
884:.
840:;
801:.
772:.
738:.
707:.
678:.
651:.
625:.
597:.
581:;
563:.
547:;
543:;
539:;
535:;
531:;
513:.
481:.
473:.
455:^
241:.
161:c.
159:;
147:,
143::
72:c.
1911:)
1889:)
1852:)
1780:)
1230:)
1100:e
1093:t
1086:v
894:.
858:.
139:(
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