226:, which measure the percentage of identical twins who both develop a disease. A concordance of 100% indicates a primarily genetic disease, which is not really influenced by environmental factors like infection, nutrition, or toxins. Huntington's disease, for example, has a concordance rate of 100%, indicating a predominately genetic etiology. However, when the concordance rate is lower, this indicates environmental factors like infectious microbes or toxin exposure are playing a causal role. Schizophrenia's concordance is approximately 35-60%, suggesting, says Ewald, that microbes are etiologically involved. Another example is
285:"Like many great ideas in biology, the idea implicating infectious causation in chronic diseases, though simple, has far-reaching implications. It is so simple and so significant, that one would think it would have been recognized by many and would be the starting point for any discussion on the causes of disease. Not yet." — Paul W. Ewald.
253:
benefit. The only benefit to the pathogen causing the sickness would be the potential transmission to other hosts; much like the particulate expelled during coughing, diarrhea can be a means of distribution. Another major influence on Ewald's thinking in evolutionary biology terms was the
204:; patients with this mental illness rarely reproduce. Ewald argues that, just by evolutionary pressures, schizophrenia would have already been eliminated if its causes were strictly genetic; he suggests that in the future, an infectious cause of schizophrenia will be discovered.
238:, the other twin has only a 10% to 20% chance of developing the disease, and this concordance rate of just 20% again indicates that environmental factors like infectious microbes or toxins are likely playing large causal roles in breast cancer.
86:
Ewald is known for his "theory of virulence”, suggesting that "the deadlier the germ, the less likely it is to spread", and his theory that many common diseases of unknown origin are likely the result of chronic low-level
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Of Ewald's theory: "It opens our eyes to many quite weird possibilities about disease that most medical scientists, tending to be unaware of current evolutionary thought, don't think of." — evolutionary biologist
589:"The infection connection. Helicobacter pylori is more than just the cause of gastric ulcers--it offers an unprecedented opportunity to study changes in human microecology and the nature of chronic disease"
185:. Ewald argues that many common diseases of currently unknown etiology, such as cancers, heart attacks, stroke and Alzheimer's, may likewise be also caused by chronic low-level microbial infection.
288:"If I were going to put my money on it, I would bet that by 2050—hopefully earlier—we’ll have found that more than 80 percent of all human cancer is caused by infection." — Paul W. Ewald.
1030:
1154:
415:"Will the Coronavirus Evolve to Be Less Deadly? - History and science suggest many possible pathways for pandemics, but questions remain about how this one will end"
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207:
Ewald explains that purely genetic causes of chronic disease will persist only if a genetic instruction provides a compensating benefit (for example, the disease
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process of infections was sparked by a bad case of diarrhea he had in 1977. His first thought during this bout was that his body was using diarrhea to expel the
196:, points out that any disease causing gene that reduces survival and reproduction would normally eliminate itself over a number of generations. Ewald says that "
79:
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magazine named Ewald as one of the "25 Visionaries Who Are
Changing Your World" for his research on the link between infections and cancers.
367:
147:
Ewald asserts, along with a growing body of studies, that many common diseases of unknown origin are likely the result of chronic low-level
799:
Ewald, P. W. (1991). "Transmission modes and the evolution of virulence : With special reference to cholera, influenza, and AIDS".
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83:(2002), and is currently director of the program in Evolutionary Medicine at the Biology Department of the University of Louisville.
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and he should avoid anti-diarrheal medication. Looking at the problem from the standpoint of the organism, expulsion was not an
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chronic diseases, if they are common and damaging, must be powerful eliminators of any genetic instruction that may cause them
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virus, which once caught, initially remains inactive for years thus allowing it to spread, before the chronic disease of
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116:
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Further evidence for a non-genetic etiology of diseases like schizophrenia, Ewald also points out, comes from
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Ewald, Paul W.; Leo, Giulio De (2002), "Alternative
Transmission Modes and the Evolution of Virulence",
168:
60:
850:
Ewald, Paul W. (1995). "The
Evolution of Virulence: A Unifying Link between Parasitology and Ecology".
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Kaufmann, Stefan H. E (2012-05-24). "Vaccines as evolutionary tools: The virulence-antigen strategy".
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895:"Guarding Against the Most Dangerous Emerging Pathogens: Insights from Evolutionary Biology"
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344:"Guarding Against the MostDangerous Emerging Pathogens: Insights from Evolutionary Biology"
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340:"The Evolution of Virulence: A Unifying Link between Parasitology and Ecology" (1995)
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738:"The Big Idea That Might Beat Cancer and Cut Health-Care Costs by 80 Percent"
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alone dictate chronic disease susceptibility. Ewald, whose background is in
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The Big Idea That Might Beat Cancer and Cut Health-Care Costs by 80 Percent
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349:"Vaccines as evolutionary tools: The virulence-antigen strategy" (1996) in
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355:"Alternative Transmission Modes and the Evolution of Virulence" (2002) in
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215:, protects against malaria, which kills millions worldwide each year).
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489:"The causal relation between human papillomavirus and cervical cancer"
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Michielsen, Peter P; Francque, Sven M; Van Dongen, Jurgen L (2005).
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finally manifests, incapacitates, and eventually kills the host.
259:
698:"A New Germ Theory: Part 2: Antibiotics Against Heart Disease?"
487:
Bosch, FX; Lorincz, A; Muñoz, N; Meijer, CJ; Shah, KV (2002).
255:
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A New Germ Theory: Part 2: Antibiotics
Against Heart Disease?
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University of
Washington College of Arts and Sciences alumni
115:, in biological sciences and his PhD in 1980 from the
1120:
List of Human
Diseases Linked to Infectious Pathogens
335:"Transmission modes and the evolution of virulence"
444:"Interview With Evolutionary Biologist Paul Ewald"
1104:A New Germ Theory: Part 3: The Great Synthesizer
1095:by Judith Hooper, The Atlantic Monthly, Feb 1999
1081:Interview With Evolutionary Biologist Paul Ewald
1037:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 399–412,
1075:Toward a unified, evolutionary theory of cancer
1001:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 10–25,
648:
646:
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538:"Viral hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma"
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1089:by Andrew Grant, Discover Magazine, Sept 2009
954:. Kaufmann, S. H. E. (Stefan H. E.). Berlin.
188:Ewald disagrees with the popular theory that
8:
131:. He was formerly a professor of biology at
361:"Virulence Management in Humans" (2002) in
321:Plague Time: The New Germ Theory of Disease
171:, some cases of liver cancer are caused by
80:Plague Time: The New Germ Theory of Disease
982:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
368:Other publications by Paul Ewald on PubMed
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612:
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211:is caused by a genetic mutation that, in
1035:Adaptive Dynamics of Infectious Diseases
999:Adaptive Dynamics of Infectious Diseases
363:Adaptive Dynamics of Infectious Diseases
357:Adaptive Dynamics of Infectious Diseases
111:Ewald received his BSc in 1975 from the
1155:University of California, Irvine alumni
1116:by Harriet Washington, Psychology Today
402:
30:For other people named Paul Ewald, see
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7:
1109:Can we domesticate germs? (TED2007)
759:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
542:World Journal of Surgical Oncology
230:: Ewald notes that in the case of
25:
1077:, presentation by Paul Ewald 2016
1145:American evolutionary biologists
1031:"Virulence Management in Humans"
241:Ewald's curiosity regarding the
113:University of California, Irvine
1160:University of Louisville alumni
952:Concepts in vaccine development
757:Evolution of Infectious Disease
351:Concepts in Vaccine Development
313:Evolution of Infectious Disease
74:Evolution of Infectious Disease
27:American evolutionary biologist
801:Human Nature (Hawthorne, N.Y.)
1:
493:Journal of Clinical Pathology
71:biology. He is the author of
41:
1043:10.1017/cbo9780511525728.036
1007:10.1017/cbo9780511525728.004
899:Emerging Infectious Diseases
716:"Paul Ewald: Virally Minded"
852:The Journal of Parasitology
696:Hooper, Judith (Feb 1999).
679:"A New Germ Theory: Part 1"
677:Hooper, Judith (Feb 1999).
32:Paul Ewald (disambiguation)
1178:
736:Grant, Andrew (Sep 2009).
461:Biology Department Faculty
200:." One example of this is
29:
1093:A New Germ Theory: Part 1
234:, when one twin develops
181:has been proven to cause
123:, with specialization in
1114:The Infection Connection
755:Ewald., Paul W. (1994).
605:10.1038/sj.embor.7400699
464:University of Louisville
381:Human Microbiome Project
175:C or B and the bacteria
137:University of Louisville
117:University of Washington
1029:Ewald, Paul W. (2002),
442:Proal, Amy (Feb 2008).
911:10.3201/eid0204.960401
555:10.1186/1477-7819-3-27
51:, specializing in the
49:evolutionary biologist
169:human papilloma virus
167:can be caused by the
61:evolutionary medicine
893:Ewald, Paul (1996).
702:The Atlantic Monthly
683:The Atlantic Monthly
505:10.1136/jcp.55.4.244
419:Smithsonian Magazine
413:(16 November 2020).
391:Medical microbiology
194:evolutionary biology
107:Education and career
53:evolutionary ecology
294:William D. Hamilton
178:Helicobacter pylori
18:Theory of virulence
813:10.1007/BF02692179
209:sickle cell anemia
65:agonistic behavior
742:Discover Magazine
587:Hadley C (2006).
448:Discover Magazine
386:Koch's postulates
47:) is an American
16:(Redirected from
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1135:1950s births
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411:Orent, Wendy
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301:Publications
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251:evolutionary
243:evolutionary
240:
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807:(1): 1–30.
788:Plague Time
665:Plague Time
653:Plague Time
636:Plague Time
475:Plague Time
424:29 November
273:Utne Reader
222:studies on
220:concordance
77:(1994) and
69:pollination
45: 1953
1129:Categories
1058:2018-09-08
721:19 October
397:References
149:infections
89:infections
57:parasitism
978:cite book
970:859154818
919:1080-6040
821:1045-6767
775:228117631
270:In 2010,
173:hepatitis
129:evolution
837:11765810
829:24222188
623:16670677
593:EMBO Rep
574:15907199
523:11919208
375:See also
329:Articles
247:pathogen
161:protozoa
157:bacteria
101:protozoa
97:bacteria
937:8969242
928:2639916
880:7472852
872:3283951
667:, p.156
614:1479565
565:1166580
514:1769629
153:viruses
125:ecology
121:zoology
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346:(1996)
337:(1991)
324:(2002)
316:(1994)
280:Quotes
266:Awards
67:, and
40:(born
868:JSTOR
833:S2CID
638:, p.6
477:, p.3
306:Books
190:genes
151:from
143:Ideas
119:, in
91:from
1047:ISBN
1011:ISBN
984:link
966:OCLC
956:ISBN
933:PMID
915:ISSN
876:PMID
825:PMID
817:ISSN
771:OCLC
761:ISBN
723:2010
619:PMID
570:PMID
519:PMID
426:2020
260:AIDS
127:and
1039:doi
1003:doi
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