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measles, and malaria. Infectious diseases can be obtained through many routes of transmission such as inhalation, open wounds, sores, ingestion, sexual intercourse, and insect bites. Author, Paul Ewald used his book to expound upon infectious diseases in humans and animals, explain various routes of transmission as well as epidemiology as a whole. Epidemiology is defined as the study of the onset, distribution, and control of diseases. Evolutionary epidemiology focuses on the distribution of infectious diseases whereas
Darwinian epidemiology focuses on human beings as hosts of infectious diseases. To fully comprehend both aspects of epidemiology, it is necessary to understand how organisms induce these diseases as well as how infected organisms counteract.
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153:. In this book, Ewald contests the traditional view that parasites should evolve toward benign coexistence with their hosts. He draws on various studies that contradict this dogma and asserts his theory based on fundamental evolutionary principles. This book provides one of the first in-depth presentations of insights from evolutionary biology on various fields in health science, including
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transmitted to the host. Researchers Ebert, Lipsitch, and Mangin found that while pathogens and parasites do cause a change in a population, they do not have the ability to destroy an entire population. The pathogens did however have an impact on the host's fertility. Some females involved in the experiment were unable to reproduce after being infected with the microparasites.
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many hosts. Parasite virulence is the level of harm a host endures due to a virus, bacteria, or parasite. The way a host lives contributes heavily to how their body will react to pathogens. If an organism lives a moderately healthy lifestyle, including its diet, physical activity, and decreased stress, its chances of fighting off infectious diseases increase.
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The second experiment focused more on zoonotic pathogens being correlated with emerging infectious diseases in humans. The researchers comprised a database with separate infectious species, infectious pathogens that cause disease in patients with abnormal immune systems, and pathogens that have only
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adapt to the medications and form a resistance to them which causes the new generations of pathogens to be more detrimental than the previous generations. After many generations have emerged, scientists must continuously form new vaccinations to combat the components of the disease that evolve every
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Host resistance pivots around how well a host's immune system can fight off a disease and rid their body of the pathogens. Although a healthy lifestyle can help a host, infectious diseases seem to evolve so quickly that a new generation of a disease may have emerged before scientists have the chance
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Infectious disease are illnesses induced by another organism. Such diseases range from mild to severe cases. The onset of infectious disease can be induced by bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. Several examples of infectious diseases are as follows: tuberculosis, chickenpox, mumps, meningitis,
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The extensive research about pathogens shows that they can evolve within a month, whereas animal hosts such as humans take centuries to make large evolutionary changes. Parasite virulence and host resistance are variables that strongly impact a pathogen's ability to replicate and be distributed to
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pathogens being associated with emerging infectious diseases. The first experiment focused solely on a pathogen's ability to decrease or completely wipe out a whole population of organisms. In this experiment, researchers used
Daphnia magna as the host and six microparasites were vertically
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been found in one case of human disease. The researchers broke this database down into five portions which were viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and helminths. Direct contact, indirect contact, and vector borne were the routes of
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Bengtsson, Jan; Milbrink, Göran (1995). "Predicting extinctions: interspecific competition, predation and population variability in experimental
Daphnia populations".
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533:"The Effect of Parasites on Host Population Density and Extinction: Experimental Epidemiology with Daphnia and Six Microparasites"
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Two sets of experiments were performed which tested the correlation of pathogens and declining organism populations as well as
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Schrag, S. J.; Wiener, P. (1995). "Emerging infectious disease: What are the relative roles of ecology and evolution?".
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Woolhouse, M. E. J.; Taylor, Louise H.; Haydon, Daniel T. (2001). "Population biology of multi-host pathogens".
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Leventhal, Gabriel E.; Hill, Alison L.; Nowak, Martin A.; Bonhoeffer, Sebastian (2015).
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used. They found that 1415 zoonotic pathogen diseases have been found in humans.
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Wilson, M (1995). "Travel and the emergence of infectious diseases".
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Taylor, Louise H.; Latham, Sophia M.; Woolhouse, Mark E.J. (2001).
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Zwizwai, R. (2018). "Infectious disease surveillance update".
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Ebert, Dieter; Lipsitch, Marc; Mangin, Katrina L. (2000).
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