1442:
expensive, they can be a high barrier to entry for new companies. If a new business cannot afford to purchase the machines it needs to create a product, for example, it may not be able to compete as effectively in the market. Such a company might turn to another business to supply its products, but this can be expensive as well. This means that, in industries where the means of production represent a large amount of a business's start-up costs, the number of companies competing in the market is often relatively small.
1455:
products, a potentially positive economic sign. In most cases, capital goods require a substantial investment on behalf of the producer, and their purchase is usually referred to as a capital expense. These goods are important to businesses because they use these items to make functional goods for customers or to provide consumers with valuable services. As a result, they are sometimes referred to as producers' goods, production goods, or means of production.
1552:. Such terms reflect a wide consensus that nature and society both function in such a similar manner as traditional industrial infrastructural capital, that it is entirely appropriate to refer to them as different types of capital in themselves. In particular, they can be used in the production of other goods, are not used up immediately in the process of production, and can be enhanced (if not created) by human effort.
990:
1002:
2316:
1483:, which represents obligations, and is liquidated as money for trade, and owned by legal entities. It is in the form of capital assets, traded in financial markets. Its market value is not based on the historical accumulation of money invested but on the perception by the market of its expected revenues and of the risk entailed.
1610:. The former designated physical assets not consumed in the production of a product (e.g., machines and storage facilities), while the latter referred to physical assets consumed in the process of production (e.g., raw materials and intermediate products). For an enterprise, both were types of capital.
1529:
and which supports production in unclear or poorly accounted ways. This encompasses the aggregate body of all government-owned assets that are used to promote private industry productivity, including highways, railways, airports, water treatment facilities, telecommunications, electric grids, energy
1331:
Earlier illustrations often described capital as physical items, such as tools, buildings, and vehicles that are used in the production process. Since at least the 1960s economists have increasingly focused on broader forms of capital. For example, investment in skills and education can be viewed as
1463:
In the theory of international trade, the causes and nature of the trade of capital goods receive little attention. Trade-in capital goods is a crucial part of the dynamic relationship between international trade and development. The production and trade of capital goods, as well as consumer goods,
1432:
Consumption is the logical result of all economic activity, but the level of future consumption depends on the future capital stock, and this in turn depends on the current level of production in the capital-goods sector. Hence if there is a desire to increase consumption, the output of the capital
1454:
for a company. When a business is struggling, it often puts off such purchases as long as possible, since it does not make sense to spend money on equipment if the company is not around to use it. Capital spending can be a sign that a manufacturer expects growth or at least a steady demand for its
1441:
Capital goods, often called complex products and systems (CoPS), play an important role in today's economy. Aside from allowing a business to create goods or provide services for consumers, capital goods are important in other ways. In an industry where production equipment and materials are quite
1644:
The very concept of capital is derived from this way of looking at things; one can say that capital, as a category, did not exist before double-entry bookkeeping. Capital can be defined as that amount of wealth which is used in making profits and which enters into the
1405:. Many production processes require the intellectual property to (legally) produce their products. Just like material capital goods, they can require substantial investment, and can also be subject to amortization, depreciation, and divestment.
1530:
utilities, municipal buildings, public hospitals and schools, police, fire protection, courts and still others. However, it is a problematic term insofar as many of these assets can be either publicly or privately owned.
1936:
H. Rush, "Managing innovation in complex product systems (CoPS)," IEE Colloquium on EPSRC Technology
Management Initiative (Engineering & Physical Sciences Research Council), London, UK, 1997, pp. 4/1-4/4, doi:
1586:, scholars have recently argued for the significance of "culinary capital" in the arena of food. The idea is that the production, consumption, and distribution of knowledge about food can confer power and status.
1500:
Instructional capital, defined originally in academia as that aspect of teaching and knowledge transfer that is not inherent in individuals or social relationships but transferable. Various theories use names like
1366:
All innovations—whether they involve the introduction of a new product or provide a cheaper way of producing an existing product—require that the capital goods sector shall produce a new product (machine or
1755:", "trained bodies", or "innate skills" that cannot reliably be reproduced by using any combination of any of the others above. In traditional economic analysis individual capital is more usually called
1694:, in classical economic theory, is the production of increased capital. Investment requires that some goods be produced that are not immediately consumed, but instead used to produce other goods as
1536:
is the world's stock of natural resources, which includes geology, soils, air, water and all living organisms. Some natural capital assets provide people with free goods and services, often called
1352:
is the world's stock of natural resources, which includes geology, soils, air, water and all living organisms. These terms lead to certain questions and controversies discussed in those articles.
1808:
have suggested that capital is not a productive entity, but solely financial and that capital values measure the relative power of owners over the broad social processes that bear on profits.
1728:
of production processes. Since capital is defined by him as being goods of higher-order, or goods used to produce consumer goods, and derived their value from them, being future goods.
1789:
was a dispute between economists at
Cambridge, Massachusetts based MIT and University of Cambridge in the UK about the measurement of capital. The Cambridge, UK economists, including
1617:
argued that financial instruments like stocks, bonds, mortgages, promissory notes, or other certificates for transferring wealth is not really capital, because "Their
1621:
merely represents the power of one class to appropriate the earnings of another" and "their increase or decrease does not affect the sum of wealth in the community".
1497:, but is a more general concept of inter-relationships between human beings having money-like value that motivates actions in a similar fashion to paid compensation.
1142:. Critical analysis of the economists portrayal of the capitalist mode of production as a transhistorical state of affairs distinguishes different forms of capital:
1355:
A capital good lifecycle typically consists of tendering, engineering and procurement, manufacturing, commissioning, maintenance, and (sometimes) decommissioning.
1827:
600:
2242:
1706:
pointed out, saving involves not spending all of one's income on current goods or services, while investment refers to spending on a specific type of goods,
1032:
1948:
1782:. All of which use a particularly abstract notion of capital in which the requirement of capital being produced like durable goods is effectively removed.
1258:
Many definitions and descriptions of capital goods production have been proposed in the literature. Capital goods are generally considered one-of-a-kind,
2348:
1423:
Dump trucks used in manufacturing or construction are capital goods because companies use them to build things like roads, dams, buildings, and bridges.
1519:
in combination. It is used in technical economics to define "balanced growth", which is the goal of improving human capital as much as economic capital.
1155:, which refers to labor-inputs, where the cost is "variable" based on the amount of wages and salaries paid during an employee's contract/employment,
2595:
2285:
2119:
Jasper
Veldman, Alex Alblas. (2012). Managing design variety, process variety, and engineering change: a case study of two capital good firms.
1429:
Some capital goods can be used in both production of consumer goods or production goods, such as machinery for the production of dump trucks.
2173:
2142:
1976:
1509:
to describe similar concepts but these are not strictly defined as in the academic definition and have no widely agreed accounting treatment.
1135:
2054:
Hicks C., Earl C.F., McGovern T. (2000). An analysis of company structure and business processes in the capital goods industry in the UK.
1476:
Detailed classifications of capital that have been used in various theoretical or applied uses generally respect the following division:
2302:
1262:
products that consist of many components. They are often used as manufacturing systems or services themselves. Examples include hand
1161:, which refers to intangible representations or abstractions of physical capital, such as stocks, bonds and securities (or "tradable
527:
1680:
refers to investment in non-human factors of production, such as plant and machinery, which Marx takes to contribute only its own
1025:
1359:
1279:
2341:
1854:
2103:
Blanchard B.S. (1997). An enhanced approach for implementing total productive maintenance in the manufacturing environment.
1762:
Instructional capital in the academic sense is clearly separate from either individual persons or social bonds between them.
2320:
1747:, which is inherent in persons, protected by societies, and trades labour for trust or money. Close parallel concepts are "
1786:
791:
449:
2821:
2588:
1240:
841:
831:
1994:
Marx, Karl, Grunddragen i kritiken av den politska ekonomin i urval av Sven-Eric
Liedman, 91 29 41310 9, 1971 p.66,104
1865:
1393:
and play a key role in the economic analysis of "... growth and production, as well as the distribution of income..."
1321:
1088:
is as a "...series of heterogeneous commodities, each having specific technical characteristics ..." in the form of a
1018:
537:
474:
407:
385:
2239:
846:
362:
2141:
Hulten, C. R., & Wykoff, F. C. (1980). The measurement of economic depreciation. Urban
Institute. Accessed at
2334:
1560:
620:
307:
1563:. However, this increasingly distinguishes means of capital investment, and collection of potential rewards for
1426:
In the same way, a chocolate bar is a consumer good, but the machines that produce the candy are capital goods.
1731:
1633:
894:
590:
437:
276:
250:
172:
117:
1953:
1324:, as production to be added to the capital stock, is described as taking place over time ("per year"), thus a
2132:
Rosenberg, N. (1963). Capital goods, technology, and economic growth. Oxford
Economic Papers, 15(3), 217-227.
2771:
2631:
2581:
2377:
1540:. Two of these (clean water and fertile soil) underpin our economy and society and make human life possible.
1305:
786:
432:
427:
417:
112:
2446:
2396:
1859:
1797:
claimed that there is no basis for aggregating the heterogeneous objects that constitute 'capital goods.'
1717:
1451:
1224:
1201:
939:
816:
610:
469:
400:
287:
245:
1669:
1490:
1402:
1341:
1228:
1131:
like homes and personal automobiles that are not used in the production of saleable goods and services.
1124:
1113:
1058:
919:
904:
826:
806:
761:
658:
517:
507:
479:
352:
342:
270:
2636:
2436:
2076:
1922:
1907:
1771:
1691:
1556:
1506:
1465:
1345:
969:
924:
899:
866:
570:
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502:
497:
255:
92:
2826:
2776:
2426:
2401:
2382:
1903:
1849:
1703:
1607:
1220:
1209:
1177:
1117:
1085:
683:
605:
560:
555:
422:
412:
312:
122:
45:
2092:
2698:
2641:
2541:
2466:
2421:
1881:
1767:
1744:
1572:
1494:
1286:. Their production is often organized in projects, with several parties cooperating in networks.
1236:
1158:
929:
889:
766:
615:
580:
367:
327:
282:
202:
157:
137:
2233:
1734:
describes human capital as being composed of distinct social, imitative and creative elements:
2718:
2649:
2562:
2456:
2406:
2298:
2179:
2169:
2067:
1972:
1899:
1822:
1817:
1775:
1721:
1681:
1657:
1537:
1480:
1337:
1294:
1259:
1101:
1097:
994:
861:
728:
718:
663:
585:
459:
444:
322:
292:
222:
212:
147:
31:
2036:
26(6):689–710; Vianello G, Ahmed S (2008). Engineering changes during the service phase. In:
1184:
at any given moment in time is referred to as the capital stock (not to be confused with the
2708:
2557:
2536:
2531:
2507:
2481:
2451:
2431:
2391:
2386:
2372:
2071:
1871:
1805:
1677:
1661:
1244:
1232:
1205:
1181:
1152:
1146:
1105:
1092:
that is used in the production of goods or services. Capital goods are a particular form of
1061:
for further production" of goods and services. A typical example is the machinery used in a
796:
771:
723:
703:
648:
625:
575:
454:
357:
347:
337:
302:
192:
142:
132:
127:
35:
2764:
2713:
2683:
2669:
2645:
2616:
2511:
2491:
2486:
2441:
2246:
1876:
1801:
1779:
1713:
1583:
1545:
1533:
1450:
The acquisition of machinery and other expensive equipment often represents a significant
1349:
1313:
1139:
1006:
851:
756:
713:
693:
688:
678:
673:
595:
390:
1293:
The good is not used up immediately in the process of production unlike raw materials or
1172:
defined capital as "that part of man's stock which he expects to afford him revenue". In
2747:
2693:
2654:
2476:
2471:
2461:
2226:
1738:
1725:
1625:
1618:
1549:
1526:
1522:
1486:
1414:
1372:
1368:
1325:
1317:
1252:
1173:
1066:
959:
944:
914:
836:
698:
332:
177:
167:
97:
82:
77:
2815:
2790:
2780:
2754:
2703:
2659:
2416:
2411:
2005:
1790:
1695:
1665:
1653:
1603:
1512:
1464:
must be introduced to trade models, and the entire analysis integrated with domestic
1390:
1333:
1267:
1193:
1185:
949:
821:
781:
653:
317:
217:
197:
1525:
is a blanket term that attempts to characterize physical capital that is considered
2759:
2737:
2732:
2723:
2664:
2621:
1794:
1614:
1298:
1283:
1197:
1189:
1162:
1128:
1089:
871:
811:
738:
522:
297:
207:
1515:, a broad term that generally includes social, instructional and individual human
1741:
is the value of network trusting relationships between individuals in an economy.
1413:
People buy capital goods to use as static resources to make other goods, whereas
17:
2800:
2785:
2742:
2688:
1833:
1271:
1109:
954:
856:
776:
532:
265:
227:
182:
152:
107:
2032:
Hobday M. (1998). Product complexity, innovation, and industrial organization.
1664:
refers to a capitalist's investment in labor-power, seen as the only source of
1420:
For example, an automobile is a consumer good when purchased as a private car.
1073:
includes buildings, equipment, software, and inventories during a given year."
27:
Already-produced durable goods that are used in production of goods or services
2728:
2674:
1844:
1752:
1687:
1637:
1595:
1169:
934:
643:
464:
395:
53:
2183:
2795:
2679:
2626:
1649:
1629:
1576:
1568:
1502:
1301:
allowance, which like intermediate goods, is treated as a business expense.)
1046:
989:
974:
964:
909:
733:
668:
512:
260:
67:
1389:
Capital goods are a constituent element of the stock of capital assets, or
2315:
2163:
1001:
1582:
Building on Marx, and on the theories of the sociologist and philosopher
1516:
1275:
1248:
801:
708:
162:
72:
2522:
2198:
1839:
1640:, Sombart writing in "Medieval and Modern Commercial Enterprise" that:
1320:. As such, its value can be estimated at a point in time. By contrast,
1062:
102:
1699:
1564:
2038:
Proceedings of the ASME 2008 design engineering technical conference
1312:
These distinctions of convenience have carried over to contemporary
2326:
2605:
1748:
1316:. Adam Smith provided the further clarification that capital is a
1093:
187:
2573:
1401:
Capital goods can also be immaterial, when they take the form of
1247:, knowledge, goodwill, or management (which some characterize as
2152:
EconomicJournal. Mar66, Vol. 76 Issue 301, p70-83. 14p. 1 Graph.
2091: • Deardorff's Glossary of International Economics,
2089:
Glossary of Terms, "Capital (capital goods, capital equipment)."
1263:
1120:
period and has remained the dominant method for classification.
2577:
2330:
1304:
The good can be produced or increased (in contrast to land and
1921:
Samuelson, Paul A., and
Nordhaus, William D.(2001), 17th ed.
2283:
Hennings, K.H. (1987). "Capital as a factor of production".
2228:
Enterprise and
Secular Change: Readings in Economic History
1057:
are "those durable produced goods that are in turn used as
2295:
Code of
Capital: How the Law Creates Wealth and Inequality
2276:
Means and ends: The idea of capital in the West, 1500–1970
1544:
Separate literatures have developed to describe both
1112:. The three are also known collectively as "primary
1489:, which in private enterprise is partly captured as
1243:
in classical economics. This includes organization,
2550:
2521:
2500:
2365:
1672:it can produce varies from the amount it consumes,
1358:Capital goods are a major factor in the process of
2225:
1632:, locate the concept of capital as originating in
2224:Lane, Frederic C; Riemersma, Jelle, eds. (1953).
1967:Samuelson, Paul A.; Nordhaus, William D (2004).
2259:Capital as Power: A Study of Order and Creorder
1652:adds a distinction that is often confused with
1364:
1828:Capitalist mode of production (Marxist theory)
1668:. It is called "variable" since the amount of
1579:(social trust or social capital) instruments.
1382:Capital Goods, Technology, and Economic Growth
1289:This is what makes it a factor of production:
1100:. Capital goods are one of the three types of
2589:
2342:
2162:Naccarato, Peter; Le Besco, Kathleen (2012).
1636:, which is thus a foundational innovation in
1239:). All other inputs to production are called
1116:". This classification originated during the
1026:
8:
2286:The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics
1962:
1960:
1949:The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics
1676:, it creates new value. On the other hand,
1200:or any non-financial asset that is used in
1123:Capital can be increased by the use of the
2596:
2582:
2574:
2349:
2335:
2327:
2028:
2026:
1946:Hagemann, Harold, 1987. "capital goods",
1684:to the commodities it is used to produce.
1033:
1019:
40:
2050:
2048:
2046:
1297:. (The significant exception to this is
1892:
1770:accounting and is further developed in
52:
2115:
2113:
1136:Marxian critique of political economy
7:
1990:
1988:
1602:, Book II, Chapter 1) distinguished
1076:Capital goods have also been called
1698:. Investment is closely related to
2289:. Vol. v. 1. pp. 327–33.
2168:(English ed.). London: Berg.
25:
2199:"Progress and Poverty, Chapter 2"
1127:, which however excludes certain
2314:
1702:, though it is not the same. As
1280:semiconductor fabrication plants
1000:
988:
2278:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
1409:Differences from consumer goods
1227:describe capital as one of the
1149:, which refers to capital goods
2274:Boldizzoni, F. (2008). "4–8".
2121:Research in Engineering Design
1855:Organic composition of capital
1555:There is also a literature of
1417:are purchased to be consumed.
1231:(alongside the other factors:
1:
1787:Cambridge capital controversy
1534:Natural or ecological capital
1344:can be viewed as building up
1176:, capital is an input in the
792:Critique of political economy
450:Critique of political economy
2240:"Accounting and rationality"
1778:and the various theories of
1766:This theory is the basis of
1594:Within classical economics,
1380:Rosenberg, "Article Title",
842:Periodizations of capitalism
1866:The Accumulation of Capital
1433:goods should be maximized.
1255:or instructional capital).
538:Simple commodity production
2843:
2261:, Routledge, 2009, p, 228.
847:Perspectives on capitalism
29:
2612:
1561:intellectual property law
1138:, capital is viewed as a
2297:, Princeton University,
1732:Human development theory
1634:double-entry bookkeeping
1397:Immaterial capital goods
1216:In narrow and broad uses
118:Economic interventionism
30:Not to be confused with
2670:(Post-)experience goods
2378:Accumulation of capital
2232:. R. D. Irwin. p.
2010:Encyclopedia Britannica
1927:, p. 442. McGraw-Hill.
1912:, p. 270. McGraw-Hill.
1624:Some thinkers, such as
1472:Modern types of capital
1371:) according to certain
1306:non-renewable resources
1188:of a business entity).
1078:complex product systems
787:Criticism of capitalism
2781:(Non-)excludable goods
2006:"Capital and interest"
1860:Organizational capital
1718:Eugen Boehm von Bawerk
1459:In international trade
1387:
1225:neoclassical economics
1196:are already-produced,
1163:paper claims to wealth
1104:, the other two being
817:Exploitation of labour
528:Primitive accumulation
2777:(Non-)rivalrous goods
2004:Boulding, Kenneth E.
1800:Political economists
1403:intellectual property
1342:intellectual property
1340:, and investments in
1229:factors of production
1125:factors of production
1114:factors of production
1069:level, "the nation's
995:Capitalism portal
807:Culture of capitalism
762:Capitalist propaganda
518:Industrial Revolution
508:Commercial Revolution
2637:Common-pool resource
2323:at Wikimedia Commons
2056:IEEE Trans Eng Manag
1937:10.1049/ic:19971215.
1904:Nordhaus, William D.
1772:ecological economics
1724:was measured by the
1692:capital accumulation
1557:intellectual capital
1507:intellectual capital
1466:capital accumulation
1360:technical innovation
1346:intellectual capital
970:Right-libertarianism
900:Classical liberalism
867:Venture philanthropy
503:Capitalism and Islam
498:Age of Enlightenment
93:Capital accumulation
2822:Capital (economics)
2699:Global public goods
2665:(Non-)durable goods
2642:Complementary goods
2321:Capital (economics)
2293:Pistor, K. (2020).
2203:www.henrygeorge.org
2072:William D. Nordhaus
1850:Means of production
1608:circulating capital
1446:Investment required
1192:, real capital, or
1178:production function
1118:classical economics
1086:means of production
1007:Business portal
123:Economic liberalism
113:Competitive markets
2719:Intermediate goods
2551:Marxist historical
2245:2011-07-22 at the
1900:Samuelson, Paul A.
1882:Wealth (economics)
1768:triple bottom line
1745:Individual capital
1573:individual capital
1538:ecosystem services
1295:intermediate goods
1159:fictitious capital
767:Capitalist realism
158:Goods and services
138:Fictitious capital
2809:
2808:
2709:Information goods
2650:Independent goods
2571:
2570:
2563:Financial capital
2319:Media related to
2175:978-0-85785-382-0
2068:Paul A. Samuelson
1978:978-0-07-287205-7
1906:(2001), 17th ed.
1823:Capital (Marxism)
1818:Capital deepening
1776:welfare economics
1751:", "ingenuity", "
1722:capital intensity
1710:, capital goods.
1682:replacement value
1600:Wealth of Nations
1481:Financial capital
1338:knowledge capital
1260:capital intensive
1098:tangible property
1059:productive inputs
1043:
1042:
862:Spontaneous order
832:History of theory
475:New institutional
445:Market monetarism
380:Economic theories
213:Supply and demand
148:Free price system
32:Financial capital
18:Theory of capital
16:(Redirected from
2834:
2714:Intangible goods
2684:Positional goods
2646:Substitute goods
2617:Anti-rival goods
2598:
2591:
2584:
2575:
2351:
2344:
2337:
2328:
2318:
2290:
2279:
2262:
2256:
2250:
2237:
2231:
2221:
2215:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2194:
2188:
2187:
2165:Culinary capital
2159:
2153:
2150:
2144:
2139:
2133:
2130:
2124:
2117:
2108:
2105:J Qual Maint Eng
2101:
2095:
2087:
2081:
2065:
2059:
2052:
2041:
2030:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2001:
1995:
1992:
1983:
1982:
1964:
1955:
1944:
1938:
1934:
1928:
1919:
1913:
1897:
1872:Physical capital
1806:Shimshon Bichler
1720:maintained that
1678:constant capital
1662:variable capital
1385:
1245:entrepreneurship
1182:physical capital
1153:variable capital
1147:constant capital
1035:
1028:
1021:
1005:
1004:
993:
992:
797:Critique of work
772:Capitalist state
455:Critique of work
338:Regulated market
240:Economic systems
193:Private property
143:Financial market
133:Entrepreneurship
128:Economic surplus
41:
36:Economic capital
21:
2842:
2841:
2837:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2832:
2831:
2812:
2811:
2810:
2805:
2765:Household goods
2748:Necessity goods
2655:Composite goods
2608:
2602:
2572:
2567:
2546:
2517:
2496:
2361:
2355:
2311:
2282:
2273:
2270:
2268:Further reading
2265:
2257:
2253:
2247:Wayback Machine
2223:
2222:
2218:
2208:
2206:
2197:George, Henry.
2196:
2195:
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2161:
2160:
2156:
2151:
2147:
2140:
2136:
2131:
2127:
2123:23 (4) 269–290.
2118:
2111:
2102:
2098:
2090:
2088:
2084:
2066:
2062:
2053:
2044:
2031:
2024:
2014:
2012:
2003:
2002:
1998:
1993:
1986:
1979:
1971:. McGraw-Hill.
1966:
1965:
1958:
1945:
1941:
1935:
1931:
1920:
1916:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1877:Venture capital
1814:
1802:Jonathan Nitzan
1780:green economics
1714:Austrian School
1592:
1590:Interpretations
1584:Pierre Bourdieu
1546:natural capital
1474:
1461:
1448:
1439:
1411:
1399:
1386:
1379:
1350:Natural capital
1314:economic theory
1218:
1174:economic models
1140:social relation
1039:
999:
987:
980:
979:
885:
877:
876:
852:Post-capitalism
757:Anti-capitalism
752:
744:
743:
639:
631:
630:
551:
543:
542:
493:
485:
484:
381:
373:
372:
363:State-sponsored
241:
233:
232:
98:Capital markets
63:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2840:
2838:
2830:
2829:
2824:
2814:
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2807:
2806:
2804:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2791:Superior goods
2788:
2783:
2774:
2769:
2768:
2767:
2757:
2755:Ordinary goods
2752:
2751:
2750:
2740:
2735:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2704:Inferior goods
2701:
2696:
2694:Global commons
2691:
2686:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2660:Credence goods
2657:
2652:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
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2459:
2454:
2449:
2447:Organizational
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2397:Cross-cultural
2394:
2389:
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2375:
2369:
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2353:
2346:
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2309:External links
2307:
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1739:Social capital
1726:roundaboutness
1647:
1646:
1626:Werner Sombart
1619:economic value
1591:
1588:
1550:social capital
1542:
1541:
1531:
1527:infrastructure
1523:Public capital
1520:
1510:
1498:
1487:Social capital
1484:
1473:
1470:
1460:
1457:
1447:
1444:
1438:
1435:
1415:consumer goods
1410:
1407:
1398:
1395:
1377:
1373:specifications
1369:physical plant
1310:
1309:
1302:
1253:social capital
1217:
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1194:capital assets
1167:
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837:Market economy
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751:Related topics
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621:State monopoly
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178:Liberalization
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168:Invisible hand
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83:Businessperson
80:
78:Business cycle
75:
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64:
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50:
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26:
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14:
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10:
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6:
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2760:Private goods
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2749:
2746:
2745:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2738:Neutral goods
2736:
2734:
2733:demerit goods
2730:
2727:
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2622:Capital goods
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2505:
2503:
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2193:
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2158:
2155:
2149:
2146:
2143:
2138:
2135:
2129:
2126:
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2114:
2110:
2106:
2100:
2097:
2094:
2086:
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2061:
2058:47(4):414–423
2057:
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2049:
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2039:
2035:
2029:
2027:
2023:
2011:
2007:
2000:
1997:
1991:
1989:
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1963:
1961:
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1943:
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1911:
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1816:
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1798:
1796:
1792:
1791:Joan Robinson
1788:
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1777:
1773:
1769:
1761:
1758:
1754:
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1733:
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1727:
1723:
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1711:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1696:capital goods
1693:
1689:
1685:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1666:surplus-value
1663:
1659:
1655:
1654:David Ricardo
1651:
1643:
1642:
1641:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1622:
1620:
1616:
1611:
1609:
1605:
1604:fixed capital
1601:
1597:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1580:
1578:
1574:
1571:(creative or
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1553:
1551:
1547:
1539:
1535:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1521:
1518:
1514:
1513:Human capital
1511:
1508:
1504:
1499:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1477:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1445:
1443:
1436:
1434:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1391:fixed capital
1383:
1376:
1374:
1370:
1363:
1361:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1334:human capital
1329:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1307:
1303:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1291:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1284:wind turbines
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1268:machine tools
1265:
1261:
1256:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1198:durable goods
1195:
1191:
1190:Capital goods
1187:
1186:capital stock
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1164:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1144:
1143:
1141:
1137:
1132:
1130:
1129:durable goods
1126:
1121:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1094:economic good
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1074:
1072:
1071:capital stock
1068:
1067:macroeconomic
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1051:capital goods
1048:
1036:
1031:
1029:
1024:
1022:
1017:
1016:
1014:
1013:
1008:
1003:
998:
996:
991:
986:
985:
984:
983:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
950:Neoliberalism
948:
946:
943:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
926:
923:
921:
918:
916:
913:
911:
908:
906:
903:
901:
898:
896:
895:Authoritarian
893:
891:
888:
887:
881:
880:
873:
870:
868:
865:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
823:
822:Globalization
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
783:
782:Crisis theory
780:
778:
775:
773:
770:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
755:
754:
748:
747:
740:
737:
735:
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730:
727:
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722:
720:
717:
715:
712:
710:
707:
705:
702:
700:
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695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
677:
675:
672:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
645:
642:
641:
638:Intellectuals
635:
634:
627:
626:Technological
624:
622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
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589:
587:
584:
582:
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569:
567:
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559:
557:
554:
553:
547:
546:
539:
536:
534:
531:
529:
526:
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456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
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436:
434:
431:
429:
426:
425:
424:
421:
419:
418:Institutional
416:
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409:
406:
402:
399:
398:
397:
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
383:
377:
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364:
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324:
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316:
314:
311:
309:
306:
304:
301:
299:
296:
294:
291:
289:
286:
284:
281:
279:
278:
277:Laissez-faire
274:
272:
269:
267:
264:
262:
259:
257:
254:
252:
251:Authoritarian
249:
247:
244:
243:
237:
236:
229:
226:
224:
221:
219:
218:Surplus value
216:
214:
211:
209:
206:
204:
201:
199:
198:Privatization
196:
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184:
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71:
69:
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65:
59:
58:
55:
51:
47:
43:
42:
37:
33:
19:
2801:Veblen goods
2786:Search goods
2772:Public goods
2743:Normal goods
2724:Luxury goods
2689:Giffen goods
2632:Common goods
2510:(short) vs.
2437:Intellectual
2358:
2294:
2284:
2275:
2258:
2254:
2227:
2219:
2207:. Retrieved
2202:
2192:
2164:
2157:
2148:
2137:
2128:
2120:
2104:
2099:
2085:
2075:
2063:
2055:
2037:
2033:
2013:. Retrieved
2009:
1999:
1968:
1947:
1942:
1932:
1923:
1917:
1908:
1895:
1864:
1832:
1799:
1795:Piero Sraffa
1784:
1765:
1756:
1730:
1712:
1707:
1686:
1673:
1648:
1623:
1615:Henry George
1612:
1599:
1593:
1581:
1554:
1543:
1475:
1462:
1449:
1440:
1431:
1428:
1425:
1422:
1419:
1412:
1400:
1388:
1381:
1365:
1357:
1354:
1332:building up
1330:
1311:
1299:depreciation
1288:
1272:data centers
1257:
1219:
1180:. The total
1168:
1133:
1122:
1090:durable good
1081:
1077:
1075:
1070:
1054:
1050:
1044:
872:Wage slavery
812:Evergreening
523:Mercantilism
470:Neoclassical
298:Mercantilist
275:
208:Rent seeking
173:Visible hand
87:
2729:Merit goods
2675:Final goods
2427:Information
2402:Educational
2383:Circulating
2238:(quoted in
2205:. Bob Drake
2107:3(2):69–80;
2040:, New York.
1834:Das Kapital
1495:brand value
1241:intangibles
955:Objectivism
940:Libertarian
857:Speculation
777:Consumerism
611:Progressive
550:Development
533:Physiocracy
480:Supply-side
288:Libertarian
266:Free-market
246:Anglo-Saxon
228:Wage labour
183:Marginalism
153:Free market
108:Corporation
2827:Capitalism
2816:Categories
2796:Used goods
2680:Free goods
2627:Club goods
2542:Fictitious
2525:analytical
2467:Reputation
2432:Intangible
2422:Individual
2080:, 18th ed.
2034:Res Policy
1888:References
1845:Final good
1753:leadership
1716:economist
1688:Investment
1638:capitalism
1613:Economist
1596:Adam Smith
1452:investment
1437:Importance
1322:investment
1202:production
1170:Adam Smith
935:Liberalism
920:Humanistic
905:Democratic
884:Ideologies
719:Schumpeter
465:Monetarist
396:Chartalism
343:Regulatory
318:Neoliberal
271:Humanistic
54:Capitalism
2604:Types of
2457:Political
2407:Financial
2357:Types of
2184:795909419
2077:Economics
1969:Economics
1924:Economics
1909:Economics
1650:Karl Marx
1645:accounts.
1630:Max Weber
1577:trademark
1569:copyright
1503:knowledge
1221:Classical
1065:. At the
1047:economics
975:Third Way
965:Privatism
925:Inclusive
910:Dirigisme
704:von Mises
591:Illiberal
571:Corporate
566:Community
513:Feudalism
423:Keynesian
413:Classical
256:Corporate
68:Austerity
2558:Monopoly
2537:Variable
2532:Constant
2482:Symbolic
2452:Physical
2392:Cultural
2387:Floating
2373:Academic
2243:Archived
2209:July 22,
2093:Capital.
2074:(2004).
2015:July 22,
1812:See also
1660:theory,
1491:goodwill
1468:theory.
1378:—
1276:oil rigs
1210:services
1096:and are
802:Cronyism
714:Rothbard
689:Marshall
674:Friedman
606:Merchant
561:Consumer
556:Advanced
391:Austrian
386:American
313:National
308:Monopoly
261:Dirigist
163:Investor
73:Business
62:Concepts
46:a series
44:Part of
2523:Marxist
2512:Patient
2501:By term
2492:Working
2487:Venture
2442:Natural
2366:By form
2359:capital
1840:DIRTI 5
1658:Marxian
1656:'s. In
1575:), and
1084:). The
1063:factory
1055:capital
930:Liberal
890:Anarcho
827:History
659:Malthus
654:Ricardo
616:Rentier
601:Marxist
581:Finance
492:Origins
460:Marxist
408:Chicago
368:Welfare
328:Private
283:Liberal
103:Company
88:Capital
2514:(long)
2508:Liquid
2477:Social
2472:Sexual
2462:Public
2301:
2182:
2172:
1975:
1902:, and
1757:labour
1749:talent
1704:Keynes
1700:saving
1565:patent
1517:talent
1384:(1963)
1282:, and
1249:talent
1237:labour
1110:labour
729:Weaver
724:Veblen
699:Walras
694:Pareto
684:Keynes
586:Global
353:Social
323:Nordic
293:Market
203:Profit
2606:goods
2417:Human
2412:Fixed
1670:value
1606:from
1318:stock
1264:tools
1206:goods
739:Coase
734:Weber
679:Hayek
644:Smith
576:Crony
438:Post-
358:State
348:Rhine
303:Mixed
223:Value
188:Money
2779:and
2731:and
2682:vs.
2648:vs.
2644:vs.
2299:ISBN
2211:2017
2180:OCLC
2170:ISBN
2070:and
2017:2017
1973:ISBN
1804:and
1793:and
1785:The
1708:i.e.
1674:i.e.
1628:and
1559:and
1548:and
1326:flow
1235:and
1233:land
1223:and
1108:and
1106:land
1082:CoPS
709:Rand
669:Marx
649:Mill
596:Late
428:Neo-
1690:or
1505:or
1493:or
1362::
1336:or
1208:or
1204:of
1134:In
1053:or
1045:In
945:Neo
915:Eco
664:Say
433:New
401:MMT
333:Raw
34:or
2818::
2234:38
2201:.
2178:.
2112:^
2045:^
2025:^
2008:.
1987:^
1959:^
1774:,
1567:,
1348:.
1328:.
1308:).
1278:,
1274:,
1270:,
1266:,
1251:,
1212:.
1165:")
1049:,
48:on
2597:e
2590:t
2583:v
2385:/
2350:e
2343:t
2336:v
2249:)
2236:.
2213:.
2186:.
2019:.
1981:.
1759:.
1598:(
1375:.
1080:(
1034:e
1027:t
1020:v
38:.
20:)
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