809:(literally "place for hearing" in Latin) was the area in which people gathered, and was sometimes constructed on a small hill or slope in which stacked seating could be easily made in the tradition of the Greek Theatres. The central part of the auditorium was hollowed out of a hill or slope, while the outer radian seats required structural support and solid retaining walls. This was of course not always the case as Romans tended to build their theatres regardless of the availability of hillsides. All theatres built within the city of Rome were completely man-made without the use of earthworks. The auditorium was not roofed; rather, awnings (
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Kabuki stages and theaters have steadily become more technologically sophisticated, and innovations including revolving stages and trap doors were introduced during the 18th century. A driving force has been the desire to manifest one frequent theme of kabuki theater, that of the sudden, dramatic revelation or transformation. A number of stage tricks, including actors' rapid appearance and disappearance, employ these innovations. The term
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1023:. This large theater has floors and walls divided into small movable sections, with the floor sections on adjustable pneumatric piston, so that the space may be adjusted into any configuration for each individual play. As new styles of theater performance have evolved, so has the desire to improve or recreate performance venues. This applies equally to artistic and presentation techniques, such as
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880:. Mostly the theaters were entirely open air. They consisted of several floors of covered galleries surrounding a courtyard which was open to the elements. A large portion of the audience would stand in the yard, directly in front of the stage. This layout is said to derive from the practice of holding plays in the yard of an inn. Archaeological excavations of
421:): typically placed immediately to the front, side and above the level of the stage. They are often separate rooms with an open viewing area which typically seat up to five people. These seats are typically considered the most prestigious of the house. A "state box" or "royal box" is sometimes provided for dignitaries.
1007:) which focused the attention of audience on the stage, completely immersing them in the imaginary world of the music drama. These concepts were revolutionary at the time, but they have since come to be taken for granted in the modern operatic environment as well as many other types of theatrical endeavors.
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House seats: these are "the best seats in the house", giving the best view of the stage. Though each theater's layout is different, these are usually in the center of the stalls. These seats are traditionally reserved for the cast and crew to invite family members, agents, and others. If they are not
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It was used as a "backstage" area where actors could change their costumes and masks, but also served to represent the location of the plays, which were usually set in front of a palace or house. Typically, there were two or three doors in the skene that led out onto orchestra, and from which actors
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theater is based on a
Chinese pattern. It is completely open, providing a shared experience between the performers and the audience throughout the play. Without any prosceniums or curtains to obstruct the view, the audience sees each actor at moments even before entering the primary platform of the
981:. The perspective of these elements could only be viewed properly from the center back of the auditorium, in the so-called "duke's chair." The higher one's status, the closer they would be seated to this vantage point, and the more the accurately they would be able to see the perspective elements.
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There are usually two main entrances of a theater building. One is at the front, used by the audience, and leads into a foyer and ticketing. The second is called the stage door, and it is accessible from backstage. This is where the cast and crew enter and exit the theater, and there is a tradition
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path), a walkway which extends into the audience and via which dramatic entrances and exits are made. Okuni also performed on a hanamichi stage with her entourage. The stage is used not only as a walkway or path to get to and from the main stage, but important scenes are also played on the stage.
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The stage includes a large square platform, devoid of walls or curtains on three sides, and traditionally with a painting of a pine tree at the back. The platform is elevated above the place where the audience sits, which is covered in white gravel soil. The four stage corners are marked by cedar
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At the beginning of 17th century theaters had moved indoors and began to resemble the arrangement we see most frequently today, with a stage separated from the audience by a proscenium arch. This coincided with a growing interest in scenic elements painted in perspective, such as those created by
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The temple has a pyramidal roof, with high walls, and a high-ceilinged interior. Within the large temple has a stage inside which is a large platform with its own pyramid roof. The stage area is separate from the audience area with the musician (a drummer on a high seat) behind the stage, and
1459:. Called the koothambalam or kuttampalam, it is a large high-caste rectangular, temple in Kerala which represented a “visual sacrifice” to any deities or gods of the temple. They were built for kutiyattam or “combined acting” performances, which only two dramas are performed today.
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Balconies or galleries: one or more raised seating platforms towards the rear of the auditorium. In larger theaters, multiple levels are stacked vertically above or behind the stalls. The first level is usually called the dress circle or grand circle. The next level may be the
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There are as many types of theaters as there are types of performance. Theaters may be built specifically for certain types of productions, they may serve for more general performance needs or they may be adapted or converted for use as a theater. They may range from open-air
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Rising from the circle of the orchestra was the audience. The audience sat on tiers of benches built up on the side of a hill. Greek theaters, then, could only be built on hills that were correctly shaped. A typical theater was enormous, able to seat around 15,000 viewers.
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pillars, and the whole is topped by a roof, even when the Noh stage is erected indoors. A ceramic jar system under the stage amplifies the sounds of dancing during the performance. There is a small door to permit entry of the musicians and vocalists.
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was literally a tent or hut, put up for the religious festival and taken down when it was finished. Later, the skene became a permanent stone structure. These structures were sometimes painted to serve as backdrops, hence the
English word
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means "suspension bridge", signifying something aerial that connects two separate worlds on a same level. The bridge symbolizes the mythic nature of Noh plays in which otherworldly ghosts and spirits frequently appear. In contrast,
373:) is sometimes used to refer to a particular subset of this area. In North American usage this is usually the rear seating block beneath the gallery (see below) whereas in Britain it can mean either the area in front near the
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dressing rooms also at the rear with exit doors behind. The audience would be seated on a smooth, polished floor. Several
Koothambalams exist within several Indian temples, and follow the same rectangular plan and structure.
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Some Roman theatres, constructed of wood, were torn down after the festival for which they were erected concluded. This practice was due to a moratorium on permanent theatre structures that lasted until 55 BC when the
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The independent roof is one of the most recognizable characteristic of the Noh stage. Supported by four columns, the roof symbolizes the sanctity of the stage, with its architectural design derived from the worship
1597:", The Oxford Companion to Classical Civilization. Ed. Simon Hornblower and Antony Spawforth. Oxford University Press, 1998. Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press. Northwestern University. 11 May 2007.
381:, the usage refers to the sectioned pattern of both the seats of an auditorium and of the planted beds seen in garden construction. Throughout the 18th century the term was also used to refer to the
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may be found backstage. In an amphitheater, an area behind the stage may be designated for such uses while a blackbox theater may have spaces outside of the actual theater designated for such uses.
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and sound personnel may view the show and run their respective instruments. Other rooms in the building may be used for dressing rooms, rehearsal rooms, spaces for constructing sets, props and
270:, arena theaters and amphitheaters, this area is permanent part of the structure. In some theaters the stage area can be changed and adapted specifically to a production, often called a
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copied the Greek style of building, but tended not to be so concerned about the location, being prepared to build walls and terraces instead of looking for a naturally occurring site.
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spaces. The facility usually is organized to provide support areas for performers, the technical crew and the audience members, as well as the stage where the performance takes place.
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519:. A temple nearby, especially on the right side of the scene, is almost always part of the Greek theater complex, which could justify, as a transposition, the recurrence of the
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Contemporary theaters are often non-traditional, such as very adaptable spaces, or theaters where audience and performers are not separated. A major example of this is the
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485:, or "dancing place", a large circular or rectangular area. The orchestra was the site of the choral performances, the religious rites, and, possibly, the acting. An
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called "stage dooring" that some fans participate in, in which fans wait outside of the stage door after the show in hopes of getting an autograph from the actors.
1331:. This creates the impression that anything that could provide any shading has been banished. To break such monotony and make something happen is no easy thing."
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Often a theater will incorporate other spaces intended for the performers and other personnel. A booth facing the stage may be incorporated into the house where
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is still standing today and, with its amazing structural acoustics and having had its seating reconstructed, can be seen to be a marvel of Roman architecture.
892:(1599) was larger, at 100 feet (30 metres). Other evidence for the round shape is a line in Shakespeare's Henry V which calls the building "this
290:, and scenery are stored, and the performers standby before their entrance. These offstage spaces are called wings on either side of a proscenium stage. A
211:), while some theaters, such as black box theaters have movable seating allowing the production to create a performance area suitable for the production.
207:), this article is about structures used specifically for performance. Some theaters may have a fixed acting area (in most theaters this is known as the
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All theaters provide a space for an audience. In a fixed seating theatre the audience is often separated from the performers by the proscenium arch. In
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writes that "on the stage of the Noh theater there are no sets that change with each piece. Neither is there a curtain. There is only a simple panel (
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defines three stage types. In
Australia and New Zealand a small and simple theater, particularly one contained within a larger venue, is called a
466:('seeing place'). The theaters were large, open-air structures constructed on the slopes of hills. The most famous open-air greek theater was the
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The Globe has now been rebuilt as a fully working and producing theater near its original site (largely thanks to the efforts of film director
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Theatrical performances can also take place in venues adapted from other purposes, such as train carriages. For instance, in recent years the
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was built with the addition of a temple to avoid the law. Some Roman theatres show signs of never having been completed in the first place.
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Inside Rome, few theatres have survived the centuries following their construction, providing little evidence about the specific theatres.
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placed great importance on "mood setting" elements, such as a darkened theater, sound effects, and seating arrangements (lowering the
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Greek theaters were not enclosed; the audience could see each other and the surrounding countryside as well as the actors and chorus.
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Usually in a building used specifically for performance there are offstage spaces used by the performers and crew. This is where
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Stalls or arena (in North
America, "orchestra"): the lower flat area, usually below or at the same level as the stage. The word
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928:) to give modern audiences an idea of the environment for which Shakespeare and other playwrights of the period were writing.
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1308:(flute pillar), clockwise from upstage right respectively. Each pillar is associated with the performers and their actions.
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1: hashigakari. 2: kyōgen spot. 3: stage attendants. 4: stick drum. 5: hip drum. 6: shoulder drum. 7: flute. 8: chorus. 9:
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stage. The theater itself is considered symbolic and treated with reverence both by the performers and the audience.
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and an architectural scenery, representing a city street. The oldest surviving examples of this style are the
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A theater building or structure contains spaces for an event or performance to take place, usually called the
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1388:("A Scene from a Play") by Masanobu Okumura (1686–1764), depicting Edo Ichimura-za theater in the early 1740s
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339:, the proscenium arch, like the stage, is a permanent feature of the structure. This area is known as the
992:(1637) in Venice. The Italian opera houses were the model for the subsequent theaters throughout Europe.
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The first enclosed theaters were court theaters, open only to the sovereigns and the nobility. The first
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407:, especially in large opera houses, where the seats can be very high and a long distance from the stage.
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stage are just a few more examples of the multitude of stages where plays can occur. A theatre used for
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Nahe Ferne: Sakrale
Aspekte im Prisma der Profanbauten von Tadao Ando, Louis I. Kahn und Peter Zumthor
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921:, a place for actors to wait until required on stage, became common terminology in English theaters.
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shrines. The roof also unifies the theater space and defines the stage as an architectural entity.
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where many of
Shakespeare's plays were performed. They consisted of three principal elements: the
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stage. It is believed that the actors (as opposed to the chorus) acted entirely on the
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Maryland
Theatre in Hagerstown, Maryland, showing the stage, proscenium and seating
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570:(Athens, 1896), as presented in the article on "Theatre" from the 1911 edition of
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was located in the middle of the orchestra; in Athens, the altar was dedicated to
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are presented. The theater building serves to define the performance and
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The acting or performance space is the stage. In some theaters, such as
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the "katatome" (where the rock of the
Acropolis was met by the walls).
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1340:, a narrow bridge at upstage right used by actors to enter the stage.
1066:. The word originated in 1920s London, for a small-scale music venue.
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813:) could be pulled overhead to provide shelter from rain or sunlight.
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Contains archive material on hundreds of
British Theater buildings.
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832:, is a good example of a classic Roman theatre, with an indented
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403:. The highest platform, or upper circle, is sometimes known as
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872:, theaters were constructed of wooden framing, infilled with
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used, they usually go on sale on the day of the performance.
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The seating areas can include some or all of the following:
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The Indian Koothambalam temple is a space used to perform
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The Japanese kabuki stage features a projection called a
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A contemporary Noh theatre with indoor roofed structure
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Specific designs of contemporary live theaters include
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at a 'block box' events centre in Auckland, New Zealand
1696:(Foundation ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.
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there may have been a raised acting area called the
199:. A theater is not required for performance (as in
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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179:-like structures to simple, undecorated rooms or
1692:Brockett, Oscar G.; Hildy, Franklin J. (2007).
8:
1669:The Noh Theater: Principles and Perspectives
500:was a large rectangular building called the
1671:. New York / Tokyo: John Weatherhill, Inc.
1589:
1587:
1334:Another unique feature of the stage is the
1773:Definition of a thrust stage in a theater.
1767:A database of theatre buildings in Europe.
1292:The pillars supporting the roof are named
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1311:The stage is made entirely of unfinished
696:ancient masonry (? of supporting walls).
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
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1779:Definition of an arena stage in theater
1725:. London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd.
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611:walls terminating wings of auditorium.
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523:with the later solidified stone scene.
481:The centerpiece of the theater was the
1610:, The Johns Hopkins University Press.
1595:"Theatres (Greek and Roman), structure
1570:. Zurich: Park Books. pp. 78–79.
462:Greek theater buildings were called a
319:Auditorium § Auditorium structure
1421:have all contributed to kabuki play.
1113:, home to the Alley Theatre Company,
718:stone proscenium (1st or 2nd century
7:
1511:
1509:
1304:(secondary character's pillar), and
735:foundations of Neronian side wings.
508:could enter and exit. At first, the
47:adding citations to reliable sources
1495:, the smallest theater in the world
493:, the god of wine and the theater.
1737:Theatre Histories: An Introduction
1608:"The Uncompleted Theatres of Rome"
14:
1753:Carthalia – Theatres on Postcards
1735:Sorgenfrei, Carol Fisher, et al.
860:, London, showing round structure
746:fragments 5th-century orchestra.
1625:The Australian Oxford Dictionary
1493:The Theatre of Small Convenience
1296:(principal character's pillar),
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685:fragment 5th-century orchestra.
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16:Performing arts venue (building)
1517:"Theatre design | architecture"
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226:Ihitai 'Avei'a – Star Navigator
34:needs additional citations for
1759:Music Hall and Theatre History
1614:55.1 (2003) 67–79 10 May 2007.
1433:provide a vertical dimension.
1355:theaters is literally a path (
1256:The traditional stage used in
674:front wall of Neronian stage.
215:Elements of a theater building
1:
1765:European Theatre Architecture
1451:Koothambalam Theatre Exterior
534:, the ancestor of the modern
393:, from the French version of
353:Close-up of the seats in the
1279:) or sacred dance pavilion (
1073:has seen performances in an
828:, the theatre in modern-day
1739:. 2nd ed., Routledge, 2007.
1721:The Kabuki Theatre of Japan
1021:Walt Disney Modular Theater
988:open to the public was the
542:, but this is not certain.
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566:From Dorpfeld and Reisch,
504:(meaning "tent" or "hut").
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385:who occupied the parterre.
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195:performances is called an
1646:Oxford English Dictionary
1593:Richard Allan Tomlinson.
1488:List of national theaters
996:German operatic influence
781:Roman theatre (structure)
561:
458:Theatre of Ancient Greece
707:oldest stage buildings.
355:Opera and Ballet Theatre
58:"Theater" structure
1667:Komparu, Kunio (1983).
1542:"It's Not Just a Stage"
1425:creates depth and both
1409:(外連), often translated
1327:) with a painting of a
979:Galli da Bibiena family
663:eastern boundary wall.
572:Encyclopædia Britannica
568:Das griechische Theater
443:The ancient theater in
223:An opera production of
151:, is a structure where
1755:(pictures of theaters)
1694:History of the Theatre
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1411:playing to the gallery
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917:Around this time, the
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237:Backstage area of the
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1717:Scott, A. C. (1955).
1566:Brnić, Ivica (2019).
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1019:theater, notably the
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852:1596 illustration of
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768:old Dionysus temple.
757:4th-century portico.
585:double western wall.
563:The Theatre at Athens
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201:environmental theater
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1606:Constance Campbell.
1191:Asian theater design
1044:theater in the round
884:theater at London's
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309:Seating and audience
187:stage as well as an
127:The interior of the
43:improve this article
1649:(2 ed.). 1989.
1623:Moore, Bruce 1999.
990:Teatro San Cassiano
844:Elizabethan England
268:proscenium theaters
1807:Parts of a theatre
1546:The Kennedy Center
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1703:978-0-205-47360-1
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1300:(gazing pillar),
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1128:Queen's Theater (
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959:Teatro all'antica
819:Theatre of Pompey
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54:Find sources:
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32:This article
30:
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1817:Dance venues
1786:
1783:Intro to Noh
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1551:February 19,
1549:. Retrieved
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1524:. Retrieved
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1437:Koothambalam
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41:Please help
36:verification
33:
1787:Hashigakari
1777:Arena Stage
1386:Shibai Ukie
1342:Hashigakari
1337:hashigakari
1302:wakibashira
1250:fue-bashira
1183:Kaatsheuvel
1163:Theatre of
986:opera house
971:Inigo Jones
943:Renaissance
941:During the
864:During the
626:entrances.
496:Behind the
197:opera house
175:to ornate,
137:opera boxes
133:opera house
1796:Categories
1521:Britannica
1500:References
1473:Auditorium
1441:See also:
1375:See also:
1324:kagami-ita
1306:fuebashira
1236:spot. 12:
1232:spot. 11:
1228:seat. 10:
1214:See also:
1195:See also:
1064:theatrette
1032:proscenium
963:Sabbioneta
919:green room
806:auditorium
540:proskenion
536:proscenium
532:proskenion
456:See also:
405:"the gods"
341:auditorium
333:proscenium
313:See also:
153:theatrical
99:March 2013
69:newspapers
1423:Hanamichi
1395:hanamichi
1348:hanamichi
1282:kaguraden
1165:São Paulo
1097:, Finland
1054:. In the
858:Southwark
652:diazoma.
498:orchestra
483:orchestra
472:orchestra
419:stage box
415:state box
401:mezzanine
177:cathedral
149:playhouse
1802:Theatres
1467:See also
1271:pavilion
977:and the
965:(1590).
886:Bankside
882:The Rose
521:pediment
491:Dionysus
464:theatron
447:, Greece
379:parterre
367:parterre
303:costumes
299:lighting
165:audience
161:concerts
1431:chunori
1419:chunori
1134:Liberia
1095:Tampere
1017:modular
955:Vicenza
870:England
838:Arausio
826:Arausio
516:scenery
430:History
371:parquet
155:works,
145:theater
83:scholar
1700:
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1574:
1400:flower
1377:Kabuki
1371:Kabuki
1353:Kabuki
1314:hinoki
1287:Shinto
1276:haiden
1248:. 15:
1244:. 14:
1240:. 13:
1203:, and
1050:, and
1036:thrust
912:London
878:thatch
798:Romans
474:, the
445:Delphi
396:loggia
185:thrust
85:
78:
71:
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1406:keren
1357:michi
1285:) of
1234:shite
1130:Ganta
1052:arena
947:cavea
528:skene
510:skene
502:skene
487:altar
476:skene
411:Boxes
359:Minsk
284:props
256:Stage
246:stage
209:stage
193:opera
189:arena
147:, or
139:above
131:, an
90:JSTOR
76:books
1698:ISBN
1673:ISBN
1628:ISBN
1572:ISBN
1553:2022
1528:2022
1429:and
1427:seri
1417:and
1415:seri
1230:waki
1226:waki
1148:The
1109:The
1089:The
1075:taxi
811:vela
803:The
796:The
721:B.C.
391:loge
317:and
288:sets
183:. A
62:news
1351:in
1258:Noh
1216:Noh
1210:Noh
1181:in
1093:in
961:in
953:in
910:in
868:in
724:).
691:klm
417:or
357:in
203:or
45:by
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