1024:, thus ruling out Minoan eruption as the cause of the sulfate spike. In 2019, a revision of the Greenland ice-core chronology was proposed based on synchronization of the frost-ring data and the major sulfate spike, and the revised date for the Aniakchak eruption was shifted to 1628 BCE. The Greenland ice core chronology offset was independently confirmed by other teams and adopted into Greenland Ice Core Chronology 2021 (GICC21). The 1627 BCE extreme global cooling was then conveniently explained by the major Aniakchak eruption without invoking Thera. An eruption date of 1627 BCE is also no longer supported by radiocarbon evidence with the most recent calibration curve IntCal20.
328:
423:
683:
the 1970s with calibration were already showing massive age disagreement and were initially discarded as unreliable by the archaeological community. In the following decades, the range of possible eruption dates narrowed significantly with improved calibration, analytical precision, statistical methods, and sample treatment. Radiocarbon dating has built a strong case for an eruption date in the late 17th century BCE. The table below summarizes the history and results of radiocarbon dating of volcanic
1245:
193:
419:
with the lack of noticeable erosion of that layer by winter rains before the next layer was deposited, indicate that the volcano gave the local population a few months' warning. Since no human remains have been found at the
Akrotiri site, this preliminary volcanic activity probably caused the island's population to flee. It is also suggested that several months before the eruption, Santorini experienced one or more earthquakes, which damaged the local settlements.
491:
1273:
1391:, have been attributed to short-term climatic changes caused by the Theran eruption. The dates and regnal dates of Ahmose I are in some dispute with Egyptologists (leaving aside alternate chronologies). Proposed reigns range from 1570 to 1546 BCE to 1539–1514 BCE. A radiocarbon dating of his mummy produced a mean value of 1557 BCE. In any case this would only provide an overlap with the later estimates of eruption date.
851:. If the regional offset is genuine, then calibration based on the regional dataset, Hd GOR, would place the eruption date back to 17th century BCE. Others have argued that these site-specific offsets are already incorporated into the IntCal20 prediction interval since it is constructed from a much wider range of locations and any locational variation is of similar magnitude to the inter-laboratory variation.
42:
200:
6239:
Marinatos (1939) famously suggested that the eruption might even have caused the destruction of Minoan Crete (also Page 1970). Although this simple hypothesis has been negated by the findings of excavation and other research since the late 1960s... which demonstrate that the eruption occurred late in
418:
that overlies the soil clearly delineating the ground level before the eruption. This layer has three distinct bands that indicate the different phases of the eruption. Studies have identified four major eruption phases, and one minor precursory tephra fall. The thinness of the first ash layer, along
374:
The magnitude of the eruption, particularly the submarine pyroclastic flows, has been difficult to estimate because the majority of the erupted products were deposited in the sea. Together, these challenges result in considerable uncertainty regarding the volume of the Minoan eruption, with estimates
498:
Although the fracturing process is not yet known, the altitudinal statistical analysis indicates that the caldera had formed just before the eruption. The area of the island was smaller, and the southern and eastern coastlines appeared regressed. During the eruption, the landscape was covered by the
682:
which are periodically updated by international researchers. Derived calibrated calendar date ranges are highly dependent on how accurately the calibration curve represents radiocarbon levels for the time period. As of 2022, the most updated calibration curve is IntCal20. Early radiocarbon dates in
657:
Proponents of an earlier date argue that Aegean-Egyptian pottery correlation allows considerable flexibility. Several other archaeological interpretations of LM-IA and LM-IB pottery differ from the "traditional" and could be consistent with a much earlier beginning time for LM-IA and LM-IB. Pottery
1583:
Karstens, Jens; Preine, Jonas; Crutchley, Gareth J.; Kutterolf, Steffen; van der Bilt, Willem G. M.; Hooft, Emilie E. E.; Druitt, Timothy H.; Schmid, Florian; Cederstrøm, Jan Magne; Hübscher, Christian; Nomikou, Paraskevi; Carey, Steven; Kühn, Michel; Elger, Judith; Berndt, Christian (2023-04-29).
1230:
from Turkey shows bromine peaks at 1621 ± 25 BCE, molybdenum at 1617 ± 25 BCE and sulfur at 1589 ± 25 BCE. The authors interpreted that all three peaks were caused by a single volcanic eruption in the
Mediterranean region and the time difference was related to differences in their retention rates.
838:
In 2018, a team led by tree ring scientist reported a possible offset of a few decades in the previous IntCal calibration curves during the period 1660–1540 BCE. The resulting new calibration curve allowed previous raw radiocarbon dates to be calibrated to encompass a substantial part of the 16th
559:
show that the heaviest ashfall was towards the east and northeast of
Santorini. The ash found on Crete is now known to have been from a precursory phase of the eruption, some weeks or months before the main eruptive phases, and it would have had little impact on the island. Santorini ash deposits
1007:
In 1987, a major
Greenland sulfate spike in 1644 ± 20 BCE in ice core chronology was hypothesized to be caused by the Minoan eruption based on the early radiocarbon results of Hammer et al. In 1988, a major environmental disruption and extreme global-cooling/frost-ring in 1627 ± 0 BCE were also
854:
While the refined calibration curve IntCal20 does not rule out a 17th-century BCE eruption date, it does shift the probable range of the eruption date to include the majority of 16th century BCE, offering a way to at least mitigate the long-standing age disagreement. However, the exact year of
1027:
In light of much younger radiocarbon dates and revised ice core chronology, several possible ice core and tree ring signals in the 17th and 16th century BCE have been proposed. The list below summarizes the tree ring and ice core signals that may have been caused by the Minoan eruption:
382:
The study revealed that the initial
Plinian eruption was the most voluminous phase, ejecting 14–21 km (3.4–5.0 cu mi) magma and accounting for half of total erupted materials. This was followed by 3–4 km (0.72–0.96 cu mi) DRE co-ignimbrite fall, 5–9 km
4068:
Reimer, Paula J; Bard, Edouard; Bayliss, Alex; Beck, J Warren; Blackwell, Paul G; Ramsey, Christopher Bronk; Buck, Caitlin E; Cheng, Hai; Edwards, R Lawrence; Friedrich, Michael; Grootes, Pieter M; Guilderson, Thomas P; Haflidason, Haflidi; Hajdas, Irka; Hatté, Christine (2013).
3378:
Reimer, Paula J; Austin, William E N; Bard, Edouard; Bayliss, Alex; Blackwell, Paul G; Bronk Ramsey, Christopher; Butzin, Martin; Cheng, Hai; Edwards, R Lawrence; Friedrich, Michael; Grootes, Pieter M; Guilderson, Thomas P; Hajdas, Irka; Heaton, Timothy J; Hogg, Alan G (2020).
1335:, Driessen and MacDonald argued that the richness of the post-eruption material culture masked deep economic and political problems that eventually led to the collapse of Neopalatial society. Subsequent evidence suggests that this was not a general pattern across the island.
654:. The year of accession based on the conventional Egyptian chronology and radiocarbon-based chronology is either 1550 BCE and 1570–1544 BCE (IntCal04) or 1569–1548 BCE (IntCal20). The archaeological evidence argues for a Theran eruption date between circa 1550 and 1480 BCE.
839:
century BCE, making it possible for radiocarbon dates to be compatible with archaeological evidence. The measured offset was then confirmed by other laboratories across the world and incorporated into the most updated calibration curve IntCal20. In the same year, study of
503:
depositions. In others, recent coastlines were extended towards the sea. After the eruption, the geomorphology of the island was characterized by an intense erosional phase during which the pumice was progressively removed from the higher altitudes to the lower ones.
1679:, Abstract: "...tsunami deposits on the coasts of Ios Island, Aegean Sea, Greece...marine sediments and pumices from the ~1600 BCE Minoan eruption of Santorini volcano. This is the first evidence of the Minoan tsunami in the Cycladic Islands North of Santorini."
378:
According to the latest analysis of marine sediments and seismic data gathered during ocean research expeditions from 2015 to 2019, the estimated volume of the material expelled during the volcanic eruption ranges from 28–41 km (6.7–9.8 cu mi) DRE.
1299:
After the eruption, the
Minoans quickly recovered, and the subsequent period is considered the zenith of Minoan culture. Many affected sites were rebuilt, including Petras and Palaikastro, at the latter of which, new buildings were constructed using high quality
1019:
Since 2003, multiple independent studies of major elements and trace elements of volcanic ash retrieved from the 1644 ± 20 BCE sulfate layer failed to match the ash to that of
Santorini but all attributed the ash to another large eruption during this period,
645:
type. Multiple archaeological sites of Theran pumice workshop used by the local inhabitants are only found in the New
Kingdom strata. A milk bowl on Santorini used before the volcanic eruption has a New Kingdom pottery style. An Egyptian inscription on the
346:
Geological evidence shows the Thera volcano erupted numerous times over several hundred thousand years before the Minoan eruption. In a repeating process, the volcano would violently erupt, then eventually collapse into a roughly circular seawater-filled
666:
of the eruption age. The date of the production of pottery with the
Santorini milk bowl style in other regions has not been determined and could pre-date the Minoan eruption. The chronology of stone vessel styles during this critical period is lacking.
589:
is significantly younger than the radiocarbon age of the Minoan eruption, by roughly a century. This age discrepancy has resulted in a fierce debate about whether there is an upheaval in the archaeological synchronization between the Aegean and Egypt.
580:
chronology of the
Eastern Mediterranean realm. It provides a fixed point for aligning the entire chronology of the second millennium BCE in the Aegean, as evidence of the eruption is found throughout the region. Yet, archaeological dating based on
843:
further questioned the validity of wiggle-matching of olive branch because the radiocarbon dates of outermost branch layer could differ by up to a few decades caused by growth cessation, then the olive branch could also pre-date Thera by decades.
2659:
1015:
Archaeologists who preferred a late 16th century BCE eruption date were neither convinced by the 1644 ± 20 BCE sulfate spike nor by the 1627 BCE frost ring, because evidence of causality between the two events and Minoan eruption was absent.
3321:
614:. In Aegean chronology, however, the frequent exchange of objects and styles enables relative chronology to be compared with the absolute chronology of Egypt, so absolute dates could be determined in the Aegean.
3860:"14 C Record and Wiggle-Match Placement for the Anatolian (Gordion Area) Juniper Tree-Ring Chronology ~1729 to 751 Cal BC, and Typical Aegean/Anatolian (Growing Season Related) Regional 14 C Offset Assessment"
1732:
Karstens, J.; Preine, J.; Crutchley, G.J.; Kutterolf, S.; van der Bilt, W.; Hooft, E.; Druitt, T.H.; Schmid, F.; Cederstrøm, J.M.; Hübscher, C.; Nomikou, P.; Carey, S.; Kühn, M.; Elger, J.; Berndt, C. (2022).
3918:
Reimer, P J; Baillie, M G L; Bard, E; Bayliss, A; Beck, J W; Blackwell, P G; Bronk Ramsey, C; Buck, C E; Burr, G S; Edwards, R L; Friedrich, M; Grootes, P M; Guilderson, T P; Hajdas, I; Heaton, T J (2009).
1222:
The date of Minoan eruption does not necessarily have to be in one of the years listed in the table, because the eruption may not have been environmentally impactful enough to leave any detectable signal.
1401:
While it has been argued that the damage attributed to these storms may have been caused by an earthquake following the Thera eruption, it has also been suggested that it was caused during a war with the
539:
The eruption also generated 35 to 150 m (115 to 492 ft) high tsunamis that devastated the northern coastline of Crete, 110 km (68 mi) away. The tsunami affected coastal towns such as
1135:
large sulfate spike, estimated 22 trillion grams of sulfur; ring growth reduced in 1560 BCE; calcium depletion in Mediterranean tree ring in 1560 BCE possibly caused by volcanic eruption in this region
2930:
Ramsey, Christopher Bronk; Dee, Michael W.; Rowland, Joanne M.; Higham, Thomas F. G.; Harris, Stephen A.; Brock, Fiona; Quiles, Anita; Wild, Eva M.; Marcus, Ezra S.; Shortland, Andrew J. (2010-06-18).
2675:
678:
are not accurate calendar years of the event and this has to do with the fact that the level of atmospheric radiocarbon fluctuates. Raw radiocarbon ages can be converted to calendar dates by means of
1343:
A volcanic winter from an eruption in the late 17th century BCE has been claimed by some researchers to correlate with entries in later Chinese records documenting the collapse of the semi-legendary
2411:
Gournelos, T; Evelpidou, N; Vassilopolous, A; Konstantia, C (2008). "Geomorphological Study of Thera and the Akrotiri Archeological Site". In A Vassilopoulos; N Evelpidou; O Bender; A Krek (eds.).
2612:
Time's up! : dating the Minoan eruption of Santorini : acts of the Minoan eruption chronology workshop, Sandbjerg November 2007, initiated by Jan Heinemeier & Walter L. Friedrich
956:
Bayesian model of sequence of samples from before, during and after eruption but more comprehensive to include samples from VDL, tsunami and distal fallout from across southern Aegean region
462:. Man-made structures not buried during Minoan A were completely destroyed. The third phase was also characterized by the initiation of caldera collapse. The fourth, and last, major phase (BO
6203:"...popular associations of the eruption with a legend of Atlantis should be dismissed...nor is there good evidence to suggest that the eruption...brought about the collapse of Minoan Crete
1070:
one of largest sulfate spikes recorded in Greenland in the last 4,000 years, estimated 50 trillion grams of sulfur; frost-damaged ring in 1653 BCE followed by ring-width minima in 1652 BCE
606:
of artifacts found in each archaeological layer. If the type of artifacts can be accurately assigned, then the layer's position in a chronological order can be determined. This is known as
2661:
Summary of Evidence for the Absolute Chronology of the Early Part of the Aegean Late Bronze Age Derived from Historical Egyptian Sources in: Thera and the Aegean World III, Hardy, DA (ed)
2229:
351:, with numerous small islands forming the circle. The caldera would slowly refill with magma, building a new volcano, which erupted and then collapsed in an ongoing cyclical process.
5336:
Sinnl, Giulia; Winstrup, Mai; Erhardt, Tobias; Cook, Eliza; Jensen, Camilla Marie; Svensson, Anders; Vinther, Bo Møllesøe; Muscheler, Raimund; Rasmussen, Sune Olander (2022-05-24).
1847:
Sigurdsson H, Carey, S, Alexandri M, Vougioukalakis G, Croff K, Roman C, Sakellariou D, Anagnostou C, Rousakis G, Ioakim C, Gogou A, Ballas D, Misaridis T, & Nomikou P (2006).
3618:
Stuiver, Minze; Reimer, Paula J.; Bard, Edouard; Beck, J. Warren; Burr, G. S.; Hughen, Konrad A.; Kromer, Bernd; McCormac, Gerry; Van Der Plicht, Johannes; Spurk, Marco (1998).
3320:
Manning, Sturt W.; Höflmayer, Felix; Moeller, Nadine; Dee, Michael W.; Ramsey, Christopher Bronk; Fleitmann, Dominik; Higham, Thomas; Kutschera, Walter; Wild, Eva Maria (2014).
5195:
Pearson, Charlotte; Sigl, Michael; Burke, Andrea; Davies, Siwan; Kurbatov, Andrei; Severi, Mirko; Cole-Dai, Jihong; Innes, Helen; Albert, Paul G.; Helmick, Meredith (2022).
1414:
depict storms, but are clearly figurative, not literal. Research indicates that the Speos Artemidos stele is a reference to her overcoming the powers of chaos and darkness.
5104:
Coulter, Sarah E.; Pilcher, Jonathan R.; Plunkett, Gill; Baillie, Mike; Hall, Valerie A.; Steffensen, J. P.; Vinther, Bo M.; Clausen, Henrik B.; Johnsen, Sigfus J. (2012).
6240:
the Late Minoan IA ceramic period, whereas the destructions of the Cretan palaces and so on are some time subsequent (late in the following Late Minoan IB ceramic period)
354:
Immediately before the Minoan eruption, the walls of the caldera formed a nearly continuous ring of islands, with the only entrance between Thera and the tiny island of
625:(LH-I) in the mainland chronology, the contention concerns which Egyptian period was contemporaneous with LM-IA and LM-IB. Decades of intensive archaeological work and
5998:
5090:
1888:
1833:
1806:"Modelling the Climatic Effects of the LBA Eruption of Thera: New Calculations of Tephra Volumes May Suggest a Significantly Larger Eruption than Previously Reported"
6013:
4054:
1734:
650:
recorded an extraordinary cataclysm resembling the Minoan eruption. Taken together, the archaeological evidence points to an eruption date after the accession of
555:
Elsewhere in the Mediterranean are pumice deposits that could have been sent by the Thera eruption. Ash layers in cores drilled from the seabed and from lakes in
2268:
Gournelos, Theodoros; Evelpidou, Niki; Vassilopoulos, Andreas; Chartidou, Konstantia (2008). "Geomorphological Study of Thera". In Vassilopoulos, Andreas (ed.).
1327:
The longer term impact of the eruption remains a matter of debate. The immediate aftermath saw a number of puzzling cultural changes including the filling in of
6630:
847:
In 2020, speculation of regional offset specific to Mediterranean context in all calibration curves was reported based on measurements made on juniper wood at
442:
and ash, with a minor lithic component, southeast and east. Archaeological evidence indicated burial of man-made structures with limited damage. The second (BO
4136:
Pearson, Charlotte; Wacker, Lukas; Bayliss, Alex; Brown, David; Salzer, Matthew; Brewer, Peter; Bollhalder, Silvia; Boswijk, Gretel; Hodgins, Gregory (2020).
7202:
2572:
Liritzis I, Michael C, Galloway RB (1996). "A significant Aegean volcanic eruption during the second millennium BC revealed by thermoluminescence dating".
548:, 27 km (17 mi) to the east, ash layers 3 m (10 ft) deep have been found, as well as pumice layers on slopes 250 m (820 ft)
6586:
6454:
Mühlenbruch, Tobias (2017). "The absolute dating of the volcanic eruption of Santorini/Thera (periferia South Aegean/GR) – an alternative perspective".
2998:
Manning, Sturt W.; Wacker, Lukas; Büntgen, Ulf; Bronk Ramsey, Christopher; Dee, Michael W.; Kromer, Bernd; Lorentzen, Brita; Tegel, Willy (2020-08-17).
1000:
allows extremely precise dating to the exact calendar year of each ring with virtually no age uncertainty, and from properties of the annual tree rings
992:. Petrologic constraints on Minoan magma yields a range of 0.3–35.9 trillion grams of sulfur release. The higher end of the estimate could cause severe
7167:
1758:
Oppenheimer, Clive (2003). "Climatic, environmental and human consequences of the largest known historic eruption: Tambora volcano (Indonesia) 1815".
263:
7192:
5518:
Manning, Sturt W.; Griggs, Carol B.; Lorentzen, Brita; Barjamovic, Gojko; Ramsey, Christopher Bronk; Kromer, Bernd; Wild, Eva Maria (2016-07-13).
4635:"Discovery of annual growth in a modern olive branch based on carbon isotopes and implications for the Bronze Age volcanic eruption of Santorini"
7197:
4203:
Friedrich, Ronny; Kromer, Bernd; Wacker, Lukas; Olsen, Jesper; Remmele, Sabine; Lindauer, Susanne; Land, Alexander; Pearson, Charlotte (2020).
114:
7232:
7029:
6196:
6156:
6131:
5839:
5726:
3084:
2906:
2620:
2420:
2395:
2324:
2277:
2247:
5246:"Absolute tree-ring dates for the Late Bronze Age eruptions of Aniakchak and Thera in light of a proposed revision of ice-core chronologies"
3858:
Manning, Sturt W; Kromer, Bernd; Bronk Ramsey, Christopher; Pearson, Charlotte L; Talamo, Sahra; Trano, Nicole; Watkins, Jennifer D (2010).
5146:
5279:"Volcanic stratospheric sulfur injections and aerosol optical depth during the Holocene (past 11 500 years) from a bipolar ice-core array"
3675:
Manning, Sturt W.; Ramsey, Christopher Bronk; Kutschera, Walter; Higham, Thomas; Kromer, Bernd; Steier, Peter; Wild, Eva M. (2006-04-28).
1057:
increases of sulfur, calcium, and rare earth elements in Mediterranean tree ring 857, possibly caused by volcanic eruption in this region
6591:
A Test of Time: the volcano of Thera and the chronology and history of the Aegean and east Mediterranean in the mid second millennium BC
1551:
1395:
1231:
Others have suggested that the sulfur peak may have been related to the 1561 BCE chemical anomaly recorded in Mediterranean tree rings.
2593:
7177:
6323:
6232:
5947:
5877:
5791:
5688:
5196:
5197:"Geochemical ice-core constraints on the timing and climatic impact of Aniakchak II (1628 BCE) and Thera (Minoan) volcanic eruptions"
4385:
Manning, Sturt W.; Kromer, Bernd; Cremaschi, Mauro; Dee, Michael W.; Friedrich, Ronny; Griggs, Carol; Hadden, Carla S. (2020-03-20).
6853:
6623:
6564:
6382:
6291:
6051:
5755:
3197:
2769:
2669:
2241:
2102:
1652:"Therea and the Aegean World III", Volume III—Chronology (Proceedings of the Third International Congress, Hardy DA, editor)
1406:, and the storm reference is merely a metaphor for chaos upon which the Pharaoh was attempting to impose order. Documents such as
7187:
4319:"Radiocarbon analysis of modern olive wood raises doubts concerning a crucial piece of evidence in dating the Santorini eruption"
5634:"Speleothems as sensitive recorders of volcanic eruptions – the Bronze Age Minoan eruption recorded in a stalagmite from Turkey"
5051:"Identification of Aniakchak (Alaska) tephra in Greenland ice core challenges the 1645 BC date for Minoan eruption of Santorini"
1264:. Evidence at the site suggests that survivors returned and attempted to recover their possessions and perhaps to bury victims.
7131:
7126:
7054:
5585:
Pearson, Charlotte L.; Dale, Darren S.; Brewer, Peter W.; Kuniholm, Peter I.; Lipton, Jeffrey; Manning, Sturt W. (2009-06-01).
1476:
422:
399:
192:
2234:
Thera and the Aegean World I. Papers presented at the Second International Scientific Congress, Santorini, Greece, August 1978
7136:
6979:
5520:"Integrated Tree-Ring-Radiocarbon High-Resolution Timeframe to Resolve Earlier Second Millennium BCE Mesopotamian Chronology"
1556:
387:
316:
4584:"Volcanic ash, victims, and tsunami debris from the Late Bronze Age Thera eruption discovered at Çeşme-Bağlararası (Turkey)"
278:
in the Eastern Mediterranean, its precise date is of high importance and has been fiercely debated among archaeologists and
5464:
4451:
3920:
3740:
6777:
6602:
1903:
6021:
3071:, Quantitative Methods in the Humanities and Social Sciences, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 131–143,
2343:
McCoy, Floyd W.; Heiken, Grant (2000). "Tsunami Generated by the Late Bronze Age Eruption of Thera (Santorini), Greece".
2065:
Pang, K. D.; et al. (1989). "Climatic and Hydrologic Extremes in Early Chinese History: Possible Causes and Dates".
7237:
7044:
6828:
6616:
4994:
Kuniholm, Peter Ian; Kromer, Bernd; Manning, Sturt W.; Newton, Maryanne; Latini, Christine E.; Bruce, Mary Jaye (1996).
1689:
Antonopoulos, J. (1992). "The great Minoan eruption of Thera volcano and the ensuing tsunami in the Greek Archipelago".
6413:"Discovery of a tsunami deposit from the Bronze Age Santorini eruption at Malia (Crete): impact, chronology, extension"
426:
Early phase of Late-Bronze-Age volcano eruption (~ 1500 BC), southern border of the Caldera island. The lower layer of
7222:
7172:
6721:
6092:
1253:
724:
630:
383:(1.2–2.2 cu mi) DRE pyroclastic flows and 5–7 km (1.2–1.7 cu mi) DRE intra-caldera deposits.
239:
223:
164:
85:
3804:
Friedrich, Walter L.; Kromer, Bernd; Friedrich, Michael; Heinemeier, Jan; Pfeiffer, Tom; Talamo, Sahra (2006-04-28).
2118:
Watkins, N. D.; Sparks, R. S. J.; Sigurdsson, H.; Huang, T. C.; Federman, A.; Carey, S.; Ninkovich, D. (1978-01-12).
1398:, the absence of Egyptian records of the eruption could be caused by the general disorder in Egypt around that time.
6596:
3192:. R. S. Merrillees, Elmar Edel, Deutsches Archäologisches Institut. Abteilung Kairo. Mainz am Rhein: P. von Zabern.
7242:
7217:
6541:
2644:
2316:
2094:
255:
146:
1735:"Revising the volume of the Minoan eruption (Santorini) based on new marine geophysical and sedimentological data"
7212:
2490:
Stanley, DJ & Sheng, H (1986). "Volcanic shards from Santorini (Upper Minoan ash) in the Nile Delta, Egypt".
6492:
Notti, Erika (2021). "Writing in Late Bronze Age Thera. Further Observations on the Theran Corpus of Linear A".
5385:
Pearson, Charlotte; Salzer, Matthew; Wacker, Lukas; Brewer, Peter; Sookdeo, Adam; Kuniholm, Peter (2020-04-14).
4515:
Pearson, Charlotte; Salzer, Matthew; Wacker, Lukas; Brewer, Peter; Sookdeo, Adam; Kuniholm, Peter (2020-08-04).
3000:"Radiocarbon offsets and old world chronology as relevant to Mesopotamia, Egypt, Anatolia and Thera (Santorini)"
7227:
7162:
7157:
6969:
5709:
Younger, John; Rehak, Paul (2008). "The Material Culture of Neopalatial Crete". In Shelmerdine, Cynthia (ed.).
4947:"Swedish tree rings provide new evidence in support of a major, widespread environmental disruption in 1628 BC"
4262:"Wood from the Netherlands around the Time of the Santorini Eruption Dated by Dendrochronology and Radiocarbon"
3107:"The Bronze Age Eruption of Thera: Absolute Dating, Aegean Chronology and Mediterranean Culture Interrelations"
2529:
Guichard, F; et al. (1993). "Tephra from the Minoan eruption of Santorini in sediments of the Black Sea".
1827:
984:
An eruption of Theran magnitude is expected to leave a detectable signal in various environmental records like
533:
6555:
Warren PM (2006). "The date of the Thera eruption". In Czerny E, Hein I, Hunger H, Melman D, Schwab A (eds.).
6483:
Notti, Erika (2010). "The Theran Epigraphic Corpus of Linear A: Geographical and Chronological Implications".
6510:
5587:"Dendrochemical analysis of a tree-ring growth anomaly associated with the Late Bronze Age eruption of Thera"
4450:
Bayliss, Alex; Marshall, Peter; Dee, Michael W; Friedrich, Michael; Heaton, Timothy J; Wacker, Lukas (2020).
1506:
Geologist Barbara J. Sivertsen seeks to establish a link between the eruption of Santorini (c. 1600 BCE) and
7064:
6283:
5747:
3322:"Dating the Thera (Santorini) eruption: archaeological and scientific evidence supporting a high chronology"
679:
626:
611:
5145:
Plunkett, Gill; Pearce, N. J.; McConnell, J.; Pilcher, Jonathan; Sigl, Michael; Zhao, Hongli (2017-10-01).
1451:
folk memory, as the tale spread westward. Hesiod's lines have been compared with volcanic activity, citing
7182:
6984:
2120:"Volume and extent of the Minoan tephra from Santorini Volcano: new evidence from deep-sea sediment cores"
1938:
1672:
327:
3222:
3148:
1484:, the discoverer of the Akrotiri archaeological site, suggested that the Minoan eruption is reflected in
662:
period. Pumice in workshop and the inscription on the Tempest Stele have been argued to only reflect the
7207:
6974:
6964:
5992:
5084:
4048:
1882:
868:
391:
312:
259:
859:
List of volcanic destruction layer (VDL) radiocarbon dates with calibration curve published after 2018
6393:
5632:
Badertscher, S.; Borsato, A.; Frisia, S.; Cheng, H.; Edwards, R.L.; Tüysüz, O.; Fleitmann, D. (2014).
5586:
5338:"A multi-ice-core, annual-layer-counted Greenland ice-core chronology for the last 3800 years: GICC21"
478:
ash-fall deposits. This phase was characterized by the completion of caldera collapse, which produced
6994:
5645:
5598:
5531:
5476:
5398:
5349:
5290:
5117:
5062:
5007:
4958:
4903:
4830:
4817:
Cadoux, Anita; Scaillet, Bruno; Bekki, Slimane; Oppenheimer, Clive; Druitt, Timothy H. (2015-07-24).
4765:
4706:
4528:
4463:
4398:
4330:
4273:
4216:
4149:
4082:
4008:
3932:
3871:
3752:
3687:
3631:
3574:
3517:
3462:
3392:
3276:
3011:
2943:
2806:
2709:
2581:
2538:
2495:
2455:
2352:
2186:
2131:
1981:
1860:
1767:
1698:
1597:
1494:
642:
549:
5277:
Sigl, Michael; Toohey, Matthew; McConnell, Joseph R.; Cole-Dai, Jihong; Severi, Mirko (2022-07-12).
258:(VEI) of 6, it resulted in the ejection of approximately 28–41 km (6.7–9.8 cu mi) of
7247:
6639:
1531:
1285:
622:
603:
586:
275:
160:
6083:
Wiener, MH; Allen, JP (1998). "Separate Lives: The Ahmose Tempest Stela and the Theran Eruption".
2615:. Walter L. Friedrich, Jan Heinemeier, David Warburton. Athens: Danish Institute at Athens. 2009.
1673:"A Minoan and a Neolithic tsunami recorded in coastal sediments of Ios Island, Aegean Sea, Greece"
7090:
7049:
7019:
6797:
6583:– Santorini's geology and volcanic history, the Minoan eruption and the legend of Atlantis.
6471:
6104:
5980:
5633:
5500:
5031:
4976:
4927:
4872:
4497:
4299:
4242:
4185:
4118:
3966:
3897:
3840:
3786:
3719:
3657:
3600:
3543:
3486:
3428:
3349:
3302:
2975:
2877:
2830:
2735:
2638:
2554:
2511:
2368:
2210:
2155:
2044:
1783:
1714:
1481:
1464:
1456:
663:
362:
in the centre of the then-existing caldera. The northern part of the caldera was refilled by the
290:
4695:"Second Intermediate Period date for the Thera (Santorini) eruption and historical implications"
1542:
since the displacements that it caused led to new and important interactions among communities.
358:. This cataclysmic eruption was centered on a small island just north of the existing island of
6559:. Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 149. Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium: Peeters. pp. 2: 305–21.
4819:"Stratospheric Ozone destruction by the Bronze-Age Minoan eruption (Santorini Volcano, Greece)"
7034:
6802:
6658:
6560:
6497:
6442:
6378:
6319:
6287:
6228:
6224:
6192:
6152:
6127:
6047:
5943:
5873:
5869:
5835:
5787:
5783:
5751:
5722:
5684:
5680:
5614:
5567:
5549:
5492:
5434:
5416:
5367:
5318:
5226:
5158:
5023:
4919:
4864:
4846:
4799:
4781:
4734:
4672:
4654:
4615:
4564:
4546:
4489:
4432:
4414:
4364:
4346:
4291:
4234:
4177:
4110:
4036:
3958:
3889:
3832:
3824:
3778:
3711:
3703:
3649:
3592:
3535:
3478:
3420:
3341:
3294:
3242:
3203:
3193:
3168:
3126:
3080:
3045:
3027:
2967:
2959:
2912:
2902:
2869:
2822:
2775:
2765:
2727:
2665:
2626:
2616:
2416:
2391:
2320:
2313:
The Parting of the Sea: How Volcanoes, Earthquakes, and Plagues Shaped the Story of the Exodus
2273:
2237:
2202:
2147:
2098:
2009:
1918:
1631:
1613:
1001:
989:
700:
684:
618:
599:
451:
341:
167:, the island of Thera, communities and agricultural areas on nearby islands, and the coast of
4517:"Reply to Manning: Dating of Gordion tree-ring sequence still stands within a year of 745 BC"
6688:
6587:
The Thera (Santorini) Volcanic Eruption and the Absolute Chronology of the Aegean Bronze Age
6463:
6432:
6424:
6220:
6096:
5972:
5865:
5827:
5779:
5714:
5676:
5653:
5649:
5606:
5557:
5539:
5484:
5424:
5406:
5357:
5308:
5298:
5257:
5216:
5208:
5125:
5070:
5015:
4996:"Anatolian tree rings and the absolute chronology of the eastern Mediterranean, 2220–718 BC"
4966:
4911:
4854:
4838:
4789:
4773:
4754:"Olive shrub buried on Therasia supports a mid-16th century BCE date for the Thera eruption"
4724:
4714:
4662:
4646:
4605:
4595:
4554:
4536:
4479:
4471:
4422:
4406:
4354:
4338:
4281:
4224:
4167:
4157:
4100:
4090:
4026:
4016:
3948:
3940:
3879:
3816:
3768:
3760:
3695:
3639:
3582:
3525:
3470:
3410:
3400:
3333:
3284:
3234:
3160:
3118:
3072:
3035:
3019:
2951:
2861:
2814:
2717:
2589:
2546:
2503:
2463:
2360:
2194:
2175:"Revised estimates for the volume of the Late Bronze Age Minoan eruption, Santorini, Greece"
2139:
2036:
1999:
1989:
1965:
1947:
1868:
1775:
1706:
1621:
1605:
1492:. This view remains prevalent in popular culture, as reflected in TV programs such as BBC's
997:
513:
90:
3063:
Wiener, Malcolm H. (2015), Levy, Thomas E.; Schneider, Thomas; Propp, William H.C. (eds.),
1848:
7100:
6959:
6678:
5822:
Davis, Jack (2008). "Minoan Crete and the Aegean Islands". In Shelmerdine, Cynthia (ed.).
5774:
MacGillivray, J. Alexander; Sackett, L. High (2012). "Palaikastro". In Cline, Eric (ed.).
5049:
Pearce, N. J. G., J. A. Westgate, S. J. Preece, W. J. Eastwood, and W. T. Perkins (2004).
1411:
1021:
993:
769:
607:
582:
517:
395:
308:
286:
2293:
Heiken, G; McCoy, F (1990). "Precursory Activity to the Minoan Eruption, Thera, Greece".
5963:
Foster, KP, Ritner, RK, and Foster, BR (1996). "Texts, Storms, and the Thera Eruption".
5602:
5535:
5480:
5402:
5387:"Securing timelines in the ancient Mediterranean using multiproxy annual tree-ring data"
5353:
5294:
5121:
5066:
5011:
4962:
4907:
4834:
4794:
4769:
4753:
4710:
4532:
4467:
4402:
4334:
4277:
4220:
4153:
4086:
4012:
3936:
3875:
3756:
3691:
3635:
3578:
3521:
3466:
3396:
3280:
3064:
3015:
2947:
2810:
2713:
2585:
2542:
2499:
2459:
2356:
2190:
2135:
1985:
1864:
1771:
1702:
1626:
1601:
1585:
7004:
6899:
6752:
6731:
6673:
6663:
6580:
6437:
6412:
6343:
6312:
5562:
5519:
5429:
5386:
5221:
4945:
Grudd, Håkan; Briffa, Keith R.; Gunnarson, Björn E.; Linderholm, Hans W. (2000-09-15).
4859:
4818:
4729:
4694:
4667:
4634:
4610:
4583:
4559:
4516:
4427:
4386:
4359:
4318:
4031:
3996:
3238:
3164:
3040:
2999:
2849:
2067:
2004:
1969:
1951:
1805:
1321:
1317:
1305:
1301:
675:
573:
271:
227:
4752:
Pearson, Charlotte; Sbonias, Kostas; Tzachili, Iris; Heaton, Timothy J. (2023-04-28).
3805:
3676:
3106:
2931:
1650:
1296:. Ash and pumice fell across the island, where it was sometimes collected and stored.
7151:
7095:
7059:
7039:
7024:
6989:
6838:
6475:
6307:
6108:
5984:
5278:
4980:
4501:
4303:
4246:
4189:
3901:
3661:
3604:
3547:
3432:
3353:
3306:
2979:
2881:
2372:
2214:
2048:
2027:
Foster, Karen Polinger; et al. (1996). "Texts, Storms, and the Thera Eruption".
1787:
1718:
1539:
1535:
1515:
1460:
1384:
1358:
1353:
1328:
1162:
sulfate spike, estimated 6 trillion grams of sulfur; reduced ring growth in 1554 BCE
659:
647:
455:
304:
299:
294:
279:
251:
5504:
3970:
3844:
3790:
3723:
1538:
has argued that the Minoan eruption was a crucial event in the development of human
1361:, approximately dated to 1618 BCE, were accompanied by "yellow fog, a dim sun, then
1244:
7121:
7105:
7009:
6924:
6904:
6757:
6747:
6668:
5337:
5035:
4931:
4876:
4122:
3490:
3381:"The IntCal20 Northern Hemisphere Radiocarbon Age Calibration Curve (0–55 cal kBP)"
2834:
2739:
2558:
2515:
2159:
634:
521:
479:
363:
242:, as well as communities and agricultural areas on nearby islands and the coast of
5831:
5718:
5106:"Holocene tephras highlight complexity of volcanic signals in Greenland ice cores"
3997:"Annual radiocarbon record indicates 16th century BCE date for the Thera eruption"
2091:
Fire in the Sea, the Santorini Volcano: Natural History and the Legend of Atlantis
6605:– exploration of the submarine deposits and morphology of Santorini volcano
5544:
4719:
3921:"IntCal09 and Marine09 Radiocarbon Age Calibration Curves, 0–50,000 Years cal BP"
3076:
1936:
Aitken, M. J. (1988). "The Thera Eruption: Continuing Discussion of the Dating".
6999:
6919:
6894:
5488:
5212:
4071:"IntCal13 and Marine13 Radiocarbon Age Calibration Curves 0–50,000 Years cal BP"
1434:
1366:
1344:
1293:
1272:
926:
6428:
5657:
4777:
4650:
4342:
4095:
4070:
3023:
1609:
1280:
vase, typical of the Late Minoan IB period that followed the eruption of Thera.
6934:
6878:
6807:
6653:
6528:
6253:
5610:
5303:
3944:
3884:
3859:
3764:
3644:
3619:
3587:
3562:
3530:
3505:
3337:
3289:
3264:
2698:"Archaeology: Absolute dating of the Bronze Age eruption of Thera (Santorini)"
1779:
1511:
1507:
1433:
The eruption of Thera and volcanic fallout may have inspired the myths of the
1407:
1227:
1009:
942:
Eight scenarios of olive wood growth to account for possible growth cessation
855:
eruption has not been settled. The table below summarizes the dating results:
840:
638:
577:
561:
475:
403:
359:
247:
235:
172:
108:
41:
17:
6501:
6215:
Manning, Stuart (2012). "Eruption of Thera/Santorini". In Cline, Eric (ed.).
5618:
5553:
5496:
5420:
5371:
5322:
5162:
5027:
4923:
4850:
4785:
4658:
4550:
4493:
4418:
4350:
4295:
4238:
4181:
4114:
3962:
3893:
3828:
3782:
3707:
3653:
3596:
3561:
Bronk Ramsey, Christopher; Manning, Sturt W; Galimberti, Mariagrazia (2004).
3539:
3482:
3424:
3345:
3298:
3246:
3172:
3130:
3031:
2963:
2916:
2873:
2826:
2731:
2630:
2206:
2151:
1922:
1617:
1288:
sites on Crete. In northeastern Crete, earthquakes destroyed sites including
908:
Bayesian model of sequence of samples from before, during and after eruption
891:
Bayesian model of sequence of samples from before, during and after eruption
786:
Bayesian model of sequence of samples from before, during and after eruption
755:
Bayesian model of sequence of samples from before, during and after eruption
741:
Bayesian model of sequence of samples from before, during and after eruption
129:
116:
6909:
6858:
6833:
6812:
5925:
Architecture of Minoan Crete: Constructing Identity in the Aegean Bronze Age
5910:
Architecture of Minoan Crete: Constructing Identity in the Aegean Bronze Age
5895:
Architecture of Minoan Crete: Constructing Identity in the Aegean Bronze Age
5809:
Architecture of Minoan Crete: Constructing Identity in the Aegean Bronze Age
5411:
5362:
4600:
4541:
3820:
3699:
3065:"Dating the Theran Eruption: Archaeological Science Versus Nonsense Science"
2955:
2779:
2413:
Geoinformation technologies for geocultural landscapes: European perspective
2173:
Johnston, E. N.; Sparks, R. S. J.; Phillips, J. C.; Carey, S. (2014-06-09).
1994:
1423:
1032:
List of proposed Minoan eruption dates suggested by environmental anomalies
629:
on Crete in the last century had confidently correlated the late LM-IA with
529:
355:
231:
100:
63:
6446:
5571:
5438:
5230:
4995:
4891:
4868:
4803:
4738:
4676:
4619:
4568:
4436:
4410:
4368:
4040:
4021:
3836:
3715:
3450:
3207:
3049:
2971:
2794:
2440:
2119:
2013:
1635:
516:, and it resulted in an estimated 30 to 35 km (19 to 22 mi) high
490:
466:/Minoan D) was marked by varied activity: lithic-rich base surge deposits,
5465:"Bristlecone pine tree rings and volcanic eruptions over the last 5000 yr"
5262:
5245:
5147:"Trace element analysis of Late Holocene tephras from Greenland ice cores"
3506:"High-Precision Calibration of the Radiocarbon Time Scale, AD 1950–500 BC"
2896:
2610:
2364:
1586:"Revised Minoan eruption volume as benchmark for large volcanic eruptions"
7085:
7080:
7014:
6939:
6929:
6843:
6772:
6716:
6467:
5940:
The Troubled Island: Minoan Crete Before and After the Santorini Eruption
5130:
5105:
5075:
5050:
4971:
4946:
3122:
2759:
2468:
1904:"The Minoan Eruption of Santorini around 1613 B. C. and its consequences"
1873:
1489:
1448:
1443:
1388:
1378:
1362:
1313:
985:
651:
104:
6547:
5313:
4475:
4286:
4261:
4229:
4204:
4162:
4137:
3405:
3380:
3187:
2594:
10.1002/(SICI)1520-6548(199607)11:4<361::AID-GEA4>3.0.CO;2-#
2230:"Aegean Soils During the Second Millennium B.C. with Reference to Thera"
2198:
6868:
6863:
6848:
6787:
6767:
6762:
6711:
6347:
3415:
1710:
848:
691:
List of radiocarbon dates with calibration curve published before 2018
544:, where building walls were knocked out of alignment. On the island of
541:
459:
348:
303:
reported unusual yellow skies and summer frost at the beginning of the
176:
51:
6608:
4842:
4484:
4172:
4105:
3953:
3773:
2174:
414:
On Santorini, there is a 60 m (200 ft) thick layer of white
6873:
6792:
6782:
6726:
5019:
4915:
4387:"Mediterranean radiocarbon offsets and calendar dates for prehistory"
3474:
3265:"The Date of the Minoan Santorini Eruption: Quantifying the "Offset""
2818:
2722:
2697:
2550:
2507:
2143:
1438:
1403:
1309:
1289:
1257:
598:
Archaeologists developed the Late Bronze Age chronologies of eastern
556:
499:
pumice sediments. In some places, the coastline vanished under thick
439:
427:
415:
267:
3449:
Hammer, C. U.; Clausen, H. B.; Friedrich, W. L.; Tauber, H. (1987).
438:/Minoan A) of the eruption deposited up to 7 m (23 ft) of
6100:
5976:
3741:"Intcal04 Terrestrial Radiocarbon Age Calibration, 0–26 Cal Kyr BP"
2865:
2386:
Savino, John; Jones, Marie D. (2007). "Aftereffects of Volcanoes".
2040:
996:
and leave detectable signals in ice cores and tree rings. Notably,
617:
Since the Minoan eruption has been conclusively placed in late/end
6914:
6314:
The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind
4260:
Kuitems, Margot; van der Plicht, Johannes; Jansma, Esther (2020).
4138:"Annual Variation in Atmospheric 14 C Between 1700 BC and 1480 BC"
1519:
1485:
1348:
1243:
723:
Weighted average of 13 samples from volcanic destruction layer at
545:
525:
489:
471:
421:
326:
243:
168:
2441:"Volcanic ash retrieved from the GRIP ice core is not from Thera"
528:
underlying the volcano came into contact with the shallow marine
285:
Although there are no clear ancient records of the eruption, its
6280:
The Minoans and the Mycenaeans: Aegean Society in the Bronze Age
5744:
The Minoans and the Mycenaeans: Aegean Society in the Bronze Age
1452:
500:
467:
6612:
4633:
Ehrlich, Yael; Regev, Lior; Boaretto, Elisabetta (2021-01-12).
4317:
Ehrlich, Yael; Regev, Lior; Boaretto, Elisabetta (2018-08-09).
2764:. Vronwy Hankey. Bedminster, Bristol: Bristol Classical Press.
1498:. However, this view is not supported by current scholarship.
1292:, while 9 meter high tsunamis swept over coastal sites such as
831:
Wiggle-matching of olive tree buried alive in pumice layer (3)
4205:"A New Annual 14 C Dataset for Calibrating the Thera Eruption"
3451:"The Minoan eruption of Santorini in Greece dated to 1645 BC?"
3149:"Dating the Aegean Late Bronze Age with Radiocarbon: Addendum"
2850:"The Ahmose 'Tempest Stela', Thera and Comparative Chronology"
1261:
925:
The youngest sample near victims from Theran tsunami layer at
375:
ranging between 13–86 km (3.1–20.6 cu mi) DRE.
47:
2795:"The Thera eruption and Late Minoan-IB destructions on Crete"
658:
synchronisms were also assessed to be less secure before the
6535:. The Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies, London.
1849:"Marine Investigations of Greece's Santorini Volcanic Field"
1012:
and too were hypothesized to be related to Minoan eruption.
5671:
Doumas, Christos (2012). "Akrotiri". In Cline, Eric (ed.).
1447:. The Titanomachy could have picked up elements of western
6511:"Statistical analysis aims to solve Greek volcano mystery"
3677:"Chronology for the Aegean Late Bronze Age 1700-1400 B.C."
1970:"On the enigma of dating the Minoan eruption of Santorini"
1813:
Chapman Conference on Volcanism and the Earth's Atmosphere
6546:(PhD dissertation). University of Reading. Archived from
6533:
The Santorini Volcano and the Destruction of Minoan Crete
6151:. New Aspects of Antiquity. London: Thames & Hudson.
5927:. Austin: University of Texas Press. pp. 81–82, 113.
5897:. Austin: University of Texas Press. pp. 82–83, 113.
3806:"Santorini Eruption Radiocarbon Dated to 1627-1600 B.C."
3620:"INTCAL98 Radiocarbon Age Calibration, 24,000–0 cal BP"
5860:
Hallager, Erik (2012). "Crete". In Cline, Eric (ed.).
4452:"IntCal20 Tree Rings: An Archaeological Swot Analysis"
2270:
Geoinformation Technologies for Geocultural Landscapes
1109:
sulfate spike, estimated 2–8 trillion grams of sulfur
805:
Wiggle-matching of olive tree buried alive in VDL (2)
434:
Intense magmatic activity of the first major phase (BO
282:
for decades, without coming to a definite conclusion.
4892:"Irish tree rings, Santorini and volcanic dust veils"
2311:
Sivertsen, Barbara J. (2009). "The Minoan Eruption".
1149:
sulfate spike, estimated 10 trillion grams of sulfur
828:
Tau boundary function on the 28 samples from VDL (2)
6394:"Researchers home in on Thera volcano eruption date"
5811:. Austin: University of Texas Press. pp. 81–82.
1316:. However, other sites fell into decline, including
1201:
sulfate spike, estimated 6 trillion grams of sulfur
430:
is finer, almost white and without rock intrusions.
7114:
7073:
6952:
6887:
6821:
6740:
6704:
6697:
6646:
6348:"Review – 'A Test of Time' by S. W. Manning (1999)"
5855:
5853:
5851:
5769:
5767:
564:, but this is now known to be a misidentification.
560:were at one time claimed to have been found in the
402:, which are among the largest eruptions during the
264:
one of the largest volcanic events in human history
183:
155:
145:
96:
84:
69:
59:
34:
6311:
3223:"Dating the Aegean Bronze Age Without Radiocarbon"
1911:Tagungen des Landesmuseums für Vorgeschichte Halle
1365:, frost in July, famine, and the withering of all
1357:, the collapse of the dynasty and the rise of the
6070:June 18, 2010: Vol. 328. no. 5985, pp. 1554–1557.
5912:. Austin: University of Texas Press. p. 113.
2932:"Radiocarbon-Based Chronology for Dynastic Egypt"
2901:(1st ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2848:Ritner, Robert K.; Moeller, Nadine (2014-04-01).
2084:
2082:
1753:
1751:
1383:Apocalyptic rainstorms, which devastated much of
46:Satellite image of Thera, November 21, 2000. The
6543:The eruption of Santorini in the Late Bronze Age
5824:The Cambridge Companion to the Aegean Bronze Age
5711:The Cambridge Companion to the Aegean Bronze Age
3069:Israel's Exodus in Transdisciplinary Perspective
6149:The end of Atlantis: New light on an old legend
5704:
5702:
5700:
5463:Salzer, Matthew W.; Hughes, Malcolm K. (2007).
5391:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
4521:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2297:. London: The Thera Foundation. pp. 79–88.
2060:
2058:
1459:, the boiling earth and sea as a breach of the
1394:Alternatively, if the eruption occurred in the
1256:on Santorini, which was entombed in a layer of
6557:Timelines: Studies in Honour of Manfred Bietak
3990:
3988:
3986:
3984:
3982:
3980:
2338:
2336:
633:in Egypt and the end of LM-IA at the start of
6624:
6589:– A WWW companion site to: Sturt W. Manning,
6219:. Oxford University Press. pp. 457–454.
6014:"A Storm in Egypt during the Reign of Ahmose"
5864:. Oxford University Press. pp. 149–159.
5778:. Oxford University Press. pp. 571–581.
5675:. Oxford University Press. pp. 752–761.
2236:. UK: The Thera Foundation. pp. 725–39.
1387:, and were described on the Tempest Stele of
803:Tau boundary function on 28 samples from VDL
8:
6217:The Oxford Handbook of the Bronze Age Aegean
5997:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
5862:The Oxford Handbook of the Bronze Age Aegean
5776:The Oxford Handbook of the Bronze Age Aegean
5673:The Oxford Handbook of the Bronze Age Aegean
5089:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2306:
2304:
1887:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1832:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1815:. Thera, Greece: American Geographical Union
6597:VolcanoWorld Information about the eruption
6176:(2nd ed.). Athens: C. Papachrysanthou.
6124:Natural Knowledge in Preclassical Antiquity
5826:. Cambridge University Press. p. 205.
5713:. Cambridge University Press. p. 140.
4890:Baillie, M. G. L.; Munro, M. a. R. (1988).
4053:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
3995:Pearson, Charlotte L.; et al. (2018).
2793:Pichler, Hans; Schiering, Wolfgang (1977).
1799:
1797:
1742:11th Conference Cities on Volcanoes (COV11)
1002:local climate record could be reconstructed
772:of olive tree buried alive in pumice layer
6701:
6631:
6617:
6609:
6318:(1st ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
5190:
5188:
5186:
5184:
5182:
5180:
5178:
5176:
5174:
5172:
3504:Stuiver, Minze; Pearson, Gordon W (1986).
3147:Betancourt, P. P.; Michael, H. N. (1987).
1252:The eruption devastated the settlement at
621:(LM-IA) in the Crete chronology, late/end
40:
6436:
6078:
6076:
5561:
5543:
5428:
5410:
5361:
5312:
5302:
5261:
5220:
5129:
5074:
4970:
4858:
4793:
4728:
4718:
4666:
4609:
4599:
4558:
4540:
4483:
4426:
4358:
4285:
4228:
4171:
4161:
4104:
4094:
4030:
4020:
3952:
3883:
3772:
3643:
3586:
3529:
3414:
3404:
3288:
3189:Minoan pottery in second millennium Egypt
3039:
2721:
2467:
2434:
2432:
2003:
1993:
1872:
1625:
1424:Deucalion § Dating by early scholars
1379:Ahmose I § Dates and length of reign
5938:Driessen, Jan; MacDonald, Colin (1997).
2664:. The Thera Foundation. pp. 24–26.
1677:Marine Geology, Volume 452, October 2022
1463:, immense flame and heat as evidence of
1271:
1030:
857:
826:Weighted average of 28 samples from VDL
689:
458:, as well as the possible generation of
331:Volcanic craters on Santorini, June 2001
293:may have been described in the Egyptian
6225:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199873609.013.0034
6174:Some Words about the Legend at Atlantis
6046:. Baltimore: David Brown Book Company.
5870:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199873609.013.0011
5784:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199873609.013.0043
5681:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199873609.013.0056
5244:McAneney, Jonny; Baillie, Mike (2019).
3563:"Dating the Volcanic Eruption at Thera"
1568:
307:, which may have been a consequence of
27:Major volcanic eruption around 1600 BCE
6189:Art and Archaeology of the Greek World
5990:
5458:
5456:
5454:
5452:
5450:
5448:
5082:
4688:
4686:
4380:
4378:
4046:
2636:
1880:
1825:
877:Sample context and statistical method
709:Sample context and statistical method
494:Mansions and hotels atop steep cliffs.
31:
6411:Lespez, Laurent; et al. (2021).
3913:
3911:
3735:
3733:
3444:
3442:
3373:
3371:
3369:
3367:
3365:
3363:
3258:
3256:
3142:
3140:
2993:
2991:
2989:
2753:
2751:
2749:
2605:
2603:
2295:Thera and the Aegean World III, Vol 2
1578:
1576:
1574:
1572:
980:Ice cores, tree rings and speleothems
386:This eruption is comparable with the
270:from the Minoan eruption serves as a
7:
6392:Kelley, Mikayla MacE (May 2, 2022).
6042:Goedicke, Hans (1995). "Chapter 3".
4582:Sahoglu, Vasif; et al. (2021).
3111:Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology
2448:Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems
572:The Minoan eruption is an important
450:/Minoan C) eruption phases involved
76:
5638:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
2898:The Oxford history of ancient Egypt
1552:Chronology of the ancient Near East
50:in the center of the island is the
7203:Landforms of Thira (regional unit)
7030:Minoan frescoes from Tell el-Dab'a
6509:Nutt, David (September 20, 2022).
6126:. Johns Hopkins University Press.
6020:. Thera Foundation. Archived from
3239:10.1111/j.1475-4754.1978.tb00234.x
3165:10.1111/j.1475-4754.1987.tb00413.x
1952:10.1111/j.1475-4754.1988.tb00444.x
1804:McCoy, FW, & Dunn, SE (2002).
687:with pre-2018 calibration curves:
637:. Stone vessels discovered in the
25:
6191:. Thames and Hudson. p. 37.
6066:Christopher Bronk Ramsey et al.,
5591:Journal of Archaeological Science
2179:Journal of the Geological Society
1467:, among many other descriptions.
1008:revealed through precisely dated
7168:2nd-millennium BC natural events
1671:Paris, Raphael, et al., (2022).
366:and lava, then collapsed again.
198:
191:
7132:Archaeological Museum of Chania
7127:Heraklion Archaeological Museum
7055:Papoura Hill Circular Structure
6085:Journal of Near Eastern Studies
6044:Studies about Kamose and Ahmose
5965:Journal of Near Eastern Studies
5110:Journal of Geophysical Research
2854:Journal of Near Eastern Studies
2029:Journal of Near Eastern Studies
1477:Location hypotheses of Atlantis
1248:Excavation of Akrotiri on Thera
400:946 eruption of Paektu Mountain
54:created by the Minoan eruption.
7193:Events that forced the climate
7137:Archaeological Museum of Sitia
6018:Thera and the Aegean World III
2415:. CRC Press. pp. 237–54.
1760:Progress in Physical Geography
1557:Timeline of volcanism on Earth
1004:down to sub-annual precision.
388:1815 eruption of Mount Tambora
317:1815 eruption of Mount Tambora
1:
7198:Landforms of the South Aegean
5832:10.1017/CCOL9780521814447.009
5719:10.1017/CCOL9780521814447.007
3105:Manning, Sturt (1988-06-01).
1902:Friedrich, Walter L. (2013).
240:Minoan settlement at Akrotiri
232:Thera (also called Santorini)
199:
7233:Volcanic eruptions in Europe
7045:Minoan Moulds of Palaikastro
6172:Marinatos, Spyridon (1972).
5545:10.1371/journal.pone.0157144
4951:Geophysical Research Letters
4720:10.1371/journal.pone.0274835
3077:10.1007/978-3-319-04768-3_10
2761:Aegean Bronze Age chronology
2494:. 320, 1986 (6064): 733–35.
2390:. Career Press. p. 88.
398:around 230 CE, and the
6456:Praehistorische Zeitschrift
6093:University of Chicago Press
5489:10.1016/j.yqres.2006.07.004
2439:Keenan, Douglas J. (2003).
2345:Pure and Applied Geophysics
7264:
6429:10.1038/s41598-021-94859-1
6147:Luce, John Victor (1969).
5658:10.1016/j.epsl.2014.01.041
4778:10.1038/s41598-023-33696-w
4651:10.1038/s41598-020-79024-4
4343:10.1038/s41598-018-29392-9
4096:10.2458/azu_js_rc.55.16947
3024:10.1038/s41598-020-69287-2
2317:Princeton University Press
2272:. CRC Press. p. 247.
2095:Cambridge University Press
1610:10.1038/s41467-023-38176-3
1474:
1421:
1396:Second Intermediate Period
1376:
1373:Effect on Egyptian history
720:Pearson and Stuiver, 1986
339:
256:Volcanic Explosivity Index
7178:Ancient natural disasters
6540:Sewell, David A. (2001).
6377:. Peter Lang Publishing.
5923:McEnroe, John C. (2010).
5908:McEnroe, John C. (2010).
5893:McEnroe, John C. (2010).
5807:McEnroe, John C. (2010).
5611:10.1016/j.jas.2009.01.009
5304:10.5194/essd-14-3167-2022
5283:Earth System Science Data
5213:10.1093/pnasnexus/pgac048
5055:Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst
3945:10.1017/S0033822200034202
3885:10.1017/S0033822200056320
3765:10.1017/S0033822200032999
3645:10.1017/S0033822200019123
3588:10.1017/S0033822200039631
3531:10.1017/S0033822200060161
3338:10.1017/S0003598X00115388
3290:10.1017/S0033822200047196
3263:Höflmayer, Felix (2012).
1780:10.1191/0309133303pp379ra
1284:The eruption was felt at
1175:reduced tree ring growth
187:
39:
6970:Hagia Triada Sarcophagus
6581:Santorini Decade Volcano
6252:Brouwers, Josho (2021).
641:in LH-I are also of the
512:The eruption was of the
446:/Minoan B) and third (BO
262:(DRE), the eruption was
35:Minoan eruption of Thera
7188:Ancient volcanic events
7065:Wall Paintings of Thera
6980:Snake goddess figurines
6375:Thera in the Bronze Age
6373:Forsyth, P. Y. (1997).
6284:Oxford University Press
5748:Oxford University Press
5650:2014E&PSL.392...58B
5412:10.1073/pnas.1917445117
5363:10.5194/cp-18-1125-2022
4693:Manning, S. W. (2022).
4601:10.1073/pnas.2114213118
4542:10.1073/pnas.2007824117
3821:10.1126/science.1125087
3700:10.1126/science.1125682
3186:Kemp, Barry J. (1980).
2956:10.1126/science.1189395
1995:10.1073/pnas.2004243117
1159:Ice core and tree ring
1132:Ice core and tree ring
1067:Ice core and tree ring
791:Höflmayer et al., 2012
760:Friedrich et al., 2006
532:, resulting in violent
6985:La Parisienne (fresco)
6355:Bibliotheca Orientalis
6187:Neer, Richard (2012).
4411:10.1126/sciadv.aaz1096
4022:10.1126/sciadv.aar8241
3751:(3): 1029–1058. 2004.
2758:Warren, Peter (1989).
2696:Warren, Peter (1984).
2643:: CS1 maint: others (
2089:Friedrich, WL (1999).
1281:
1249:
1040:Environmental context
966:1602–1502 BCE (95.4%)
964:1610–1510 BCE (95.4%)
950:1609–1560 BCE (95.4%)
918:1565–1501 BCE (76.1%)
916:1612–1573 BCE (19.4%)
901:1576–1545 BCE (22.9%)
899:1619–1596 BCE (64.7%)
885:1663–1612 BCE (87.5%)
660:LM-IIIAI/Amenhotep III
602:cultures by analyzing
583:typological sequencing
534:phreatomagmatic blasts
495:
431:
332:
311:(similar to 1816, the
6975:Horns of Consecration
6965:Akrotiri Boxer Fresco
6603:Thera 2006 Expedition
6278:Callender, G (1999).
6254:"Did Atlantis Exist?"
5742:Callender, G (1999).
5263:10.15184/aqy.2018.165
5151:Quaternary Newsletter
2365:10.1007/s000240050024
2228:Davidson, DA (1969).
1590:Nature Communications
1530:In the controversial
1377:Further information:
1275:
1247:
973:Therasia olive shrub
961:Pearson et al., 2023
933:Ehrlich et al., 2021
913:Şahoğlu et al., 2022
896:Manning et al., 2020
882:Manning et al., 2020
869:posterior probability
811:Pearson et al., 2018
777:Manning et al., 2010
746:Manning et al., 2006
699:Calibrated date (95%
676:Raw radiocarbon dates
493:
425:
392:1257 Samalas eruption
330:
313:Year Without a Summer
260:dense-rock equivalent
130:36.41000°N 25.40000°E
6995:Prince of the Lilies
6953:Art and Architecture
6468:10.1515/pz-2017-0004
5131:10.1029/2012JD017698
5076:10.1029/2003GC000672
4972:10.1029/1999GL010852
3221:Cadogan, G. (1978).
3123:10.1558/jmea.v1i1.17
2469:10.1029/2003GC000608
1874:10.1029/2006EO340001
1308:were constructed at
732:Ramsey et al., 2004
714:Hammer et al., 1987
648:Ahmose Tempest Stele
276:archaeological sites
226:that devastated the
7238:Volcanism of Greece
6640:Minoan civilization
6122:Greene, MT (2000).
5603:2009JArSc..36.1206P
5536:2016PLoSO..1157144M
5481:2007QuRes..67...57S
5469:Quaternary Research
5403:2020PNAS..117.8410P
5354:2022CliPa..18.1125S
5342:Climate of the Past
5295:2022ESSD...14.3167S
5122:2012JGRD..11721303C
5067:2004GGG.....5.3005P
5012:1996Natur.381..780K
4963:2000GeoRL..27.2957G
4908:1988Natur.332..344B
4835:2015NatSR...512243C
4770:2023NatSR..13.6994P
4711:2022PLoSO..1774835M
4533:2020PNAS..11718159P
4527:(31): 18159–18160.
4476:10.1017/RDC.2020.77
4468:2020Radcb..62.1045B
4403:2020SciA....6.1096M
4335:2018NatSR...811841E
4287:10.1017/RDC.2020.23
4278:2020Radcb..62..963K
4230:10.1017/RDC.2020.33
4221:2020Radcb..62..953F
4163:10.1017/RDC.2020.14
4154:2020Radcb..62..939P
4087:2013Radcb..55.1869R
4013:2018SciA....4.8241P
3937:2009Radcb..51.1111R
3876:2010Radcb..52.1571M
3757:2004Radcb..46.1029.
3692:2006Sci...312..565M
3636:1998Radcb..40.1041S
3579:2004Radcb..46..325B
3522:1986Radcb..28..805S
3467:1987Natur.328..517H
3406:10.1017/RDC.2020.41
3397:2020Radcb..62..725R
3281:2012Radcb..54..435H
3016:2020NatSR..1013785M
2948:2010Sci...328.1554R
2942:(5985): 1554–1557.
2811:1977Natur.267..819P
2714:1984Natur.308..492W
2586:1996Gearc..11..361L
2543:1993Natur.363..610G
2500:1986Natur.320..733S
2460:2003GGG.....4.1097K
2357:2000PApGe.157.1227M
2199:10.1144/jgs2013-113
2191:2014JGSoc.171..583J
2136:1978Natur.271..122W
1986:2020PNAS..117.8677K
1865:2006EOSTr..87..337S
1772:2003PrPG...27..230O
1703:1992NatHa...5..153A
1602:2023NatCo..14.2497K
1532:bicameral mentality
1526:Bicameral mentality
1465:phreatic explosions
1455:'s thunderbolts as
1351:. According to the
1333:The Troubled Island
1033:
860:
692:
587:Egyptian chronology
524:. In addition, the
238:. It destroyed the
222:was a catastrophic
126: /
7223:Tsunamis in Greece
7173:Ancient Aegean Sea
7101:Arkalochori script
7091:Cretan hieroglyphs
7050:Minoan Bull-leaper
7020:Knossos board game
6417:Scientific Reports
6012:EN, Davis (1990).
4823:Scientific Reports
4758:Scientific Reports
4639:Scientific Reports
4594:(1). e2114213118.
4323:Scientific Reports
3332:(342): 1164–1179.
3004:Scientific Reports
2895:Shaw, Ian (2003).
2658:Warren PM (1989).
1711:10.1007/BF00127003
1482:Spyridon Marinatos
1457:volcanic lightning
1282:
1250:
1214:ring-width minima
1188:ring-width minima
1122:ring-width minima
1083:ring-width minima
1031:
858:
819:1626–1605 BCE (3)
816:1646–1606 BCE (2)
796:1630–1600 BCE (2)
690:
680:calibration curves
520:which reached the
514:Ultra Plinian type
496:
452:pyroclastic surges
432:
333:
291:volcanic lightning
135:36.41000; 25.40000
7243:Volcanic tsunamis
7218:Plinian eruptions
7145:
7144:
7035:Malia altar stone
6948:
6947:
6659:Minoan chronology
6198:978-0-500-05166-5
6158:978-0-500-39005-4
6133:978-0-8018-6371-4
5841:978-0-521-89127-1
5728:978-0-521-89127-1
5397:(15): 8410–8415.
5006:(6585): 780–783.
4957:(18): 2957–2960.
4902:(6162): 344–346.
4843:10.1038/srep12243
3686:(5773): 565–569.
3461:(6130): 517–519.
3086:978-3-319-04767-6
2908:978-0-19-159059-7
2805:(5614): 819–822.
2708:(5959): 492–493.
2622:978-87-7934-652-9
2422:978-0-415-46859-6
2397:978-1-56414-953-4
2326:978-0-691-13770-4
2279:978-0-415-46859-6
2130:(5641): 122–126.
1980:(16): 8677–8679.
1966:Kutschera, Walter
1649:Hardy DA (1989).
1235:Historical impact
1220:
1219:
977:
976:
874:Calibration used
867:Calibrated date (
836:
835:
706:Calibration used
685:destruction layer
342:Santorini caldera
224:volcanic eruption
216:
215:
80:
16:(Redirected from
7255:
7213:Minoan geography
6702:
6689:Peak sanctuaries
6633:
6626:
6619:
6610:
6599:with photographs
6570:
6551:
6536:
6524:
6522:
6521:
6505:
6488:
6479:
6450:
6440:
6407:
6405:
6404:
6388:
6369:
6367:
6366:
6352:
6330:
6329:
6317:
6304:
6298:
6297:
6275:
6269:
6268:
6266:
6264:
6249:
6243:
6242:
6212:
6206:
6205:
6184:
6178:
6177:
6169:
6163:
6162:
6144:
6138:
6137:
6119:
6113:
6112:
6080:
6071:
6064:
6058:
6057:
6039:
6033:
6032:
6030:
6029:
6024:on 14 March 2007
6009:
6003:
6002:
5996:
5988:
5960:
5954:
5953:
5935:
5929:
5928:
5920:
5914:
5913:
5905:
5899:
5898:
5890:
5884:
5883:
5857:
5846:
5845:
5819:
5813:
5812:
5804:
5798:
5797:
5771:
5762:
5761:
5739:
5733:
5732:
5706:
5695:
5694:
5668:
5662:
5661:
5629:
5623:
5622:
5597:(6): 1206–1214.
5582:
5576:
5575:
5565:
5547:
5515:
5509:
5508:
5460:
5443:
5442:
5432:
5414:
5382:
5376:
5375:
5365:
5348:(5): 1125–1150.
5333:
5327:
5326:
5316:
5306:
5289:(7): 3167–3196.
5274:
5268:
5267:
5265:
5241:
5235:
5234:
5224:
5192:
5167:
5166:
5142:
5136:
5135:
5133:
5101:
5095:
5094:
5088:
5080:
5078:
5046:
5040:
5039:
5020:10.1038/381780a0
4991:
4985:
4984:
4974:
4942:
4936:
4935:
4916:10.1038/332344a0
4887:
4881:
4880:
4862:
4814:
4808:
4807:
4797:
4749:
4743:
4742:
4732:
4722:
4690:
4681:
4680:
4670:
4630:
4624:
4623:
4613:
4603:
4579:
4573:
4572:
4562:
4544:
4512:
4506:
4505:
4487:
4462:(4): 1045–1078.
4447:
4441:
4440:
4430:
4397:(12): eaaz1096.
4391:Science Advances
4382:
4373:
4372:
4362:
4314:
4308:
4307:
4289:
4257:
4251:
4250:
4232:
4200:
4194:
4193:
4175:
4165:
4133:
4127:
4126:
4108:
4098:
4081:(4): 1869–1887.
4065:
4059:
4058:
4052:
4044:
4034:
4024:
4001:Science Advances
3992:
3975:
3974:
3956:
3931:(4): 1111–1150.
3915:
3906:
3905:
3887:
3870:(4): 1571–1597.
3855:
3849:
3848:
3801:
3795:
3794:
3776:
3737:
3728:
3727:
3672:
3666:
3665:
3647:
3630:(3): 1041–1083.
3615:
3609:
3608:
3590:
3558:
3552:
3551:
3533:
3501:
3495:
3494:
3475:10.1038/328517a0
3446:
3437:
3436:
3418:
3408:
3375:
3358:
3357:
3317:
3311:
3310:
3292:
3275:(3–4): 435–448.
3260:
3251:
3250:
3218:
3212:
3211:
3183:
3177:
3176:
3144:
3135:
3134:
3102:
3096:
3095:
3094:
3093:
3060:
3054:
3053:
3043:
2995:
2984:
2983:
2927:
2921:
2920:
2892:
2886:
2885:
2845:
2839:
2838:
2819:10.1038/267819a0
2790:
2784:
2783:
2755:
2744:
2743:
2725:
2723:10.1038/308492a0
2693:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2683:
2674:. Archived from
2655:
2649:
2648:
2642:
2634:
2607:
2598:
2597:
2569:
2563:
2562:
2551:10.1038/363610a0
2537:(6430): 610–12.
2526:
2520:
2519:
2508:10.1038/320733a0
2487:
2481:
2480:
2478:
2477:
2471:
2445:
2436:
2427:
2426:
2408:
2402:
2401:
2383:
2377:
2376:
2351:(6–8): 1235–41.
2340:
2331:
2330:
2308:
2299:
2298:
2290:
2284:
2283:
2265:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2255:
2246:. Archived from
2225:
2219:
2218:
2170:
2164:
2163:
2144:10.1038/271122a0
2115:
2109:
2108:
2086:
2077:
2076:
2062:
2053:
2052:
2024:
2018:
2017:
2007:
1997:
1962:
1956:
1955:
1933:
1927:
1926:
1908:
1899:
1893:
1892:
1886:
1878:
1876:
1844:
1838:
1837:
1831:
1823:
1821:
1820:
1810:
1801:
1792:
1791:
1755:
1746:
1745:
1739:
1729:
1723:
1722:
1686:
1680:
1669:
1663:
1662:
1660:
1659:
1646:
1640:
1639:
1629:
1580:
1418:Greek traditions
1331:. In their book
1034:
998:tree ring dating
861:
693:
456:lava fountaining
246:with subsequent
202:
201:
195:
141:
140:
138:
137:
136:
131:
127:
124:
123:
122:
119:
74:
44:
32:
21:
7263:
7262:
7258:
7257:
7256:
7254:
7253:
7252:
7228:VEI-7 eruptions
7163:17th century BC
7158:16th century BC
7148:
7147:
7146:
7141:
7110:
7069:
6960:Aegina Treasure
6944:
6883:
6817:
6736:
6693:
6684:Minoan eruption
6679:Minoan religion
6642:
6637:
6577:
6567:
6554:
6539:
6527:
6519:
6517:
6508:
6491:
6482:
6462:(1–2): 92–107.
6453:
6410:
6402:
6400:
6391:
6385:
6372:
6364:
6362:
6350:
6342:
6339:
6337:Further reading
6334:
6333:
6326:
6306:
6305:
6301:
6294:
6277:
6276:
6272:
6262:
6260:
6251:
6250:
6246:
6235:
6214:
6213:
6209:
6199:
6186:
6185:
6181:
6171:
6170:
6166:
6159:
6146:
6145:
6141:
6134:
6121:
6120:
6116:
6082:
6081:
6074:
6065:
6061:
6054:
6041:
6040:
6036:
6027:
6025:
6011:
6010:
6006:
5989:
5962:
5961:
5957:
5950:
5937:
5936:
5932:
5922:
5921:
5917:
5907:
5906:
5902:
5892:
5891:
5887:
5880:
5859:
5858:
5849:
5842:
5821:
5820:
5816:
5806:
5805:
5801:
5794:
5773:
5772:
5765:
5758:
5741:
5740:
5736:
5729:
5708:
5707:
5698:
5691:
5670:
5669:
5665:
5631:
5630:
5626:
5584:
5583:
5579:
5530:(7): e0157144.
5517:
5516:
5512:
5462:
5461:
5446:
5384:
5383:
5379:
5335:
5334:
5330:
5276:
5275:
5271:
5256:(367): 99–112.
5243:
5242:
5238:
5194:
5193:
5170:
5144:
5143:
5139:
5103:
5102:
5098:
5081:
5048:
5047:
5043:
4993:
4992:
4988:
4944:
4943:
4939:
4889:
4888:
4884:
4816:
4815:
4811:
4751:
4750:
4746:
4705:(9). e0274835.
4692:
4691:
4684:
4632:
4631:
4627:
4581:
4580:
4576:
4514:
4513:
4509:
4449:
4448:
4444:
4384:
4383:
4376:
4316:
4315:
4311:
4259:
4258:
4254:
4202:
4201:
4197:
4135:
4134:
4130:
4067:
4066:
4062:
4045:
4007:(8): eaar8241.
3994:
3993:
3978:
3917:
3916:
3909:
3857:
3856:
3852:
3803:
3802:
3798:
3739:
3738:
3731:
3674:
3673:
3669:
3617:
3616:
3612:
3560:
3559:
3555:
3516:(2B): 805–838.
3503:
3502:
3498:
3448:
3447:
3440:
3377:
3376:
3361:
3319:
3318:
3314:
3262:
3261:
3254:
3220:
3219:
3215:
3200:
3185:
3184:
3180:
3146:
3145:
3138:
3104:
3103:
3099:
3091:
3089:
3087:
3062:
3061:
3057:
2997:
2996:
2987:
2929:
2928:
2924:
2909:
2894:
2893:
2889:
2847:
2846:
2842:
2792:
2791:
2787:
2772:
2757:
2756:
2747:
2695:
2694:
2690:
2681:
2679:
2672:
2657:
2656:
2652:
2635:
2623:
2609:
2608:
2601:
2571:
2570:
2566:
2528:
2527:
2523:
2489:
2488:
2484:
2475:
2473:
2443:
2438:
2437:
2430:
2423:
2410:
2409:
2405:
2398:
2385:
2384:
2380:
2342:
2341:
2334:
2327:
2310:
2309:
2302:
2292:
2291:
2287:
2280:
2267:
2266:
2262:
2253:
2251:
2244:
2227:
2226:
2222:
2172:
2171:
2167:
2117:
2116:
2112:
2105:
2088:
2087:
2080:
2064:
2063:
2056:
2026:
2025:
2021:
1964:
1963:
1959:
1935:
1934:
1930:
1906:
1901:
1900:
1896:
1879:
1846:
1845:
1841:
1828:cite conference
1824:
1818:
1816:
1808:
1803:
1802:
1795:
1757:
1756:
1749:
1737:
1731:
1730:
1726:
1691:Natural Hazards
1688:
1687:
1683:
1670:
1666:
1657:
1655:
1648:
1647:
1643:
1582:
1581:
1570:
1565:
1548:
1528:
1504:
1479:
1473:
1431:
1429:The Titanomachy
1426:
1420:
1412:Speos Artemidos
1381:
1375:
1341:
1339:Chinese records
1270:
1242:
1237:
1226:In addition, a
1022:Mount Aniakchak
994:climatic change
982:
770:Wiggle-matching
673:
671:Radiocarbon age
623:Late Helladic I
608:sequence dating
596:
570:
568:Eruption dating
550:above sea level
518:eruption column
510:
488:
474:floods, and co-
465:
449:
445:
437:
412:
396:Hatepe eruption
394:, Lake Taupo's
372:
344:
338:
325:
309:volcanic winter
220:Minoan eruption
212:
211:
210:
209:
208:
207:
203:
163:settlements of
159:Devastated the
134:
132:
128:
125:
120:
117:
115:
113:
112:
111:
55:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7261:
7259:
7251:
7250:
7245:
7240:
7235:
7230:
7225:
7220:
7215:
7210:
7205:
7200:
7195:
7190:
7185:
7180:
7175:
7170:
7165:
7160:
7150:
7149:
7143:
7142:
7140:
7139:
7134:
7129:
7124:
7118:
7116:
7112:
7111:
7109:
7108:
7103:
7098:
7093:
7088:
7083:
7077:
7075:
7071:
7070:
7068:
7067:
7062:
7057:
7052:
7047:
7042:
7037:
7032:
7027:
7022:
7017:
7012:
7007:
7005:Harvester Vase
7002:
6997:
6992:
6987:
6982:
6977:
6972:
6967:
6962:
6956:
6954:
6950:
6949:
6946:
6945:
6943:
6942:
6937:
6932:
6927:
6922:
6917:
6912:
6907:
6902:
6897:
6891:
6889:
6885:
6884:
6882:
6881:
6876:
6871:
6866:
6861:
6856:
6851:
6846:
6841:
6836:
6831:
6825:
6823:
6819:
6818:
6816:
6815:
6810:
6805:
6800:
6795:
6790:
6785:
6780:
6775:
6770:
6765:
6760:
6755:
6750:
6744:
6742:
6738:
6737:
6735:
6734:
6729:
6724:
6719:
6714:
6708:
6706:
6699:
6695:
6694:
6692:
6691:
6686:
6681:
6676:
6674:Minoan palaces
6671:
6666:
6664:Minoan pottery
6661:
6656:
6650:
6648:
6644:
6643:
6638:
6636:
6635:
6628:
6621:
6613:
6607:
6606:
6600:
6594:
6584:
6576:
6575:External links
6573:
6572:
6571:
6565:
6552:
6550:on 2008-02-26.
6537:
6525:
6506:
6489:
6480:
6451:
6408:
6389:
6383:
6370:
6338:
6335:
6332:
6331:
6325:978-0395329320
6324:
6308:Jaynes, Julian
6299:
6292:
6270:
6244:
6234:978-0199873609
6233:
6207:
6197:
6179:
6164:
6157:
6139:
6132:
6114:
6101:10.1086/468596
6072:
6059:
6052:
6034:
6004:
5977:10.1086/373781
5955:
5949:978-9042924161
5948:
5930:
5915:
5900:
5885:
5879:978-0199873609
5878:
5847:
5840:
5814:
5799:
5793:978-0199873609
5792:
5763:
5756:
5734:
5727:
5696:
5690:978-0199873609
5689:
5663:
5624:
5577:
5510:
5444:
5377:
5328:
5269:
5236:
5207:(2): pgac048.
5168:
5137:
5096:
5041:
4986:
4937:
4882:
4809:
4744:
4682:
4625:
4574:
4507:
4442:
4374:
4309:
4272:(4): 963–967.
4252:
4215:(4): 953–961.
4195:
4148:(4): 939–952.
4128:
4060:
3976:
3907:
3850:
3796:
3729:
3667:
3610:
3573:(1): 325–344.
3553:
3496:
3438:
3391:(4): 725–757.
3359:
3312:
3252:
3233:(2): 209–214.
3213:
3198:
3178:
3159:(2): 212–213.
3136:
3097:
3085:
3055:
2985:
2922:
2907:
2887:
2866:10.1086/675069
2840:
2785:
2770:
2745:
2688:
2670:
2650:
2621:
2599:
2574:Geoarchaeology
2564:
2521:
2482:
2428:
2421:
2403:
2396:
2378:
2332:
2325:
2319:. p. 25.
2300:
2285:
2278:
2260:
2242:
2220:
2185:(4): 583–590.
2165:
2110:
2103:
2078:
2054:
2041:10.1086/373781
2019:
1957:
1946:(1): 165–182.
1928:
1894:
1859:(34): 337–48.
1839:
1793:
1747:
1724:
1681:
1664:
1641:
1567:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1559:
1554:
1547:
1544:
1527:
1524:
1503:
1500:
1475:Main article:
1472:
1469:
1430:
1427:
1419:
1416:
1374:
1371:
1340:
1337:
1329:lustral basins
1306:Minoan palaces
1269:
1266:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1218:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1205:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1192:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1183:
1179:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1166:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1153:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1140:
1139:
1137:
1133:
1130:
1126:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1113:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1100:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1087:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1074:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1061:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1052:
1051:1681–1673 BCE
1048:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1038:
981:
978:
975:
974:
971:
968:
962:
958:
957:
954:
951:
948:
947:Manning, 2022
944:
943:
940:
937:
936:1624–1528 BCE
934:
930:
929:
923:
920:
914:
910:
909:
906:
903:
897:
893:
892:
889:
886:
883:
879:
878:
875:
872:
865:
834:
833:
824:
821:
814:1664–1614 BCE
812:
808:
807:
801:
798:
794:1660–1602 BCE
792:
788:
787:
784:
781:
780:1660–1611 BCE
778:
774:
773:
767:
764:
763:1627–1600 BCE
761:
757:
756:
753:
750:
749:1683–1611 BCE
747:
743:
742:
739:
736:
735:1663–1599 BCE
733:
729:
728:
721:
718:
717:1675–1525 BCE
715:
711:
710:
707:
704:
697:
672:
669:
619:Late Minoan IA
595:
592:
574:marker horizon
569:
566:
509:
506:
487:
484:
463:
447:
443:
435:
411:
408:
371:
368:
340:Main article:
337:
334:
324:
321:
297:. The Chinese
280:volcanologists
274:in nearly all
272:marker horizon
214:
213:
205:
204:
197:
196:
190:
189:
188:
185:
184:
181:
180:
157:
153:
152:
149:
143:
142:
98:
94:
93:
88:
82:
81:
71:
67:
66:
61:
57:
56:
45:
37:
36:
26:
24:
18:Thera Eruption
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7260:
7249:
7246:
7244:
7241:
7239:
7236:
7234:
7231:
7229:
7226:
7224:
7221:
7219:
7216:
7214:
7211:
7209:
7206:
7204:
7201:
7199:
7196:
7194:
7191:
7189:
7186:
7184:
7183:Ancient Thera
7181:
7179:
7176:
7174:
7171:
7169:
7166:
7164:
7161:
7159:
7156:
7155:
7153:
7138:
7135:
7133:
7130:
7128:
7125:
7123:
7120:
7119:
7117:
7113:
7107:
7104:
7102:
7099:
7097:
7096:Phaistos disc
7094:
7092:
7089:
7087:
7084:
7082:
7079:
7078:
7076:
7072:
7066:
7063:
7061:
7060:Vasiliki ware
7058:
7056:
7053:
7051:
7048:
7046:
7043:
7041:
7040:Malia Pendant
7038:
7036:
7033:
7031:
7028:
7026:
7025:Minoan Genius
7023:
7021:
7018:
7016:
7013:
7011:
7008:
7006:
7003:
7001:
6998:
6996:
6993:
6991:
6990:Lustral basin
6988:
6986:
6983:
6981:
6978:
6976:
6973:
6971:
6968:
6966:
6963:
6961:
6958:
6957:
6955:
6951:
6941:
6938:
6936:
6933:
6931:
6928:
6926:
6923:
6921:
6918:
6916:
6913:
6911:
6908:
6906:
6903:
6901:
6898:
6896:
6893:
6892:
6890:
6886:
6880:
6877:
6875:
6872:
6870:
6867:
6865:
6862:
6860:
6857:
6855:
6852:
6850:
6847:
6845:
6842:
6840:
6839:Chryssolakkos
6837:
6835:
6832:
6830:
6827:
6826:
6824:
6820:
6814:
6811:
6809:
6806:
6804:
6801:
6799:
6796:
6794:
6791:
6789:
6786:
6784:
6781:
6779:
6776:
6774:
6771:
6769:
6766:
6764:
6761:
6759:
6756:
6754:
6751:
6749:
6746:
6745:
6743:
6739:
6733:
6730:
6728:
6725:
6723:
6720:
6718:
6715:
6713:
6710:
6709:
6707:
6703:
6700:
6696:
6690:
6687:
6685:
6682:
6680:
6677:
6675:
6672:
6670:
6667:
6665:
6662:
6660:
6657:
6655:
6652:
6651:
6649:
6645:
6641:
6634:
6629:
6627:
6622:
6620:
6615:
6614:
6611:
6604:
6601:
6598:
6595:
6592:
6588:
6585:
6582:
6579:
6578:
6574:
6568:
6566:90-429-1730-X
6562:
6558:
6553:
6549:
6545:
6544:
6538:
6534:
6530:
6526:
6516:
6512:
6507:
6503:
6499:
6495:
6490:
6486:
6481:
6477:
6473:
6469:
6465:
6461:
6457:
6452:
6448:
6444:
6439:
6434:
6430:
6426:
6422:
6418:
6414:
6409:
6399:
6395:
6390:
6386:
6384:0-8204-4889-3
6380:
6376:
6371:
6360:
6356:
6349:
6345:
6341:
6340:
6336:
6327:
6321:
6316:
6315:
6309:
6303:
6300:
6295:
6293:0-19-551028-3
6289:
6285:
6281:
6274:
6271:
6259:
6255:
6248:
6245:
6241:
6236:
6230:
6226:
6222:
6218:
6211:
6208:
6204:
6200:
6194:
6190:
6183:
6180:
6175:
6168:
6165:
6160:
6154:
6150:
6143:
6140:
6135:
6129:
6125:
6118:
6115:
6110:
6106:
6102:
6098:
6094:
6090:
6086:
6079:
6077:
6073:
6069:
6063:
6060:
6055:
6053:0-9613805-8-6
6049:
6045:
6038:
6035:
6023:
6019:
6015:
6008:
6005:
6000:
5994:
5986:
5982:
5978:
5974:
5970:
5966:
5959:
5956:
5951:
5945:
5941:
5934:
5931:
5926:
5919:
5916:
5911:
5904:
5901:
5896:
5889:
5886:
5881:
5875:
5871:
5867:
5863:
5856:
5854:
5852:
5848:
5843:
5837:
5833:
5829:
5825:
5818:
5815:
5810:
5803:
5800:
5795:
5789:
5785:
5781:
5777:
5770:
5768:
5764:
5759:
5757:0-19-551028-3
5753:
5749:
5745:
5738:
5735:
5730:
5724:
5720:
5716:
5712:
5705:
5703:
5701:
5697:
5692:
5686:
5682:
5678:
5674:
5667:
5664:
5659:
5655:
5651:
5647:
5643:
5639:
5635:
5628:
5625:
5620:
5616:
5612:
5608:
5604:
5600:
5596:
5592:
5588:
5581:
5578:
5573:
5569:
5564:
5559:
5555:
5551:
5546:
5541:
5537:
5533:
5529:
5525:
5521:
5514:
5511:
5506:
5502:
5498:
5494:
5490:
5486:
5482:
5478:
5474:
5470:
5466:
5459:
5457:
5455:
5453:
5451:
5449:
5445:
5440:
5436:
5431:
5426:
5422:
5418:
5413:
5408:
5404:
5400:
5396:
5392:
5388:
5381:
5378:
5373:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5355:
5351:
5347:
5343:
5339:
5332:
5329:
5324:
5320:
5315:
5310:
5305:
5300:
5296:
5292:
5288:
5284:
5280:
5273:
5270:
5264:
5259:
5255:
5251:
5247:
5240:
5237:
5232:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5214:
5210:
5206:
5202:
5198:
5191:
5189:
5187:
5185:
5183:
5181:
5179:
5177:
5175:
5173:
5169:
5164:
5160:
5156:
5152:
5148:
5141:
5138:
5132:
5127:
5123:
5119:
5115:
5111:
5107:
5100:
5097:
5092:
5086:
5077:
5072:
5068:
5064:
5061:(3): Q03005.
5060:
5056:
5052:
5045:
5042:
5037:
5033:
5029:
5025:
5021:
5017:
5013:
5009:
5005:
5001:
4997:
4990:
4987:
4982:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4964:
4960:
4956:
4952:
4948:
4941:
4938:
4933:
4929:
4925:
4921:
4917:
4913:
4909:
4905:
4901:
4897:
4893:
4886:
4883:
4878:
4874:
4870:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4852:
4848:
4844:
4840:
4836:
4832:
4828:
4824:
4820:
4813:
4810:
4805:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4787:
4783:
4779:
4775:
4771:
4767:
4763:
4759:
4755:
4748:
4745:
4740:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4712:
4708:
4704:
4700:
4696:
4689:
4687:
4683:
4678:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4660:
4656:
4652:
4648:
4644:
4640:
4636:
4629:
4626:
4621:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4593:
4589:
4585:
4578:
4575:
4570:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4552:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4534:
4530:
4526:
4522:
4518:
4511:
4508:
4503:
4499:
4495:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4477:
4473:
4469:
4465:
4461:
4457:
4453:
4446:
4443:
4438:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4420:
4416:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4400:
4396:
4392:
4388:
4381:
4379:
4375:
4370:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4352:
4348:
4344:
4340:
4336:
4332:
4328:
4324:
4320:
4313:
4310:
4305:
4301:
4297:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4279:
4275:
4271:
4267:
4263:
4256:
4253:
4248:
4244:
4240:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4222:
4218:
4214:
4210:
4206:
4199:
4196:
4191:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4155:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4132:
4129:
4124:
4120:
4116:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4088:
4084:
4080:
4076:
4072:
4064:
4061:
4056:
4050:
4042:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3991:
3989:
3987:
3985:
3983:
3981:
3977:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3938:
3934:
3930:
3926:
3922:
3914:
3912:
3908:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3869:
3865:
3861:
3854:
3851:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3818:
3815:(5773): 548.
3814:
3810:
3807:
3800:
3797:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3766:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3736:
3734:
3730:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3678:
3671:
3668:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3621:
3614:
3611:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3557:
3554:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3500:
3497:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3445:
3443:
3439:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3374:
3372:
3370:
3368:
3366:
3364:
3360:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3316:
3313:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3259:
3257:
3253:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3217:
3214:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3199:3-8053-0429-3
3195:
3191:
3190:
3182:
3179:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3143:
3141:
3137:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3101:
3098:
3088:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3059:
3056:
3051:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2994:
2992:
2990:
2986:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2926:
2923:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2904:
2900:
2899:
2891:
2888:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2844:
2841:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2789:
2786:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2771:0-906515-67-X
2767:
2763:
2762:
2754:
2752:
2750:
2746:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2692:
2689:
2678:on 2007-03-21
2677:
2673:
2671:0-9506133-6-3
2667:
2663:
2662:
2654:
2651:
2646:
2640:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2618:
2614:
2613:
2606:
2604:
2600:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2580:(4): 361–71.
2579:
2575:
2568:
2565:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2525:
2522:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2486:
2483:
2470:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2442:
2435:
2433:
2429:
2424:
2418:
2414:
2407:
2404:
2399:
2393:
2389:
2382:
2379:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2339:
2337:
2333:
2328:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2307:
2305:
2301:
2296:
2289:
2286:
2281:
2275:
2271:
2264:
2261:
2250:on 2007-08-21
2249:
2245:
2243:0-9506133-0-4
2239:
2235:
2231:
2224:
2221:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2169:
2166:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2114:
2111:
2106:
2104:0-521-65290-1
2100:
2096:
2092:
2085:
2083:
2079:
2074:
2070:
2069:
2061:
2059:
2055:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2023:
2020:
2015:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1961:
1958:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1940:
1932:
1929:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1905:
1898:
1895:
1890:
1884:
1875:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1843:
1840:
1835:
1829:
1814:
1807:
1800:
1798:
1794:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1766:(2): 230–59.
1765:
1761:
1754:
1752:
1748:
1743:
1736:
1728:
1725:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1697:(2): 153–68.
1696:
1692:
1685:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1668:
1665:
1654:
1653:
1645:
1642:
1637:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1569:
1562:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1540:consciousness
1537:
1536:Julian Jaynes
1533:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1496:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1478:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1462:
1461:magma chamber
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1445:
1440:
1436:
1428:
1425:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1399:
1397:
1392:
1390:
1386:
1380:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1359:Shang dynasty
1356:
1355:
1354:Bamboo Annals
1350:
1346:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1330:
1325:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1304:masonry. New
1303:
1297:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1279:
1274:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1246:
1239:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1224:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1141:
1138:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1076:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1029:
1025:
1023:
1017:
1013:
1011:
1005:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
979:
972:
969:
967:
963:
960:
959:
955:
952:
949:
946:
945:
941:
938:
935:
932:
931:
928:
924:
921:
919:
915:
912:
911:
907:
904:
902:
898:
895:
894:
890:
887:
884:
881:
880:
876:
873:
870:
866:
863:
862:
856:
852:
850:
845:
842:
832:
829:
825:
822:
820:
817:
813:
810:
809:
806:
802:
799:
797:
793:
790:
789:
785:
782:
779:
776:
775:
771:
768:
765:
762:
759:
758:
754:
751:
748:
745:
744:
740:
737:
734:
731:
730:
726:
722:
719:
716:
713:
712:
708:
705:
702:
698:
695:
694:
688:
686:
681:
677:
670:
668:
665:
661:
655:
653:
649:
644:
640:
636:
632:
631:Dynasty XVIII
628:
624:
620:
615:
613:
609:
605:
604:design styles
601:
600:Mediterranean
593:
591:
588:
584:
579:
575:
567:
565:
563:
558:
553:
551:
547:
543:
537:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
507:
505:
502:
492:
486:Geomorphology
485:
483:
481:
477:
473:
469:
461:
457:
453:
441:
429:
424:
420:
417:
409:
407:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
384:
380:
376:
369:
367:
365:
361:
357:
352:
350:
343:
335:
329:
322:
320:
318:
314:
310:
306:
305:Shang dynasty
302:
301:
300:Bamboo Annals
296:
295:Tempest Stele
292:
288:
283:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
252:paleotsunamis
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
228:Aegean island
225:
221:
194:
186:
182:
178:
174:
171:with related
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
148:
144:
139:
110:
106:
102:
99:
95:
92:
91:Ultra Plinian
89:
87:
83:
78:
72:
68:
65:
62:
58:
53:
49:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
7208:Megatsunamis
7122:Arthur Evans
7106:Minoan seals
7010:Kamares ware
6925:Mount Juktas
6905:Psychro Cave
6748:Hagia Triada
6683:
6669:Minoan seals
6590:
6556:
6548:the original
6542:
6532:
6518:. Retrieved
6514:
6493:
6484:
6459:
6455:
6423:(1): 15487.
6420:
6416:
6401:. Retrieved
6397:
6374:
6363:. Retrieved
6358:
6354:
6313:
6302:
6279:
6273:
6261:. Retrieved
6257:
6247:
6238:
6216:
6210:
6202:
6188:
6182:
6173:
6167:
6148:
6142:
6123:
6117:
6088:
6084:
6067:
6062:
6043:
6037:
6026:. Retrieved
6022:the original
6017:
6007:
5993:cite journal
5968:
5964:
5958:
5939:
5933:
5924:
5918:
5909:
5903:
5894:
5888:
5861:
5823:
5817:
5808:
5802:
5775:
5743:
5737:
5710:
5672:
5666:
5641:
5637:
5627:
5594:
5590:
5580:
5527:
5523:
5513:
5475:(1): 57–68.
5472:
5468:
5394:
5390:
5380:
5345:
5341:
5331:
5314:2158/1279650
5286:
5282:
5272:
5253:
5249:
5239:
5204:
5200:
5154:
5150:
5140:
5116:(D21): n/a.
5113:
5109:
5099:
5085:cite journal
5058:
5054:
5044:
5003:
4999:
4989:
4954:
4950:
4940:
4899:
4895:
4885:
4829:(1): 12243.
4826:
4822:
4812:
4761:
4757:
4747:
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4698:
4642:
4638:
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4390:
4329:(1): 11841.
4326:
4322:
4312:
4269:
4265:
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4212:
4208:
4198:
4145:
4141:
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4078:
4074:
4063:
4049:cite journal
4004:
4000:
3928:
3924:
3867:
3863:
3853:
3812:
3808:
3799:
3748:
3744:
3683:
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3670:
3627:
3623:
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3509:
3499:
3458:
3454:
3388:
3384:
3329:
3325:
3315:
3272:
3268:
3230:
3227:Archaeometry
3226:
3216:
3188:
3181:
3156:
3153:Archaeometry
3152:
3117:(1): 17–82.
3114:
3110:
3100:
3090:, retrieved
3068:
3058:
3010:(1): 13785.
3007:
3003:
2939:
2935:
2925:
2897:
2890:
2857:
2853:
2843:
2802:
2798:
2788:
2760:
2705:
2701:
2691:
2680:. Retrieved
2676:the original
2660:
2653:
2611:
2577:
2573:
2567:
2534:
2530:
2524:
2491:
2485:
2474:. Retrieved
2454:(11): 1097.
2451:
2447:
2412:
2406:
2388:Supervolcano
2387:
2381:
2348:
2344:
2312:
2294:
2288:
2269:
2263:
2252:. Retrieved
2248:the original
2233:
2223:
2182:
2178:
2168:
2127:
2123:
2113:
2090:
2072:
2066:
2032:
2028:
2022:
1977:
1973:
1960:
1943:
1939:archaeometry
1937:
1931:
1914:
1910:
1897:
1883:cite journal
1856:
1852:
1842:
1817:. Retrieved
1812:
1763:
1759:
1741:
1727:
1694:
1690:
1684:
1676:
1667:
1656:. Retrieved
1651:
1644:
1593:
1589:
1534:hypothesis,
1529:
1505:
1493:
1488:'s story of
1480:
1442:
1432:
1400:
1393:
1382:
1367:five cereals
1352:
1342:
1332:
1326:
1298:
1283:
1278:Marine Style
1277:
1268:Minoan Crete
1251:
1225:
1221:
1096:narrow ring
1026:
1018:
1014:
1006:
983:
965:
917:
900:
853:
846:
837:
830:
827:
818:
815:
804:
795:
674:
656:
639:Shaft Graves
635:Thutmose III
616:
597:
571:
554:
538:
522:stratosphere
511:
497:
480:megatsunamis
433:
413:
385:
381:
377:
373:
364:volcanic ash
353:
345:
315:, after the
298:
284:
219:
217:
73:c. 1600 BCE
29:
7000:Stirrup jar
6895:Arkalochori
6888:Sanctuaries
6854:Nea Roumata
6798:Monastiraki
6758:Palaikastro
6741:Settlements
6529:Page, D. L.
6487:(4): 93–96.
6258:Bad Ancient
5971:(1): 1–14.
5942:. Peeters.
4764:(1): 6994.
4456:Radiocarbon
4266:Radiocarbon
4209:Radiocarbon
4142:Radiocarbon
4075:Radiocarbon
3925:Radiocarbon
3864:Radiocarbon
3745:Radiocarbon
3624:Radiocarbon
3567:Radiocarbon
3510:Radiocarbon
3416:10023/20465
3385:Radiocarbon
3269:Radiocarbon
2860:(1): 1–19.
2472:. 1525-2027
2035:(1): 1–14.
1596:(1): 2497.
1435:Titanomachy
1345:Xia dynasty
1294:Palaikastro
664:lower bound
643:New Kingdom
594:Archaeology
508:Volcanology
248:earthquakes
234:circa 1600
173:earthquakes
133: /
7248:The Exodus
7152:Categories
6935:Traostalos
6879:Yerokambos
6808:Vathypetro
6654:Minoan art
6520:2024-02-19
6403:2024-02-19
6365:2008-04-21
6344:Bietak, M.
6263:August 30,
6028:2007-03-10
5201:PNAS Nexus
4645:(1): 704.
4485:1893/31644
4173:1893/30975
4106:1893/19275
3954:10289/3622
3774:10289/3690
3092:2023-01-19
2682:2007-03-10
2476:2011-04-24
2254:2007-03-10
1819:2007-05-29
1658:2008-03-16
1563:References
1512:Israelites
1508:the Exodus
1502:The Exodus
1422:See also:
1408:Hatshepsut
1363:three suns
1228:stalagmite
1211:Tree ring
1185:Tree ring
1172:Tree ring
1119:Tree ring
1093:Tree ring
1080:Tree ring
1054:Tree ring
1010:frost ring
578:Bronze Age
562:Nile Delta
476:ignimbrite
404:Common Era
360:Nea Kameni
336:Background
121:25°24′00″E
118:36°24′36″N
109:Aegean Sea
6910:Atsipades
6859:Odigitria
6834:Apesokari
6813:Zominthos
6502:2037-738X
6476:134246887
6361:: 199–222
6109:162153296
5985:162024484
5644:: 58–66.
5619:0305-4403
5554:1932-6203
5497:0033-5894
5421:0027-8424
5372:1814-9324
5323:1866-3516
5250:Antiquity
5163:0143-2826
5157:: 10–20.
5028:1476-4687
4981:129912286
4924:1476-4687
4851:2045-2322
4786:2045-2322
4659:2045-2322
4551:0027-8424
4502:223647996
4494:0033-8222
4419:2375-2548
4351:2045-2322
4304:219096499
4296:0033-8222
4247:225767707
4239:0033-8222
4190:216122941
4182:0033-8222
4115:0033-8222
3963:0033-8222
3902:128115581
3894:0033-8222
3829:0036-8075
3783:0033-8222
3708:0036-8075
3662:128394089
3654:0033-8222
3605:129016703
3597:0033-8222
3548:129260188
3540:0033-8222
3483:1476-4687
3433:216215614
3425:0033-8222
3354:130142259
3346:0003-598X
3326:Antiquity
3307:220703729
3299:0033-8222
3247:0003-813X
3173:0003-813X
3131:1743-1700
3032:2045-2322
2980:206526496
2964:0036-8075
2917:743803162
2882:161410518
2874:0022-2968
2827:1476-4687
2732:1476-4687
2639:cite book
2631:820828357
2373:129906882
2215:129937513
2207:0016-7649
2152:1476-4687
2049:162024484
1923:1867-4402
1917:: 37–48.
1788:131663534
1719:129836887
1618:2041-1723
1449:Anatolian
1208:1524 BCE
1198:Ice core
1195:1539 BCE
1182:1544 BCE
1169:1546 BCE
1156:1555 BCE
1146:Ice core
1143:1558 BCE
1129:1561 BCE
1116:1597 BCE
1106:Ice core
1103:1611 BCE
1090:1619 BCE
1077:1649 BCE
1064:1654 BCE
990:tree ring
970:IntCal20
953:IntCal20
939:IntCal20
922:IntCal20
905:IntCal20
841:bomb peak
823:IntCal13
800:IntCal09
783:IntCal09
766:IntCal04
752:IntCal04
738:INTCAL98
627:seriation
612:seriation
530:embayment
370:Magnitude
356:Aspronisi
254:. With a
101:Santorini
7115:See also
7086:Linear B
7081:Linear A
7015:Kouloura
6940:Vrysinas
6930:Petsofas
6844:Kamilari
6803:Vasiliki
6773:Troullos
6717:Phaistos
6531:(1970).
6515:Phys.org
6494:Pasiphae
6485:Pasiphae
6447:34326405
6398:Phys.org
6346:(2004).
6310:(1976).
6095:: 1–28.
5572:27409585
5524:PLOS ONE
5505:14654597
5439:32229554
5231:36713327
4869:26206616
4804:37117199
4795:10147620
4739:36126026
4699:PLOS ONE
4677:33436660
4620:34969845
4569:32753551
4437:32206721
4369:30093696
4041:30116779
3971:12608574
3845:35908442
3837:16645088
3791:38359692
3724:21557268
3716:16645092
3050:32807792
2972:20558717
2780:21759588
2014:32291333
1968:(2020).
1636:37120623
1627:10148807
1546:See also
1495:Atlantis
1490:Atlantis
1471:Atlantis
1444:Theogony
1389:Ahmose I
1314:Phaistos
1254:Akrotiri
1240:Akrotiri
1043:Records
986:ice core
725:Akrotiri
652:Ahmose I
585:and the
576:for the
460:tsunamis
410:Sequence
323:Eruption
266:. Since
177:tsunamis
165:Akrotiri
105:Cyclades
97:Location
7074:Writing
6900:Kamares
6869:Phylaki
6864:Phourni
6849:Koumasa
6788:Amnisos
6778:Trypiti
6768:Gournia
6763:Kydonia
6732:Galatas
6712:Knossos
6705:Palaces
6438:8322394
6068:Science
5646:Bibcode
5599:Bibcode
5563:4943651
5532:Bibcode
5477:Bibcode
5430:7165418
5399:Bibcode
5350:Bibcode
5291:Bibcode
5222:9802406
5118:Bibcode
5063:Bibcode
5036:4318188
5008:Bibcode
4959:Bibcode
4932:4286911
4904:Bibcode
4877:2033932
4860:4513290
4831:Bibcode
4766:Bibcode
4730:9488803
4707:Bibcode
4668:7804959
4611:8740722
4560:7414178
4529:Bibcode
4464:Bibcode
4428:7080444
4399:Bibcode
4360:6085306
4331:Bibcode
4274:Bibcode
4217:Bibcode
4150:Bibcode
4123:4976475
4083:Bibcode
4032:6093623
4009:Bibcode
3933:Bibcode
3872:Bibcode
3809:Science
3753:Bibcode
3688:Bibcode
3680:Science
3632:Bibcode
3575:Bibcode
3518:Bibcode
3491:4359049
3463:Bibcode
3393:Bibcode
3277:Bibcode
3208:7506121
3041:7431540
3012:Bibcode
2944:Bibcode
2936:Science
2835:4285103
2807:Bibcode
2740:4368792
2710:Bibcode
2582:Bibcode
2559:4361493
2539:Bibcode
2516:4043371
2496:Bibcode
2456:Bibcode
2353:Bibcode
2187:Bibcode
2160:4210868
2132:Bibcode
2075:: 1095.
2005:7183194
1982:Bibcode
1861:Bibcode
1768:Bibcode
1699:Bibcode
1598:Bibcode
1518:in the
1510:of the
1318:Galatas
888:Hd GOR
864:Source
849:Gordion
696:Source
542:Amnisos
470:flows,
349:caldera
60:Volcano
52:caldera
6874:Stylos
6829:Armeni
6793:Petras
6783:Lakkos
6753:Kommos
6727:Zakros
6647:Topics
6563:
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6474:
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2101:
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1675:, in:
1634:
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1439:Hesiod
1404:Hyksos
1322:Kommos
1310:Zakros
1302:ashlar
1290:Petras
1286:Minoan
1258:pumice
727:(VDL)
557:Turkey
440:pumice
428:pumice
416:tephra
268:tephra
161:Minoan
156:Impact
6915:Karfi
6822:Tombs
6722:Malia
6698:Sites
6472:S2CID
6351:(PDF)
6105:S2CID
5981:S2CID
5501:S2CID
5032:S2CID
4977:S2CID
4928:S2CID
4873:S2CID
4498:S2CID
4300:S2CID
4243:S2CID
4186:S2CID
4119:S2CID
3967:S2CID
3898:S2CID
3841:S2CID
3787:S2CID
3720:S2CID
3658:S2CID
3601:S2CID
3544:S2CID
3487:S2CID
3429:S2CID
3350:S2CID
3303:S2CID
2976:S2CID
2878:S2CID
2831:S2CID
2736:S2CID
2555:S2CID
2512:S2CID
2444:(PDF)
2369:S2CID
2211:S2CID
2156:S2CID
2045:S2CID
1907:(PDF)
1809:(PDF)
1784:S2CID
1738:(PDF)
1715:S2CID
1520:Bible
1516:Egypt
1514:from
1486:Plato
1385:Egypt
1349:China
1037:Date
927:Çeşme
546:Anafi
526:magma
472:lahar
287:plume
244:Crete
206:Thera
169:Crete
77:below
75:(see
64:Thera
6920:Modi
6561:ISBN
6498:ISSN
6443:PMID
6379:ISBN
6320:ISBN
6288:ISBN
6265:2023
6229:ISBN
6193:ISBN
6153:ISBN
6128:ISBN
6048:ISBN
5999:link
5944:ISBN
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5836:ISBN
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2960:ISSN
2913:OCLC
2903:ISBN
2870:ISSN
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2776:OCLC
2766:ISBN
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2666:ISBN
2645:link
2627:OCLC
2617:ISBN
2417:ISBN
2392:ISBN
2321:ISBN
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2203:ISSN
2148:ISSN
2099:ISBN
2010:PMID
1974:PNAS
1919:ISSN
1889:link
1834:link
1632:PMID
1614:ISSN
1453:Zeus
1320:and
1312:and
1260:and
1046:Ref
988:and
501:tuff
468:lava
454:and
289:and
250:and
218:The
175:and
86:Type
70:Date
6464:doi
6433:PMC
6425:doi
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6097:doi
5973:doi
5866:doi
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5715:doi
5677:doi
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5558:PMC
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5425:PMC
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5309:hdl
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