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arise when processing such large amounts of genetic data. Even with error rates as low as 1 per 100 kilobases, processing a human genome could have roughly 30,000 errors. This many errors, especially when trying to identify specific markers, can make discoveries and verifiability difficult. There are methods to overcome this, but they are computationally taxing and expensive. There are also issues from an effectiveness standpoint, as after the genome has been processed, function in the variations among genomes must be analyzed using genome-wide studies. While the impact of the SNPs discovered in these kinds of studies can be predicted, more work must be done to control for the vast amounts of variation that can occur because of the size of the genome being studied. In order to effectively move forward in this area, steps must be taken to ensure the data being analyzed is good, and a wider view must be taken in terms of analyzing multiple SNPs for a phenotype. The most pressing issue that the implementation of personalized medicine is to apply the results of genetic mapping to improve the healthcare system. This is not only due to the infrastructure and technology required for a centralized database of genome data, but also the physicians that would have access to these tools would likely be unable to fully take advantage of them. In order to truly implement a personalized medicine healthcare system, there must be an end-to-end change.
1523:, which estimate traits such as disease risk by summing the estimated effects of individual variants discovered through a GWAS. These have been used for a wide variety of conditions, such as cancer, diabetes, and coronary artery disease. Many genetic variants are associated with ancestry, and it remains a challenge to both generate accurate estimates and to decouple biologically relevant variants from those that are coincidentally associated. Estimates generated from one population do not usually transfer well to others, requiring sophisticated methods and more diverse and global data. Most studies have used data from those with European ancestry, leading to calls for more equitable genomics practices to reduce health disparities. Additionally, while polygenic scores have some predictive accuracy, their interpretations are limited to estimating an individual's
1516:) technologies, molecular-scale information about patients can be easily obtained. These so-called molecular biomarkers have proven powerful in disease prognosis, such as with cancer. The main three areas of cancer prediction fall under cancer recurrence, cancer susceptibility and cancer survivability. Combining molecular scale information with macro-scale clinical data, such as patients' tumor type and other risk factors, significantly improves prognosis. Consequently, given the use of molecular biomarkers, especially genomics, cancer prognosis or prediction has become very effective, especially when screening a large population. Essentially, population genomics screening can be used to identify people at risk for disease, which can assist in preventative efforts.
1111:, and silica nanoparticles. Alteration of surface chemistry allows these nanoparticles to be loaded with drugs, as well as to avoid the body's immune response, making nanoparticle-based theranostics possible. Nanocarriers' targeting strategies are varied according to the disease. For example, if the disease is cancer, a common approach is to identify the biomarker expressed on the surface of cancer cells and to load its associated targeting vector onto nanocarrier to achieve recognition and binding; the size scale of the nanocarriers will also be engineered to reach the
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As more causes of diseases are mapped out according to mutations that exist within a genome, the easier they can be identified in an individual. Measures can then be taken to prevent a disease from developing. Even if mutations were found within a genome, having the details of their DNA can reduce the impact or delay the onset of certain diseases. Having the genetic content of an individual will allow better guided decisions in determining the source of the disease and thus treating it or preventing its progression. This will be extremely useful for diseases like
1000:
the final stages of a clinical trial. Being able to identify patients who will benefit most from a clinical trial will increase the safety of patients from adverse outcomes caused by the product in testing, and will allow smaller and faster trials that lead to lower overall costs. In addition, drugs that are deemed ineffective for the larger population can gain approval by the FDA by using personal genomes to qualify the effectiveness and need for that specific drug or therapy even though it may only be needed by a small percentage of the population.,
914:, its rate of adverse events is among the highest of all commonly prescribed drugs. However, with the discovery of polymorphic variants in CYP2C9 and VKORC1 genotypes, two genes that encode the individual anticoagulant response, physicians can use patients' gene profile to prescribe optimum doses of warfarin to prevent side effects such as major bleeding and to allow sooner and better therapeutic efficacy. The pharmacogenomic process for discovery of genetic variants that predict adverse events to a specific drug has been termed
613:(possibly in combination) to address that individual patient's disease process. The patient's response is then tracked as closely as possible, often using surrogate measures such as tumor load (versus true outcomes, such as five-year survival rate), and the treatment finely adapted to the patient's response. The branch of precision medicine that addresses cancer is referred to as "precision oncology". The field of precision medicine that is related to psychiatric disorders and mental health is called "precision psychiatry."
49:
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occurring genes cannot be patented, while "synthetic DNA" that is edited or artificially- created can still be patented. The Patent Office is currently reviewing a number of issues related to patent laws for personalised medicine, such as whether "confirmatory" secondary genetic tests post initial diagnosis, can have full immunity from patent laws. Those who oppose patents argue that patents on DNA sequences are an impediment to ongoing research while proponents point to
894:, which uses an individual's genome to provide a more informed and tailored drug prescription. Often, drugs are prescribed with the idea that it will work relatively the same for everyone, but in the application of drugs, there are a number of factors that must be considered. The detailed account of genetic information from the individual will help prevent adverse events, allow for appropriate dosages, and create maximum efficacy with drug prescriptions. For instance,
218:
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providing the data to be used is of prominent concern as well. In 2008, the
Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act (GINA) was passed in an effort to minimize the fear of patients participating in genetic research by ensuring that their genetic information will not be misused by employers or insurers. On February 19, 2015, FDA issued a press release titled: "FDA permits marketing of first direct-to-consumer genetic carrier test for Bloom syndrome.
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prevent disease and to treat it with precision when it occurs. The concepts of personalised health care are receiving increasing acceptance with the
Veterans Administration committing to personalised, proactive patient driven care for all veterans. In some instances personalised health care can be tailored to the markup of the disease causing agent instead of the patient's genetic markup; examples are drug resistant bacteria or viruses.
1675:, took two different diagnostic tests which are BRACAnalysis and Oncotype DX. These tests have over ten-day turnaround times which results in the tests failing and delays in treatments. Patients are not being reimbursed for these delays which results in tests not being ordered. Ultimately, this leads to patients having to pay out-of-pocket for treatments because insurance companies do not want to accept the risks involved.
682:" (GWAS). A GWAS study will look at one disease, and then sequence the genome of many patients with that particular disease to look for shared mutations in the genome. Mutations that are determined to be related to a disease by a GWAS study can then be used to diagnose that disease in future patients, by looking at their genome sequence to find that same mutation. The first GWAS, conducted in 2005, studied patients with
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983:. This technology is an assay that is developed during or after a drug is made available on the market and is helpful in enhancing the therapeutic treatment available based on the individual. These companion diagnostics have incorporated the pharmacogenomic information related to the drug into their prescription label in an effort to assist in making the most optimal treatment decision possible for the patient.
727:-based precision medicine to cohorts of individuals with undiagnosed disease has yielded a diagnosis rate ~35% with ~1 in 5 of newly diagnosed receiving recommendations regarding changes in therapy. It has been suggested that until pharmacogenetics becomes further developed and able to predict individual treatment responses, the N-of-1 trials are the best method of identifying patients responding to treatments.
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764:. For example, the presence of multiple entry fields with values entered by multiple observers can create distortions in the ways data is understood and interpreted. A 2020 paper showed that training machine learning models in a population-specific fashion (i.e. training models specifically for Black cancer patients) can yield significantly superior performance than population-agnostic models.
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513:, with medical decisions, treatments, practices, or products being tailored to a subgroup of patients, instead of a oneâdrugâfitsâall model. In precision medicine, diagnostic testing is often employed for selecting appropriate and optimal therapies based on the context of a patient's genetic content or other molecular or cellular analysis. Tools employed in precision medicine can include
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patient care, enable cost-effectiveness, and reduce readmission and mortality rates. A 2021 paper reported that machine learning was able to predict the outcomes of Phase III clinical trials (for treatment of prostate cancer) with 76% accuracy. This suggests that clinical trial data could provide a practical source for machine learning-based tools for precision medicine.
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887:, have created Direct-to-Consumer genome sequencing accessible to the public. Having this information from individuals can then be applied to effectively treat them. An individual's genetic make-up also plays a large role in how well they respond to a certain treatment, and therefore, knowing their genetic content can change the type of treatment they receive.
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body. Many different aspects of precision medicine are tested in research settings (e.g., proteome, microbiome), but in routine practice not all available inputs are used. The ability to practice precision medicine is also dependent on the knowledge bases available to assist clinicians in taking action based on test results. Early studies applying
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diagnosis. However, initial symptoms are nonspecific, and the clinical diagnosis is made late frequently. Over the last few years, personalized medicine has emerged as a medical care approach that uses novel technology aiming to personalize treatments according to the particular patient's medical needs. In specific,
791:. A short-term goal of this initiative was to expand cancer genomics to develop better prevention and treatment methods. In the long term, the Precision Medicine Initiative aimed to build a comprehensive scientific knowledge base by creating a national network of scientists and embarking on a national
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that binds to the receptors inside that organ to achieve organ-targeting drug delivery and avoid non-specific uptake. Despite the great potential of this nanoparticle-based drug delivery system, the significant progress in the field is yet to be made, and the nanocarriers are still being investigated
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Physicians commonly use a trial and error strategy until they find the treatment therapy that is most effective for their patient. With personalized medicine, these treatments can be more specifically tailored by predicting how an individual's body will respond and if the treatment will work based on
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of the
Precision Medicine Initiative read: "To enable a new era of medicine through research, technology, and policies that empower patients, researchers, and providers to work together toward development of individualized treatments". In 2016 this initiative was renamed to "All of Us" and by January
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are used for genomic sequence and to analyze and draw inferences from the vast amounts of data patients and healthcare institutions recorded in every moment. AI techniques are used in precision cardiovascular medicine to understand genotypes and phenotypes in existing diseases, improve the quality of
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or found to be non-responsive towards certain treatments. This includes the psychological effects on patients due to genetic testing results. The right of family members who do not directly consent is another issue, considering that genetic predispositions and risks are inheritable. The implications
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Reimbursement policies will have to be redefined to fit the changes that personalised medicine will bring to the healthcare system. Some of the factors that should be considered are the level of efficacy of various genetic tests in the general population, cost-effectiveness relative to benefits, how
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and advanced analytical techniques. Respiratory proteomics has made significant progress in the development of personalized medicine for supporting health care in recent years. For example, in a study conducted by
Lazzari et al. in 2012, the proteomics-based approach has made substantial improvement
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In addition to specific treatment, personalised medicine can greatly aid the advancements of preventive care. For instance, many women are already being genotyped for certain mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene if they are predisposed because of a family history of breast cancer or ovarian cancer.
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The use of the term "precision medicine" can extend beyond treatment selection to also cover creating unique medical products for particular individualsâfor example, "...patient-specific tissue or organs to tailor treatments for different people." Hence, the term in practice has so much overlap with
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Precision medicine refers to the tailoring of medical treatment to the individual characteristics of each patient. It does not literally mean the creation of drugs or medical devices that are unique to a patient, but rather the ability to classify individuals into subpopulations that differ in their
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Consequently, if the designed algorithms for personalized medicine are biased, then the outcome of the algorithm will also be biased because of the lack of genetic testing in certain populations. For instance, the results from the
Framingham Heart Study have led to biased outcomes of predicting the
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As personalised medicine is practiced more widely, a number of challenges arise. The current approaches to intellectual property rights, reimbursement policies, patient privacy, data biases and confidentiality as well as regulatory oversight will have to be redefined and restructured to accommodate
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is another application of personalised medicine. Though not necessarily using genetic information, the customized production of a drug whose various properties (e.g. dose level, ingredient selection, route of administration, etc.) are selected and crafted for an individual patient is accepted as an
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Having an individual's genomic information can be significant in the process of developing drugs as they await approval from the FDA for public use. Having a detailed account of an individual's genetic make-up can be a major asset in deciding if a patient can be chosen for inclusion or exclusion in
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for a particular disease, based on one or even several genes. This approach uses the same sequencing technology to focus on the evaluation of disease risk, allowing the physician to initiate preventive treatment before the disease presents itself in their patient. For example, if it is found that a
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The concepts of personalised medicine can be applied to new and transformative approaches to health care. Personalised health care is based on the dynamics of systems biology and uses predictive tools to evaluate health risks and to design personalised health plans to help patients mitigate risks,
590:, can show which RNA molecules are involved with specific diseases. Unlike DNA, levels of RNA can change in response to the environment. Therefore, sequencing RNA can provide a broader understanding of a person's state of health. Recent studies have linked genetic differences between individuals to
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Several issues must be addressed before personalized medicine can be implemented. Very little of the human genome has been analyzed, and even if healthcare providers had access to a patient's full genetic information, very little of it could be effectively leveraged into treatment. Challenges also
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As with any innovation in medicine, investment and interest in personalised medicine is influenced by intellectual property rights. There has been a lot of controversy regarding patent protection for diagnostic tools, genes, and biomarkers. In June 2013, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that natural
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susceptibility to a particular disease, in the biology or prognosis of those diseases they may develop, or in their response to a specific treatment. Preventive or therapeutic interventions can then be concentrated on those who will benefit, sparing expense and side effects for those who will not.
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sequencing. While precision medicine currently individualizes treatment mainly on the basis of genomic tests (e.g. Oncotype DX), several promising technology modalities are being developed, from techniques combining spectrometry and computational power to real-time imaging of drug effects in the
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Moreover, we could refer to the privacy issue at all layers of personalized medicine from discovery to treatment. One of the leading issues is the consent of the patients to have their information used in genetic testing algorithms primarily AI algorithms. The consent of the institution who is
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Respiratory diseases affect humanity globally, with chronic lung diseases (e.g., asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, among others) and lung cancer causing extensive morbidity and mortality. These conditions are highly heterogeneous and require an early
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Precision medicine helps health care providers better understand the many thingsâincluding environment, lifestyle, and heredityâthat play a role in a patient's health, disease, or condition. This information lets them more accurately predict which treatments will be most effective and safe, or
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One active area of research is efficiently delivering personalized drugs generated from pharmacy compounding to the disease sites of the body. For instance, researchers are trying to engineer nanocarriers that can precisely target the specific site by using real-time imaging and analyzing the
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the changes personalised medicine will bring to healthcare. For instance, a survey performed in the UK concluded that 63% of UK adults are not comfortable with their personal data being used for the sake of utilizing AI in the medical field. Furthermore, the analysis of acquired diagnostic
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set up FutureProofing
Healthcare which produces a Personalised Health Index, rating different countries performance against 27 different indicators of personalised health across four categories called 'Vital Signs'. They have run conferences in many countries to examine their findings.
1393:, or genetic diversity within a single tumor. Among other prospects, these discoveries raise the possibility of finding that drugs that have not given good results applied to a general population of cases may yet be successful for a proportion of cases with particular genetic profiles.
1437:. Its main use is to treat certain breast cancers. This drug is only used if a patient's cancer is tested for over-expression of the HER2/neu receptor. Two tissue-typing tests are used to screen patients for possible benefit from Herceptin treatment. The tissue tests are
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Advances in personalised medicine will create a more unified treatment approach specific to the individual and their genome. Personalised medicine may provide better diagnoses with earlier intervention, and more efficient drug development and more targeted therapies.
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Data biases also play an integral role in personalized medicine. It is important to ensure that the sample of genes being tested come from different populations. This is to ensure that the samples do not exhibit the same human biases we use in decision making.
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prior to its analysis. In the future, adequate tools will be required to accelerate the adoption of personalised medicine to further fields of medicine, which requires the interdisciplinary cooperation of experts from specific fields of research, such as
419:. The terms personalized medicine, precision medicine, stratified medicine and P4 medicine are used interchangeably to describe this concept, though some authors and organizations differentiate between these expressions based on particular nuances. P4 is
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in identifying multiple biomarkers of lung cancer that can be used in tailoring personalized treatments for individual patients. More and more studies have demonstrated the usefulness of proteomics to provide targeted therapies for respiratory disease.
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between chromosome 9 and chromosome 22) is present in >95% of cases and produces hyperactivated abl-driven protein signaling. These medications specifically inhibit the
Ableson tyrosine kinase (ABL) protein and are thus a prime example of
1258:. Proteins control the body's biological activities including health and disease, so proteomics is helpful in early diagnosis. In the case of respiratory disease, proteomics analyzes several biological samples including serum, blood cells,
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gene, a gene that encodes the metabolizing enzyme, were not able to efficiently break down
Tamoxifen, making it an ineffective treatment for them. Women are now genotyped for these specific mutations to select the most effective treatment.
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risk of cardiovascular disease. This is because the sample was tested only on white people and when applied to the non-white population, the results were biased with overestimation and underestimation risks of cardiovascular disease.
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The question of who benefits from publicly funded genomics is an important public health consideration, and attention is needed to ensure that implementation of genomic medicine does not further entrench socialâequity concerns.
586:, which ultimately leads to confirming disease. For example, personalised techniques such as genome sequencing can reveal mutations in DNA that influence diseases ranging from cystic fibrosis to cancer. Another method, called
690:, or SNPs), which were associated with ARMD. GWAS studies like this have been very successful in identifying common genetic variations associated with diseases. As of early 2014, over 1,300 GWAS studies have been completed.
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Perhaps the most critical issue with the commercialization of personalised medicine is the protection of patients. One of the largest issues is the fear and potential consequences for patients who are predisposed after
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medicine) are analogous, applying a person's genetic profile to guide clinical decisions about the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of a disease. Personalized medicine is established on discoveries from the
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to deal with payment systems for extremely rare conditions, and how to redefine the insurance concept of "shared risk" to incorporate the effect of the newer concept of "individual risk factors". The study,
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their genome. This has been summarized as "therapy with the right drug at the right dose in the right patient." Such an approach would also be more cost-effective and accurate. For instance,
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Saglio G, Morotti A, Mattioli G, et al. (December 2004). "Rational approaches to the design of therapeutics targeting molecular markers: the case of chronic myelogenous leukemia".
571:. Although most of the variation between individuals has no effect on health, an individual's health stems from genetic variation with behaviors and influences from the environment.
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An overall process of personalized cancer therapy. Genome sequencing will allow for a more accurate and personalized drug prescription and a targeted therapy for different patients.
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1625:," in which they outlined steps they would have to take to integrate genetic and biomarker information for clinical use and drug development. These included developing specific
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and stress that patents are necessary to entice and protect the financial investments required for commercial research and the development and advancement of services offered.
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High mutation burden is indicative of response to immunotherapy, and also specific patterns of mutations have been associated with previous exposure to cytotoxic cancer drugs.
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or customized devices. It can also prevent harmful drug interactions, increase overall efficiency when prescribing medications, and reduce costs associated with healthcare.
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Soni A, Gowthamarajan K, Radhakrishnan A (March 2018). "Personalized
Medicine and Customized Drug Delivery Systems: The New Trend of Drug Delivery and Disease Management".
453:(NAE), personalized medicine has been identified as a key and prospective approach to "achieve optimal individual health decisions", therefore overcoming the challenge to "
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5109:"Changes in plasma mass-spectral profile in course of treatment of non-small cell lung cancer patients with epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors"
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554:"personalized medicine" that they are often used interchangeably, even though the latter is sometimes misterpreted as involving a unique treatment for each individual.
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used to be a drug commonly prescribed to women with ER+ breast cancer, but 65% of women initially taking it developed resistance. After research by people such as
3905:"Computationally Derived Image Signature of Stromal Morphology Is Prognostic of Prostate Cancer Recurrence Following Prostatectomy in African American Patients"
2006:
1115:(EPR) in tumor targeting. If the disease is localized in the specific organ, such as the kidney, the surface of the nanocarriers can be coated with a certain
430:, the usage of the term has risen in recent years thanks to the development of new diagnostic and informatics approaches that provide an understanding of the
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Wang J, Poon C, Chin D, et al. (1 October 2018). "Design and in vivo characterization of kidney-targeting multimodal micelles for renal drug delivery".
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The ability to provide precision medicine to patients in routine clinical settings depends on the availability of molecular profiling tests, e.g. individual
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635:, differentially from person to person. As the theoretical basis of precision medicine, the "unique disease principle" emerged to embrace the ubiquitous
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Fujii K, Nakamura H, Nishimura T (April 2017). "Recent mass spectrometry-based proteomics for biomarker discovery in lung cancer, COPD, and asthma".
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Telli ML, Hunt SA, Carlson RW, et al. (August 2007). "Trastuzumab-related cardiotoxicity: calling into question the concept of reversibility".
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1637:. An example of the latter category they were working on is a "genomic reference library", aimed at improving quality and reliability of different
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1266:(NLF), sputum, among others. The identification and quantification of complete protein expression from these biological samples are conducted by
1649:. The new technology must be assessed for both clinical and cost effectiveness, and as of 2013, regulatory agencies had no standardized method.
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2804:"Genomic signatures defining responsiveness to allopurinol and combination therapy for lung cancer identified by systems therapeutics analyses"
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Multiple genes collectively influence the likelihood of developing many common and complex diseases. Personalised medicine can also be used to
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Breckenridge A, Orme M, Wesseling H, et al. (April 1974). "Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the enantiomers of warfarin in man".
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3149:"Discovery of colorectal cancer PIK3CA mutation as potential predictive biomarker: power and promise of molecular pathological epidemiology"
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871:. By having a detailed account of an individual's DNA sequence, their genome can then be compared to a reference genome, like that of the
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Having the ability to look at a patient on an individual basis will allow for a more accurate diagnosis and specific treatment plan.
654:. The unique disease principle was first described in neoplastic diseases as the unique tumor principle. As the exposome is a common
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1900:
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Baldus SE, Engelmann K, Hanisch FG (1 January 2004). "MUC1 and the MUCs: a family of human mucins with impact in cancer biology".
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Stratified, personalized or P4 medicine: a new direction for placing the patient at the center of healthcare and health education
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companies are currently utilizing these technologies to not only advance the study of personalised medicine, but also to amplify
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5988:"Regulation, reimbursement, and the long road of implementation of personalized medicine--a perspective from the United States"
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Priyadharshini VS, Teran LM (2020). "Role of respiratory proteomics in precision medicine". In
Faintuch J, Faintuch S (eds.).
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Pandey S, Giovenzana GB, Szikra D, et al. (2021). "Chapter 11. Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Driven Theranostics".
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3051:"Molecular pathological epidemiology of epigenetics: emerging integrative science to analyze environment, host, and disease"
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5659:"Ancestry deconvolution and partial polygenic score can improve susceptibility predictions in recently admixed individuals"
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875:, to assess the existing genetic variations that can account for possible diseases. A number of private companies, such as
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707:, this individual can begin lifestyle changes that will lessen their chances of developing Type 2 Diabetes later in life.
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characteristics. The use of genetic information has played a major role in certain aspects of personalized medicine (e.g.
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In order for physicians to know if a mutation is connected to a certain disease, researchers often do a study called a "
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6191:"Race/Ethnic Differences in the Associations of the Framingham Risk Factors with Carotid IMT and Cardiovascular Events"
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A tool that is being used now to test efficacy and safety of a drug specific to a targeted patient group/sub-group is
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On the treatment side, PM can involve the use of customized medical products such drug cocktails produced by pharmacy
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485:), and the term was first coined in the context of genetics, though it has since broadened to encompass all sorts of
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2696:"Improved prediction of response to antiretroviral combination therapy using the genetic barrier to drug resistance"
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5610:"Genome-wide polygenic scores for common diseases identify individuals with risk equivalent to monogenic mutations"
2010:
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3539:"Averaged versus individualized: pragmatic N-of-1 design as a method to investigate individual treatment response"
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Precision Medicine: Harnessing the Extraordinary Growth in Medical Data for Personalized Diagnosis and Treatment
2547:"Integrative analysis of RNA, translation, and protein levels reveals distinct regulatory variation across humans"
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5716:"Theoretical and empirical quantification of the accuracy of polygenic scores in ancestry divergent populations"
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is a recent challenge of personalized medicine and its implementation. For example, genetic data obtained from
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5285:"Pan-cancer analysis of advanced patient tumours reveals interactions between therapy and genomic landscapes"
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Toward Precision Medicine: Building a Knowledge Network for Biomedical Research and a New Taxonomy of Disease
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has discovered a great deal about the genetic variety of types of cancer that appear the same in traditional
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2134:"What is the difference between precision medicine and personalized medicine? What about pharmacogenomics?"
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Modern advances in personalized medicine rely on technology that confirms a patient's fundamental biology,
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686:(ARMD). It found two different mutations, each containing only a variation in only one nucleotide (called
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Church D, Kerr R, Domingo E, et al. (June 2014). "'Toxgnostics': an unmet need in cancer medicine".
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Priyadharshini VS, Teran LM (2016). "Personalized Medicine in Respiratory Disease: Role of Proteomics".
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3361:"Developing genomic knowledge bases and databases to support clinical management: current perspectives"
2498:"Characterizing the genetic basis of transcriptome diversity through RNA-sequencing of 922 individuals"
6154:(March 2018). "Targeted Supplemental Data Collection - Addressing the Quality-Measurement Conundrum".
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Piccart M, Lohrisch C, Di Leo A, et al. (2001). "The predictive value of HER2 in breast cancer".
4402:"Next-Generation Sequencing in Oncology: Genetic Diagnosis, Risk Prediction and Cancer Classification"
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platforms. A major challenge for those regulating personalized medicine is a way to demonstrate its
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possibly how to prevent the illness from starting in the first place. In addition, benefits are to:
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to analyze the cause of an individual patient's disease at the molecular level and then to utilize
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4557:"Paving the Way for Personalized Medicine: FDA's Role in a New Era of Medical Product Development"
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3100:"How many molecular subtypes? Implications of the unique tumor principle in personalized medicine"
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eliminate trial-and-error inefficiencies that inflate health care costs and undermine patient care
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for certain ethnic groups and presence of a common allele would also have to be considered.
1646:
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228:
2286:. National Human Genome Research Institute, US National Institutes of Health. 24 April 2024
2234:"Molecular characteristics and therapeutic vulnerabilities across paediatric solid tumours"
2161:. National Human Genome Research Institute, US National Institutes of Health. 24 April 2024
1482:, which looks at genes in individual patients' tumor biopsies and recommends specific drugs
1083:
model the relationships between drugs, their interactions, and an individual's biomarkers.
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is often employed for selecting appropriate and optimal therapies based on the patient's
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1596:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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4453:"Computational neuroscience approach to biomarkers and treatments for mental disorders"
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2350:"Changing medicine with 3-D bioprinting, where organs can be synthesized by technology"
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An aspect of a theranostic platform applied to personalized medicine can be the use of
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4871:
4064:"The Health 202: NIH wants 1 million Americans to contribute to new pool of gene data"
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1419:, particularly because of its implications in drug therapy. Examples of this include:
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4623:
3846:"Machine Learning Predicts Outcomes of Phase III Clinical Trials for Prostate Cancer"
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5158:"HER2/neu Status is an Important Biomarker in Guiding Personalized HER2/neu Therapy"
4296:
4212:
3612:
3239:
3198:"Complement factor H variant increases the risk of age-related macular degeneration"
2933:
2886:
2729:
2680:
2233:
2032:
Priyadharshini VS, Teran LM (2016). "Personalized Medicine in Respiratory Disease".
1959:
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Ashley EA (June 2015). "The precision medicine initiative: a new national effort".
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Lesko LJ (June 2007). "Personalized medicine: elusive dream or imminent reality?".
1617:(FDA) has started taking initiatives to integrate personalised medicine into their
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1155:
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1045:
792:
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6354:"Personalised and precise healthcare means a better quality of life for patients"
6215:
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5773:"Clinical use of current polygenic risk scores may exacerbate health disparities"
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7444:
7389:
7286:
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6934:
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6720:
6653:
3016:
2651:
Snyderman R (August 2012). "Personalized health care: from theory to practice".
2464:
2198:
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is the application of personalized medicine to cancer genomics. High-throughput
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1223:
1187:
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While the tailoring of treatment to patients dates back at least to the time of
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2034:
Chapter Five - Personalized Medicine in Respiratory Disease: Role of Proteomics
1445:(FISH) Only Her2+ patients will be treated with Herceptin therapy (trastuzumab)
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7156:
7106:
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7054:
6685:
6587:
6353:
6103:"Implementing Machine Learning in Health Care - Addressing Ethical Challenges"
5788:
5625:
5411:
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4807:"Future of Theranostics: An Outlook on Precision Oncology in Nuclear Medicine"
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4228:"Effect of VKORC1 haplotypes on transcriptional regulation and warfarin dose"
4075:
3928:
3564:
3490:"Effect of Genetic Diagnosis on Patients with Previously Undiagnosed Disease"
2869:
2852:
976:'s or cancers that are thought to be linked to certain mutations in our DNA.
7605:
7347:
7342:
7206:
7184:
7059:
7023:
6715:
6069:
6031:"Intellectual Property Issues Impacting the Future of Personalized Medicine"
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1005:
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6401:"Ireland performs poorly on international index of personalised healthcare"
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reduce the time, cost, and failure rate of pharmaceutical clinical trials
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40:
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5561:"Genome-wide Modeling of Polygenic Risk Score in Colorectal Cancer Risk"
3458:
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2619:
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is used to analyze a series of protein expressions, instead of a single
7590:
7050:
7018:
6911:
5904:
5902:
4562:. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). October 2013. Archived from
1562:
1309: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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3708:"What does Australia's investment in genomics mean for public health?"
3115:
3000:"Staging in bipolar disorder: one step closer to precision psychiatry"
1827:"Suffering, meaning, and healing: challenges of contemporary medicine"
27:
Medical model that tailors medical practices to the individual patient
5450:"Applications of machine learning in cancer prediction and prognosis"
4654:
1116:
1013:
568:
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80:
6379:"Building long term sustainable and personalised healthcare systems"
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Gijsberts CM, Groenewegen KA, Hoefer IE, et al. (2 July 2015).
5822:"Polygenic risk scores: from research tools to clinical instruments"
5512:"Early Lessons from the Implementation of Genomic Medicine Programs"
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3805:"Artificial Intelligence in Precision Cardiovascular Medicine"
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2023 Watch List: Top 10 Precision Medicine Technologies and Issues
5559:
Thomas M, Sakoda LC, Hoffmeister M, et al. (September 2020).
1723:
1404:
1159:
953:
867:
is the process of obtaining an individual's DNA sequence by using
724:
5025:
Precision Medicine for Investigators, Practitioners and Providers
4136:"Research Portfolio Online Reporting Tools: Human Genome Project"
3844:
Beacher FD, Mujica-Parodi LR, Gupta S, et al. (5 May 2021).
3488:
Splinter K, Adams DR, Bacino CA, et al. (29 November 2018).
3253:
1095:. Several candidate nanocarriers are being investigated, such as
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6054:"Barriers to the use of personalized medicine in breast cancer"
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4314:(October 2011). "Theranostics: combining imaging and therapy".
3782:"Artificial Intelligence and Blockchain for Precision Medicine"
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Belcher A, Mangelsdorf M, McDonald F, et al. (June 2019).
501:
Difference between precision medicine and personalized medicine
6052:
Weldon CB, Trosman JR, Gradishar WJ, et al. (July 2012).
5608:
Khera AV, Chaffin M, Aragam KG, et al. (September 2018).
3979:"Obama proposes 'precision medicine 'to end one-size-fits-all"
2596:"Variation and genetic control of protein abundance in humans"
1576:
1278:
1012:, it was discovered that women with certain mutation in their
930:
839:
avoid prescribing drugs with predictable negative side effects
783:
stated his intention to give $ 215 million of funding to the "
719:
579:
575:
423:
for "predictive, preventive, personalized and participatory".
75:
70:
5911:"Machine learning in medicine: Addressing ethical challenges"
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Lazzari C, Spreafico A, Bachi A, et al. (January 2012).
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4349:
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3324:"Oncotype DX: Genomic Test to Inform Breast Cancer Treatment"
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2231:
Jones DT, Banito A, GrĂźnewald TG, et al. (August 2019).
1673:
Barriers to the Use of Personalized Medicine in Breast Cancer
3903:
Bhargava HK, Leo P, Elliott R, et al. (15 April 2020).
1067:
area of personalised medicine (in contrast to mass-produced
6857:
4400:
Kamps R, BrandĂŁo RD, Bosch BJ, et al. (January 2017).
3196:
Haines JL, Hauser MA, Schmidt S, et al. (April 2005).
1621:. In October 2013, the agency published a report entitled "
1075:. Computational and mathematical approaches for predicting
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Martin AR, Kanai M, Kamatani Y, et al. (April 2019).
5283:
Pleasance E, Titmuss E, Williamson L, et al. (2020).
3749:"Expert Review of Precision Medicine and Drug Development"
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2545:
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2496:
Battle A, Mostafavi S, Zhu X, et al. (January 2014).
1800:"Many names for one concept or many concepts in one name?"
821:
shift the emphasis in medicine from reaction to prevention
4493:"Fact Sheet: BRCA1 and BRCA2: Cancer and Genetic Testing"
3803:
Krittanawong C, Zhang H, Wang Z, et al. (May 2017).
3677:"Personalized Medicine Benefits - The Jackson Laboratory"
3274:
Ashley EA, Butte AJ, Wheeler MT, et al. (May 2010).
2447:
Lu YF, Goldstein DB, Angrist M, et al. (July 2014).
2309:
Presidentâs Council of Advisors on Science and Technology
2180:
Lu YF, Goldstein DB, Angrist M, et al. (July 2014).
902:
commonly prescribed to patients with blood clots. Due to
760:
Precision medicine may be susceptible to subtle forms of
749:
is providing a paradigm shift toward precision medicine.
542:
President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology
6248:
Yngvadottir B, Macarthur DG, Jin H, et al. (2009).
4639:"Pharmacogenomics: the promise of personalized medicine"
4226:
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3254:"A Catalog of Published Genome-Wide Association Studies"
3049:
Ogino S, Lochhead P, Chan AT, et al. (April 2013).
1415:. Oncogenomics is one of the most promising branches of
1142:
for both imaging (diagnosis) and therapy. The term is a
964:
algorithms that weigh the result of testing for several
5657:
Marnetto D, Pärna K, Läll K, et al. (April 2020).
3445:
Ashley EA (August 2016). "Towards precision medicine".
2694:
Altmann A, Beerenwinkel N, Sing T, et al. (2007).
799:
to expand our understanding of health and disease. The
536:
In explaining the distinction from the similar term of
5018:
5016:
5014:
4905:"Radiotheranostics in Cancer Diagnosis and Management"
4903:
Jadvar H, Chen X, Cai W, et al. (February 2018).
2802:
Tavassoly I, Hu Y, Zhao S, et al. (August 2019).
7686:
6306:"Bioinformatics challenges for personalized medicine"
4856:"Radiotheranostics: a roadmap for future development"
4138:. National Institutes of Health (NIH). Archived from
3276:"Clinical assessment incorporating a personal genome"
1158:(either gamma or positron emitters) to molecules for
703:
DNA mutation increases a person's risk of developing
601:
Precision medicine often involves the application of
4985:
Advances in Protein Chemistry and Structural Biology
4162:"Genetics Home Reference: What is pharmacogenomics?"
2594:
Wu L, Candille SI, Choi Y, et al. (July 2013).
1407:
associated with cancer to better understand disease
7548:
7486:
7247:
7175:
7130:
7039:
6910:
6895:
6678:
6480:
6473:
4740:
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Compounding
3712:
Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health
2755:"Can we deconstruct cancer, one patient at a time?"
2449:"Personalized medicine and human genetic diversity"
2182:"Personalized medicine and human genetic diversity"
2084:Xie J, Lee S, Chen X (August 2010). Donev R (ed.).
1455:(marketed as Gleevec) have been developed to treat
620:is diverse, so as inter-personal difference in the
2232:
5883:. Personalized Medicine Coalition. Archived from
4112:. Personalized Medicine Coalition. Archived from
3659:"3D-Printed Medical Devices Spark FDA Evaluation"
2424:. Personalized Medicine Coalition. Archived from
2009:. Personalized Medicine Coalition. Archived from
1901:"Stratified, personalised, or precision medicine"
1594:. The reason given is: All sources are from 2013.
1020:Screening for these mutations is carried out via
567:Every person has a unique variation of the human
6299:
6297:
6295:
6033:. American Intellectual Property Law Association
5909:Vayena E, Blasimme A, Cohen IG (November 2018).
5400:Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences
4805:Langbein T, Weber WA, Eiber M (September 2019).
3580:"The Essential Guide to N-of-1 Trials in Health"
1475:" based on knowledge of disease pathophysiology.
624:, which influence disease processes through the
6576:Strategies for engineered negligible senescence
4041:"The White House Precision Medicine Initiative"
2851:Garraway LA, Verweij J, Ballman KV (May 2013).
546:
6250:"The promise and reality of personal genomics"
5875:
5873:
5871:
5869:
5867:
5714:Wang Y, Guo J, Ni G, et al. (July 2020).
3098:Ogino S, Fuchs CS, Giovannucci E (July 2012).
2398:
2396:
2394:
2392:
1979:"Grand Challenges - Engineer Better Medicines"
1389:. There has also been increasing awareness of
1154:". Its most common applications are attaching
906:'s significant interindividual variability in
6873:
6451:
3809:Journal of the American College of Cardiology
2416:
2414:
1242:sample on a sample carrier to be analyzed by
1182:. Other examples include radio-labelled anti-
1174:. One of the earliest examples is the use of
742:Artificial intelligence in precision medicine
357:
8:
6025:
6023:
5516:Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics
5439:
5437:
4733:
4731:
4688:"Breast cancer in the personal genomics era"
3961:"The Impact of Precision Medicine on Cancer"
3625:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1925:
1923:
1921:
666:, which is capable of identifying potential
5881:"Personalized Medicine 101: The Challenges"
4551:
4549:
4547:
4545:
4406:International Journal of Molecular Sciences
4355:International Journal of Molecular Sciences
4104:
4102:
4100:
4098:
4096:
4094:
4092:
2453:Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine
2186:Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine
2079:
2077:
2075:
2073:
2071:
2069:
1134:Theranostics is a personalized approach in
789:United States National Institutes of Health
7162:Reproductive endocrinology and infertility
6907:
6880:
6866:
6858:
6840:
6477:
6458:
6444:
6436:
5234:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
4518:"BIOMARKER TOOLKIT: Companion Diagnostics"
4451:Yahata N, Kasai K, Kawato M (April 2017).
4351:"Theranostic Biomarkers for Schizophrenia"
3543:European Journal for Philosophy of Science
3365:Pharmacogenomics and Personalized Medicine
2753:Blau CA, Liakopoulou E (24 October 2012).
1761:
1759:
1757:
1113:enhanced permeability and retention effect
1044:approaches to the traditional approach of
364:
350:
31:
7503:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery
6329:
6275:
6265:
6224:
6214:
6126:
6101:Char DS, Shah NH, Magnus D (March 2018).
6077:
6003:
5936:
5926:
5847:
5837:
5796:
5747:
5690:
5633:
5584:
5527:
5483:
5465:
5300:
5124:
4928:
4879:
4822:
4711:
4662:
4605:
4468:
4427:
4417:
4376:
4366:
4243:
3936:
3877:Ferryman K, Pitcan M (26 February 2018).
3861:
3820:
3764:
3723:
3554:
3537:Serpico D, Maziarz M (14 December 2023).
3513:
3386:
3376:
3299:
3221:
3172:
3123:
3074:
3025:
3015:
2974:
2964:
2949:"The new field of 'precision psychiatry'"
2868:
2827:
2778:
2711:
2627:
2570:
2521:
2472:
2207:
2197:
2109:
2001:
1999:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1850:
1478:The FoundationOne CDx report produced by
1369:Learn how and when to remove this message
1120:and modified to meet clinical standards.
925:to guide therapy. The tests may involve
662:, precision medicine is intertwined with
509:model that proposes the customization of
4637:Mancinelli L, Cronin M, SadĂŠe W (2000).
4512:
4510:
4110:"Personalized Medicine 101: The Promise"
2422:"Personalized Medicine 101: The Science"
2303:
2301:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1720:Copenhagen Institute for Futures Studies
1233:
985:
956:agents). or in vitro lab test including
804:2018, 10,000 people had enrolled in its
7693:
6403:. Irish Medical Times. 9 September 2021
4800:
4798:
4796:
2278:
2276:
2153:
2151:
2086:"Nanoparticle-based theranostic agents"
1880:. Personalized Medicine Coalition. 2014
1753:
1079:are also being developed. For example,
833:customize disease-prevention strategies
442:on which to stratify related patients.
39:
6696:Differential technological development
5981:
5979:
4185:Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics
3618:
3104:Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics
2313:"Priorities for Personalized Medicine"
1932:Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics
1519:Genetic data can be used to construct
1426:(trade names Herclon, Herceptin) is a
4457:Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences
4164:. National Institutes of Health (NIH)
3359:Huser V, Sincan M, Cimino JJ (2014).
3354:
3352:
7:
7641:
7402:Physical medicine and rehabilitation
6502:Aldehyde-stabilized cryopreservation
5027:. Academic Press. pp. 255â261.
4954:Metal Ions in Bio-Imaging Techniques
4588:Hamburg MA, Collins FS (July 2010).
3641:"Divining your future in healthcare"
1875:"The Case for Personalized Medicine"
1307:adding citations to reliable sources
7651:
6785:Future-oriented technology analysis
6156:The New England Journal of Medicine
6107:The New England Journal of Medicine
5529:10.1146/annurev-genom-083118-014924
4594:The New England Journal of Medicine
4590:"The path to personalized medicine"
4232:The New England Journal of Medicine
1679:Patient privacy and confidentiality
1210:and Lutetium-177 PSMA for treating
664:molecular pathological epidemiology
594:, translation, and protein levels.
497:-based theranostics, among others.
7538:Medical Scientist Training Program
5033:10.1016/B978-0-12-819178-1.00024-1
2998:Fernandes BS, Berk M (June 2017).
2407:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1443:Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization
25:
4495:. National Cancer Institute (NCI)
4062:Cunningham PW (16 January 2018).
3004:Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria
2906:Nature Reviews. Clinical Oncology
2853:"Precision oncology: an overview"
1615:U.S. Food and Drug Administration
1403:methods are used to characterize
824:predict susceptibility to disease
7696:
7670:
7660:
7650:
7640:
7631:
7630:
6839:
3879:"Fairness in Precision Medicine"
1802:. PHG Foundation. Archived from
1581:
1283:
684:age-related macular degeneration
447:Grand Challenges for Engineering
331:
330:
217:
216:
47:
7671:
5820:Lewis CM, Vassos E (May 2020).
3494:New England Journal of Medicine
2403:Dudley J, Karczewski K (2014).
2378:, National Academies Press (US)
2096:(11). Academic Press: 1064â79.
1294:needs additional citations for
948:), and nuclear imaging agents (
688:single nucleotide polymorphisms
489:measures, including the use of
451:National Academy of Engineering
7528:Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine
6962:Oral and maxillofacial surgery
5960:Schapranow MP (27 June 2013).
4956:. Springer. pp. 315â346.
2090:Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews
1430:drug that interferes with the
836:prescribe more effective drugs
812:Benefits of precision medicine
1:
6812:Technology in science fiction
6322:10.1093/bioinformatics/btr295
5962:"Analyze Genomes: Motivation"
5338:10.1016/S0009-9120(00)00201-0
5078:10.1080/14789450.2017.1304215
4872:10.1016/S1470-2045(19)30821-6
3921:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-19-2659
3766:10.1080/23808993.2017.1380516
3292:10.1016/s0140-6736(10)60452-7
1983:www.engineeringchallenges.org
1508:(tissue array), and imaging (
1500:Through the use of genomics (
1260:bronchoalveolar lavage fluids
1178:for treatment of people with
785:Precision Medicine Initiative
768:Precision Medicine Initiative
680:genome-wide association study
616:Inter-personal difference of
449:, an initiative sponsored by
7508:Bachelor of Medical Sciences
7275:Neurosurgical anesthesiology
6381:. Economist. 28 January 2021
6216:10.1371/journal.pone.0132321
6058:Journal of Oncology Practice
5928:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002689
5199:Journal of Clinical Oncology
5126:10.1097/JTO.0b013e3182307f17
5113:Journal of Thoracic Oncology
4997:10.1016/bs.apcsb.2015.11.008
2857:Journal of Clinical Oncology
2348:Clerk J (23 February 2015).
2322:. p. 19. Archived from
2042:10.1016/bs.apcsb.2015.11.008
1653:Intellectual property rights
1548:requires computer-intensive
1531:is needed for clinical use.
1081:phenotypic response surfaces
5986:Frueh FW (September 2013).
5510:Williams MS (August 2019).
5066:Expert Review of Proteomics
4811:Journal of Nuclear Medicine
3017:10.1590/1516-4446-2017-3902
2465:10.1101/cshperspect.a008581
2405:Exploring Personal Genomics
2199:10.1101/cshperspect.a008581
2007:"Personalized Medicine 101"
1899:Smith R (15 October 2012).
830:preempt disease progression
517:, imaging, and analytics.
387:that separates people into
7760:
6817:Technology readiness level
6753:Technological unemployment
6358:future proofing healthcare
6005:10.1016/j.jval.2013.06.009
5964:. Hasso Plattner Institute
5839:10.1186/s13073-020-00742-5
5740:10.1038/s41467-020-17719-y
5683:10.1038/s41467-020-15464-w
5577:10.1016/j.ajhg.2020.07.006
5476:10.1177/117693510600200030
4704:10.2174/138920210791110951
3822:10.1016/j.jacc.2017.03.571
3556:10.1007/s13194-023-00559-0
3067:10.1038/modpathol.2012.214
2918:10.1038/nrclinonc.2013.244
2713:10.1177/135965350701200202
2102:10.1016/j.addr.2010.07.009
1546:next-generation sequencing
1493:
1127:
995:Drug development and usage
859:Diagnosis and intervention
774:State of the Union address
465:In personalised medicine,
432:molecular basis of disease
7626:
6835:
6800:Technological singularity
6760:Technological convergence
5789:10.1038/s41588-019-0379-x
5626:10.1038/s41588-018-0183-z
5412:10.1080/10408360490452040
5363:. 61 Suppl 2 (2): 73â82.
5302:10.1038/s43018-020-0050-6
4962:10.1515/9783110685701-017
4921:10.1148/radiol.2017170346
4824:10.2967/jnumed.118.220566
4779:10.1007/s12274-018-2100-2
3595:10.1007/978-94-017-7200-6
2966:10.1186/s12916-017-0849-x
2771:10.1016/j.tig.2012.09.004
2368:National Research Council
2251:10.1038/s41568-019-0169-x
2092:. Personalized Medicine.
1831:Annals of Family Medicine
1825:Egnew TR (1 March 2009).
1590:This section needs to be
1397:Personalized oncogenomics
1022:high-throughput screening
898:is the FDA approved oral
827:improve disease detection
455:engineer better medicines
7462:Transplantation medicine
7353:Clinical neurophysiology
7270:Obstetric anesthesiology
7190:Interventional radiology
6950:Digestive system surgery
6495:Microgravity bioprinting
6267:10.1186/gb-2009-10-9-237
5211:10.1200/JCO.2007.11.0106
3909:Clinical Cancer Research
3784:. Inner Light Publishers
3447:Nature Reviews. Genetics
2870:10.1200/jco.2013.49.4799
1645:relative to the current
1468:reciprocal translocation
1457:chronic myeloid leukemia
1097:iron oxide nanoparticles
1073:fixed-dose combinations)
670:for precision medicine.
505:Precision medicine is a
438:. This provides a clear
7333:Intensive care medicine
7307:Mass gathering medicine
7152:Maternalâfetal medicine
6765:Technological evolution
6738:Exploratory engineering
6666:Whole genome sequencing
6070:10.1200/jop.2011.000448
5254:10.1196/annals.1322.050
5171:: 25â27. Archived from
4523:. Amgen. Archived from
3725:10.1111/1753-6405.12887
3223:10.1126/science.1110359
2820:10.1002/1878-0261.12521
2284:"Personalized medicine"
1944:10.1038/sj.clpt.6100204
1905:British Medical Journal
1567:artificial intelligence
1318:"Personalized medicine"
747:Artificial intelligence
700:predict a person's risk
694:Disease risk assessment
520:Precision medicine and
6925:Cardiothoracic surgery
6775:Technology forecasting
6770:Technological paradigm
6743:Proactionary principle
6627:Robot-assisted surgery
4316:Bioconjugate Chemistry
4269:Nature Reviews. Cancer
3424:10.1001/jama.2015.3595
2765:(1). CellPress: 6â10.
2665:10.1002/biot.201100297
1666:Reimbursement policies
1529:translational research
1246:
1230:Respiratory proteomics
1046:"forward" transfection
991:
551:
461:Development of concept
403:and/or products being
379:, also referred to as
7744:Personalized medicine
7576:Personalized medicine
7435:Reproductive medicine
7360:Occupational medicine
7314:Evolutionary medicine
6701:Disruptive innovation
6610:Regenerative medicine
6605:Personalized medicine
6467:Emerging technologies
5326:Clinical Biochemistry
4197:10.1002/cpt1974154424
3780:Ray A (20 May 2018).
3506:10.1056/NEJMoa1714458
2653:Biotechnology Journal
2563:10.1101/gr.193342.115
2514:10.1101/gr.155192.113
2239:Nature Reviews Cancer
1238:The preparation of a
1237:
1208:neuroendocrine tumors
1204:Lutetium-177 DOTATATE
1051:screening can entail
989:
981:companion diagnostics
890:An aspect of this is
538:personalized medicine
515:molecular diagnostics
377:Personalized medicine
317:Personalized medicine
311:Personalized medicine
174:Quantitative genetics
169:Mendelian inheritance
7596:Traditional medicine
7556:Alternative medicine
7423:Addiction psychiatry
7237:Transfusion medicine
7232:Medical microbiology
7147:Gynecologic oncology
6999:Reproductive surgery
6748:Technological change
6691:Collingridge dilemma
6430:Canadian Drug Agency
6168:10.1056/NEJMp1713834
6119:10.1056/NEJMp1714229
4860:The Lancet. Oncology
4817:(Suppl 2): 13Sâ19S.
4607:10.1056/nejmp1006304
4419:10.3390/ijms18020308
4368:10.3390/ijms18040733
4245:10.1056/NEJMoa044503
4142:on 25 September 2019
3165:10.1038/onc.2013.244
2159:"Precision medicine"
1742:Phenotypic screening
1627:regulatory standards
1573:Regulatory oversight
1490:Population screening
1473:rational drug design
1459:(CML), in which the
1439:immunohistochemistry
1381:Over recent decades
1303:improve this article
1222:, using the isotope
1053:reverse transfection
1026:phenotypic screening
936:(T1 and T2 agents),
873:Human Genome Project
540:, the United States
531:Human Genome Project
493:, imaging analysis,
237:Branches of genetics
7618:History of medicine
7601:Veterinary medicine
7408:Preventive medicine
7260:Adolescent medicine
7102:Infectious diseases
6805:Technology scouting
6780:Accelerating change
6549:Genetic engineering
6207:2015PLoSO..1032321G
5998:(6 Suppl): S27-31.
5732:2020NatCo..11.3865W
5675:2020NatCo..11.1628M
5246:2004NYASA1028..423S
4116:on 19 December 2017
4068:The Washington Post
4023:"Longer-term Goals"
3459:10.1038/nrg.2016.86
3378:10.2147/PGPM.S49904
3214:2005Sci...308..419H
2620:10.1038/nature12223
2612:2013Natur.499...79W
2428:on 19 February 2019
1635:reference materials
1619:regulatory policies
1480:Foundation Medicine
1451:inhibitors such as
1428:monoclonal antibody
1391:tumor heterogeneity
1264:nasal lavage fluids
938:fluorescent markers
618:molecular pathology
611:targeted treatments
207:Genetic engineering
164:Population genetics
35:Part of a series on
7729:Chemical pathology
7566:Molecular oncology
7523:Doctor of Medicine
7513:Master of Medicine
7430:Radiation oncology
7302:Emergency medicine
7255:Addiction medicine
7222:Clinical chemistry
7217:Clinical pathology
7009:Transplant surgery
6967:Orthopedic surgery
6945:Colorectal surgery
6822:Technology roadmap
6642:Synthetic genomics
6632:Relational biology
6620:Tissue engineering
6544:Generative biology
5454:Cancer Informatics
4569:on 23 January 2014
3883:Data & Society
3647:. 18 October 2013.
3343:2022-11-13 at the
2808:Molecular Oncology
2759:Trends in Genetics
2311:(September 2008).
1806:on 9 November 2016
1775:on 27 October 2016
1660:research exemption
1466:(the product of a
1247:
1220:fluorodeoxyglucose
1214:. A commonly used
1176:radioactive iodine
1109:gold nanoparticles
992:
960:and often involve
467:diagnostic testing
413:predicted response
407:to the individual
381:precision medicine
179:Molecular genetics
138:History and topics
7684:
7683:
7518:Master of Surgery
7482:
7481:
7467:Tropical medicine
7413:Prison healthcare
7328:Hospital medicine
7292:Disaster medicine
7282:Aviation medicine
7097:Hospital medicine
7004:Surgical oncology
6989:Pediatric surgery
6983:
6930:Endocrine surgery
6855:
6854:
6674:
6673:
6637:Synthetic biology
6615:Stem-cell therapy
6598:engineered uterus
6512:Artificial organs
5448:(February 2007).
5369:10.1159/000055405
5156:Carney W (2006).
5042:978-0-12-819178-1
4773:(10): 5584â5595.
4470:10.1111/pcn.12502
4328:10.1021/bc200151q
4049:National Archives
4005:"Near-term Goals"
3985:. 30 January 2015
3863:10.3390/a14050147
3815:(21): 2657â2664.
3665:. 30 August 2013.
3604:978-94-017-7199-3
3500:(22): 2131â2139.
3286:(9725): 1525â35.
3116:10.1586/erm.12.46
2700:Antiviral Therapy
2354:Los Angeles Times
2051:978-0-12-804795-8
1737:Personal genomics
1611:
1610:
1379:
1378:
1371:
1353:
1268:mass spectrometry
1244:mass spectrometry
1186:antibodies (e.g.
1168:electron emitters
1077:drug interactions
869:biological assays
801:mission statement
374:
373:
101:Genetic variation
16:(Redirected from
7751:
7701:
7700:
7699:
7692:
7674:
7673:
7664:
7654:
7653:
7644:
7643:
7634:
7633:
7338:Medical genetics
7323:General practice
7200:Nuclear medicine
7075:Gastroenterology
7031:Vascular surgery
6981:
6908:
6882:
6875:
6868:
6859:
6843:
6842:
6790:Horizon scanning
6706:Ephemeralization
6534:Brain transplant
6478:
6460:
6453:
6446:
6437:
6413:
6412:
6410:
6408:
6397:
6391:
6390:
6388:
6386:
6375:
6369:
6368:
6366:
6364:
6350:
6344:
6343:
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6301:
6290:
6289:
6279:
6269:
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6239:
6238:
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6218:
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6141:
6140:
6130:
6098:
6092:
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6040:
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5930:
5921:(11): e1002689.
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5896:
5894:
5892:
5877:
5862:
5861:
5851:
5841:
5817:
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5762:
5761:
5751:
5711:
5705:
5704:
5694:
5654:
5648:
5647:
5637:
5620:(9): 1219â1224.
5605:
5599:
5598:
5588:
5556:
5550:
5549:
5531:
5507:
5498:
5497:
5487:
5469:
5441:
5432:
5431:
5395:
5389:
5388:
5356:
5350:
5349:
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5280:
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5185:
5183:
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5098:
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5009:
5008:
4980:
4974:
4973:
4949:
4943:
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4932:
4900:
4894:
4893:
4883:
4866:(3): e146âe156.
4851:
4845:
4844:
4826:
4802:
4791:
4790:
4762:
4756:
4755:
4735:
4726:
4725:
4715:
4692:Current Genomics
4683:
4677:
4676:
4666:
4655:10.1208/ps020104
4634:
4628:
4627:
4609:
4585:
4579:
4578:
4576:
4574:
4568:
4561:
4553:
4540:
4539:
4537:
4535:
4530:on 1 August 2014
4529:
4522:
4514:
4505:
4504:
4502:
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4482:
4472:
4448:
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4397:
4391:
4390:
4380:
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4346:
4340:
4339:
4322:(10): 1879â903.
4307:
4301:
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4264:
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4247:
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4052:
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4030:
4019:
4013:
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3994:
3992:
3990:
3975:
3969:
3968:
3965:weillcornell.org
3957:
3951:
3950:
3940:
3915:(8): 1915â1923.
3900:
3894:
3893:
3891:
3889:
3874:
3868:
3867:
3865:
3841:
3835:
3834:
3824:
3800:
3794:
3793:
3791:
3789:
3777:
3771:
3770:
3768:
3747:Mesko B (2017).
3744:
3738:
3737:
3727:
3703:
3697:
3696:
3694:
3692:
3683:. Archived from
3673:
3667:
3666:
3655:
3649:
3648:
3637:
3631:
3630:
3624:
3616:
3584:
3575:
3569:
3568:
3558:
3534:
3528:
3527:
3517:
3485:
3479:
3478:
3442:
3436:
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3407:
3401:
3400:
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3347:
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3303:
3271:
3265:
3264:
3262:
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3243:
3225:
3208:(5720): 419â21.
3193:
3187:
3186:
3176:
3144:
3138:
3137:
3127:
3095:
3089:
3088:
3078:
3055:Modern Pathology
3046:
3040:
3039:
3029:
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2995:
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2988:
2978:
2968:
2944:
2938:
2937:
2897:
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2890:
2872:
2848:
2842:
2841:
2831:
2814:(8): 1725â1743.
2799:
2793:
2792:
2782:
2750:
2744:
2743:
2738:
2715:
2691:
2685:
2684:
2648:
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2166:
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2064:
2063:
2029:
2023:
2022:
2020:
2018:
2003:
1994:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1975:
1964:
1963:
1927:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1896:
1890:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1879:
1871:
1865:
1864:
1854:
1822:
1816:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1796:
1785:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1763:
1647:standard of care
1631:research methods
1606:
1603:
1597:
1585:
1584:
1577:
1521:polygenic scores
1496:List of biobanks
1413:drug development
1374:
1367:
1363:
1360:
1354:
1352:
1311:
1287:
1279:
1138:, using similar
1136:nuclear medicine
1105:carbon nanotubes
1089:pharmacodynamics
1038:genetic research
950:PET radiotracers
923:diagnostic tests
912:pharmacodynamics
908:pharmacokinetics
892:pharmacogenomics
762:algorithmic bias
751:Machine learning
633:microenvironment
603:panomic analysis
483:pharmacogenomics
389:different groups
366:
359:
352:
339:
334:
333:
229:Medical genetics
225:
220:
219:
51:
32:
21:
7759:
7758:
7754:
7753:
7752:
7750:
7749:
7748:
7709:
7708:
7707:
7697:
7695:
7687:
7685:
7680:
7622:
7611:Chief physician
7544:
7489:
7478:
7472:Travel medicine
7457:Sports medicine
7440:Sexual medicine
7380:Palliative care
7375:Pain management
7319:Family medicine
7297:Diving medicine
7243:
7171:
7133:
7126:
7042:
7035:
6994:Plastic surgery
6940:General surgery
6920:Cardiac surgery
6901:
6899:
6891:
6886:
6856:
6851:
6831:
6670:
6659:Oncolytic virus
6561:Head transplant
6469:
6464:
6422:
6417:
6416:
6406:
6404:
6399:
6398:
6394:
6384:
6382:
6377:
6376:
6372:
6362:
6360:
6352:
6351:
6347:
6303:
6302:
6293:
6247:
6246:
6242:
6201:(7): e0132321.
6188:
6187:
6183:
6162:(11): 979â981.
6149:
6148:
6144:
6113:(11): 981â983.
6100:
6099:
6095:
6051:
6050:
6046:
6036:
6034:
6029:
6028:
6021:
5992:Value in Health
5985:
5984:
5977:
5967:
5965:
5959:
5958:
5954:
5908:
5907:
5900:
5890:
5888:
5879:
5878:
5865:
5819:
5818:
5814:
5770:
5769:
5765:
5713:
5712:
5708:
5656:
5655:
5651:
5607:
5606:
5602:
5558:
5557:
5553:
5509:
5508:
5501:
5467:10.1.1.795.3458
5443:
5442:
5435:
5397:
5396:
5392:
5358:
5357:
5353:
5323:
5322:
5318:
5282:
5281:
5277:
5231:
5230:
5226:
5205:(23): 3525â33.
5196:
5195:
5191:
5181:
5179:
5178:on 4 March 2016
5175:
5160:
5155:
5154:
5150:
5106:
5105:
5101:
5063:
5062:
5058:
5043:
5022:
5021:
5012:
4982:
4981:
4977:
4951:
4950:
4946:
4902:
4901:
4897:
4853:
4852:
4848:
4804:
4803:
4794:
4764:
4763:
4759:
4737:
4736:
4729:
4685:
4684:
4680:
4636:
4635:
4631:
4587:
4586:
4582:
4572:
4570:
4566:
4559:
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4533:
4531:
4527:
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4516:
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4508:
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4450:
4449:
4445:
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4398:
4394:
4348:
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4343:
4309:
4308:
4304:
4281:10.1038/nrc3729
4266:
4265:
4261:
4238:(22): 2285â93.
4225:
4224:
4220:
4182:
4181:
4177:
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4160:
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4090:
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4078:
4061:
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4056:
4039:
4038:
4034:
4021:
4020:
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3986:
3977:
3976:
3972:
3959:
3958:
3954:
3902:
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3887:
3885:
3876:
3875:
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3843:
3842:
3838:
3802:
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3787:
3785:
3779:
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3774:
3746:
3745:
3741:
3705:
3704:
3700:
3690:
3688:
3675:
3674:
3670:
3663:LiveScience.com
3657:
3656:
3652:
3639:
3638:
3634:
3617:
3605:
3582:
3577:
3576:
3572:
3536:
3535:
3531:
3487:
3486:
3482:
3444:
3443:
3439:
3418:(21): 2119â20.
3409:
3408:
3404:
3358:
3357:
3350:
3345:Wayback Machine
3335:
3331:
3326:. 13 June 2019.
3322:
3321:
3317:
3273:
3272:
3268:
3258:
3256:
3252:
3251:
3247:
3195:
3194:
3190:
3159:(23): 2949â55.
3146:
3145:
3141:
3097:
3096:
3092:
3048:
3047:
3043:
2997:
2996:
2992:
2946:
2945:
2941:
2899:
2898:
2894:
2850:
2849:
2845:
2801:
2800:
2796:
2752:
2751:
2747:
2736:
2693:
2692:
2688:
2650:
2649:
2645:
2606:(7456): 79â82.
2593:
2592:
2588:
2557:(11): 1610â21.
2551:Genome Research
2544:
2543:
2539:
2502:Genome Research
2495:
2494:
2490:
2446:
2445:
2441:
2431:
2429:
2420:
2419:
2412:
2402:
2401:
2390:
2381:
2379:
2366:
2365:
2361:
2347:
2346:
2342:
2332:
2330:
2329:on 10 June 2016
2326:
2320:The White House
2315:
2307:
2306:
2299:
2289:
2287:
2282:
2281:
2274:
2230:
2229:
2225:
2179:
2178:
2174:
2164:
2162:
2157:
2156:
2149:
2139:
2137:
2132:
2131:
2127:
2083:
2082:
2067:
2052:
2031:
2030:
2026:
2016:
2014:
2005:
2004:
1997:
1987:
1985:
1977:
1976:
1967:
1929:
1928:
1919:
1909:
1907:
1898:
1897:
1893:
1883:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1872:
1868:
1843:10.1370/afm.943
1824:
1823:
1819:
1809:
1807:
1798:
1797:
1788:
1778:
1776:
1765:
1764:
1755:
1750:
1733:
1712:
1699:
1686:genetic testing
1681:
1668:
1655:
1607:
1601:
1598:
1595:
1586:
1582:
1575:
1550:data processing
1537:
1498:
1492:
1449:Tyrosine kinase
1383:cancer research
1375:
1364:
1358:
1355:
1312:
1310:
1300:
1288:
1277:
1275:Cancer genomics
1232:
1212:prostate cancer
1200:bone metastases
1190:) for treating
1132:
1126:
1010:David Flockhart
997:
934:contrast agents
927:medical imaging
861:
852:
814:
795:of one million
770:
744:
713:
705:Type 2 Diabetes
696:
676:
607:systems biology
565:
560:
524:medicine (also
503:
487:personalization
473:or their other
463:
434:, particularly
417:risk of disease
411:based on their
370:
329:
322:
321:
312:
304:
303:
302:
301:
250:
242:
241:
233:
211:
192:
184:
183:
139:
131:
130:
117:
116:
115:
59:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7757:
7755:
7747:
7746:
7741:
7739:Medical models
7736:
7731:
7726:
7721:
7711:
7710:
7706:
7705:
7682:
7681:
7679:
7678:
7668:
7658:
7648:
7638:
7627:
7624:
7623:
7621:
7620:
7615:
7614:
7613:
7603:
7598:
7593:
7588:
7583:
7578:
7573:
7568:
7563:
7558:
7552:
7550:
7549:Related topics
7546:
7545:
7543:
7542:
7541:
7540:
7530:
7525:
7520:
7515:
7510:
7505:
7500:
7498:Medical school
7494:
7492:
7484:
7483:
7480:
7479:
7477:
7476:
7475:
7474:
7464:
7459:
7454:
7452:Sleep medicine
7449:
7448:
7447:
7437:
7432:
7427:
7426:
7425:
7415:
7410:
7405:
7399:
7394:
7393:
7392:
7382:
7377:
7372:
7367:
7362:
7357:
7356:
7355:
7345:
7340:
7335:
7330:
7325:
7316:
7311:
7310:
7309:
7299:
7294:
7289:
7284:
7279:
7278:
7277:
7272:
7265:Anesthesiology
7262:
7257:
7251:
7249:
7245:
7244:
7242:
7241:
7240:
7239:
7234:
7229:
7224:
7219:
7214:
7204:
7203:
7202:
7197:
7195:Neuroradiology
7192:
7181:
7179:
7173:
7172:
7170:
7169:
7164:
7159:
7154:
7149:
7144:
7138:
7136:
7132:Obstetrics and
7128:
7127:
7125:
7124:
7119:
7114:
7109:
7104:
7099:
7094:
7089:
7084:
7083:
7082:
7072:
7067:
7062:
7057:
7047:
7045:
7037:
7036:
7034:
7033:
7028:
7027:
7026:
7016:
7014:Trauma surgery
7011:
7006:
7001:
6996:
6991:
6986:
6985:
6984:
6977:Otolaryngology
6974:
6969:
6964:
6959:
6954:
6953:
6952:
6947:
6937:
6932:
6927:
6922:
6916:
6914:
6905:
6903:subspecialties
6893:
6892:
6887:
6885:
6884:
6877:
6870:
6862:
6853:
6852:
6850:
6849:
6836:
6833:
6832:
6830:
6829:
6824:
6819:
6814:
6809:
6808:
6807:
6802:
6797:
6792:
6787:
6782:
6772:
6767:
6762:
6757:
6756:
6755:
6745:
6740:
6735:
6734:
6733:
6728:
6723:
6718:
6708:
6703:
6698:
6693:
6688:
6682:
6680:
6676:
6675:
6672:
6671:
6669:
6668:
6663:
6662:
6661:
6651:
6646:
6645:
6644:
6634:
6629:
6624:
6623:
6622:
6617:
6607:
6602:
6601:
6600:
6590:
6585:
6580:
6579:
6578:
6571:Life extension
6568:
6566:Isolated brain
6563:
6558:
6557:
6556:
6546:
6541:
6536:
6531:
6529:Biofabrication
6526:
6525:
6524:
6519:
6517:Organ printing
6509:
6504:
6499:
6498:
6497:
6490:3D bioprinting
6486:
6484:
6475:
6471:
6470:
6465:
6463:
6462:
6455:
6448:
6440:
6434:
6433:
6421:
6420:External links
6418:
6415:
6414:
6392:
6370:
6345:
6316:(13): 1741â8.
6310:Bioinformatics
6291:
6254:Genome Biology
6240:
6181:
6142:
6093:
6044:
6019:
5975:
5952:
5898:
5863:
5812:
5783:(4): 584â591.
5763:
5706:
5649:
5600:
5571:(3): 432â444.
5565:Am J Hum Genet
5551:
5522:(1): 389â411.
5499:
5433:
5406:(2): 189â231.
5390:
5351:
5316:
5295:(4): 452â468.
5275:
5224:
5189:
5148:
5099:
5072:(4): 373â386.
5056:
5041:
5010:
4975:
4944:
4915:(2): 388â400.
4895:
4846:
4792:
4757:
4746:(2): 108â121.
4727:
4678:
4629:
4580:
4541:
4506:
4484:
4463:(4): 215â237.
4443:
4392:
4341:
4302:
4259:
4218:
4175:
4153:
4127:
4088:
4054:
4045:whitehouse.gov
4032:
4014:
3996:
3970:
3952:
3895:
3869:
3836:
3795:
3772:
3759:(5): 239â241.
3739:
3718:(3): 204â206.
3698:
3687:on 10 May 2015
3668:
3650:
3632:
3603:
3570:
3529:
3480:
3437:
3402:
3348:
3329:
3315:
3266:
3245:
3188:
3139:
3110:(6): 621â628.
3090:
3041:
2990:
2939:
2892:
2863:(15): 1803â5.
2843:
2794:
2745:
2686:
2643:
2586:
2537:
2488:
2459:(9): a008581.
2439:
2410:
2388:
2359:
2340:
2297:
2272:
2245:(8): 420â438.
2223:
2192:(9): a008581.
2172:
2147:
2125:
2065:
2050:
2024:
2013:on 10 May 2019
1995:
1965:
1917:
1891:
1866:
1817:
1786:
1752:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1745:
1744:
1739:
1732:
1729:
1711:
1710:Implementation
1708:
1698:
1695:
1680:
1677:
1667:
1664:
1654:
1651:
1609:
1608:
1589:
1587:
1580:
1574:
1571:
1536:
1533:
1491:
1488:
1487:
1486:
1483:
1476:
1446:
1377:
1376:
1291:
1289:
1282:
1276:
1273:
1231:
1228:
1180:thyroid cancer
1128:Main article:
1125:
1122:
1040:. Alternative
1034:pharmaceutical
1030:drug discovery
996:
993:
958:DNA sequencing
944:and inorganic
860:
857:
851:
848:
847:
846:
843:
840:
837:
834:
831:
828:
825:
822:
813:
810:
778:U.S. President
769:
766:
743:
740:
712:
709:
695:
692:
675:
672:
592:RNA expression
564:
561:
559:
556:
526:individualized
502:
499:
462:
459:
391:âwith medical
372:
371:
369:
368:
361:
354:
346:
343:
342:
341:
340:
324:
323:
320:
319:
313:
310:
309:
306:
305:
300:
299:
294:
289:
284:
279:
277:Immunogenetics
274:
269:
264:
259:
253:
252:
251:
248:
247:
244:
243:
240:
239:
232:
231:
226:
209:
204:
202:DNA sequencing
199:
193:
190:
189:
186:
185:
182:
181:
176:
171:
166:
161:
151:
146:
140:
137:
136:
133:
132:
129:
128:
123:
114:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
62:
61:
60:
58:Key components
57:
56:
53:
52:
44:
43:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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7742:
7740:
7737:
7735:
7734:Medical signs
7732:
7730:
7727:
7725:
7724:Biotechnology
7722:
7720:
7717:
7716:
7714:
7704:
7694:
7690:
7677:
7669:
7667:
7663:
7659:
7657:
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7608:
7607:
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7602:
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7584:
7582:
7581:Public health
7579:
7577:
7574:
7572:
7569:
7567:
7564:
7562:
7561:Allied health
7559:
7557:
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7551:
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7536:
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7531:
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7395:
7391:
7388:
7387:
7386:
7383:
7381:
7378:
7376:
7373:
7371:
7370:Oral medicine
7368:
7366:
7365:Ophthalmology
7363:
7361:
7358:
7354:
7351:
7350:
7349:
7346:
7344:
7341:
7339:
7336:
7334:
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7326:
7324:
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7312:
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7305:
7304:
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7295:
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7288:
7285:
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7273:
7271:
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7267:
7266:
7263:
7261:
7258:
7256:
7253:
7252:
7250:
7246:
7238:
7235:
7233:
7230:
7228:
7227:Cytopathology
7225:
7223:
7220:
7218:
7215:
7213:
7210:
7209:
7208:
7205:
7201:
7198:
7196:
7193:
7191:
7188:
7187:
7186:
7183:
7182:
7180:
7178:
7174:
7168:
7167:Urogynecology
7165:
7163:
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7158:
7155:
7153:
7150:
7148:
7145:
7143:
7140:
7139:
7137:
7135:
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7120:
7118:
7115:
7113:
7110:
7108:
7105:
7103:
7100:
7098:
7095:
7093:
7090:
7088:
7085:
7081:
7078:
7077:
7076:
7073:
7071:
7070:Endocrinology
7068:
7066:
7063:
7061:
7058:
7056:
7052:
7049:
7048:
7046:
7044:
7038:
7032:
7029:
7025:
7022:
7021:
7020:
7017:
7015:
7012:
7010:
7007:
7005:
7002:
7000:
6997:
6995:
6992:
6990:
6987:
6980:
6979:
6978:
6975:
6973:
6970:
6968:
6965:
6963:
6960:
6958:
6955:
6951:
6948:
6946:
6943:
6942:
6941:
6938:
6936:
6933:
6931:
6928:
6926:
6923:
6921:
6918:
6917:
6915:
6913:
6909:
6906:
6904:
6898:
6894:
6890:
6883:
6878:
6876:
6871:
6869:
6864:
6863:
6860:
6848:
6847:
6838:
6837:
6834:
6828:
6827:Transhumanism
6825:
6823:
6820:
6818:
6815:
6813:
6810:
6806:
6803:
6801:
6798:
6796:
6793:
6791:
6788:
6786:
6783:
6781:
6778:
6777:
6776:
6773:
6771:
6768:
6766:
6763:
6761:
6758:
6754:
6751:
6750:
6749:
6746:
6744:
6741:
6739:
6736:
6732:
6729:
6727:
6724:
6722:
6719:
6717:
6714:
6713:
6712:
6709:
6707:
6704:
6702:
6699:
6697:
6694:
6692:
6689:
6687:
6684:
6683:
6681:
6677:
6667:
6664:
6660:
6657:
6656:
6655:
6652:
6650:
6647:
6643:
6640:
6639:
6638:
6635:
6633:
6630:
6628:
6625:
6621:
6618:
6616:
6613:
6612:
6611:
6608:
6606:
6603:
6599:
6596:
6595:
6594:
6593:Organ culture
6591:
6589:
6586:
6584:
6581:
6577:
6574:
6573:
6572:
6569:
6567:
6564:
6562:
6559:
6555:
6552:
6551:
6550:
6547:
6545:
6542:
6540:
6539:De-extinction
6537:
6535:
6532:
6530:
6527:
6523:
6520:
6518:
6515:
6514:
6513:
6510:
6508:
6505:
6503:
6500:
6496:
6493:
6492:
6491:
6488:
6487:
6485:
6483:
6479:
6476:
6472:
6468:
6461:
6456:
6454:
6449:
6447:
6442:
6441:
6438:
6431:
6427:
6424:
6423:
6419:
6402:
6396:
6393:
6380:
6374:
6371:
6359:
6355:
6349:
6346:
6341:
6337:
6332:
6327:
6323:
6319:
6315:
6311:
6307:
6300:
6298:
6296:
6292:
6287:
6283:
6278:
6273:
6268:
6263:
6259:
6255:
6251:
6244:
6241:
6236:
6232:
6227:
6222:
6217:
6212:
6208:
6204:
6200:
6196:
6192:
6185:
6182:
6177:
6173:
6169:
6165:
6161:
6157:
6153:
6146:
6143:
6138:
6134:
6129:
6124:
6120:
6116:
6112:
6108:
6104:
6097:
6094:
6089:
6085:
6080:
6075:
6071:
6067:
6064:(4): e24-31.
6063:
6059:
6055:
6048:
6045:
6032:
6026:
6024:
6020:
6015:
6011:
6006:
6001:
5997:
5993:
5989:
5982:
5980:
5976:
5963:
5956:
5953:
5948:
5944:
5939:
5934:
5929:
5924:
5920:
5916:
5915:PLOS Medicine
5912:
5905:
5903:
5899:
5887:on 3 May 2014
5886:
5882:
5876:
5874:
5872:
5870:
5868:
5864:
5859:
5855:
5850:
5845:
5840:
5835:
5831:
5827:
5823:
5816:
5813:
5808:
5804:
5799:
5794:
5790:
5786:
5782:
5778:
5774:
5767:
5764:
5759:
5755:
5750:
5745:
5741:
5737:
5733:
5729:
5725:
5721:
5717:
5710:
5707:
5702:
5698:
5693:
5688:
5684:
5680:
5676:
5672:
5668:
5664:
5660:
5653:
5650:
5645:
5641:
5636:
5631:
5627:
5623:
5619:
5615:
5611:
5604:
5601:
5596:
5592:
5587:
5582:
5578:
5574:
5570:
5566:
5562:
5555:
5552:
5547:
5543:
5539:
5535:
5530:
5525:
5521:
5517:
5513:
5506:
5504:
5500:
5495:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5477:
5473:
5468:
5463:
5459:
5455:
5451:
5447:
5440:
5438:
5434:
5429:
5425:
5421:
5417:
5413:
5409:
5405:
5401:
5394:
5391:
5386:
5382:
5378:
5374:
5370:
5366:
5362:
5355:
5352:
5347:
5343:
5339:
5335:
5332:(5): 347â52.
5331:
5327:
5320:
5317:
5312:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5294:
5290:
5289:Nature Cancer
5286:
5279:
5276:
5271:
5267:
5263:
5259:
5255:
5251:
5247:
5243:
5240:(1): 423â31.
5239:
5235:
5228:
5225:
5220:
5216:
5212:
5208:
5204:
5200:
5193:
5190:
5174:
5170:
5166:
5159:
5152:
5149:
5144:
5140:
5136:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5118:
5114:
5110:
5103:
5100:
5095:
5091:
5087:
5083:
5079:
5075:
5071:
5067:
5060:
5057:
5052:
5048:
5044:
5038:
5034:
5030:
5026:
5019:
5017:
5015:
5011:
5006:
5002:
4998:
4994:
4990:
4986:
4979:
4976:
4971:
4967:
4963:
4959:
4955:
4948:
4945:
4940:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4922:
4918:
4914:
4910:
4906:
4899:
4896:
4891:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4873:
4869:
4865:
4861:
4857:
4850:
4847:
4842:
4838:
4834:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4816:
4812:
4808:
4801:
4799:
4797:
4793:
4788:
4784:
4780:
4776:
4772:
4768:
4767:Nano Research
4761:
4758:
4753:
4749:
4745:
4741:
4734:
4732:
4728:
4723:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4705:
4701:
4698:(3): 146â61.
4697:
4693:
4689:
4682:
4679:
4674:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4656:
4652:
4648:
4644:
4643:AAPS PharmSci
4640:
4633:
4630:
4625:
4621:
4617:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4599:
4595:
4591:
4584:
4581:
4565:
4558:
4552:
4550:
4548:
4546:
4542:
4526:
4519:
4513:
4511:
4507:
4494:
4488:
4485:
4480:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4462:
4458:
4454:
4447:
4444:
4439:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4411:
4407:
4403:
4396:
4393:
4388:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4360:
4356:
4352:
4345:
4342:
4337:
4333:
4329:
4325:
4321:
4317:
4313:
4306:
4303:
4298:
4294:
4290:
4286:
4282:
4278:
4274:
4270:
4263:
4260:
4255:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4237:
4233:
4229:
4222:
4219:
4214:
4210:
4206:
4202:
4198:
4194:
4191:(4): 424â30.
4190:
4186:
4179:
4176:
4163:
4157:
4154:
4141:
4137:
4131:
4128:
4115:
4111:
4105:
4103:
4101:
4099:
4097:
4095:
4093:
4089:
4077:
4073:
4069:
4065:
4058:
4055:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4036:
4033:
4028:
4024:
4018:
4015:
4010:
4006:
4000:
3997:
3984:
3980:
3974:
3971:
3966:
3962:
3956:
3953:
3948:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3930:
3926:
3922:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3899:
3896:
3884:
3880:
3873:
3870:
3864:
3859:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3840:
3837:
3832:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3799:
3796:
3783:
3776:
3773:
3767:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3743:
3740:
3735:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3709:
3702:
3699:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3672:
3669:
3664:
3660:
3654:
3651:
3646:
3642:
3636:
3633:
3628:
3622:
3614:
3610:
3606:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3581:
3574:
3571:
3566:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3533:
3530:
3525:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3484:
3481:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3453:(9): 507â22.
3452:
3448:
3441:
3438:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3406:
3403:
3398:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3355:
3353:
3349:
3346:
3342:
3339:
3333:
3330:
3325:
3319:
3316:
3311:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3270:
3267:
3255:
3249:
3246:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3192:
3189:
3184:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3143:
3140:
3135:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3094:
3091:
3086:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3061:(4): 465â84.
3060:
3056:
3052:
3045:
3042:
3037:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2994:
2991:
2986:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2943:
2940:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2912:(2): 109â18.
2911:
2907:
2903:
2896:
2893:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2847:
2844:
2839:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2798:
2795:
2790:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2749:
2746:
2741:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2706:(2): 169â78.
2705:
2701:
2697:
2690:
2687:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2647:
2644:
2639:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2590:
2587:
2582:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2541:
2538:
2533:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2492:
2489:
2484:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2443:
2440:
2427:
2423:
2417:
2415:
2411:
2406:
2399:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2389:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2363:
2360:
2355:
2351:
2344:
2341:
2325:
2321:
2314:
2310:
2304:
2302:
2298:
2285:
2279:
2277:
2273:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2235:
2227:
2224:
2219:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2176:
2173:
2160:
2154:
2152:
2148:
2135:
2129:
2126:
2121:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2066:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2028:
2025:
2012:
2008:
2002:
2000:
1996:
1984:
1980:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1966:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1938:(6): 807â16.
1937:
1933:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1918:
1906:
1902:
1895:
1892:
1876:
1870:
1867:
1862:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1821:
1818:
1805:
1801:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1787:
1774:
1770:
1769:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1754:
1747:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1734:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1721:
1716:
1709:
1707:
1703:
1696:
1694:
1690:
1687:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1644:
1643:effectiveness
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1605:
1593:
1588:
1579:
1578:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1517:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1497:
1489:
1484:
1481:
1477:
1474:
1469:
1465:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1447:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1422:
1421:
1420:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1373:
1370:
1362:
1351:
1348:
1344:
1341:
1337:
1334:
1330:
1327:
1323:
1320: â
1319:
1315:
1314:Find sources:
1308:
1304:
1298:
1297:
1292:This section
1290:
1286:
1281:
1280:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1245:
1241:
1236:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1206:for treating
1205:
1201:
1198:for treating
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1156:radionuclides
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1131:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1093:drug delivery
1090:
1084:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1058:
1057:chemogenomics
1054:
1050:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1018:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1001:
994:
988:
984:
982:
977:
975:
969:
967:
963:
962:deep learning
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
932:
928:
924:
919:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
900:anticoagulant
897:
893:
888:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
858:
856:
849:
844:
841:
838:
835:
832:
829:
826:
823:
820:
819:
818:
811:
809:
807:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
779:
775:
767:
765:
763:
758:
755:
752:
748:
741:
739:
735:
733:
728:
726:
721:
718:
710:
708:
706:
701:
693:
691:
689:
685:
681:
673:
671:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
646:
642:
641:heterogeneity
638:
634:
631:
627:
623:
619:
614:
612:
608:
604:
599:
595:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
572:
570:
562:
557:
555:
550:
545:
543:
539:
534:
532:
527:
523:
518:
516:
512:
508:
500:
498:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
460:
458:
456:
452:
448:
445:Among the 14
443:
441:
437:
433:
429:
424:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
401:interventions
398:
394:
390:
386:
385:medical model
382:
378:
367:
362:
360:
355:
353:
348:
347:
345:
344:
338:
328:
327:
326:
325:
318:
315:
314:
308:
307:
298:
295:
293:
290:
288:
285:
283:
280:
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7586:Rural health
7575:
7571:Nanomedicine
7122:Rheumatology
7053: /
6972:Hand surgery
6957:Neurosurgery
6844:
6731:Robot ethics
6604:
6583:Nanomedicine
6554:Gene therapy
6405:. Retrieved
6395:
6383:. Retrieved
6373:
6361:. Retrieved
6357:
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6253:
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6150:Chernew ME,
6145:
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6057:
6047:
6035:. Retrieved
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5885:the original
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5173:the original
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4593:
4583:
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4564:the original
4532:. Retrieved
4525:the original
4497:. Retrieved
4487:
4460:
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4405:
4395:
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4315:
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4156:
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4140:the original
4130:
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4114:the original
4079:. Retrieved
4067:
4057:
4047:– via
4035:
4026:
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3982:
3973:
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3786:. Retrieved
3775:
3756:
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3742:
3715:
3711:
3701:
3691:23 September
3689:. Retrieved
3685:the original
3680:
3671:
3662:
3653:
3644:
3635:
3621:cite journal
3587:SpringerLink
3586:
3573:
3546:
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3248:
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3191:
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3152:
3142:
3107:
3103:
3093:
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3054:
3044:
3010:(2): 88â89.
3007:
3003:
2993:
2956:
2953:BMC Medicine
2952:
2942:
2909:
2905:
2902:Tenenbaum JM
2895:
2860:
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2846:
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2807:
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2689:
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2656:
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2505:
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2452:
2442:
2430:. Retrieved
2426:the original
2404:
2380:, retrieved
2375:
2362:
2353:
2343:
2331:. Retrieved
2324:the original
2319:
2288:. Retrieved
2242:
2238:
2226:
2189:
2185:
2175:
2163:. Retrieved
2138:. Retrieved
2128:
2093:
2089:
2033:
2027:
2015:. Retrieved
2011:the original
1986:. Retrieved
1982:
1935:
1931:
1908:. Retrieved
1904:
1894:
1882:. Retrieved
1869:
1837:(2): 170â5.
1834:
1830:
1820:
1808:. Retrieved
1804:the original
1777:. Retrieved
1773:the original
1767:
1717:
1713:
1704:
1700:
1691:
1682:
1672:
1669:
1656:
1622:
1612:
1599:
1591:
1538:
1518:
1499:
1472:
1411:and improve
1395:
1380:
1365:
1356:
1346:
1339:
1332:
1325:
1313:
1301:Please help
1296:verification
1293:
1248:
1172:radiotherapy
1166:imaging, or
1148:therapeutics
1133:
1130:Theranostics
1124:Theranostics
1101:quantum dots
1085:
1061:
1042:multi-target
1019:
1002:
998:
978:
970:
946:quantum dots
942:organic dyes
920:
889:
862:
853:
850:Applications
815:
793:cohort study
781:Barack Obama
772:In his 2015
771:
759:
745:
736:
729:
714:
697:
677:
660:epidemiology
652:pathogenesis
615:
600:
596:
573:
566:
552:
547:
537:
535:
525:
522:personalized
521:
519:
504:
495:nanoparticle
464:
444:
425:
380:
376:
375:
316:
297:Quantitative
267:Cytogenetics
262:Conservation
144:Introduction
29:
7656:Wikiproject
7445:Venereology
7390:Neonatology
7287:Dermatology
7142:Gynaecology
7134:gynaecology
7117:Pulmonology
6935:Eye surgery
6897:Specialties
6795:Moore's law
6726:Neuroethics
6721:Cyberethics
6654:Virotherapy
6588:Nanosensors
6407:17 November
6385:17 November
6363:17 November
5726:(1): 3865.
5669:(1): 1628.
5119:(1): 40â8.
4310:Kelkar SS,
2900:Shrager J,
2757:. Opinion.
1697:Data biases
1557:, clinical
1464:fusion gene
1424:Trastuzumab
1224:fluorine-18
1152:diagnostics
1144:portmanteau
1064:compounding
916:toxgnostics
806:pilot phase
732:compounding
628:within the
626:interactome
428:Hippocrates
18:Theranostic
7719:Biomarkers
7713:Categories
7418:Psychiatry
7404:(PM&R)
7397:Phlebology
7385:Pediatrics
7212:Anatomical
7177:Diagnostic
7157:Obstetrics
7107:Nephrology
7092:Hematology
7087:Geriatrics
7080:Hepatology
7065:Cardiology
7055:Immunology
6686:Automation
6482:Biomedical
6260:(9): 237.
6152:Landrum MB
5826:Genome Med
5720:Nat Commun
5663:Nat Commun
5446:Wishart DS
5165:Connection
4991:: 115â46.
4412:(2): 308.
4361:(4): 733.
4312:Reineke TM
4081:20 January
3888:27 October
3856:(5): 147.
3850:Algorithms
3645:pmlive.com
3371:: 275â83.
2372:"Glossary"
2241:(Review).
1748:References
1639:sequencing
1602:April 2024
1535:Challenges
1525:percentile
1506:proteomics
1502:microarray
1494:See also:
1441:(IHC) and
1401:sequencing
1359:April 2024
1329:newspapers
1252:proteomics
1240:proteomics
1196:Radium-223
1069:unit doses
1028:. Several
966:biomarkers
881:Navigenics
865:Genotyping
754:algorithms
668:biomarkers
637:phenomenon
558:Background
511:healthcare
491:proteomics
292:Population
272:Ecological
197:Geneticist
111:Amino acid
91:Nucleotide
66:Chromosome
7606:Physician
7490:education
7348:Neurology
7343:Narcology
7207:Pathology
7185:Radiology
7060:Angiology
7024:Andrology
6716:Bioethics
6649:Tricorder
5832:(1): 44.
5777:Nat Genet
5614:Nat Genet
5462:CiteSeerX
5460:: 59â77.
5444:Cruz JA,
5182:3 January
5143:205738875
5051:213865547
4970:233659232
4909:Radiology
4841:201830244
4787:104241223
4624:205106671
4076:0190-8286
3929:1557-3265
3565:1879-4920
3549:(4): 59.
2959:(1): 80.
2267:196350118
2188:(Essay).
1910:6 January
1884:6 January
1810:6 January
1779:6 January
1409:pathology
1387:pathology
1256:biomarker
1140:molecules
1062:Pharmacy
1006:Tamoxifen
974:Alzheimer
797:Americans
787:" of the
475:molecular
440:biomarker
397:practices
393:decisions
287:Molecular
282:Microbial
257:Classical
158:molecular
154:Evolution
7703:Medicine
7636:Category
7112:Oncology
7043:medicine
7041:Internal
6889:Medicine
6507:Ampakine
6340:21596790
6286:19723346
6235:26134404
6195:PLOS ONE
6176:29539286
6137:29539284
6088:23180995
6037:26 April
6014:24034309
5947:30399149
5891:26 April
5858:32423490
5807:30926966
5758:32737319
5701:32242022
5644:30104762
5595:32758450
5546:73460688
5538:30811224
5494:19458758
5428:46460945
5420:15270554
5385:23123767
5377:11694791
5361:Oncology
5346:11522269
5311:35121966
5270:19332062
5262:15650267
5219:17687157
5135:21964534
5086:28271730
5005:26827604
4939:29356634
4890:32135118
4833:31481583
4752:29877858
4722:21037853
4673:11741220
4616:20551152
4573:28 April
4499:28 April
4479:28032396
4438:28146134
4387:28358316
4336:21830812
4297:21601547
4289:24827503
4254:15930419
4213:11777099
4168:28 April
4146:28 April
4120:26 April
3989:20 April
3947:32139401
3831:28545640
3734:30830712
3613:33597874
3524:30304647
3467:27528417
3432:25928209
3397:25276091
3341:Archived
3310:20435227
3240:32716116
3232:15761120
3183:23792451
3153:Oncogene
3134:22845482
3085:23307060
3036:28591270
2985:28403846
2934:11225698
2926:24445514
2887:42163820
2879:23589545
2838:31116490
2789:23102584
2740:18647009
2730:26286925
2722:17503659
2681:31447416
2673:22180345
2638:23676674
2581:26297486
2532:24092820
2483:25059740
2432:26 April
2382:25 April
2370:(2011),
2333:24 April
2290:24 April
2259:31300807
2218:25059740
2165:24 April
2140:24 April
2120:20691229
2060:26827604
2017:26 April
1988:3 August
1960:17860973
1952:17505496
1861:19273873
1731:See also
1559:oncology
1555:medicine
1514:micro-CT
1453:imatinib
1435:receptor
1432:HER2/neu
1417:genomics
1192:lymphoma
929:such as
904:warfarin
896:warfarin
885:Illumina
717:germline
711:Practice
648:etiology
622:exposome
544:writes:
479:cellular
471:genetics
436:genomics
405:tailored
337:Category
222:template
213:Genomics
191:Research
96:Mutation
86:Heredity
41:Genetics
7676:Outline
7646:Commons
7591:Therapy
7488:Medical
7051:Allergy
7019:Urology
6912:Surgery
6331:3117361
6277:2768970
6226:4489855
6203:Bibcode
6128:5962261
6079:3396824
5968:20 July
5938:6219763
5849:7236300
5798:6563838
5749:7395791
5728:Bibcode
5692:7118071
5671:Bibcode
5635:6128408
5586:7477007
5485:2675494
5242:Bibcode
5094:3640863
4930:5790308
4881:7367151
4713:2878980
4664:2750999
4429:5343844
4378:5412319
4205:4821443
4027:nih.gov
4009:nih.gov
3983:AP News
3938:7165025
3681:jax.org
3515:6481166
3475:2609065
3388:4175027
3301:2937184
3259:28 June
3210:Bibcode
3202:Science
3174:3818472
3125:3492839
3076:3637979
3027:7111440
2976:5390384
2829:6670022
2780:4221262
2629:3789121
2608:Bibcode
2572:4617958
2523:3875855
2474:4143101
2209:4143101
2111:2988080
1852:2653974
1592:updated
1563:biology
1461:BCR-ABL
1343:scholar
1262:(BAL),
1216:reagent
1150:" and "
1091:of the
1049:library
877:23andMe
776:, then-
656:concept
645:disease
588:RNA-seq
584:protein
507:medical
409:patient
383:, is a
149:History
121:Outline
7689:Portal
7666:Portal
7533:MDâPhD
6711:Ethics
6679:Topics
6474:Fields
6432:, 2024
6338:
6328:
6284:
6274:
6233:
6223:
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6125:
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3788:21 May
3732:
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3280:Lancet
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2600:Nature
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1950:
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1565:, and
1345:
1338:
1331:
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1316:
1188:Bexxar
1117:ligand
1014:CYP2D6
883:, and
674:Method
630:tissue
569:genome
563:Basics
335:
249:Fields
106:Allele
81:Genome
7248:Other
5542:S2CID
5424:S2CID
5381:S2CID
5266:S2CID
5176:(PDF)
5161:(PDF)
5139:S2CID
5090:S2CID
5047:S2CID
4966:S2CID
4837:S2CID
4783:S2CID
4620:S2CID
4567:(PDF)
4560:(PDF)
4534:2 May
4528:(PDF)
4521:(PDF)
4293:S2CID
4209:S2CID
3609:S2CID
3583:(PDF)
3471:S2CID
3236:S2CID
2930:S2CID
2883:S2CID
2734:INIST
2726:S2CID
2677:S2CID
2327:(PDF)
2316:(PDF)
2263:S2CID
1956:S2CID
1878:(PDF)
1724:Roche
1405:genes
1350:JSTOR
1336:books
1160:SPECT
954:SPECT
725:omics
582:, or
421:short
126:Index
6846:List
6522:Womb
6409:2022
6387:2022
6365:2022
6336:PMID
6282:PMID
6231:PMID
6172:PMID
6133:PMID
6084:PMID
6039:2014
6010:PMID
5970:2014
5943:PMID
5893:2014
5854:PMID
5803:PMID
5754:PMID
5697:PMID
5640:PMID
5591:PMID
5534:PMID
5490:PMID
5416:PMID
5373:PMID
5342:PMID
5307:PMID
5258:PMID
5238:1028
5215:PMID
5184:2014
5131:PMID
5082:PMID
5037:ISBN
5001:PMID
4935:PMID
4886:PMID
4829:PMID
4748:PMID
4718:PMID
4669:PMID
4612:PMID
4575:2014
4536:2014
4501:2014
4475:PMID
4434:PMID
4383:PMID
4332:PMID
4285:PMID
4250:PMID
4201:PMID
4170:2014
4148:2014
4122:2014
4083:2018
4072:ISSN
3991:2024
3943:PMID
3925:ISSN
3890:2021
3827:PMID
3790:2018
3730:PMID
3693:2022
3627:link
3599:ISBN
3561:ISSN
3520:PMID
3463:PMID
3428:PMID
3412:JAMA
3393:PMID
3306:PMID
3261:2015
3228:PMID
3179:PMID
3130:PMID
3081:PMID
3032:PMID
2981:PMID
2922:PMID
2875:PMID
2834:PMID
2785:PMID
2718:PMID
2669:PMID
2634:PMID
2577:PMID
2528:PMID
2479:PMID
2434:2014
2384:2024
2335:2024
2292:2024
2255:PMID
2214:PMID
2167:2024
2142:2024
2116:PMID
2056:PMID
2046:ISBN
2019:2014
1990:2020
1948:PMID
1912:2016
1886:2016
1857:PMID
1812:2015
1781:2016
1722:and
1718:The
1633:and
1613:The
1542:data
1527:and
1510:fMRI
1322:news
1184:CD20
1170:for
1146:of "
1032:and
910:and
650:and
605:and
6982:ENT
6900:and
6326:PMC
6318:doi
6272:PMC
6262:doi
6221:PMC
6211:doi
6164:doi
6160:378
6123:PMC
6115:doi
6111:378
6074:PMC
6066:doi
6000:doi
5933:PMC
5923:doi
5844:PMC
5834:doi
5793:PMC
5785:doi
5744:PMC
5736:doi
5687:PMC
5679:doi
5630:PMC
5622:doi
5581:PMC
5573:doi
5569:107
5524:doi
5480:PMC
5472:doi
5408:doi
5365:doi
5334:doi
5297:doi
5250:doi
5207:doi
5121:doi
5074:doi
5029:doi
4993:doi
4989:102
4958:doi
4925:PMC
4917:doi
4913:286
4876:PMC
4868:doi
4819:doi
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4700:doi
4659:PMC
4651:doi
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4465:doi
4424:PMC
4414:doi
4373:PMC
4363:doi
4324:doi
4277:doi
4240:doi
4236:352
4193:doi
3933:PMC
3917:doi
3858:doi
3817:doi
3761:doi
3720:doi
3591:doi
3551:doi
3510:PMC
3502:doi
3498:379
3455:doi
3420:doi
3416:313
3383:PMC
3373:doi
3296:PMC
3288:doi
3284:375
3218:doi
3206:308
3169:PMC
3161:doi
3120:PMC
3112:doi
3071:PMC
3063:doi
3022:PMC
3012:doi
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