Therizinosaurus - Knowledge (XXG)

6653: 1362:. The metacarpal II measured 28.68 cm (11.29 in) in length and was the most elongated and robust metacarpal. It had an inclined, square-shaped, and flattened upper articulation. The articulation on the lower head had very symmetrical condyles, being divided by a broad, deep depression. The lateral connecting openings were poorly developed. The metacarpal III covered 19.16 cm (7.54 in) in length and had a very thin shaft compared to the other metacarpals. Its upper articulation was divided into three parts. The lower articular head was asymmetrical with deep and broad openings. As in metacarpal II, the lateral connecting openings were poorly developed. 562: 827:. In 1968 prior to Rozhdestvensky, Osmólska and Roniewicz statements, the upper portion of a manual ungual was found in the Altan Uul locality and labeled as MPC-D 100/17 (formerly IGM or GIN). In 1972, another fragmented ungual (specimen MPC-D 100/16) was discovered at the Upper White Beds of the Hermiin Tsav locality, only preserving its lower portion. During the year 1973, a much more complete, larger, and articulated specimen was collected also from Hermiin Tsav. This specimen was labelled as MPC-D 100/15 and consists of both left and right arms including the 1642: 2700: 1342:. On its inner side, it had a triangular-shaped outline that attached to the upper surface of metacarpal I, occupying a little bit less than the lateral side, which articulates to metacarpal II. These areas were separated by an oblique bony projection. The second lower carpal was smaller than the first one, measuring 5.6 cm (2.2 in) tall and 5.93 cm (2.33 in) wide. Its lower surface was flattened and the articular surface of the carpus extended from the first carpal to the second carpal over the articulation of the two bones. 2546: 2486: 730: 6660: 1430: 8043: 2116: 1366: 813: 5897: 2143: 1315: 7604: 2358: 1472:(four-toed) condition. The last or fifth metatarsal was highly reduced bone located at the lateral side of the metatarsus and had no functional significance. Unlike most other theropods groups, the first pedal digit was—though shorter than the others—functional and weight-bearing. The second and third were equally long while the fourth was smaller and somewhat thinner. The pedal unguals were side to side flattened and likely sharp. The morphology of the feet of 7609: 1980: 143: 6646: 1174: 1114: 1864: 5891: 2089: 2222: 1749: 2026: 1886: 5885: 2044: 8103: 1014: 122: 1405:. The first and second phalanges were somewhat equal in shape and length (14.17 cm (5.58 in) and 14.38 cm (5.66 in), respectively), and shared the robust and stocky structure. The upper articular facets were very symmetrical and had a crest—particularly taller in the first phalanx. The top border of this crest was very pointed and thick; it likely served as the site for attachment of the 4996: 1583: 8049: 1946: 1830: 3034: 4982: 1495: 1796: 1575:. He analyzed the pelvis of the new genus and pointed out that segnosaurids were so different from other theropods that they could be outside the group or represent a different lineage of theropod dinosaurs. Later on the same year, he intensified the exclusion of segnosaurs from being theropods by noting that their pelves resembled those of 2286:. The plant material would have been harvested with its hands and this action was likely favored by its elongated neck which prevented the use of large amounts of force and effort. As its arms were long enough to have touched the ground during certain stances, they could have helped the dinosaur to rise from a prone position. If 2254:, even though they form part of different groups. Both genera had large, well-developed, and relatively strong arms; the pelvic girdle was robust and suited for a sitting behavior; and the hindlimb (particularly the foot) structure was robust and shortened. They considered these adaptations to represent an example of 2442:. Some of the highest stress, deformation, and strain magnitudes were obtained in the scratch/digging scenario, the hook-and-pull scenario, in contrast, resulted in lower magnitudes, and lesser ones were found in the piercing scenario. Particularly, the overall stress was most pronounced in the unusual claws of 1298:

measured 62.02 cm (24.42 in) and most of its length was occupied by its straight shaft. The ulnar process was very wide. The upper articular area was divided into inner and outer lateral sides. The lateral side had a triangular-shaped border and was slightly concave; it was limited in a top

1353:

I was 14.55 cm (5.73 in) long and compared to the others it was more stockier. Its lateral side was broad, especially on the uppermost area; the inner border was thin and narrow. The upper articulation was configured into three parts. The lower articular surface was somewhat asymmetric and

2372:

When the genus was first described by Maleev in 1954, he considered that the unusually large claws were used to harvest seaweed. This was however, based on the assumption of a giant marine turtle. In 1970, Rozhdestvensky re-examined the claws and suggested a possible function specialized in opening

1608:

claimed that segnosaurs, rather than being theropods, were indeed sauropodomorphs that successfully managed to remain in the Cretaceous period. He based the idea on anatomical traits such as the skull and similar configuration. He maintained his position in 1988 by placing the Segnosauria into the

1240:

measured 36 cm (14 in) in length, it had a broad and convex lateral surface that formed a slightly inclined concavity near of the scapulocoracoid suture. This concavity bent down towards the scapular widening. Near the scapulocoracoid suture, this edge turned very thin and possibly into

1723:

revised the taxonomy of therizinosaurs in extensive detail. She found that many parts on therizinosaur holotype and referred specimens were lost or damaged, and sparse specimens with no overlapping elements were disadvantages when concluding the relationships of the members. Zanno accepted the

4845:

Newbrey, M. G.; Brinkman, D. B.; Winkler, D. A.; Freedman, E. A.; Neuman, A. G.; Fowler, D. W.; Woodward, H. N. (2013). "Teleost centrum and jaw elements from the Upper Cretaceous Nemegt Formation (Campanian-Maastrichtian) of Mongolia and a re-identification of the fish centrum found with the

883: 1511:

as a giant marine turtle and the genus was assigned by him to a separate family, Therizinosauridae given how enigmatic the specimen was. The fossils remained with uncertainty among the scientific community; however, in 1970 Rozhdestvensky was one of the first paleontologists to suggest that

1728:

since it matches multiple therizinosaurid traits, but decided not to include the specimen in her taxonomic analysis due to the lack of comparative forelimb remains. She also excluded the supposed ribs that were present on the holotype since they likely came from a different animal and not

1684:, containing the new taxon and Therizinosauridae. All of the new information provided data on the affinities of the new-named therizinosauroids. Russell and Dong concluded that they were theropods with unusual features. In 1994, Clark and colleagues redescribed the very complete skull of 1737:, Hartman and colleagues also performed a large phylogenetic analysis of Therizinosauria based on the characters provided by Zanno in her revision. They found similar results to Zanno regarding the family Therizinosauridae but this time with the inclusion of more taxa and specimens. The 972:

and the segnosaurian identity for this taxon since it was only known from the pectoral girdle and other forelimb elements, making direct comparisons between specimens impossible. They considered this specimen to represent a Late Cretaceous representative of the Segnosauria, but not

2454:(digging) behavior has been reported in several dinosaur species, the large body size largely rules out the possibility of burrow digging in therizinosaurs. Nevertheless, an overall digging action would have been done with the foot claws because, since as in other maniraptorans, 416:

was a colossal therizinosaurid that could grow up to 9–10 m (30–33 ft) long and 4–5 m (13–16 ft) tall, and weigh possibly over 5 t (5.5 short tons). Like other therizinosaurids, it would have been a slow-moving, long-necked, high browser equipped with a

2513:

and other therizinosaurians used their arms in a robust fashion that generated significant forces. They also suggested that the prominent claws of some members could have been used as a defense against predators and other various functions. Unlike the generally light and agile

1693:

in order to contain all segnosaurs. This new infraorder was composed of Therizinosauroidea and the more advanced Therizinosauridae. Consequently, Segnosauria became a synonym of Therizinosauria. Though some uncertainties remained, a small and feathered therizinosauroid from

1036:

obtained enormous sizes, estimated to have reached 9 to 10 m (30 to 33 ft) in length with estimated heights from 4 to 5 m (13 to 16 ft) and ponderous weights from 3 t (3.3 short tons) to possibly over 5 t (5.5 short tons). These dimensions make

871:. In this new monograph, he pointed out that the rib fragments in MPC-D 100/15 were more slender than the ones from the holotype, and identified MPC-D 100/16 and 100/17 as pertaining to digits I and III, respectively. It was clear to Barsbold that MPC-D 100/15 represented 1249:

was broad and deep, slightly pointing to the outer lateral side. It had robust and convex crest-like borders. The supraglenoid thickness was developed in a convex crest-shaped form, it was divided across the top of the scapulocoracoid suture. The attachment for the

804:—another large and enigmatic theropod from the formation that was initially known from partial arms. Similar to Rozhdestvensky, they suggested that the holotype unguals were more likely to have belonged to a carnosaurian theropod, rather than a large marine turtle. 893:

Also during the year 1973, the specimen MPC-D 100/45 was discovered by the Joint Soviet-Mongolian Paleontological Expedition at the Hermiin Tsav locality. Unlike the previous findings, MPC-D 100/45 is represented by a right hindlimb composed of a very fragmented

616:(claw bones) of considerable size. This set of unguals was found on a subdivision of the Nemegt locality designated as Quarry V near the skeleton of a large theropod, but also in association with other elements including a metacarpal fragment and several 1629:

in 1982 was segnosaurian since it matched several traits, but considered it unlikely to belong to the genus and species as there was no overlapping material among specimens. Barsbold and Maryanska also disagreed with previous researchers who classified

1281:

attachment) was particularly long and thick, with its top located approximately 1/3 from the upper end. The length of the crest was no less than 2/3 the length of the whole bone element. The lower end of the humerus was very expanded and flared. The

1421:. The lower tubercle, where the flexor tendons attached to the ungual, was thick and robust, indicating a large pad in life. The articulation surface that connected the preceding phalanx was slightly concave and divided into two by a central ridge. 859:(belly ribs). As common with fossils, some elements were not entirely preserved such as the scapulocoracoids with broken ends, and the left arm is less complete than the right one. All of these specimens were first described and referred to 1337:

measured 8.23 cm (3.24 in) tall and 8.53 cm (3.36 in) wide and had two articulation surfaces on its lowermost end. The upper surface of this carpal was divided by a broad depression that formed the articulation of the

1688:

and even more theropod traits were found this time. They also validated the synonymy of the Segnosauridae with Therizinosauridae and considered therizinosauroids as maniraptoran dinosaurs. In 1997, Rusell coined the infraorder

359: 4569:

Owocki, K.; Kremer, B.; Cotte, M.; Bocherens, H. (2020). "Diet preferences and climate inferred from oxygen and carbon isotopes of tooth enamel of Tarbosaurus bataar (Nemegt Formation, Upper Cretaceous, Mongolia)".

1516:

was actually a theropod dinosaur instead of a turtle. He also suggested that the supposed ribs of the holotype were likely from a different dinosaur, possibly a sauropodomorph. In 1976 Barsbold concluded that

996:

to be likely based on the rationale that it was collected in the same stratigraphic context (Nemegt Formation) as the holotype, and shared the robust and four-toed morphology of other therizinosaurids such as

3181:[New data on Therizinosaurus (Therizinosauridae, Theropoda)]. In Kramarenko, N. N.; Luvsandansan, B.; Voronin, Y. I.; Barsbold, R.; Rozhdestvensky, A. K.; Trofimov, B. A.; Reshetov, V. Y. (eds.). 2450:. Lautenschlager noted the more strongly curved and elongate claws of some therizinosaurian taxa were poorly functional in a scratch/digging fashion, indicating this as the most unlikely function. Though 3537:

Lautenschlager, S.; Lawrence, M. W.; Perle, A.; Zanno, L. E.; Emily, J. R. (2014). "Cranial anatomy of Erlikosaurus andrewsi (Dinosauria, Therizinosauria): new insights based on digital reconstruction".

952:—at the time of this description regarded as a theropod dinosaur—to be particularly similar based on their respective scapulocoracoid morphology, only differing in size. Perle referred MPC-D 100/45 to 3224:

Perle, A. (1982). "О находке задней конечности Therizinosaurus sp. из верхнего мела Монголии" [On a new finding of the hindlimb of Therizinosaurus sp. from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia].

3494:

Dimond, C. C.; Cabin, R. J.; Brooks, J. S. (2011). "Feathers, Dinosaurs, and Behavioral Cues: Defining the Visual Display Hypothesis for the Adaptive Function of Feathers in Non-Avian Theropods".

726:

at the time of the original description, Maleev thought PIN 551-483 belonged to a large, 4.5 m (15 ft) long turtle-like reptile that relied on its giant hand claws to harvest seaweed.

2258:—a condition where organisms evolve similar traits without necessarily being related—between extinct mammal and dinosaur genera. Moreover, the body plan is somewhat exhibited by the modern-day 527:

within reach rather than being used for active attack or defense because of their fragility, however, they may have had some role for intimidation. Its arms also were particularly resistant to

1143:

suggested that the whole neck would be 2.9 times the size of the humerus, which was 76 cm (760 mm), resulting in a 2.2 m (7.2 ft) long neck based on comparisons with the

6652: 2385:

may have been employed to impale or dig up loose terrain, however, he pointed out their notorious fragility upon impact. In 1995, Lev A. Nessov suggested the elongated claws were used for

1354:

bent to the inner side from the left one, along with a wide and deep opening. The total length of this metacarpal was larger than 2/3 the length of metacarpal III, which may have been a

3783:

Perle, A. (1979). "Segnosauridae – новое семейство позднемеловых хищных динозавров Монголии" [Segnosauridae – a new family of theropods from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia].

484:, even though at some point it was suggested that it may have been a theropod. After years of taxonomic debate, nevertheless, they are now placed in one of the major dinosaur clades, 1561:. They also noted that while aberrant and having ornithischian-like pelves, segnosaurs featured similar traits to other theropods. With the discovery of the referred hindlimb to 1299:

view by the depression for the upper articulation of the radius. The inner side formed a semilunar-shaped depression that covered the lunar-shaped condyle of the humerus. The

4534:

Eberth, D. A. (2018). "Stratigraphy and paleoenvironmental evolution of the dinosaur-rich Baruungoyot-Nemegt succession (Upper Cretaceous), Nemegt Basin, southern Mongolia".

2462:

make use of its hands in a hook-and-pull fashion to pull or grasp vegetation within reach. This herbivorous behavior would make therizinosaurs mostly similar to the extant

3586:"The Slothful Claw: Osteology and Taphonomy of Nothronychus mckinleyi and N. graffami (Dinosauria: Theropoda) and Anatomical Considerations for Derived Therizinosaurids" 1569:

was very similar to the latter based on the morphology and they possibly belonged to a single, if not the same, group. In 1983, Barsbold named a new genus of segnosaur,

2482:

would have been used in active defense or attack, however, it is possible that these appendages could have had some role when facing a threat, such as intimidation.

2412:—through digital simulations. Three different functional scenarios were simulated for each claw morphology with a force of 400 N applied in each scenario: scratch/ 3650:"Hip heights of the gigantic theropod dinosaurs Deinocheirus mirificus and Therizinosaurus cheloniformis, and implications for museum mounting and paleoecology" 410:(claw bones), from which it gets its name, and additional findings comprising fore and hindlimb elements that were discovered from the 1960s through the 1980s. 4039:

Clark, J. M.; Perle, A.; Norell, M. (1994). "The skull of Erlicosaurus andrewsi, a Late Cretaceous "Segnosaur" (Theropoda, Therizinosauridae) from Mongolia".

1161:

was the presence of gigantic unguals on each of the three digits of its hands. These were common among therizinosaurs but particularly large and stiffened in

2962:

due to its prominent height and high-browsing lifestyle, was one of the tallest dinosaurs in the Nemegt Formation paleofauna. It probably had no significant

2537:, suggesting the claws on its forelimbs were merely decorative rather than functional and a result of peramorphic growth resulting from increased body size. 1409:

in life. The lower heads were nearly symmetrical, but the central depression was considerably wider and deeper in the first phalanx. The manual unguals of

8247: 4616:

Funston, G. F.; Mendonca, S. E.; Currie, P. J.; Barsbold, R.; Barsbold, R. (2018). "Oviraptorosaur anatomy, diversity and ecology in the Nemegt Basin".

3104:

Rozhdestvensky, A. K. (1970). "О гигантских когтевых фалангах загадочных рептилий мезозоя" [On the giant claws of enigmatic Mesozoic reptiles].

1001:. She also excluded the rib material from the holotype as it was re-identified by Rozhdestvensky to likely have come from a sauropod dinosaur, and not 1406: 922:, partially preserved digits I and III, and nearly complete digits II and IV. These newer remains were described by the also Mongolian paleontologist 8193: 1476:

and other therizinosaurids was unique, as the general theropod formula includes tridactyl (three-toed) feet in which the first toe was reduced to a

1241:

cartilage along with the periphery of the coracoid in life, as the case of the scapular edge. A large foramen was also present on the coracoid. The

3831:

Barsbold, R. (1983). "O ptich'ikh chertakh v stroyenii khishchnykh dinozavrov" [Avian features in the morphology of predatory dinosaurs].

8257: 4805: 5043: 4855: 4071: 8267: 3002:. The elongated claws may have been useful for self-defense or to intimidate the predator during this situation. It is also possible that 3124: 1672:. With this, they identified the Therizinosauridae along with the Segnosauridae to be the same group, the former name having taxonomic 4004:

Russell, D. A.; Dong, Z. (1993). "The affinities of a new theropod from the Alxa Desert, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China".

3249:

Barsbold, R.; Maryańska, T. (1990). "Saurischia Sedis Mutabilis: Segnosauria". In Weishampel, D. B.; Osmolska, H.; Dodson, P. (eds.).

3047: 1489: 5896: 3988: 3913: 3462: 3374: 3343: 3258: 2447: 960:. In 1990, Barsbold and Teresa Maryanska agreed with Perle in that the hindlimb material from Hermiin Tsav he described in 1982 was 8042: 2497:

Scott A. Lee and Zachary Richards in 2018 based on bending resistance measurements of several dinosaur humeri, found the humeri of

2478:, or gripping mates during mating given the lack of more specimens. He clarified that there is no evidence that the long claws of 1668:. This new genus was far more complete than any other segnosaur and multiple anatomical features indicated that it was related to 561: 429:

that bore unguals which, unlike other relatives, were very stiffened, elongated, and only had significant curvatures at the tips.

5008: 1625:

supported this vision. In 1990, Barsbold and Teresa Maryanska agreed in that the hindlimb material from Hermiin Tsav referred to

782:

as a theropod. Rozhdestvensky also illustrated the three holotypic manual unguals and re-identified the metacarpal fragment as a

460:

had rather complex relationships due to the lack of complete specimens and relatives at the time. Maleev thought the remains of

7603: 6659: 4718: 4244:

Fiorillo, A. R.; McCarthy, P. J.; Kobayashi, Y.; Tomsich, C. S.; Tykoski, R. S.; Lee, Y.-N.; Tanaka, T.; Noto, C. R. (2018).

4246:"An unusual association of hadrosaur and therizinosaur tracks within Late Cretaceous rocks of Denali National Park, Alaska" 2533:, which represent the extremes of theropod claw morphology, suggest that there was no mechanical function identifiable for 2458:

on the arms would have interfered with this function. Instead of being used for fossorial behavior, it is more likely that

1413:

were especially enormous and long, estimated to have covered approximately 52 cm (20 in) in length. Unlike other

875:

as the ungual in this specimen shared the elongation and flattened morphology of all previous specimens. He concluded that

142: 734: 4734:

Chinzorig, T.; Kobayashi, Y.; Tsogtbaatar, K.; Currie, P. J.; Takasaki, R.; Tanaka, T.; Iijima, M.; Barsbold, R. (2018).

4705:

Weishampel, D. B.; Barrett, P. M.; Coria, R. A.; Loeuff, J. L.; Xing, X.; Xijin, Z.; Sahni, A.; Gomani, E. M. P. (2004).

8272: 6645: 4183:"Middle Miocene Chalicotheriinae (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) from France, with a discussion on chalicotheriine phylogeny" 1462: 1450: 1442: 1399: 1391: 1379: 1347: 1331: 1301: 1292: 1271: 1263: 1243: 1234: 1222: 1199: 1187: 1145: 1104: 1096: 956:

given that this specimen was found near the location of MPC-D 100/15 and was virtually similar to the described pes for

907: 903: 4474:"The first oviraptorosaur (Dinosauria: Theropoda) bonebed: evidence of gregarious behaviour in a maniraptoran theropod" 3198:"Upper Cretaceous Djadokhta, Barun Goyot and Nemegt formations of Mongolia, including remarks on previous subdivisions" 1641: 7608: 3979:

Norman, D. B. (1990). "Problematic Theropoda: Coelurosauria". In Weishampel, D. B.; Osmolska, H.; Dodson, P. (eds.).

1185:

covered 2.4 m (7.9 ft) in total length (humerus, radius and second metacarpal with phalanges lengths). The

964:(then called segnosaurians) given that the metatarsus was stocky and the astragalus had a laterally arched ascending 2688:

in both regions. It has been previously suggested that the Nemegt Formation may have been similar to the modern-day

4986: 3754: 130: 5890: 3430: 2699: 2509:

dinosaurs to be relatively resilient to stress. This increased ability to withstand stress supports the idea that

1197:(bony extension) and a very widened ventral surface. Near the anterior edge of the scapular widening and near the 5836: 5036: 3183:

Paleontology and Biostratigraphy of Mongolia. The Joint Soviet-Mongolian Paleontological Expedition, Transactions

2471: 749: 612:

locality Nemegt (also known as Nemegt Valley), but the most notable elements collected were three partial manual

4333:"Morphological and functional diversity in therizinosaur claws and the implications for theropod claw evolution" 1417:

they were very straight, side to side flattened, and had sharp curvatures only at the tips, a unique feature of

6189: 5134: 4775:"The Nemegt Basin — One of the best field laboratories for interpreting Late Cretaceous terrestrial ecosystems" 4472:

Funston, G. F.; Currie, P. J.; Eberth, D. A.; Ryan, M. J.; Chinzorig, T.; Demchig, B.; Longrich, N. R. (2016).

2386: 1699: 581: 437:

ended in four functionally weight-bearing toes differing from other theropod groups in which the first toe was

433:

had the longest known manual unguals of any land animal, reaching above 50 cm (20 in) in length. Its

5884: 4087:

Xu, X.; Tang, Z.; Wang, X. A. (1999). "A therizinosauroid dinosaur with integumentary structures from China".

4132:"A new paravian dinosaur from the Late Jurassic of North America supports a late acquisition of avian flight" 8262: 7728: 6593: 3350: 2485: 2374: 1059: 687: 2545: 2470:. Lautenschlager could neither confirm nor disregard that the hand claws could have been used for defense, 1521:

was a theropod because MPC-D 100/15 matched numerous theropodan characters, and that Therizinosauridae and

8123: 8106: 7705: 7649: 2110: 4425:"Functional space analyses reveal the function and evolution of the most bizarre theropod manual unguals" 3178: 3073: 1123:

In 2010, Senter and James used hindlimb length equations to predict the total length of the hindlimbs in

8252: 8219: 7965: 6215: 5780: 2963: 2679: 2588:. The Nemegt Formation is separated into three informal members. The lower member is mainly composed by 2522:

and relatives relied on arms and claws to face threats (and were generally slow-runners to begin with).

2137: 1673: 1660:

in 1993, the widely accepted sauropodomorph affinities of segnosaurs were questioned by paleontologists

1087: 729: 536: 7936: 3853:

Paul, G. S. (1984). "The segnosaurian dinosaurs: relics of the prosauropod-ornithischian transition?".

2115: 1429: 1311:. Its upper end was flattened in a lateral direction, very wide, and the distal end was highly robust. 4317:(in Russian). Saint Petersburg: Institute of Earth Crust, Saint Petersburg University. pp. 45–46. 3930: 2142: 1365: 812: 8180: 8161: 8048: 5029: 5000: 4931: 4884: 4747: 4736:"Ornithomimosaurs from the Nemegt Formation of Mongolia: manus morphological variation and diversity" 4663: 4625: 4579: 4543: 4485: 4395: 4257: 4096: 4013: 3862: 3693: 3597: 3547: 3300: 2722:

The paleofauna of the Nemegt Formation was diverse and rich, composed of other dinosaurs such as the

2287: 2255: 1734: 1716: 1708:. It confirmed the placement of therizinosaurs among theropods and also their taxonomic place on the 1593: 927: 868: 817: 742: 633: 504: 263: 3649: 1314: 456:(formerly known as Segnosauria; the segnosaurs). During and after its original description in 1954, 6997: 6492: 6358: 5993: 4920:"A Review of Shamosuchus and Paralligator (Crocodyliformes, Neosuchia) from the Cretaceous of Asia" 4873:"Cretaceous soft-shelled turtles (Trionychidae) of Mongolia: new diversity, records and a revision" 2954:

remains have been found are fluvial-based, it is suggested that it may have preferred to forage on

2928: 2831: 2390: 2298:

may have been able to reach even higher vegetation supported by its short and robust feet. Whereas

1543:

given the similarities of the mandible and dentition to other members. A year later, the new genus

1041:

the largest therizinosaur known and the largest known maniraptoran. Along with the contemporaneous

791: 572:

fossils have been collected from the Altan Uul, Hermiin Tsav, and Nemegt localities at the area A (

2306:

was better at pushing large clumps of foliage because of its long claws. It is also possible that

882: 7993: 7125: 7074: 6721: 6461: 5684: 5161: 4900: 4687: 4595: 4304: 4112: 3961: 3886: 3683: 3563: 3519: 3511: 3476: 3468: 3421: 3316: 2967: 2882: 2569: 2423: 1681: 1526: 528: 226: 137: 6902: 6822: 4820: 2934: 2357: 8224: 7893: 7277: 3806: 1979: 1712:. The discovery also indicated that feathers were highly distributed among theropod dinosaurs. 8206: 7845: 7104: 6832: 6347: 6132: 5736: 5103: 4959: 4851: 4714: 4679: 4513: 4454: 4364: 4285: 4226: 4163: 4130:

Hartman, S.; Mortimer, M.; Wahl, W. R.; Lomax, D. R.; Lippincott, J.; Lovelace, D. M. (2019).

4067: 3984: 3909: 3878: 3721: 3625: 3458: 3413: 3370: 3353: 3339: 3254: 2850: 2585: 2475: 1940: 1863: 1764: 1604:

Consequently, the assignment of segnosaurs started to shift towards sauropodomorphs. In 1984,

1194: 1193:

measured 67 cm (26 in) long with a stocky and flattened dorsal blade, wide acromial

1173: 1136: 1113: 1051: 965: 911: 719: 469: 239: 8211: 1600:

helped to resolve important aspects about the affinities of the long-enigmatic therizinosaurs

786:

bone, and based on the unusual shape of both metatarsal and ribs fragments he listed them as

741:

Though it was not fully understood to what general kind of animal these fossils belonged, in

8076: 8001: 7943: 7536: 7427: 7134: 6812: 6536: 6515: 5825: 5759: 5666: 5303: 4949: 4939: 4892: 4871:

Danilov, I. G.; Hirayama, R.; Sukhanov, V. B.; Suzuki, S.; Watabe, M.; Vitek, N. S. (2014).

4786: 4755: 4671: 4633: 4587: 4551: 4503: 4493: 4444: 4436: 4403: 4354: 4344: 4275: 4265: 4194: 4153: 4143: 4104: 4044: 4021: 3870: 3750: 3711: 3701: 3615: 3605: 3555: 3503: 3450: 3403: 3308: 3197: 3135: 3039: 2753: 2748: 2639: 2561: 2515: 1974: 1618: 1550: 1308: 1205: 1153: 1091: 1063: 985: 961: 923: 864: 585: 573: 508: 385: 381: 303: 4306:Динозавры северной евразии: Новые данные о составе комплексов, экологии и палеобиогеографии 8023: 8016: 7979: 7900: 7884: 7464: 7436: 7083: 6711: 6570: 6501: 6373: 6336: 6178: 6163: 6082: 6038: 6017: 5673: 5630: 5455: 5386: 5119: 4846:

theropod Raptorex kreigsteini". In Arratia, G.; Schultze, H.-S.; Wilson, M. V. H. (eds.).

2974:

was a grazer, on the other hand, it would have competed with contemporary grazers such as

2768: 2738: 2088: 1690: 1610: 1605: 1269:

was robustly built, measuring 76 cm (30 in) long. It had a broad upper end. The

1255: 1042: 989: 939: 852: 828: 762: 477: 453: 446: 378: 370: 30: 4423:

Qin, Zichuan; Liao, Chun-Chi; Benton, Michael J.; Rayfield, Emily J. (16 February 2023).

4311:

Dinosaurs of northern Eurasia: new data about assemblages, ecology, and paleobiogeography

3289:"A taxonomic and phylogenetic re-evaluation of Therizinosauria (Dinosauria: Maniraptora)" 2970:

with the titanosaurs—also long-necked dinosaurs—of the formation could have occurred. If

1468:. The first four were functional and terminated in weight-bearing digits, hence having a 4935: 4888: 4751: 4667: 4629: 4583: 4547: 4489: 4399: 4261: 4100: 4017: 3866: 3697: 3601: 3551: 3304: 2998:

may have been not able to bite any higher than the thighs or belly of an adult standing

2221: 2043: 2025: 1885: 1748: 1272: 8066: 8008: 7972: 7869: 7801: 7776: 7749: 7717: 7361: 7331: 7196: 7035: 6953: 6842: 6582: 6508: 6471: 5969: 5766: 5525: 5421: 5360: 5339: 4954: 4919: 4508: 4473: 4449: 4424: 4359: 4332: 4280: 4245: 4158: 4131: 3716: 3671: 3620: 3585: 2939: 2795: 2689: 2623: 2596: 2550: 2530: 2245: 1824: 1522: 1457: 1414: 1278: 981: 746: 660: 8241: 8086: 8081: 7950: 7810: 7694: 7638: 7317: 7236: 7180: 7150: 7097: 7090: 6976: 6967: 6751: 6731: 6274: 6263: 6149: 6118: 6075: 6024: 6010: 5704: 5436: 5414: 5399: 5317: 4872: 4774: 4735: 4706: 4691: 4599: 4199: 4116: 3952:"Abstract of Papers. Forty-Ninth Annual Meeting Society of Vertebrate Paleontology". 3480: 3425: 3369:(2nd ed.). Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. pp. 162−168. 3336:

Dinosaurs: The Most Complete, Up-to-Date Encyclopedia for Dinosaur Lovers of All Ages

2887: 2876: 2835: 2816: 2799: 2778: 2693: 2663: 2631: 2581: 2502: 2467: 2426:

magnitudes, the stress was greater with the curvature and elongation of the claws in

2345:. As the bite force started to decrease from primitive to derived therizinosaurians, 1720: 1709: 1704: 1647: 1251: 1229: 1213: 1058:

are relatively incomplete, inferences can be made about its physical characteristics

840: 795: 790:

remains. These theropodan affinities were also followed by the Polish paleontologist

629: 481: 403: 259: 72: 34: 4904: 3523: 3320: 2349:, being a derived member, would have been subject to the evolutionary relationship. 1200: 1013: 121: 8096: 7958: 7685: 7559: 7552: 7491: 7409: 7142: 7021: 6933: 6882: 6852: 6801: 6741: 6559: 6412: 6397: 6382: 6316: 6204: 6156: 6068: 5958: 5813: 5773: 5752: 5745: 5725: 5718: 5711: 5658: 5643: 5579: 5536: 5497: 5367: 5346: 5277: 5255: 3874: 3567: 2943: 2857: 2841: 2733: 2723: 2709: 2675: 2619: 2434: 2227: 2083: 1880: 1790: 1665: 1661: 1571: 1553:

and Perle in 1980. They named a new infraorder called the Segnosauria, composed of

1545: 1500: 1355: 1071: 1046: 1029: 800: 775: 641: 438: 418: 271: 1582: 4944: 4896: 4806:"Fresh-water ostracodes from the Nemegt Formation (Upper Cretaceous) of Mongolia" 4790: 4759: 4637: 4591: 4555: 3610: 3559: 3312: 1097: 8155: 7921: 7831: 7766: 7507: 7457: 7388: 7340: 7165: 7111: 7059: 7006: 6892: 6862: 6781: 6545: 6295: 6285: 5948: 5787: 5552: 5511: 5482: 5475: 5443: 5353: 5287: 5227: 5214: 5173: 5052: 3086: 2891: 2872: 2867: 2757: 2684: 2667: 2565: 2506: 2020: 1622: 1531: 1469: 1463: 1287: 948: 919: 879:

was a theropod taxon since MPC-D 100/15 matched multiple theropodan characters.

589: 549: 512: 489: 399: 47: 4995: 4440: 4270: 4062:

Russell, D. A. (1997). "Therizinosauria". In Currie, P. J.; Padian, K. (eds.).

3841: 2662:

with cold, dry winters and hot, rainy summers with the addition of mean annual

1613:, and was one of the first to suggest a segnosaur assignment for the enigmatic 1451: 1348: 452:

It was one of the last and the largest representative of its unique group, the

7986: 7854: 7661: 7545: 7515: 7482: 7450: 7416: 7402: 7395: 7219: 7189: 6983: 6943: 6872: 6761: 6690: 6677: 6605: 6552: 6428: 6405: 6390: 6326: 6253: 6141: 6111: 6104: 6047: 6003: 5697: 5586: 5570: 5559: 5518: 5504: 5468: 5429: 5407: 4319: 3771: 3029: 2912: 2901: 2861: 2811: 2790: 2763: 2614:

inhabited have been determined by the sedimentation across the formation, the

2604: 2549:

The Nemegt Formation may have had similar environments to those of the swampy

2418: 2333:

had a reduced bite force that may have been useful for cropping vegetation or

1945: 1656: 1588: 1392: 1146: 1140: 848: 783: 609: 565: 524: 200: 92: 57: 8146: 4230: 3882: 1235: 1223: 406:

in 1954. The genus is only known from a few bones, including gigantic manual

8091: 8071: 7907: 7862: 7824: 7817: 7374: 7307: 7287: 7267: 7257: 7247: 7051: 7044: 7013: 6478: 6305: 6097: 5979: 5651: 5593: 5545: 5489: 5375: 5244: 5146: 5094: 5016: 3983:(1st ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 280−305. 3793: 3253:(1st ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 408−415. 2979: 2915: 2907: 2846: 2820: 2805: 2784: 2742: 2727: 2715: 2655: 2647: 2592: 2498: 2463: 2451: 2428: 2378: 2263: 2251: 1829: 1752:

Skeletal reconstructions of various therizinosaurian genera (not to scale);

1738: 1540: 1332: 1264: 1244: 1188: 1165:, and they are considered as the longest known from any terrestrial animal. 1135:

may have had approximately 3 m (9.8 ft) long legs. More recently,

856: 544: 485: 213: 154: 97: 41: 4963: 4683: 4517: 4458: 4368: 4349: 4289: 4167: 3725: 3629: 3472: 3417: 3392:"The accuracy and precision of body mass estimation in non-avian dinosaurs" 3234: 2666:

between 775 mmm and 835 mmm, a precipitation that was subject to prominent

2361:

Lateral view of the unguals in specimens MPC-D 100/15, 100/16, and 100/17.

1400: 1380: 1302: 1105: 8172: 4981: 3454: 2404:

In 2014, Lautenschlager tested the function of various therizinosaur hand

1795: 1494: 1443: 1290:

were very broad and projected over the limits of the articular areas. The

8140: 7914: 7786: 7443: 7381: 7203: 7157: 6771: 6522: 6446: 6090: 6054: 5600: 5332: 5085: 5076: 3507: 2955: 2772: 2635: 2573: 2455: 2334: 2323: 2262:. Because the animals with this type of body plan are known to represent 2259: 1576: 1293: 1283: 1117: 1018: 787: 767: 757: 648: 601: 593: 434: 422: 187: 174: 87: 82: 67: 62: 52: 4675: 3515: 580:

In 1948, several Mongolian Paleontological expeditions organized by the

8198: 7928: 7674: 7522: 7347: 6922: 6232: 6061: 5927: 5914: 5848: 4148: 3965: 3890: 2923: 2826: 2659: 2627: 2615: 2600: 2589: 2413: 2398: 2366: 2291: 2275: 1477: 1319: 1286:

were developed onto the anterior side of the lower expansion while the

1209: 1079: 1075: 915: 844: 711: 686:, meaning lizard) in reference to the enormous manual unguals, and the 613: 540: 442: 426: 102: 77: 4498: 4408: 4383: 4217:

Russell, D. A.; Russell, D. E. (1993). "Mammal-Dinosaur Convergence".

3408: 3391: 823:

Further expeditions in the Nemegt Formation unearthed more fossils of

7499: 7297: 6912: 6791: 5266: 5070: 4048: 3833:

Transactions of the Joint Soviet Mongolian Paleontological Expedition

3785:

Transactions of the Joint Soviet-Mongolian Paleontological Expedition

3763:

Transactions of the Joint Soviet-Mongolian Paleontological Expedition

3706: 2643: 2577: 2394: 2279: 1339: 1217: 1177:

Diagram of the right arm and shoulder blade (rotated) of MPC-D 100/15

935: 832: 625: 605: 597: 465: 407: 164: 8117: 4025: 2670:. The wet environments of the Nemegt Formation may have acted as an 2658:(mean annual temperatures between 7.6 and 8.7 °C), characterized by 1745:

within Therizinosauria according to Hartman and colleagues in 2019:

499:

The unusual arms and body anatomy (extrapolated after relatives) of

4182: 3447:

Dinosaur Facts and Figures: The Theropods and Other Dinosauriformes

5324: 4713:(2nd ed.). University of California Press. pp. 596–598. 4108: 3688: 3288: 2982:

like dromaeosaurids and troodontids did not represent a threat to

2896: 2698: 2671: 2544: 2484: 2405: 2356: 2319: 2315: 2283: 2220: 1747: 1695: 1640: 1581: 1493: 1428: 1364: 1313: 1172: 1112: 1022: 1012: 899: 895: 881: 811: 728: 715: 714:. Maleev also coined a separate family for this new and enigmatic 707: 652: 637: 560: 516: 366: 3672:"Why sauropods had long necks; and why giraffes have short necks" 2572:

because of the discontinuity of exposures and absence of datable

1220:

when alive. The posterior edge of the scapula was robust and the

8185: 7626: 7571: 3757:[Carnivorous dinosaurs from the Cretaceous of Mongolia] 2919: 836: 816:

Arms of specimen MPC-D 100/15 with unguals 100/16 and 100/17 at

617: 374: 8121: 7624: 6675: 5912: 5212: 5063: 5025: 4773:

Fanti, F.; Bell, P. R.; Currie, P. J.; Tsogtbataar, K. (2020).

3584:

Hedrick, B. P.; Zanno, L. E.; Wolfe, D. G.; Dodson, P. (2015).

515:

mammals, suggesting similar feeding habits. The elongated hand

496:

is widely recovered within Therizinosauridae by most analyses.

476:

and kin were thought to represent some kind of Late Cretaceous

468:-like reptile, and also named a separate family for the genus: 5021: 2474:, stabilization by grasping tree trunks during high browsing, 2310:

was less capable of great precision in its movements than was

1021:

in yellow, right) compared to a 1.8 m (5.9 ft) tall

710:

formis as the remains were thought to belong to a turtle-like

4654:

Holtz, T. R. (2014). "Mystery of the horrible hands solved".

4384:"The Surprisingly Strong Arms of the Therizinosaur Dinosaurs" 3179:"Новые данные о теризинозавре (Therizinosauridae, Theropoda)" 1634:

as a segnosaur. In the same year, David B. Norman considered

701: 695: 681: 675: 669: 663: 2270:. Russell and Russell reconstructed the feeding behavior of 968:(bony extension), but cast doubt with his referral of it to 342: 309: 2381:

diet. Barsbold in 1976 suggested that the unusual claws of

472:. Later on, with the discovery of more complete relatives, 388:

around 70 million years ago. It contains a single species,

345: 333: 318: 312: 2416:; hook-and-pull; and piercing. Though the stocky claws of 2329:

Anthony R. Fiorillo and colleagues in 2018 suggested that

1654:

However, with the unexpected discovery and description of

1433:

Labelled diagram of the referred pes specimen MPC-D 100/45

398:

were found in 1948 by a Mongolian field expedition at the

4709:. In Weishampel, D. B.; Dodson, P.; Osmolska, H. (eds.). 3196:

Gradziński, R.; Jaworowska, Z. K.; Maryańska, T. (1977).

1498:

Outdated quadrupedal, sauropodomorph-like restoration of

327: 2446:, which may represent an exceptional case of elongation 1258:

with a stocky top, indicating powerful muscles in life.

1078:

gaits; a large belly for foliage processing; and sparse

2239:

In 1993 Dale A. Russell and Donald E. Russell analyzed

421:(horny beak) and a wide torso for food processing. Its 3807:"Segnosauria, a new suborder of carnivorous dinosaurs" 3449:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 270. 2580:, the vertebrate fossil assemblage suggests an early 1535:, in 1979 Perle named a new family of dinosaurs, the 620:

fragments. It was labelled under the specimen number

348: 339: 330: 324: 321: 306: 16:

Therizinosaurid genus from the Late Cretaceous period

7881: 7842: 7798: 7782: 7772: 7762: 7533: 7479: 7358: 7328: 7313: 7303: 7293: 7283: 7273: 7263: 7253: 7243: 7232: 7177: 7122: 7071: 7032: 6994: 6964: 6949: 6939: 6929: 6918: 6908: 6898: 6888: 6878: 6868: 6858: 6848: 6838: 6828: 6818: 6808: 6797: 6787: 6777: 6767: 6757: 6747: 6737: 6727: 6717: 6707: 6579: 6533: 6489: 6458: 6441: 6370: 6354: 6343: 6332: 6322: 6312: 6301: 6291: 6281: 6270: 6259: 6249: 6201: 6175: 6129: 6035: 5990: 5975: 5965: 5954: 5944: 5822: 5627: 5300: 5283: 5273: 5262: 5251: 5240: 3908:. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. 185–283. 3125:"Deinocheiridae, a new family of theropod dinosaurs" 3099: 3097: 3095: 2529:

regarding the claw function in therizinosaurids and

1307:

was 55.04 cm (21.67 in) long and slightly

774:

to propose that the appendages actually came from a

315: 278: 8130: 7880: 7841: 7797: 7747: 7716: 7693: 7684: 7660: 7637: 7570: 7532: 7478: 7426: 7357: 7327: 7217: 7176: 7121: 7070: 7031: 6993: 6963: 6688: 6604: 6578: 6569: 6532: 6488: 6457: 6426: 6369: 6230: 6200: 6174: 6128: 6034: 5989: 5925: 5847: 5821: 5812: 5735: 5683: 5626: 5569: 5535: 5454: 5385: 5298: 5225: 5172: 5145: 5118: 2966:with other herbivores over the foliage, however, a 1212:was located; it likely functioned as a channel for 336: 4848:Mesozoic Fishes 5 – Global Diversity and Evolution 3185:(in Russian). Moscow: Nauka Press. pp. 76–92. 2650:that supported diverse herbivorous dinosaurs like 624:and later on, these fossils were described by the 4779:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 4740:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 4618:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 4572:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 4536:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 4850:. Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil. pp. 291–303. 4181:Anquetin, J.; Antoine, P.-O.; Tassy, P. (2007). 535:was a very tall animal, likely having a reduced 4212: 4210: 4066:. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 729–730. 3931:"Saurischian monophyly and the origin of birds" 3745: 3743: 3741: 3739: 3737: 3735: 3244: 3242: 3076:[New turtle like reptile in Mongolia]. 2986:, the only other predator rivaling in size was 2622:of many herbivorous dinosaurs and the numerous 2568:. Although this formation has never been dated 798:in 1970 during their naming and description of 445:and also resembling the very distantly related 4611: 4609: 4529: 4527: 4219:National Geographic Research & Exploration 3579: 3577: 3172: 3170: 3168: 3166: 3164: 3162: 3160: 3158: 3156: 2654:. The climate of the formation was relatively 2626:across the formation. They consisted of large 2389:and juveniles could have used their claws for 1676:. Due to some primitive characters present in 1638:to be a theropod of uncertain classification. 760:and not a turtle. He made comparisons between 531:, which suggests a robust use of these limbs. 129:Mounted forelimbs of specimen MPC-D 100/15 at 5037: 3935:Memoirs of the California Academy of Sciences 3643: 3641: 3639: 3440: 3438: 2337:, based on relative therizinosaurids such as 752:was one of the first authors to suggest that 636:who used them to scientifically name the new 600:findings. The expeditions unearthed numerous 8: 4649: 4647: 3067: 3065: 3063: 2595:, while middle and upper members consist of 3657:Bulletin of Gunma Museum of Natural History 3282: 3280: 3278: 3276: 3274: 3272: 3270: 3219: 3217: 3215: 2678:from arid neighbour localities such as the 2266:, the authors suggested this lifestyle for 2250:and noted similarities in their respective 1082:. Other traits that were likely present in 1070:had a proportionally small skull bearing a 992:considered the referral of MPC-D 100/45 to 918:feet (four-toed) compromising four partial 886:Composite skeletal of the known remains of 8118: 7755: 7690: 7666: 7634: 7621: 7366: 7225: 6700: 6696: 6685: 6672: 6575: 6434: 6242: 6238: 5937: 5933: 5922: 5909: 5818: 5689: 5635: 5623: 5460: 5391: 5309: 5233: 5222: 5209: 5151: 5124: 5115: 5060: 5044: 5030: 5022: 3006:competed for other various resources with 2314:, due to the latter having more developed 1539:. He tentatively placed the family within 120: 20: 4953: 4943: 4507: 4497: 4448: 4407: 4358: 4348: 4279: 4269: 4198: 4187:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 4157: 4147: 3715: 3705: 3687: 3619: 3609: 3445:Molina-Pérez, R.; Larramendi, A. (2016). 3407: 2235:may have sat on its pelvis during feeding 1645:Feather impressions from the holotype of 1448:that was very wide on its lower end. The 3074:"Новый черепахообразный ящер в Монголии" 1529:. With the discovery and description of 3059: 1724:referral of the specimen IGM 100/45 to 1617:. Other prominent paleontologists like 1232:system with its periphery in life. The 1228:was lightly built, likely fused into a 988:in her large taxonomic reevaluation of 425:were particularly robust and had three 3390:Campione, N. E.; Evans, D. C. (2020). 3367:The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs 2525:A 2023 study by Qin, Rayfield, Benton 1680:they coined a new taxonomic rank, the 2393:, in a similar way to the modern-day 2365:may have used its claws for grasping 2274:as being able to sit while consuming 1318:Skeletal diagram featuring the known 1254:was prominently developed by a large 7: 3670:Taylor, M. P.; Wedel, M. J. (2013). 3123:Osmólska, H.; Roniewicz, E. (1970). 1565:in 1982 by Perle, he concluded that 1066:. Like other members of its family, 733:Holotype unguals PIN 551–483 at the 4877:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 3293:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 2990:. Because of the greater height of 2075: 2068: 2012: 2000: 1966: 1933: 1850: 1816: 1782: 1770: 1760: 942:) to be unlikely, and hypothesized 674:, meaning scythe, reap or cut) and 4337:Proceedings of the Royal Society B 4006:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 3954:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 3855:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 3540:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 3048:Timeline of therizinosaur research 2682:, as evidenced on the presence of 2560:have been found in the well-known 2518:who avoided predation with speed, 2493:tested in a hook and pull scenario 2302:was more suited to hook branches, 1490:Timeline of therizinosaur research 1157:. The most distinctive feature of 14: 8248:Late Cretaceous dinosaurs of Asia 4382:Lee, S. A.; Richards, Z. (2018). 3648:Senter, P.; James, R. H. (2010). 3334:Holtz, T. R.; Rey, L. V. (2007). 2895:. Additional paleofauna includes 2707:pair along with a small group of 1131:. They concluded that an average 1074:(horny beak) atop its long neck; 596:, with the main objective of new 503:have been cited as an example of 8102: 8101: 8047: 8041: 7607: 7602: 6658: 6651: 6644: 5895: 5889: 5883: 4994: 4980: 4200:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00327.x 3906:Predatory Dinosaurs of the World 3805:Barsbold, R.; Perle, A. (1980). 3755:"Хищные динозавры мела Монголии" 3084:] (in Russian) (3): 106–108. 3032: 2141: 2114: 2087: 2042: 2024: 1978: 1944: 1884: 1862: 1828: 1794: 863:by the Mongolian paleontologist 365:; meaning 'scythe lizard') is a 302: 141: 1440:had a rather stocky and robust 778:dinosaur, thereby interpreting 568:fossil localities of Mongolia; 543:in its habitat and outmatching 3875:10.1080/02724634.1984.10012026 1702:and colleagues: the new genus 930:. He regarded the referral of 523:were more useful when pulling 1: 8258:Fossil taxa described in 1954 3814:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 3226:Problems in Mongolian Geology 2696:(well-watered) surroundings. 2638:composed of large, enclosed, 2607:, and fluvial sedimentation. 1741:below shows the placement of 1507:Maleev originally classified 1460:-like), and composed of five 1456:was robust and short (almost 1054:. Though the body remains of 735:Moscow Paleontological Museum 645:Therizinosaurus cheloniformis 391:Therizinosaurus cheloniformis 283:Therizinosaurus cheloniformis 4945:10.1371/journal.pone.0118116 4897:10.1080/14772019.2013.847870 4791:10.1016/j.palaeo.2017.07.014 4760:10.1016/j.palaeo.2017.10.031 4638:10.1016/j.palaeo.2017.10.023 4592:10.1016/j.palaeo.2019.05.012 4556:10.1016/j.palaeo.2017.11.018 3611:10.1371/journal.pone.0129449 3560:10.1080/02724634.2014.874529 3313:10.1080/14772019.2010.488045 2692:, which is also composed of 722:. Since little was known of 702: 682: 670: 8268:Taxa named by Evgeny Maleev 4331:Lautenschlager, S. (2014). 8289: 4441:10.1038/s42003-023-04552-4 4271:10.1038/s41598-018-30110-8 3134:(21): 5–19. Archived from 2950:As the sediments in which 2922:; terrestrial and aquatic 2674:-like area that attracted 1487: 1062:more complete and related 898:with the lower end of the 696: 694:, is taken from the Greek 676: 664: 131:Nagoya City Science Museum 8061: 8039: 7758: 7669: 7633: 7620: 7600: 7369: 7228: 6703: 6699: 6684: 6671: 6642: 6437: 6245: 6241: 5940: 5936: 5921: 5908: 5881: 5692: 5638: 5622: 5463: 5394: 5312: 5236: 5221: 5208: 5154: 5127: 5114: 5059: 4064:Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs 4041:American Museum Novitates 3351:Genus List for Holtz 2012 2472:intraspecific competition 2387:defense against predators 2134: 2107: 2080: 2073: 2066: 2039: 2017: 2010: 1998: 1971: 1964: 1938: 1931: 1877: 1855: 1848: 1821: 1814: 1787: 1780: 1768: 1698:was described in 1999 by 1480:and held off the ground. 1385:of the manus is known in 934:and Therizinosauridae to 843:and left ulna, two right 835:(upper arm bones), right 750:Anatoly K. Rozhdestvensky 277: 270: 138:Scientific classification 136: 128: 119: 23: 4819:: 65–121. Archived from 3132:Palaeontologica Polonica 2918:at numerous localities; 2584:stage possibly about 70 608:fossil remains from the 582:USSR Academy of Sciences 4804:Szczechura, J. (1978). 4707:"Dinosaur Distribution" 3202:Acta Geologica Polonica 3106:Paleontological Journal 2618:level preserved on the 2353:Arms and claws function 1369:Highlighted regions of 1017:Size of two specimens ( 855:Il, and some ribs with 737:; note left ungual cast 402:and later described by 394:. The first remains of 4918:Turner, A. H. (2015). 4813:Paleontologia Polonica 4429:Communications Biology 4350:10.1098/rspb.2014.0497 4303:Nessov, L. A. (1995). 3431:Supporting Information 3072:Maleev, E. A. (1954). 2719: 2703:Life restoration of a 2610:The environments that 2553: 2494: 2369: 2236: 2111:Nothronychus mckinleyi 1757: 1651: 1601: 1504: 1434: 1389:. It consisted of two 1374: 1326: 1178: 1120: 1094:and a robustly-built, 1025: 890: 820: 738: 706:, meaning turtle) and 659:, is derived from the 584:were conducted in the 577: 8220:Paleobiology Database 5781:Paralitherizinosaurus 3929:Gauthier, J. (1986). 3455:10.1515/9780691190594 3287:Zanno, L. E. (2010). 3177:Barsbold, R. (1976). 2702: 2680:Barun Goyot Formation 2668:seasonal fluctuations 2548: 2488: 2360: 2231:in a sitting stance. 2224: 2138:Nothronychus graffami 1751: 1644: 1585: 1497: 1432: 1368: 1317: 1176: 1116: 1102:(backwards oriented) 1050:, it was the largest 1016: 980:In 2010 however, the 885: 851:including a complete 815: 732: 564: 464:to belong to a large 4991:at Wikimedia Commons 3904:Paul, G. S. (1988). 3508:10.1893/011.082.0302 3365:Paul, G. S. (2016). 2256:convergent evolution 2225:Life restoration of 1594:Royal Tyrrell Museum 1586:Mounted skeleton of 818:CosmoCaixa Barcelona 808:Additional specimens 557:History of discovery 511:and other primarily 505:convergent evolution 8273:Fossils of Mongolia 6998:Patagopterygiformes 6493:Confuciusornithidae 6359:Scansoriopterygidae 5994:Scansoriopterygidae 4936:2015PLoSO..1018116T 4889:2014JSPal..12..799D 4752:2018PPP...494...91C 4676:10.1038/nature13930 4668:2014Natur.515..203H 4630:2018PPP...494..101F 4584:2020PPP...53709190O 4548:2018PPP...494...29E 4490:2016NatSR...635782F 4400:2018PhTea..56..432L 4388:The Physics Teacher 4262:2018NatSR...811706F 4101:1999Natur.399..350X 4018:1993CaJES..30.2107R 3960:(3): 1A–51A. 1989. 3867:1984JVPal...4..507P 3698:2012arXiv1209.5439T 3602:2015PLoSO..1029449H 3552:2014JVPal..34.1263L 3305:2010JSPal...8..503Z 2832:pachycephalosaurids 2391:arboreal locomotion 1373:MPC-D 100/15 ungual 1273:deltopectoral crest 384:in what is now the 7126:Songlingornithidae 7075:Hongshanornithidae 6462:Omnivoropterygidae 6374:Jeholornithiformes 5685:Therizinosauroidea 4578:(109190): 109190. 4478:Scientific Reports 4343:(1785): 20140497. 4250:Scientific Reports 4149:10.7717/peerj.7247 3396:Biological Reviews 3354:Weight Information 3020:Opisthocoelicaudia 2968:niche partitioning 2883:Opisthocoelicaudia 2720: 2554: 2495: 2370: 2237: 1758: 1682:Therizinosauroidea 1652: 1602: 1505: 1435: 1375: 1327: 1179: 1147:cervical vertebrae 1121: 1086:include a heavily 1026: 891: 821: 739: 578: 488:, specifically as 227:Therizinosauroidea 8235: 8234: 8207:Open Tree of Life 8124:Taxon identifiers 8115: 8114: 8057: 8056: 8037: 8036: 8033: 8032: 7937:Lutetodontopteris 7846:Gastornithiformes 7743: 7742: 7739: 7738: 7627:Aves / Neornithes 7616: 7615: 7598: 7597: 7594: 7593: 7590: 7589: 7572:Aves / Neornithes 7474: 7473: 7213: 7212: 7105:Parahongshanornis 6667: 6666: 6640: 6639: 6636: 6635: 6632: 6631: 6628: 6627: 6624: 6623: 6422: 6421: 6348:Archaeopterygidae 6226: 6225: 6133:Archaeopterygidae 5904: 5903: 5879: 5878: 5875: 5874: 5871: 5870: 5867: 5866: 5808: 5807: 5804: 5803: 5737:Therizinosauridae 5618: 5617: 5614: 5613: 5610: 5609: 5204: 5203: 5200: 5199: 5196: 5195: 5192: 5191: 5104:Maniraptoriformes 4985:Media related to 4857:978-3-89937-159-8 4662:(7526): 203–205. 4499:10.1038/srep35782 4409:10.1119/1.5055323 4095:(6734): 350–354. 4073:978-0-12-226810-6 4012:(10): 2107–2127. 3409:10.1111/brv.12638 2978:. Although small 2586:million years ago 2476:sexual dimorphism 2208: 2207: 2199: 2198: 2190: 2189: 2181: 2180: 2172: 2171: 2163: 2162: 2154: 2153: 2055: 2054: 1915: 1914: 1906: 1905: 1897: 1896: 1765:Therizinosauridae 914:IV, a functional 720:Therizinosauridae 470:Therizinosauridae 293: 292: 266: 240:Therizinosauridae 8280: 8228: 8227: 8215: 8214: 8202: 8201: 8189: 8188: 8176: 8175: 8166: 8165: 8164: 8151: 8150: 8149: 8119: 8105: 8104: 8077:Deinonychosauria 8052: 8051: 8045: 8002:Protodontopteryx 7944:Macrodontopteryx 7883: 7844: 7800: 7784: 7774: 7764: 7756: 7691: 7667: 7635: 7622: 7611: 7606: 7537:Cimolopterygidae 7535: 7481: 7428:Hesperornithidae 7367: 7360: 7330: 7315: 7305: 7295: 7285: 7275: 7265: 7255: 7245: 7234: 7226: 7179: 7124: 7073: 7034: 6996: 6966: 6951: 6941: 6931: 6920: 6910: 6900: 6890: 6880: 6870: 6860: 6850: 6840: 6830: 6820: 6810: 6799: 6789: 6779: 6769: 6759: 6749: 6739: 6729: 6719: 6709: 6701: 6697: 6686: 6673: 6662: 6656: 6655: 6648: 6581: 6576: 6537:Jinguofortisidae 6535: 6516:Eoconfuciusornis 6491: 6460: 6443: 6435: 6372: 6356: 6345: 6334: 6324: 6314: 6303: 6293: 6283: 6272: 6261: 6251: 6243: 6239: 6203: 6177: 6131: 6037: 5992: 5977: 5967: 5956: 5946: 5938: 5934: 5923: 5910: 5899: 5893: 5887: 5837:Oviraptorosauria 5826:Oviraptorosauria 5824: 5819: 5760:Nanshiungosaurus 5690: 5667:Jianchangosaurus 5636: 5629: 5624: 5461: 5392: 5310: 5304:Alvarezsauroidea 5302: 5285: 5275: 5264: 5253: 5242: 5234: 5223: 5210: 5152: 5125: 5116: 5109: 5108: 5061: 5046: 5039: 5032: 5023: 4999:Data related to 4998: 4984: 4968: 4967: 4957: 4947: 4915: 4909: 4908: 4868: 4862: 4861: 4842: 4836: 4835: 4833: 4831: 4825: 4810: 4801: 4795: 4794: 4770: 4764: 4763: 4731: 4725: 4724: 4702: 4696: 4695: 4651: 4642: 4641: 4613: 4604: 4603: 4566: 4560: 4559: 4531: 4522: 4521: 4511: 4501: 4484:(35782): 35782. 4469: 4463: 4462: 4452: 4420: 4414: 4413: 4411: 4379: 4373: 4372: 4362: 4352: 4328: 4322: 4320:Translated paper 4318: 4316: 4300: 4294: 4293: 4283: 4273: 4256:(11706): 11706. 4241: 4235: 4234: 4214: 4205: 4204: 4202: 4178: 4172: 4171: 4161: 4151: 4127: 4121: 4120: 4084: 4078: 4077: 4059: 4053: 4052: 4036: 4030: 4029: 4001: 3995: 3994: 3976: 3970: 3969: 3949: 3943: 3942: 3926: 3920: 3919: 3901: 3895: 3894: 3850: 3844: 3842:Translated paper 3840: 3828: 3822: 3821: 3811: 3802: 3796: 3794:Translated paper 3792: 3780: 3774: 3772:Translated paper 3770: 3760: 3747: 3730: 3729: 3719: 3709: 3707:10.7717/peerj.36 3691: 3667: 3661: 3660: 3654: 3645: 3634: 3633: 3623: 3613: 3581: 3572: 3571: 3546:(6): 1263–1291. 3534: 3528: 3527: 3491: 3485: 3484: 3442: 3433: 3429: 3411: 3402:(6): 1759–1797. 3387: 3381: 3380: 3362: 3356: 3349: 3338:. Random House. 3331: 3325: 3324: 3284: 3265: 3264: 3246: 3237: 3235:Translated paper 3233: 3221: 3210: 3209: 3193: 3187: 3186: 3174: 3151: 3150: 3148: 3146: 3140: 3129: 3120: 3114: 3113: 3101: 3090: 3087:Translated paper 3085: 3069: 3042: 3040:Dinosaurs portal 3037: 3036: 3035: 2754:ornithomimosaurs 2562:Nemegt Formation 2541:Paleoenvironment 2516:ornithomimosaurs 2466:and the extinct 2422:resulted in low- 2145: 2131: 2118: 2104: 2091: 2076: 2069: 2046: 2028: 2013: 2007: 2001: 1995: 1982: 1975:Nanshiungosaurus 1967: 1961: 1948: 1934: 1928: 1888: 1866: 1851: 1845: 1832: 1817: 1811: 1798: 1783: 1777: 1771: 1761: 1619:Jacques Gauthier 1465: 1453: 1445: 1407:extensor tendons 1402: 1394: 1382: 1377:Only the second 1350: 1334: 1329:The first lower 1304: 1295: 1274: 1266: 1246: 1237: 1225: 1208:(bone joint), a 1202: 1190: 1154:Nanshiungosaurus 1148: 1118:Life restoration 1107: 1099: 1092:vertebral column 1064:therizinosaurids 986:Lindsay E. Zanno 962:therizinosaurian 924:Altangerel Perle 865:Rinchen Barsbold 829:scapulocoracoids 792:Halszka Osmólska 705: 699: 698: 685: 679: 678: 673: 667: 666: 586:Nemegt Formation 574:Nemegt Formation 509:chalicotheriines 480:or transitional 386:Nemegt Formation 364: 363: 362: 361: 354: 351: 350: 347: 344: 341: 338: 335: 332: 329: 326: 323: 320: 317: 314: 311: 308: 280: 258: 251: 238: 225: 146: 145: 124: 114: 44: 29:Temporal range: 21: 8288: 8287: 8283: 8282: 8281: 8279: 8278: 8277: 8238: 8237: 8236: 8231: 8223: 8218: 8210: 8205: 8197: 8192: 8184: 8179: 8171: 8169: 8162:Therizinosaurus 8160: 8159: 8154: 8145: 8144: 8139: 8132:Therizinosaurus 8126: 8116: 8111: 8053: 8046: 8029: 8024:Tympanonesiotes 8017:Pseudodontornis 7980:Palaeochenoides 7901:Caspiodontornis 7885:Pelagornithidae 7876: 7837: 7793: 7735: 7712: 7680: 7656: 7629: 7612: 7586: 7566: 7528: 7470: 7465:Parahesperornis 7437:Asiahesperornis 7422: 7353: 7323: 7222: 7209: 7172: 7117: 7084:Archaeornithura 7066: 7027: 6989: 6959: 6712:Archaeorhynchus 6693: 6680: 6663: 6650: 6620: 6600: 6571:Ornithothoraces 6565: 6528: 6502:Changchengornis 6484: 6453: 6431: 6418: 6365: 6337:Anchiornithidae 6235: 6222: 6196: 6190:Dromaeosauridae 6179:Dromaeosauridae 6170: 6164:Anchiornithidae 6124: 6083:Liaoningvenator 6039:Anchiornithidae 6030: 6018:Scansoriopteryx 5985: 5930: 5917: 5900: 5863: 5843: 5800: 5795:Therizinosaurus 5731: 5679: 5674:Lingyuanosaurus 5631:Therizinosauria 5606: 5565: 5531: 5456:Parvicursorinae 5450: 5387:Alvarezsauridae 5381: 5306: 5294: 5230: 5217: 5188: 5168: 5141: 5135:Avemetatarsalia 5120:Avemetatarsalia 5110: 5066: 5065: 5055: 5050: 5011:Therizinosaurus 5002:Therizinosaurus 4988:Therizinosaurus 4977: 4972: 4971: 4930:(2): e0118116. 4917: 4916: 4912: 4870: 4869: 4865: 4858: 4844: 4843: 4839: 4829: 4827: 4826:on 12 July 2020 4823: 4808: 4803: 4802: 4798: 4772: 4771: 4767: 4733: 4732: 4728: 4721: 4704: 4703: 4699: 4653: 4652: 4645: 4615: 4614: 4607: 4568: 4567: 4563: 4533: 4532: 4525: 4471: 4470: 4466: 4422: 4421: 4417: 4381: 4380: 4376: 4330: 4329: 4325: 4314: 4302: 4301: 4297: 4243: 4242: 4238: 4216: 4215: 4208: 4180: 4179: 4175: 4129: 4128: 4124: 4086: 4085: 4081: 4074: 4061: 4060: 4056: 4038: 4037: 4033: 4026:10.1139/e93-183 4003: 4002: 3998: 3991: 3978: 3977: 3973: 3951: 3950: 3946: 3928: 3927: 3923: 3916: 3903: 3902: 3898: 3852: 3851: 3847: 3830: 3829: 3825: 3809: 3804: 3803: 3799: 3782: 3781: 3777: 3758: 3749: 3748: 3733: 3669: 3668: 3664: 3652: 3647: 3646: 3637: 3596:(6): e0129449. 3583: 3582: 3575: 3536: 3535: 3531: 3493: 3492: 3488: 3465: 3444: 3443: 3436: 3389: 3388: 3384: 3377: 3364: 3363: 3359: 3346: 3333: 3332: 3328: 3286: 3285: 3268: 3261: 3248: 3247: 3240: 3223: 3222: 3213: 3195: 3194: 3190: 3176: 3175: 3154: 3144: 3142: 3141:on 3 March 2016 3138: 3127: 3122: 3121: 3117: 3103: 3102: 3093: 3071: 3070: 3061: 3056: 3038: 3033: 3031: 3028: 3004:Therizinosaurus 3000:Therizinosaurus 2992:Therizinosaurus 2984:Therizinosaurus 2972:Therizinosaurus 2960:Therizinosaurus 2952:Therizinosaurus 2851:ornithomimosaur 2769:oviraptorosaurs 2739:deinonychosaurs 2705:Therizinosaurus 2652:Therizinosaurus 2634:with extensive 2612:Therizinosaurus 2570:radiometrically 2558:Therizinosaurus 2556:The remains of 2543: 2535:Therizinosaurus 2520:Therizinosaurus 2511:Therizinosaurus 2491:Therizinosaurus 2480:Therizinosaurus 2460:Therizinosaurus 2444:Therizinosaurus 2440:Therizinosaurus 2410:Therizinosaurus 2383:Therizinosaurus 2363:Therizinosaurus 2355: 2347:Therizinosaurus 2331:Therizinosaurus 2308:Therizinosaurus 2304:Therizinosaurus 2296:Therizinosaurus 2272:Therizinosaurus 2268:Therizinosaurus 2241:Therizinosaurus 2233:Therizinosaurus 2219: 2214: 2209: 2200: 2191: 2182: 2173: 2164: 2155: 2132: 2129: 2105: 2102: 2056: 2008: 2005: 1996: 1993: 1962: 1959: 1929: 1926: 1916: 1907: 1898: 1859:Therizinosaurus 1846: 1843: 1812: 1809: 1778: 1775: 1754:Therizinosaurus 1743:Therizinosaurus 1731:Therizinosaurus 1726:Therizinosaurus 1691:Therizinosauria 1670:Therizinosaurus 1636:Therizinosaurus 1627:Therizinosaurus 1615:Therizinosaurus 1611:Phytodinosauria 1606:Gregory S. Paul 1563:Therizinosaurus 1519:Therizinosaurus 1514:Therizinosaurus 1509:Therizinosaurus 1492: 1486: 1474:Therizinosaurus 1467: 1455: 1447: 1438:Therizinosaurus 1427: 1419:Therizinosaurus 1411:Therizinosaurus 1404: 1396: 1387:Therizinosaurus 1384: 1371:Therizinosaurus 1360:Therizinosaurus 1352: 1336: 1324:Therizinosaurus 1306: 1297: 1276: 1268: 1248: 1239: 1227: 1204: 1201:scapulocoracoid 1192: 1183:Therizinosaurus 1171: 1163:Therizinosaurus 1159:Therizinosaurus 1150: 1133:Therizinosaurus 1125:Therizinosaurus 1109: 1101: 1084:Therizinosaurus 1068:Therizinosaurus 1056:Therizinosaurus 1052:maniraptoriform 1043:ornithomimosaur 1039:Therizinosaurus 1034:Therizinosaurus 1011: 1003:Therizinosaurus 994:Therizinosaurus 990:Therizinosauria 984:paleontologist 975:Therizinosaurus 970:Therizinosaurus 954:Therizinosaurus 944:Therizinosaurus 932:Therizinosaurus 888:Therizinosaurus 877:Therizinosaurus 873:Therizinosaurus 861:Therizinosaurus 825:Therizinosaurus 810: 780:Therizinosaurus 772:Therizinosaurus 763:Chilantaisaurus 754:Therizinosaurus 724:Therizinosaurus 657:Therizinosaurus 647:, becoming the 628:paleontologist 592:, Southwestern 570:Therizinosaurus 559: 533:Therizinosaurus 521:Therizinosaurus 501:Therizinosaurus 494:Therizinosaurus 478:sauropodomorphs 474:Therizinosaurus 462:Therizinosaurus 458:Therizinosaurus 454:Therizinosauria 447:sauropodomorphs 431:Therizinosaurus 414:Therizinosaurus 396:Therizinosaurus 379:Late Cretaceous 371:therizinosaurid 358: 357: 356: 305: 301: 297:Therizinosaurus 289: 286: 257: 254:Therizinosaurus 249: 236: 223: 140: 115: 113: 112: 111: 110: 105: 100: 95: 90: 85: 80: 75: 70: 65: 60: 55: 50: 39: 38: 31:Late Cretaceous 27: 25:Therizinosaurus 17: 12: 11: 5: 8286: 8284: 8276: 8275: 8270: 8265: 8263:Therizinosaurs 8260: 8255: 8250: 8240: 8239: 8233: 8232: 8230: 8229: 8216: 8203: 8190: 8177: 8167: 8152: 8136: 8134: 8128: 8127: 8122: 8113: 8112: 8110: 8109: 8099: 8094: 8089: 8084: 8079: 8074: 8069: 8067:Archaeornithes 8062: 8059: 8058: 8055: 8054: 8040: 8038: 8035: 8034: 8031: 8030: 8028: 8027: 8020: 8013: 8009:Protopelicanus 8005: 7998: 7990: 7983: 7976: 7973:Osteodontornis 7969: 7962: 7955: 7947: 7940: 7933: 7925: 7918: 7911: 7904: 7897: 7889: 7887: 7878: 7877: 7875: 7874: 7870:Dromornithidae 7866: 7859: 7850: 7848: 7839: 7838: 7836: 7835: 7828: 7821: 7814: 7806: 7804: 7802:Dromornithidae 7795: 7794: 7792: 7791: 7780: 7777:Perplexicervix 7770: 7759: 7753: 7750:Incertae sedis 7745: 7744: 7741: 7740: 7737: 7736: 7734: 7733: 7732: 7731: 7729:Pangalliformes 7722: 7720: 7718:Pangalliformes 7714: 7713: 7711: 7710: 7709: 7708: 7699: 7697: 7688: 7682: 7681: 7679: 7678: 7670: 7664: 7658: 7657: 7655: 7654: 7653: 7652: 7643: 7641: 7631: 7630: 7625: 7618: 7617: 7614: 7613: 7601: 7599: 7596: 7595: 7592: 7591: 7588: 7587: 7585: 7584: 7583: 7582: 7576: 7574: 7568: 7567: 7565: 7564: 7556: 7549: 7541: 7539: 7530: 7529: 7527: 7526: 7519: 7512: 7504: 7496: 7487: 7485: 7476: 7475: 7472: 7471: 7469: 7468: 7461: 7454: 7447: 7440: 7432: 7430: 7424: 7423: 7421: 7420: 7413: 7406: 7399: 7392: 7385: 7378: 7370: 7364: 7362:Hesperornithes 7355: 7354: 7352: 7351: 7344: 7336: 7334: 7332:Ichthyornithes 7325: 7324: 7322: 7321: 7311: 7301: 7291: 7281: 7271: 7261: 7251: 7241: 7229: 7223: 7218: 7215: 7214: 7211: 7210: 7208: 7207: 7200: 7197:Similiyanornis 7193: 7185: 7183: 7174: 7173: 7171: 7170: 7162: 7154: 7147: 7139: 7130: 7128: 7119: 7118: 7116: 7115: 7108: 7101: 7094: 7087: 7079: 7077: 7068: 7067: 7065: 7064: 7056: 7048: 7040: 7038: 7036:Ambiortiformes 7029: 7028: 7026: 7025: 7018: 7010: 7002: 7000: 6991: 6990: 6988: 6987: 6980: 6972: 6970: 6961: 6960: 6958: 6957: 6954:Zhongjianornis 6947: 6937: 6927: 6916: 6906: 6896: 6886: 6876: 6866: 6856: 6846: 6843:Jianchangornis 6836: 6826: 6816: 6806: 6795: 6785: 6775: 6765: 6755: 6745: 6735: 6725: 6715: 6704: 6694: 6689: 6682: 6681: 6676: 6669: 6668: 6665: 6664: 6643: 6641: 6638: 6637: 6634: 6633: 6630: 6629: 6626: 6625: 6622: 6621: 6619: 6618: 6617: 6616: 6610: 6608: 6602: 6601: 6599: 6598: 6597: 6596: 6594:Enantiornithes 6587: 6585: 6583:Enantiornithes 6573: 6567: 6566: 6564: 6563: 6556: 6549: 6541: 6539: 6530: 6529: 6527: 6526: 6519: 6512: 6509:Confuciusornis 6505: 6497: 6495: 6486: 6485: 6483: 6482: 6475: 6472:Omnivoropteryx 6467: 6465: 6455: 6454: 6452: 6451: 6438: 6432: 6427: 6424: 6423: 6420: 6419: 6417: 6416: 6409: 6402: 6394: 6387: 6378: 6376: 6367: 6366: 6364: 6363: 6352: 6341: 6330: 6320: 6310: 6299: 6289: 6279: 6268: 6257: 6246: 6236: 6231: 6228: 6227: 6224: 6223: 6221: 6220: 6219: 6218: 6209: 6207: 6198: 6197: 6195: 6194: 6193: 6192: 6183: 6181: 6172: 6171: 6169: 6168: 6160: 6153: 6146: 6137: 6135: 6126: 6125: 6123: 6122: 6115: 6108: 6101: 6094: 6087: 6079: 6072: 6065: 6058: 6051: 6043: 6041: 6032: 6031: 6029: 6028: 6021: 6014: 6007: 5999: 5997: 5987: 5986: 5984: 5983: 5973: 5970:Pneumatoraptor 5963: 5952: 5941: 5931: 5926: 5919: 5918: 5913: 5906: 5905: 5902: 5901: 5882: 5880: 5877: 5876: 5873: 5872: 5869: 5868: 5865: 5864: 5862: 5861: 5860: 5859: 5853: 5851: 5845: 5844: 5842: 5841: 5840: 5839: 5830: 5828: 5816: 5810: 5809: 5806: 5805: 5802: 5801: 5799: 5798: 5791: 5784: 5777: 5770: 5767:Neimongosaurus 5763: 5756: 5749: 5741: 5739: 5733: 5732: 5730: 5729: 5722: 5715: 5708: 5701: 5693: 5687: 5681: 5680: 5678: 5677: 5670: 5663: 5655: 5648: 5639: 5633: 5620: 5619: 5616: 5615: 5612: 5611: 5608: 5607: 5605: 5604: 5597: 5590: 5583: 5575: 5573: 5567: 5566: 5564: 5563: 5556: 5549: 5541: 5539: 5533: 5532: 5530: 5529: 5526:Trierarchuncus 5522: 5515: 5508: 5501: 5494: 5486: 5479: 5472: 5464: 5458: 5452: 5451: 5449: 5448: 5440: 5433: 5426: 5422:Bonapartenykus 5418: 5411: 5404: 5395: 5389: 5383: 5382: 5380: 5379: 5372: 5364: 5361:Shishugounykus 5357: 5350: 5343: 5340:Bonapartenykus 5336: 5329: 5321: 5313: 5307: 5299: 5296: 5295: 5293: 5292: 5281: 5271: 5260: 5249: 5237: 5231: 5226: 5219: 5218: 5213: 5206: 5205: 5202: 5201: 5198: 5197: 5194: 5193: 5190: 5189: 5187: 5186: 5185: 5184: 5178: 5176: 5170: 5169: 5167: 5166: 5165: 5164: 5155: 5149: 5143: 5142: 5140: 5139: 5138: 5137: 5128: 5122: 5112: 5111: 5107: 5106: 5097: 5088: 5079: 5073: 5064: 5057: 5056: 5051: 5049: 5048: 5041: 5034: 5026: 5020: 5019: 5006: 5005:at Wikispecies 4992: 4976: 4975:External links 4973: 4970: 4969: 4910: 4883:(7): 799–832. 4863: 4856: 4837: 4796: 4765: 4726: 4719: 4711:The Dinosauria 4697: 4643: 4605: 4561: 4523: 4464: 4415: 4394:(7): 432–435. 4374: 4323: 4295: 4236: 4206: 4193:(3): 577–608. 4173: 4122: 4079: 4072: 4054: 4043:(3115): 1–39. 4031: 3996: 3989: 3981:The Dinosauria 3971: 3944: 3921: 3914: 3896: 3861:(4): 507–515. 3845: 3835:(in Russian). 3823: 3797: 3787:(in Russian). 3775: 3765:(in Russian). 3731: 3662: 3635: 3573: 3529: 3486: 3463: 3434: 3382: 3375: 3357: 3344: 3326: 3299:(4): 503–543. 3266: 3259: 3251:The Dinosauria 3238: 3228:(in Russian). 3211: 3188: 3152: 3115: 3108:(in Russian). 3091: 3058: 3057: 3055: 3052: 3051: 3050: 3044: 3043: 3027: 3024: 2940:crocodylomorph 2796:tyrannosaurids 2690:Okavango Delta 2664:precipitations 2632:braided rivers 2624:petrified wood 2597:alluvial plain 2551:Okavango Delta 2542: 2539: 2531:alvarezsaurids 2448:specialization 2375:termite mounds 2354: 2351: 2312:Chalicotherium 2300:Chalicotherium 2246:Chalicotherium 2218: 2215: 2213: 2210: 2206: 2205: 2202: 2201: 2197: 2196: 2193: 2192: 2188: 2187: 2184: 2183: 2179: 2178: 2175: 2174: 2170: 2169: 2166: 2165: 2161: 2160: 2157: 2156: 2152: 2151: 2148: 2147: 2133: 2128: 2125: 2124: 2121: 2120: 2106: 2101: 2098: 2097: 2094: 2093: 2079: 2074: 2072: 2067: 2065: 2062: 2061: 2058: 2057: 2053: 2052: 2049: 2048: 2038: 2035: 2034: 2031: 2030: 2016: 2011: 2009: 2004: 1999: 1997: 1992: 1989: 1988: 1985: 1984: 1970: 1965: 1963: 1958: 1955: 1954: 1951: 1950: 1937: 1932: 1930: 1925: 1922: 1921: 1918: 1917: 1913: 1912: 1909: 1908: 1904: 1903: 1900: 1899: 1895: 1894: 1891: 1890: 1876: 1873: 1872: 1869: 1868: 1854: 1849: 1847: 1842: 1839: 1838: 1835: 1834: 1825:Neimongosaurus 1820: 1815: 1813: 1808: 1805: 1804: 1801: 1800: 1786: 1781: 1779: 1774: 1769: 1767: 1759: 1525:were probably 1523:Deinocheiridae 1485: 1484:Classification 1482: 1461: 1458:sauropodomorph 1449: 1441: 1426: 1423: 1415:therizinosaurs 1398: 1390: 1378: 1346: 1330: 1300: 1291: 1279:deltoid muscle 1270: 1262: 1242: 1233: 1221: 1198: 1186: 1170: 1167: 1144: 1103: 1095: 1010: 1007: 982:North American 809: 806: 794:and co-author 747:paleontologist 745:, the Russian 651:specimen. The 558: 555: 482:ornithischians 373:that lived in 369:of very large 291: 290: 287: 275: 274: 268: 267: 247: 243: 242: 234: 230: 229: 221: 217: 216: 211: 204: 203: 198: 191: 190: 185: 178: 177: 172: 168: 167: 162: 158: 157: 152: 148: 147: 134: 133: 126: 125: 117: 116: 108: 107: 106: 101: 96: 91: 86: 81: 76: 71: 66: 61: 56: 51: 46: 45: 28: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8285: 8274: 8271: 8269: 8266: 8264: 8261: 8259: 8256: 8254: 8251: 8249: 8246: 8245: 8243: 8226: 8221: 8217: 8213: 8208: 8204: 8200: 8195: 8191: 8187: 8182: 8178: 8174: 8168: 8163: 8157: 8153: 8148: 8142: 8138: 8137: 8135: 8133: 8129: 8125: 8120: 8108: 8100: 8098: 8095: 8093: 8090: 8088: 8087:Odontornithes 8085: 8083: 8082:Odontognathae 8080: 8078: 8075: 8073: 8070: 8068: 8064: 8063: 8060: 8050: 8044: 8026: 8025: 8021: 8019: 8018: 8014: 8011: 8010: 8006: 8004: 8003: 7999: 7996: 7995: 7991: 7989: 7988: 7984: 7982: 7981: 7977: 7975: 7974: 7970: 7968: 7967: 7963: 7961: 7960: 7956: 7953: 7952: 7948: 7946: 7945: 7941: 7939: 7938: 7934: 7931: 7930: 7926: 7924: 7923: 7919: 7917: 7916: 7912: 7910: 7909: 7905: 7903: 7902: 7898: 7896: 7895: 7891: 7890: 7888: 7886: 7879: 7872: 7871: 7867: 7865: 7864: 7860: 7857: 7856: 7852: 7851: 7849: 7847: 7840: 7834: 7833: 7829: 7827: 7826: 7822: 7820: 7819: 7815: 7813: 7812: 7811:Barawertornis 7808: 7807: 7805: 7803: 7796: 7789: 7788: 7781: 7779: 7778: 7771: 7769: 7768: 7761: 7760: 7757: 7754: 7752: 7751: 7746: 7730: 7726: 7725: 7724: 7723: 7721: 7719: 7715: 7707: 7706:Anserimorphae 7703: 7702: 7701: 7700: 7698: 7696: 7695:Anserimorphae 7692: 7689: 7687: 7683: 7677: 7676: 7672: 7671: 7668: 7665: 7663: 7659: 7651: 7650:Palaeognathae 7647: 7646: 7645: 7644: 7642: 7640: 7639:Palaeognathae 7636: 7632: 7628: 7623: 7619: 7610: 7605: 7580: 7579: 7578: 7577: 7575: 7573: 7569: 7562: 7561: 7557: 7555: 7554: 7550: 7548: 7547: 7543: 7542: 7540: 7538: 7531: 7525: 7524: 7520: 7518: 7517: 7513: 7510: 7509: 7505: 7502: 7501: 7497: 7494: 7493: 7489: 7488: 7486: 7484: 7477: 7467: 7466: 7462: 7460: 7459: 7455: 7453: 7452: 7448: 7446: 7445: 7441: 7439: 7438: 7434: 7433: 7431: 7429: 7425: 7419: 7418: 7414: 7412: 7411: 7407: 7405: 7404: 7400: 7398: 7397: 7393: 7391: 7390: 7386: 7384: 7383: 7379: 7377: 7376: 7372: 7371: 7368: 7365: 7363: 7356: 7350: 7349: 7345: 7343: 7342: 7338: 7337: 7335: 7333: 7326: 7320: 7319: 7318:Tingmiatornis 7312: 7310: 7309: 7302: 7300: 7299: 7292: 7290: 7289: 7282: 7280: 7279: 7272: 7270: 7269: 7262: 7260: 7259: 7252: 7250: 7249: 7242: 7239: 7238: 7237:Antarcticavis 7231: 7230: 7227: 7224: 7221: 7216: 7206: 7205: 7201: 7199: 7198: 7194: 7192: 7191: 7187: 7186: 7184: 7182: 7181:Yanornithidae 7175: 7168: 7167: 7163: 7160: 7159: 7155: 7153: 7152: 7151:Songlingornis 7148: 7145: 7144: 7140: 7137: 7136: 7132: 7131: 7129: 7127: 7120: 7114: 7113: 7109: 7107: 7106: 7102: 7100: 7099: 7098:Longicrusavis 7095: 7093: 7092: 7091:Hongshanornis 7088: 7086: 7085: 7081: 7080: 7078: 7076: 7069: 7062: 7061: 7057: 7054: 7053: 7049: 7047: 7046: 7042: 7041: 7039: 7037: 7030: 7024: 7023: 7019: 7016: 7015: 7011: 7009: 7008: 7004: 7003: 7001: 6999: 6992: 6986: 6985: 6981: 6979: 6978: 6977:Mengciusornis 6974: 6973: 6971: 6969: 6968:Schizoouridae 6962: 6956: 6955: 6948: 6946: 6945: 6938: 6936: 6935: 6928: 6925: 6924: 6917: 6915: 6914: 6907: 6905: 6904: 6897: 6895: 6894: 6887: 6885: 6884: 6877: 6875: 6874: 6867: 6865: 6864: 6857: 6855: 6854: 6847: 6845: 6844: 6837: 6835: 6834: 6827: 6825: 6824: 6817: 6815: 6814: 6807: 6804: 6803: 6796: 6794: 6793: 6786: 6784: 6783: 6776: 6774: 6773: 6766: 6764: 6763: 6756: 6754: 6753: 6752:Changzuiornis 6746: 6744: 6743: 6736: 6734: 6733: 6732:Brevidentavis 6726: 6724: 6723: 6716: 6714: 6713: 6706: 6705: 6702: 6698: 6695: 6692: 6687: 6683: 6679: 6674: 6670: 6661: 6657: 6654: 6647: 6614: 6613: 6612: 6611: 6609: 6607: 6603: 6595: 6591: 6590: 6589: 6588: 6586: 6584: 6577: 6574: 6572: 6568: 6562: 6561: 6557: 6555: 6554: 6550: 6548: 6547: 6543: 6542: 6540: 6538: 6531: 6525: 6524: 6520: 6518: 6517: 6513: 6511: 6510: 6506: 6504: 6503: 6499: 6498: 6496: 6494: 6487: 6481: 6480: 6476: 6474: 6473: 6469: 6468: 6466: 6463: 6456: 6450: 6448: 6440: 6439: 6436: 6433: 6430: 6425: 6415: 6414: 6410: 6408: 6407: 6403: 6400: 6399: 6395: 6393: 6392: 6388: 6385: 6384: 6380: 6379: 6377: 6375: 6368: 6361: 6360: 6353: 6350: 6349: 6342: 6339: 6338: 6331: 6329: 6328: 6321: 6319: 6318: 6311: 6308: 6307: 6300: 6298: 6297: 6290: 6288: 6287: 6280: 6277: 6276: 6275:Cretaaviculus 6269: 6266: 6265: 6258: 6256: 6255: 6248: 6247: 6244: 6240: 6237: 6234: 6229: 6217: 6213: 6212: 6211: 6210: 6208: 6206: 6199: 6191: 6187: 6186: 6185: 6184: 6182: 6180: 6173: 6166: 6165: 6161: 6159: 6158: 6154: 6152: 6151: 6150:Archaeopteryx 6147: 6144: 6143: 6139: 6138: 6136: 6134: 6127: 6121: 6120: 6119:Yixianosaurus 6116: 6114: 6113: 6109: 6107: 6106: 6102: 6100: 6099: 6095: 6093: 6092: 6088: 6085: 6084: 6080: 6078: 6077: 6076:Fujianvenator 6073: 6071: 6070: 6066: 6064: 6063: 6059: 6057: 6056: 6052: 6050: 6049: 6045: 6044: 6042: 6040: 6033: 6027: 6026: 6022: 6020: 6019: 6015: 6013: 6012: 6011:Epidexipteryx 6008: 6006: 6005: 6001: 6000: 5998: 5995: 5988: 5982: 5981: 5974: 5972: 5971: 5964: 5961: 5960: 5953: 5951: 5950: 5943: 5942: 5939: 5935: 5932: 5929: 5924: 5920: 5916: 5911: 5907: 5898: 5894: 5892: 5886: 5857: 5856: 5855: 5854: 5852: 5850: 5846: 5838: 5834: 5833: 5832: 5831: 5829: 5827: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5811: 5797: 5796: 5792: 5790: 5789: 5785: 5783: 5782: 5778: 5776: 5775: 5771: 5769: 5768: 5764: 5762: 5761: 5757: 5755: 5754: 5750: 5748: 5747: 5743: 5742: 5740: 5738: 5734: 5728: 5727: 5723: 5721: 5720: 5716: 5714: 5713: 5709: 5707: 5706: 5705:Beipiaosaurus 5702: 5700: 5699: 5695: 5694: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5682: 5676: 5675: 5671: 5669: 5668: 5664: 5661: 5660: 5656: 5654: 5653: 5649: 5646: 5645: 5641: 5640: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5625: 5621: 5603: 5602: 5598: 5596: 5595: 5591: 5589: 5588: 5584: 5582: 5581: 5577: 5576: 5574: 5572: 5568: 5562: 5561: 5557: 5555: 5554: 5550: 5548: 5547: 5543: 5542: 5540: 5538: 5534: 5528: 5527: 5523: 5521: 5520: 5516: 5514: 5513: 5509: 5507: 5506: 5502: 5500: 5499: 5495: 5492: 5491: 5487: 5485: 5484: 5480: 5478: 5477: 5473: 5471: 5470: 5466: 5465: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5453: 5446: 5445: 5441: 5439: 5438: 5437:Heptasteornis 5434: 5432: 5431: 5427: 5424: 5423: 5419: 5417: 5416: 5415:Alvarezsaurus 5412: 5410: 5409: 5405: 5402: 5401: 5400:Achillesaurus 5397: 5396: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5384: 5378: 5377: 5373: 5370: 5369: 5365: 5363: 5362: 5358: 5356: 5355: 5351: 5349: 5348: 5344: 5342: 5341: 5337: 5335: 5334: 5330: 5327: 5326: 5322: 5320: 5319: 5318:Achillesaurus 5315: 5314: 5311: 5308: 5305: 5297: 5290: 5289: 5282: 5280: 5279: 5272: 5269: 5268: 5261: 5258: 5257: 5250: 5247: 5246: 5239: 5238: 5235: 5232: 5229: 5224: 5220: 5216: 5211: 5207: 5182: 5181: 5180: 5179: 5177: 5175: 5171: 5163: 5159: 5158: 5157: 5156: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5144: 5136: 5132: 5131: 5130: 5129: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5117: 5113: 5105: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5074: 5072: 5068: 5067: 5062: 5058: 5054: 5047: 5042: 5040: 5035: 5033: 5028: 5027: 5024: 5018: 5014: 5012: 5007: 5004: 5003: 4997: 4993: 4990: 4989: 4983: 4979: 4978: 4974: 4965: 4961: 4956: 4951: 4946: 4941: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4925: 4921: 4914: 4911: 4906: 4902: 4898: 4894: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4874: 4867: 4864: 4859: 4853: 4849: 4841: 4838: 4822: 4818: 4814: 4807: 4800: 4797: 4792: 4788: 4784: 4780: 4776: 4769: 4766: 4761: 4757: 4753: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4737: 4730: 4727: 4722: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4701: 4698: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4657: 4650: 4648: 4644: 4639: 4635: 4631: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4612: 4610: 4606: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4565: 4562: 4557: 4553: 4549: 4545: 4541: 4537: 4530: 4528: 4524: 4519: 4515: 4510: 4505: 4500: 4495: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4475: 4468: 4465: 4460: 4456: 4451: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4426: 4419: 4416: 4410: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4378: 4375: 4370: 4366: 4361: 4356: 4351: 4346: 4342: 4338: 4334: 4327: 4324: 4321: 4312: 4308: 4307: 4299: 4296: 4291: 4287: 4282: 4277: 4272: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4255: 4251: 4247: 4240: 4237: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4220: 4213: 4211: 4207: 4201: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4177: 4174: 4169: 4165: 4160: 4155: 4150: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4126: 4123: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4109:10.1038/20670 4106: 4102: 4098: 4094: 4090: 4083: 4080: 4075: 4069: 4065: 4058: 4055: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4035: 4032: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4011: 4007: 4000: 3997: 3992: 3990:9780520067271 3986: 3982: 3975: 3972: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3948: 3945: 3940: 3936: 3932: 3925: 3922: 3917: 3915:9780671619466 3911: 3907: 3900: 3897: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3849: 3846: 3843: 3838: 3834: 3827: 3824: 3820:(2): 190–192. 3819: 3815: 3808: 3801: 3798: 3795: 3790: 3786: 3779: 3776: 3773: 3768: 3764: 3756: 3752: 3746: 3744: 3742: 3740: 3738: 3736: 3732: 3727: 3723: 3718: 3713: 3708: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3690: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3666: 3663: 3658: 3651: 3644: 3642: 3640: 3636: 3631: 3627: 3622: 3617: 3612: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3580: 3578: 3574: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3533: 3530: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3490: 3487: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3464:9788416641154 3460: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3441: 3439: 3435: 3432: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3410: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3386: 3383: 3378: 3376:9780691167664 3372: 3368: 3361: 3358: 3355: 3352: 3347: 3345:9780375824197 3341: 3337: 3330: 3327: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3283: 3281: 3279: 3277: 3275: 3273: 3271: 3267: 3262: 3260:9780520067271 3256: 3252: 3245: 3243: 3239: 3236: 3231: 3227: 3220: 3218: 3216: 3212: 3208:(3): 281–326. 3207: 3203: 3199: 3192: 3189: 3184: 3180: 3173: 3171: 3169: 3167: 3165: 3163: 3161: 3159: 3157: 3153: 3137: 3133: 3126: 3119: 3116: 3112:(1): 131–141. 3111: 3107: 3100: 3098: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3068: 3066: 3064: 3060: 3053: 3049: 3046: 3045: 3041: 3030: 3025: 3023: 3021: 3017: 3016:Nemegtosaurus 3013: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2948: 2946: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2936: 2931: 2930: 2929:Mongolochelys 2925: 2921: 2917: 2914: 2910: 2909: 2904: 2903: 2898: 2894: 2893: 2889: 2888:apex predator 2885: 2884: 2879: 2878: 2877:Nemegtosaurus 2874: 2870: 2869: 2864: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2852: 2849:included the 2848: 2845:. The Nemegt 2844: 2843: 2838: 2837: 2836:Homalocephale 2833: 2829: 2828: 2823: 2822: 2818: 2817:ankylosaurids 2814: 2813: 2809:and possibly 2808: 2807: 2802: 2801: 2800:Alectrosaurus 2797: 2793: 2792: 2787: 2786: 2781: 2780: 2779:Gigantoraptor 2775: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2765: 2760: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2750: 2745: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2735: 2730: 2729: 2725: 2718: 2717: 2712: 2711: 2706: 2701: 2697: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2686: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2608: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2582:Maastrichtian 2579: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2552: 2547: 2540: 2538: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2523: 2521: 2517: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2503:therizinosaur 2500: 2492: 2487: 2483: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2468:ground sloths 2465: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2436: 2431: 2430: 2425: 2421: 2420: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2402: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2368: 2364: 2359: 2352: 2350: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2327: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2247: 2242: 2234: 2230: 2229: 2223: 2216: 2211: 2204: 2203: 2195: 2194: 2186: 2185: 2177: 2176: 2168: 2167: 2159: 2158: 2150: 2149: 2146: 2144: 2140: 2139: 2127: 2126: 2123: 2122: 2119: 2117: 2113: 2112: 2100: 2099: 2096: 2095: 2092: 2090: 2086: 2085: 2078: 2077: 2071: 2070: 2064: 2063: 2060: 2059: 2051: 2050: 2047: 2045: 2037: 2036: 2033: 2032: 2029: 2027: 2023: 2022: 2015: 2014: 2003: 2002: 1991: 1990: 1987: 1986: 1983: 1981: 1977: 1976: 1969: 1968: 1957: 1956: 1953: 1952: 1949: 1947: 1942: 1936: 1935: 1924: 1923: 1920: 1919: 1911: 1910: 1902: 1901: 1893: 1892: 1889: 1887: 1883: 1882: 1875: 1874: 1871: 1870: 1867: 1865: 1861: 1860: 1853: 1852: 1841: 1840: 1837: 1836: 1833: 1831: 1827: 1826: 1819: 1818: 1807: 1806: 1803: 1802: 1799: 1797: 1793: 1792: 1785: 1784: 1773: 1772: 1766: 1763: 1762: 1755: 1750: 1746: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1727: 1722: 1721:Lindsay Zanno 1718: 1713: 1711: 1710:Coelurosauria 1707: 1706: 1705:Beipiaosaurus 1701: 1697: 1692: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1658: 1650: 1649: 1648:Beipiaosaurus 1643: 1639: 1637: 1633: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1609:now obsolete 1607: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1590: 1584: 1580: 1578: 1574: 1573: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1549:was named by 1548: 1547: 1542: 1538: 1537:Segnosauridae 1534: 1533: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1515: 1510: 1503: 1502: 1496: 1491: 1483: 1481: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1466: 1459: 1454: 1446: 1439: 1431: 1424: 1422: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1403: 1395: 1388: 1383: 1372: 1367: 1363: 1361: 1357: 1351: 1343: 1341: 1335: 1325: 1321: 1316: 1312: 1310: 1305: 1296: 1289: 1285: 1280: 1275: 1267: 1259: 1257: 1253: 1252:biceps muscle 1247: 1238: 1231: 1230:cartilaginous 1226: 1219: 1215: 1214:blood vessels 1211: 1207: 1203: 1196: 1191: 1184: 1175: 1168: 1166: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1155: 1149: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1108: 1100: 1093: 1090:(air-filled) 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1035: 1031: 1024: 1020: 1015: 1008: 1006: 1004: 1000: 995: 991: 987: 983: 978: 976: 971: 967: 963: 959: 955: 951: 950: 945: 941: 937: 933: 929: 925: 921: 917: 913: 909: 905: 901: 897: 889: 884: 880: 878: 874: 870: 866: 862: 858: 854: 850: 846: 842: 838: 834: 830: 826: 819: 814: 807: 805: 803: 802: 797: 796:Ewa Roniewicz 793: 789: 785: 781: 777: 773: 769: 765: 764: 759: 755: 751: 748: 744: 736: 731: 727: 725: 721: 717: 713: 709: 704: 693: 692:cheloniformis 689: 688:specific name 684: 672: 662: 658: 654: 650: 646: 643: 639: 635: 631: 630:Evgeny Maleev 627: 623: 619: 615: 611: 607: 603: 599: 595: 591: 587: 583: 575: 571: 567: 563: 556: 554: 552: 551: 546: 542: 538: 534: 530: 526: 522: 518: 514: 510: 506: 502: 497: 495: 491: 490:maniraptorans 487: 483: 479: 475: 471: 467: 463: 459: 455: 450: 448: 444: 440: 436: 432: 428: 424: 420: 415: 411: 409: 405: 404:Evgeny Maleev 401: 397: 393: 392: 387: 383: 380: 376: 372: 368: 360: 353: 299: 298: 285: 284: 276: 273: 269: 265: 261: 256: 255: 248: 245: 244: 241: 235: 232: 231: 228: 222: 220:Superfamily: 219: 218: 215: 212: 209: 206: 205: 202: 199: 196: 193: 192: 189: 186: 183: 180: 179: 176: 173: 170: 169: 166: 163: 160: 159: 156: 153: 150: 149: 144: 139: 135: 132: 127: 123: 118: 104: 99: 94: 89: 84: 79: 74: 69: 64: 59: 54: 49: 43: 36: 35:Maastrichtian 32: 26: 22: 19: 8253:Nemegt fauna 8131: 8097:Unenlagiidae 8022: 8015: 8007: 8000: 7992: 7985: 7978: 7971: 7964: 7959:Odontopteryx 7957: 7949: 7942: 7935: 7927: 7920: 7913: 7906: 7899: 7892: 7868: 7861: 7853: 7830: 7823: 7816: 7809: 7785: 7775: 7765: 7748: 7686:Galloanserae 7673: 7560:Lamarqueavis 7558: 7553:Cimolopteryx 7551: 7544: 7521: 7514: 7506: 7498: 7492:Australornis 7490: 7463: 7456: 7449: 7442: 7435: 7415: 7410:Pasquiaornis 7408: 7401: 7394: 7387: 7380: 7373: 7346: 7339: 7316: 7306: 7296: 7286: 7276: 7266: 7256: 7246: 7235: 7202: 7195: 7188: 7164: 7156: 7149: 7143:Piscivoravis 7141: 7133: 7110: 7103: 7096: 7089: 7082: 7058: 7050: 7043: 7022:Patagopteryx 7020: 7012: 7005: 6982: 6975: 6952: 6942: 6934:Xinghaiornis 6932: 6921: 6911: 6901: 6891: 6883:Khinganornis 6881: 6871: 6861: 6853:Jiuquanornis 6851: 6841: 6831: 6821: 6811: 6802:Gargantuavis 6800: 6790: 6780: 6770: 6760: 6750: 6742:Changmaornis 6740: 6730: 6720: 6710: 6649: 6560:Jinguofortis 6558: 6551: 6544: 6521: 6514: 6507: 6500: 6477: 6470: 6444: 6413:Neimengornis 6411: 6404: 6398:Jixiangornis 6396: 6389: 6383:Dalianraptor 6381: 6357: 6346: 6335: 6325: 6317:Yandangornis 6315: 6304: 6294: 6284: 6273: 6262: 6252: 6216:Troodontidae 6205:Troodontidae 6162: 6157:Wellnhoferia 6155: 6148: 6140: 6117: 6110: 6103: 6096: 6089: 6081: 6074: 6069:Eosinopteryx 6067: 6060: 6053: 6046: 6023: 6016: 6009: 6002: 5978: 5968: 5959:Palaeopteryx 5957: 5947: 5888: 5814:Pennaraptora 5794: 5793: 5786: 5779: 5774:Nothronychus 5772: 5765: 5758: 5753:Erlikosaurus 5751: 5746:Erliansaurus 5744: 5726:Suzhousaurus 5724: 5719:Martharaptor 5717: 5712:Enigmosaurus 5710: 5703: 5696: 5672: 5665: 5659:Fukuivenator 5657: 5650: 5644:Eshanosaurus 5642: 5599: 5592: 5585: 5580:Albertonykus 5578: 5558: 5551: 5544: 5537:Ceratonykini 5524: 5517: 5510: 5503: 5498:Nemegtonykus 5496: 5488: 5481: 5474: 5467: 5442: 5435: 5428: 5420: 5413: 5406: 5398: 5374: 5368:Tugulusaurus 5366: 5359: 5352: 5347:Haplocheirus 5345: 5338: 5331: 5323: 5316: 5286: 5278:Migmanychion 5276: 5265: 5256:Fukuivenator 5254: 5243: 5099: 5090: 5081: 5010: 5001: 4987: 4927: 4923: 4913: 4880: 4876: 4866: 4847: 4840: 4828:. Retrieved 4821:the original 4816: 4812: 4799: 4782: 4778: 4768: 4743: 4739: 4729: 4710: 4700: 4659: 4655: 4621: 4617: 4575: 4571: 4564: 4539: 4535: 4481: 4477: 4467: 4432: 4428: 4418: 4391: 4387: 4377: 4340: 4336: 4326: 4310: 4305: 4298: 4253: 4249: 4239: 4225:(1): 70–79. 4222: 4218: 4190: 4186: 4176: 4139: 4135: 4125: 4092: 4088: 4082: 4063: 4057: 4040: 4034: 4009: 4005: 3999: 3980: 3974: 3957: 3953: 3947: 3938: 3934: 3924: 3905: 3899: 3858: 3854: 3848: 3836: 3832: 3826: 3817: 3813: 3800: 3788: 3784: 3778: 3766: 3762: 3751:Barsbold, R. 3679: 3675: 3665: 3656: 3593: 3589: 3543: 3539: 3532: 3502:(3): 58–63. 3499: 3495: 3489: 3446: 3399: 3395: 3385: 3366: 3360: 3335: 3329: 3296: 3292: 3250: 3229: 3225: 3205: 3201: 3191: 3182: 3143:. Retrieved 3136:the original 3131: 3118: 3109: 3105: 3081: 3077: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3008:Deinocheirus 3007: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2975: 2971: 2959: 2951: 2949: 2944:Paralligator 2942: 2933: 2927: 2906: 2900: 2890: 2881: 2875: 2866: 2860: 2858:hadrosaurids 2854:Deinocheirus 2853: 2842:Prenocephale 2840: 2834: 2825: 2819: 2810: 2804: 2798: 2789: 2783: 2777: 2771: 2762: 2756: 2747: 2741: 2734:Nemegtonykus 2732: 2726: 2724:alvarezsaurs 2721: 2714: 2710:Prenocephale 2708: 2704: 2683: 2676:oviraptorids 2651: 2620:tooth enamel 2611: 2609: 2557: 2555: 2534: 2526: 2524: 2519: 2510: 2496: 2490: 2479: 2459: 2443: 2439: 2435:Nothronychus 2433: 2427: 2417: 2409: 2403: 2382: 2371: 2362: 2346: 2342: 2339:Erlikosaurus 2338: 2330: 2328: 2326:capacities. 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2271: 2267: 2244: 2240: 2238: 2232: 2228:Erliansaurus 2226: 2212:Paleobiology 2136: 2135: 2109: 2108: 2084:Erlikosaurus 2082: 2081: 2040: 2019: 2018: 1973: 1972: 1939: 1881:Erliansaurus 1879: 1878: 1858: 1857: 1856: 1823: 1822: 1791:Suzhousaurus 1789: 1788: 1753: 1742: 1730: 1725: 1714: 1703: 1686:Erlikosaurus 1685: 1677: 1669: 1666:Dong Zhiming 1662:Dale Russell 1655: 1653: 1646: 1635: 1632:Deinocheirus 1631: 1626: 1614: 1603: 1597: 1587: 1572:Enigmosaurus 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1555:Erlikosaurus 1554: 1546:Erlikosaurus 1544: 1536: 1530: 1518: 1513: 1508: 1506: 1501:Erlikosaurus 1499: 1473: 1437: 1436: 1418: 1410: 1397:and a large 1386: 1376: 1370: 1359: 1356:unique trait 1344: 1328: 1323: 1260: 1182: 1180: 1162: 1158: 1152: 1132: 1129:Deinocheirus 1128: 1124: 1122: 1098:ophistopubic 1083: 1072:rhamphotheca 1067: 1055: 1047:Deinocheirus 1045: 1038: 1033: 1030:maniraptoran 1027: 1002: 998: 993: 979: 974: 969: 957: 953: 947: 943: 931: 892: 887: 876: 872: 860: 847:, the right 824: 822: 801:Deinocheirus 799: 779: 776:carnosaurian 771: 761: 753: 740: 723: 691: 656: 653:generic name 644: 642:type species 621: 579: 569: 548: 532: 520: 500: 498: 493: 473: 461: 457: 451: 430: 419:rhamphotheca 413: 412: 395: 390: 389: 296: 295: 294: 288:Maleev, 1954 282: 281: 272:Type species 253: 252: 207: 194: 181: 24: 18: 8156:Wikispecies 7994:Proceriavis 7966:Odontoptila 7922:Gigantornis 7832:Ilbandornis 7767:Asteriornis 7508:Neogaeornis 7458:Hesperornis 7389:Chupkaornis 7341:Ichthyornis 7166:Yixianornis 7112:Tianyuornis 7060:Palintropus 7007:Alamitornis 6893:Meemannavis 6863:Juehuaornis 6782:Eogranivora 6722:Bellulornis 6546:Chongmingia 6296:Overoraptor 6286:Fukuipteryx 5949:Imperobator 5788:Segnosaurus 5553:Ceratonykus 5512:Parvicursor 5483:Khulsanurus 5476:Jaculinykus 5444:Patagonykus 5354:Patagonykus 5288:Yaverlandia 5228:Maniraptora 5215:Maniraptora 5174:Maniraptora 5053:Maniraptora 4624:: 101–120. 3659:(14): 1–10. 3473:j.cdb2hnszb 3145:30 December 3012:Saurolophus 2996:Tarbosaurus 2988:Tarbosaurus 2976:Saurolophus 2964:competition 2911:; abundant 2892:Tarbosaurus 2873:titanosaurs 2868:Saurolophus 2758:Anserimimus 2685:Nemegtomaia 2566:Gobi Desert 2507:tyrannosaur 2408:—including 2343:Segnosaurus 2278:from large 2021:Segnosaurus 1756:in top left 1623:Paul Sereno 1579:dinosaurs. 1567:Segnosaurus 1559:Segnosaurus 1532:Segnosaurus 1470:tetradactyl 1464:metatarsals 1333:carpal bone 1288:epicondyles 1181:The arm of 1137:Mike Taylor 1088:pneumatized 1032:standards, 1009:Description 999:Segnosaurus 958:Segnosaurus 949:Segnosaurus 920:metatarsals 770:unguals of 622:PIN 551-483 590:Gobi Desert 550:Tarbosaurus 537:competition 513:herbivorous 400:Gobi Desert 377:during the 8242:Categories 8065:See also: 7987:Pelagornis 7855:Brontornis 7662:Neognathae 7581:see below↓ 7546:Ceramornis 7516:Polarornis 7483:Vegaviidae 7451:Fumicollis 7417:Potamornis 7403:Judinornis 7396:Enaliornis 7220:Ornithurae 7190:Abitusavis 6984:Schizooura 6944:Yumenornis 6903:Platanavis 6873:Kaririavis 6823:Horezmavis 6762:Chaoyangia 6691:Euornithes 6678:Euornithes 6615:see below↓ 6606:Euornithes 6553:Cratonavis 6429:Pygostylia 6406:Kompsornis 6391:Jeholornis 6327:Zhongornis 6254:Alcmonavis 6142:Alcmonavis 6112:Xiaotingia 6105:Serikornis 6048:Anchiornis 6004:Ambopteryx 5858:see below↓ 5698:Alxasaurus 5587:Linhenykus 5571:Mononykini 5560:Xixianykus 5519:Qiupanykus 5505:Ondogurvel 5469:Dzharaonyx 5430:Bradycneme 5408:Alnashetri 5183:see below↓ 5086:Dinosauria 4746:: 91–100. 4720:0520242092 4435:(1): 181. 3054:References 2994:, a large 2938:; and the 2935:Nemegtemys 2913:freshwater 2902:Judinornis 2886:; and the 2862:Barsboldia 2812:Bagaraatan 2791:Elmisaurus 2764:Gallimimus 2648:Araucarias 2628:meandering 2605:lacustrine 2419:Alxasaurus 2264:herbivores 2041:AMNH 6368 1678:Alxasaurus 1657:Alxasaurus 1598:Alxasaurus 1589:Alxasaurus 1488:See also: 1452:metatarsus 1349:metacarpal 1151:series of 1141:Matt Wedel 1080:feathering 916:tetradacyl 904:astragalus 849:metacarpus 784:metatarsal 610:stratotype 566:Cretaceous 525:vegetation 201:Saurischia 188:Dinosauria 8092:Sauriurae 8072:Carinatae 7908:Cyphornis 7894:Aequornis 7863:Gastornis 7825:Genyornis 7818:Dromornis 7375:Baptornis 7308:Limenavis 7288:Iaceornis 7278:Guildavis 7268:Gallornis 7258:Cerebavis 7248:Apatornis 7052:Apsaravis 7045:Ambiortus 7014:Kuszholia 6479:Sapeornis 6306:Rahonavis 6098:Pedopenna 5980:Rahonavis 5652:Falcarius 5594:Mononykus 5546:Albinykus 5376:Xiyunykus 5245:Elopteryx 5162:Theropoda 5147:Theropoda 5095:Theropoda 5069:Kingdom: 5017:Sketchfab 4692:205241353 4600:182937778 4542:: 29–50. 4231:8755-724X 4142:: e7247. 4117:204993327 4049:2246/3712 3883:0272-4634 3839:: 96–103. 3689:1209.5439 3481:198839986 3426:221404013 2980:predators 2916:ostracods 2908:Teviornis 2847:megafauna 2821:Saichania 2806:Alioramus 2785:Rinchenia 2749:Zanabazar 2743:Adasaurus 2728:Mononykus 2716:Adasaurus 2656:temperate 2636:woodlands 2593:sediments 2499:carnosaur 2489:Manus of 2464:anteaters 2452:fossorial 2429:Falcarius 2379:frugivore 2252:body plan 1739:cladogram 1541:Theropoda 1425:Hindlimbs 1393:phalanges 1169:Forelimbs 938:(turtles 908:calcaneum 857:gastralia 545:predators 539:over the 486:Theropoda 435:hindlimbs 423:forelimbs 214:Theropoda 161:Kingdom: 155:Eukaryota 8170:BioLib: 8141:Wikidata 8107:Category 7915:Dasornis 7787:Qinornis 7444:Canadaga 7382:Brodavis 7204:Yanornis 7158:Yanornis 7135:Hollanda 6833:Iteravis 6813:Hollanda 6772:Dingavis 6523:Yangavis 6447:Proornis 6091:Ostromia 6055:Aurornis 5601:Shuvuuia 5333:Bannykus 5077:Chordata 5075:Phylum: 5071:Animalia 4964:25714338 4924:PLOS ONE 4905:86304259 4684:25337885 4518:27767062 4459:36797463 4369:24807260 4290:30076347 4168:31333906 3791:: 45–55. 3753:(1983). 3726:23638372 3630:26061728 3590:PLOS ONE 3524:98221211 3516:23033900 3418:32869488 3321:53405097 3232:: 94–98. 3026:See also 2956:riparian 2926:such as 2773:Avimimus 2660:monsoons 2574:volcanic 2456:feathers 2401:chicks. 2335:foraging 2324:muscular 2294:stance, 2288:browsing 2260:gorillas 1943:embryos 1674:priority 1577:sauropod 1551:Barsbold 1527:synonyms 1309:S-curved 1284:condyles 1256:tubercle 1236:coracoid 1224:acromion 1060:based on 1019:holotype 1005:itself. 936:Chelonia 788:sauropod 768:holotype 766:and the 758:theropod 649:holotype 602:dinosaur 594:Mongolia 233:Family: 175:Chordata 171:Phylum: 165:Animalia 151:Domain: 40:70 8212:4128312 8199:4573888 8186:4433989 8147:Q131264 7929:Laornis 7675:Neoaves 7523:Vegavis 7348:Janavis 6923:Wyleyia 6233:Avialae 6062:Caihong 5928:Paraves 5915:Paraves 5849:Paraves 4955:4340866 4932:Bibcode 4885:Bibcode 4785:: 1–4. 4748:Bibcode 4664:Bibcode 4626:Bibcode 4580:Bibcode 4544:Bibcode 4509:5073311 4486:Bibcode 4450:9935540 4396:Bibcode 4360:4024305 4281:6076232 4258:Bibcode 4159:6626525 4097:Bibcode 4014:Bibcode 3966:4523276 3891:4523011 3863:Bibcode 3717:3628838 3694:Bibcode 3682:: e36. 3621:4465624 3598:Bibcode 3568:1815309 3548:Bibcode 3301:Bibcode 3082:Priroda 3078:Природа 2958:areas. 2924:turtles 2827:Tarchia 2644:forests 2601:paludal 2590:fluvial 2564:of the 2527:et al., 2414:digging 2399:hoatzin 2367:foliage 2292:bipedal 2276:foliage 2217:Feeding 2130:unnamed 2103:unnamed 2006:unnamed 1994:unnamed 1960:unnamed 1941:Nanchao 1927:unnamed 1844:unnamed 1810:unnamed 1776:unnamed 1700:Xu Xing 1592:at the 1478:dewclaw 1320:unguals 1265:humerus 1245:glenoid 1210:foramen 1195:process 1189:scapula 1076:bipedal 966:process 845:carpals 831:, both 712:reptile 703:chelóni 671:therízo 626:Russian 614:unguals 598:fossils 588:of the 541:foliage 443:dewclaw 439:reduced 427:fingers 408:unguals 246:Genus: 109:↓ 8173:417005 7500:Maaqwi 7298:Kookne 6913:Vorona 6792:Gansus 6264:Balaur 5267:Kakuru 5013:ungual 4962: 4952: 4903: 4854: 4717: 4690: 4682: 4656:Nature 4598: 4516: 4506: 4457: 4447: 4367: 4357: 4313:] 4288: 4278: 4229: 4166: 4156: 4115: 4089:Nature 4070: 3987: 3964: 3912: 3889: 3881: 3724: 3714: 3628: 3618: 3566: 3522: 3514: 3479: 3471: 3461: 3424: 3416: 3373: 3342: 3319: 3257: 2830:; and 2746:, and 2713:, and 2642:-like 2640:canopy 2578:facies 2505:, and 2424:stress 2395:sloths 2320:dental 2280:shrubs 1401:ungual 1340:carpus 1303:radius 1218:nerves 1206:suture 1106:pelvis 912:tarsal 841:radius 833:humeri 756:was a 697:χελώνη 683:sauros 677:σαῦρος 665:θερίζω 606:turtle 529:stress 466:turtle 382:period 260:Maleev 8225:38553 5325:Aorun 5100:Clade 5091:Clade 5082:Clade 4901:S2CID 4830:8 May 4824:(PDF) 4809:(PDF) 4688:S2CID 4596:S2CID 4315:(PDF) 4309:[ 4136:PeerJ 4113:S2CID 3962:JSTOR 3941:: 45. 3887:JSTOR 3810:(PDF) 3769:: 89. 3759:(PDF) 3684:arXiv 3676:PeerJ 3653:(PDF) 3564:S2CID 3520:S2CID 3512:JSTOR 3477:S2CID 3469:JSTOR 3422:S2CID 3317:S2CID 3139:(PDF) 3128:(PDF) 3080:[ 2899:like 2897:birds 2694:mesic 2672:oasis 2576:rock 2406:claws 2377:or a 2316:brain 2290:in a 2284:trees 1733:. In 1696:China 1444:tibia 1381:digit 1023:human 940:order 900:tibia 896:femur 853:digit 839:with 716:taxon 708:Latin 661:Greek 638:genus 547:like 517:claws 507:with 441:to a 367:genus 355: 208:Clade 195:Clade 182:Clade 8194:GBIF 7951:Manu 7727:see 7704:see 7648:see 6592:see 6214:see 6188:see 5835:see 5160:see 5133:see 4960:PMID 4852:ISBN 4832:2021 4715:ISBN 4680:PMID 4514:PMID 4455:PMID 4365:PMID 4286:PMID 4227:ISSN 4164:PMID 4068:ISBN 3985:ISBN 3910:ISBN 3879:ISSN 3722:PMID 3626:PMID 3496:BIOS 3459:ISBN 3414:PMID 3371:ISBN 3340:ISBN 3255:ISBN 3147:2020 3110:1970 3018:and 2932:and 2920:fish 2880:and 2865:and 2839:and 2824:and 2788:and 2761:and 2731:and 2630:and 2616:δ13C 2438:and 2341:and 2322:and 2282:and 2243:and 1735:2019 1717:2010 1664:and 1557:and 1345:The 1294:ulna 1261:The 1216:and 1139:and 1127:and 1028:For 946:and 928:1982 869:1976 837:ulna 743:1970 640:and 634:1954 618:ribs 604:and 375:Asia 264:1954 48:PreꞒ 8181:EoL 5490:Kol 5015:at 5009:3D 4950:PMC 4940:doi 4893:doi 4787:doi 4783:494 4756:doi 4744:494 4672:doi 4660:515 4634:doi 4622:494 4588:doi 4576:537 4552:doi 4540:494 4504:PMC 4494:doi 4445:PMC 4437:doi 4404:doi 4355:PMC 4345:doi 4276:PMC 4266:doi 4195:doi 4191:151 4154:PMC 4144:doi 4105:doi 4093:339 4045:hdl 4022:doi 3871:doi 3712:PMC 3702:doi 3616:PMC 3606:doi 3556:doi 3504:doi 3451:doi 3404:doi 3309:doi 2905:or 2646:of 2397:or 1715:In 1621:or 1358:of 1322:of 926:in 867:in 632:in 519:of 343:ɔːr 37:), 8244:: 8222:: 8209:: 8196:: 8183:: 8158:: 8143:: 6025:Yi 5102:: 5093:: 5084:: 4958:. 4948:. 4938:. 4928:10 4926:. 4922:. 4899:. 4891:. 4881:12 4879:. 4875:. 4817:38 4815:. 4811:. 4781:. 4777:. 4754:. 4742:. 4738:. 4686:. 4678:. 4670:. 4658:. 4646:^ 4632:. 4620:. 4608:^ 4594:. 4586:. 4574:. 4550:. 4538:. 4526:^ 4512:. 4502:. 4492:. 4480:. 4476:. 4453:. 4443:. 4431:. 4427:. 4402:. 4392:56 4390:. 4386:. 4363:. 4353:. 4341:28 4339:. 4335:. 4284:. 4274:. 4264:. 4252:. 4248:. 4221:. 4209:^ 4189:. 4185:. 4162:. 4152:. 4138:. 4134:. 4111:. 4103:. 4091:. 4020:. 4010:30 4008:. 3956:. 3937:. 3933:. 3885:. 3877:. 3869:. 3857:. 3837:24 3818:25 3816:. 3812:. 3767:19 3761:. 3734:^ 3720:. 3710:. 3700:. 3692:. 3678:. 3674:. 3655:. 3638:^ 3624:. 3614:. 3604:. 3594:10 3592:. 3588:. 3576:^ 3562:. 3554:. 3544:34 3542:. 3518:. 3510:. 3500:82 3498:. 3475:. 3467:. 3457:. 3437:^ 3420:. 3412:. 3400:95 3398:. 3394:. 3315:. 3307:. 3295:. 3291:. 3269:^ 3241:^ 3214:^ 3206:27 3204:. 3200:. 3155:^ 3130:. 3094:^ 3062:^ 3022:. 3014:, 3010:, 2947:. 2871:; 2856:; 2815:; 2803:, 2794:; 2782:, 2776:, 2767:; 2752:; 2737:; 2603:, 2599:, 2501:, 2432:, 2318:, 1719:, 1596:. 1110:. 977:. 910:, 906:, 902:, 718:: 690:, 655:, 553:. 492:. 449:. 334:oʊ 262:, 210:: 197:: 184:: 98:Pg 42:Ma 8012:? 7997:? 7954:? 7932:? 7882:† 7873:? 7858:? 7843:† 7799:† 7790:? 7783:† 7773:† 7763:† 7563:? 7534:† 7511:? 7503:? 7495:? 7480:† 7359:† 7329:† 7314:† 7304:† 7294:† 7284:† 7274:† 7264:† 7254:† 7244:† 7240:? 7233:† 7178:† 7169:? 7161:? 7146:? 7138:? 7123:† 7072:† 7063:? 7055:? 7033:† 7017:? 6995:† 6965:† 6950:† 6940:† 6930:† 6926:? 6919:† 6909:† 6899:† 6889:† 6879:† 6869:† 6859:† 6849:† 6839:† 6829:† 6819:† 6809:† 6805:? 6798:† 6788:† 6778:† 6768:† 6758:† 6748:† 6738:† 6728:† 6718:† 6708:† 6580:† 6534:† 6490:† 6464:? 6459:† 6449:" 6445:" 6442:† 6401:? 6386:? 6371:† 6362:? 6355:† 6351:? 6344:† 6340:? 6333:† 6323:† 6313:† 6309:? 6302:† 6292:† 6282:† 6278:? 6271:† 6267:? 6260:† 6250:† 6202:† 6176:† 6167:? 6145:? 6130:† 6086:? 6036:† 5996:? 5991:† 5976:† 5966:† 5962:? 5955:† 5945:† 5823:† 5662:? 5647:? 5628:† 5493:? 5447:? 5425:? 5403:? 5371:? 5328:? 5301:† 5291:? 5284:† 5274:† 5270:? 5263:† 5259:? 5252:† 5248:? 5241:† 5045:e 5038:t 5031:v 4966:. 4942:: 4934:: 4907:. 4895:: 4887:: 4860:. 4834:. 4793:. 4789:: 4762:. 4758:: 4750:: 4723:. 4694:. 4674:: 4666:: 4640:. 4636:: 4628:: 4602:. 4590:: 4582:: 4558:. 4554:: 4546:: 4520:. 4496:: 4488:: 4482:6 4461:. 4439:: 4433:6 4412:. 4406:: 4398:: 4371:. 4347:: 4292:. 4268:: 4260:: 4254:8 4233:. 4223:9 4203:. 4197:: 4170:. 4146:: 4140:7 4119:. 4107:: 4099:: 4076:. 4051:. 4047:: 4028:. 4024:: 4016:: 3993:. 3968:. 3958:9 3939:8 3918:. 3893:. 3873:: 3865:: 3859:4 3789:8 3728:. 3704:: 3696:: 3686:: 3680:1 3632:. 3608:: 3600:: 3570:. 3558:: 3550:: 3526:. 3506:: 3483:. 3453:: 3428:. 3406:: 3379:. 3348:. 3323:. 3311:: 3303:: 3297:8 3263:. 3230:5 3149:. 3089:. 2248:, 1277:( 700:( 680:( 668:( 576:) 352:/ 349:s 346:ə 340:s 337:ˈ 331:n 328:ɪ 325:z 322:ˌ 319:ə 316:r 313:ɛ 310:θ 307:ˌ 304:/ 300:( 279:† 250:† 237:† 224:† 103:N 93:K 88:J 83:T 78:P 73:C 68:D 63:S 58:O 53:Ꞓ 33:(

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index