Thermography - Knowledge (XXG)

1135: 1253: 42: 582:, with an emissivity of about 0.97. The object's known temperature can then be measured using the standard emissivity. If desired, the object's actual emissivity (on a part of the object that is not covered by the standard material) can then be determined by adjusting the imager's setting to the known temperature. There are situations, however, when such an emissivity test is not possible due to dangerous or inaccessible conditions. In these situations, the thermographer must rely on tables. 1143: 1159: 1461: 1638: 682: 165: 4912: 1878: 272: 1151: 554: 416:

camera is capable of performing algorithms to interpret that data and build an image. Although the image shows the viewer an approximation of the temperature at which the object is operating, the camera is actually using multiple sources of data based on the areas surrounding the object to determine that value rather than detecting the actual temperature.

400: 374: 131: 385: 842: 408: 674: 591: 1205:

considerably lower than that of optical cameras, mostly only 160 x 120 or 320 x 240 pixels, although more expensive cameras can achieve a resolution of 1280 x 1024 pixels. Thermographic cameras are much more expensive than their visible-spectrum counterparts, though low-performance add-on thermal cameras for

989:

Night vision infrared devices image in the near-infrared, just beyond the visual spectrum, and can see emitted or reflected near-infrared in complete visual darkness. However, again, these are not usually used for thermography due to the high temperature requirements, but are instead used with active

725:

are needed. Although the cooling apparatus may be comparatively bulky and expensive, cooled infrared cameras provide greatly superior image quality compared to uncooled ones, particularly of objects near or below room temperature. Additionally, the greater sensitivity of cooled cameras also allow the

577:

In order to get a more accurate temperature measurement, a thermographer may apply a standard material of known, high emissivity to the surface of the object. The standard material might be as complex as industrial emissivity spray produced specifically for the purpose, or as simple as standard black

2043:

in the UK patented a camera that scanned pyro-electronically and which reached a high level of performance after several other breakthroughs during the 1970s. Tompsett also proposed an idea for solid-state thermal-imaging arrays, which eventually led to modern hybridized single-crystal-slice imaging

1100:

There are various cameras cheaper and more expensive. Quality cameras often have a high price range (often US$ 3,000 or more) due to the expense of the larger pixel array (state of the art 1280 x 1024), while less expensive models (with pixel arrays of 40x40 up to 160x120 pixels) are also available.

985:

IR film is sensitive to infrared (IR) radiation in the 250 to 500 °C (482 to 932 °F) range, while the range of thermography is approximately −50 to 2,000 °C (−58 to 3,632 °F). So, for an IR film to work thermographically, the measured object must be over 250 °C (482 °F)

822:

Uncooled infrared sensors can be stabilized to an operating temperature to reduce image noise, but they are not cooled to low temperatures and do not require bulky, expensive, energy consuming cryogenic coolers. This makes infrared cameras smaller and less costly. However, their resolution and image

573:

of an object using an infrared imager, it is necessary to estimate or determine the object's emissivity. For quick work, a thermographer may refer to an emissivity table for a given type of object, and enter that value into the imager. The imager would then calculate the object's contact temperature

415:

Thermal images, or thermograms, are actually visual displays of the amount of infrared energy emitted, transmitted, and reflected by an object. Because there are multiple sources of the infrared energy, it is difficult to get an accurate temperature of an object using this method. A thermal imaging

1988:

The first advanced application of IR technology in the civil section may have been a device to detect the presence of icebergs and steamships using a mirror and thermopile, patented in 1913. This was soon outdone by the first accurate IR iceberg detector, which did not use thermopiles, patented in

713:

Without cooling, these sensors (which detect and convert light in much the same way as common digital cameras, but are made of different materials) would be 'blinded' or flooded by their own radiation. The drawbacks of cooled infrared cameras are that they are expensive both to produce and to run.

427:

where incident radiant power is the radiant power profile when viewed through a thermal imaging camera. Emitted radiant power is generally what is intended to be measured; transmitted radiant power is the radiant power that passes through the subject from a remote thermal source, and; reflected

1204:

For use in temperature measurement the brightest (warmest) parts of the image are customarily colored white, intermediate temperatures reds and yellows, and the dimmest (coolest) parts black. A scale should be shown next to a false color image to relate colors to temperatures. Their resolution is

1087:

Thermography shows a visual picture so temperatures over a large area can be compared. It is capable of catching moving targets in real time. It is able to find deterioration, i.e., higher temperature components prior to their failure. It can be used to measure or observe in areas inaccessible or

1445:. This makes it possible for a thermal imaging camera to display an object's temperature. However, other factors also influence the radiation, which limits the accuracy of this technique. For example, the radiation depends not only on the temperature of the object, but is also a function of the 1110:

Many models do not provide the irradiance measurements used to construct the output image; the loss of this information without a correct calibration for emissivity, distance, and ambient temperature and relative humidity entails that the resultant images are inherently incorrect measurements of

486:

This functionality makes the thermal imaging camera an excellent tool for the maintenance of electrical and mechanical systems in industry and commerce. By using the proper camera settings and by being careful when capturing the image, electrical systems can be scanned and problems can be found.

1984:

continued to make improvements in this instrument. By 1901, it could detect radiation from a cow from 400 metres away and was sensitive to differences in temperature of one hundred thousandths (0.00001 C) of a degree Celsius. The first commercial thermal imaging camera was sold in 1965 for high

541:

A material's emissivity can range from a theoretical 0.00 (completely not-emitting) to an equally theoretical 1.00 (completely emitting). An example of a substance with low emissivity would be silver, with an emissivity coefficient of .02. An example of a substance with high emissivity would be

2018:

of the mid-1950s. This used a continuously rotating mirror and detector, with Y-axis scanning by the motion of the carrier aircraft. Although unsuccessful in its intended application of submarine tracking by wake detection, it was applied to land-based surveillance and became the foundation of

549:

is a theoretical object with an emissivity of 1 that radiates thermal radiation characteristic of its contact temperature. That is, if the contact temperature of a thermally uniform black body radiator were 50 °C (122 °F), the black body would emit thermal radiation characteristic of

2948:

Saxena, Ashish; Ng, E.Y.K.; Raman, Vignesh; Syarifuddin Bin Mohamed Hamli, Muhammad; Moderhak, Mateusz; Kolacz, Szymon; Jankau, Jerzy (December 2019). "Infrared (IR) thermography-based quantitative parameters to predict the risk of post-operative cancerous breast resection flap necrosis".

435:. However, in the case of infrared thermography, the above equation is used to describe the radiant power within the spectral wavelength passband of the thermal imaging camera in use. The radiant heat exchange requirements described in the equation apply equally at every wavelength in the 1433:

in the infrared wavelength into a visible light display. All objects above absolute zero emit thermal infrared energy, so thermal cameras can passively see all objects, regardless of ambient light. However, most thermal cameras only see objects warmer than −50 °C (−58 °F).

482:

Other algorithms can be used to affect the measurement, including the transmission ability of the transmitting medium (usually air) and the temperature of that transmitting medium. All these settings will affect the ultimate output for the temperature of the object being viewed.

1063:, an energy source is required to produce a thermal contrast between the feature of interest and the background. The active approach is necessary in many cases given that the inspected parts are usually in equilibrium with the surroundings. Given the super-linearities of the 118:

illumination. The amount of radiation emitted by an object increases with temperature; therefore, thermography allows one to see variations in temperature. When viewed through a thermal imaging camera, warm objects stand out well against cooler backgrounds; humans and other

2079:" when used in the visible range, allow for preprocessing using smart sensing techniques due to the increase in growth of integrated microcircuitry. The other technology is more oriented to specific use and fulfills its preprocessing goal through its design and structure. 490:

In the energy savings area, the thermal imaging camera can do more. Because it can see the effective radiation temperature of an object as well as what that object is radiating towards, it can help locate sources of thermal leaks and overheated regions as well.

1117:

Thermographic cameras create thermal images based on the radiant heat energy it receives. As radiation levels are influenced by the emissivity and reflection of radiation such as sunlight from the surface being measured this causes errors in the measurements.

733:

An alternative to Stirling engine coolers is to use gases bottled at high pressure, nitrogen being a common choice. The pressurised gas is expanded via a micro-sized orifice and passed over a miniature heat exchanger resulting in regenerative cooling via the

1225:

In uncooled detectors the temperature differences at the sensor pixels are minute; a 1 °C difference at the scene induces just a 0.03 °C difference at the sensor. The pixel response time is also fairly slow, at the range of tens of milliseconds.

1088:

hazardous for other methods. It is a non-destructive test method. It can be used to find defects in shafts, pipes, and other metal or plastic parts. It can be used to detect objects in dark areas. It has some medical application, essentially in

786:

devices could be used as infrared sensors because of their very narrow gap. Small arrays have been demonstrated. They have not been broadly adopted for use because their high sensitivity requires careful shielding from the background radiation.

1181:

of infrared radiation. Color image sensors require a complex construction to differentiate wavelengths, and color has less meaning outside of the normal visible spectrum because the differing wavelengths do not map uniformly into the system of

709:

range from 4 K (−269 °C) to just below room temperature, depending on the detector technology. Most modern cooled detectors operate in the 60 Kelvin (K) to 100 K range (-213 to -173 °C), depending on type and performance level.

242:, up to 1280 x 1024 for the most expensive models. Thermal imaging cameras are much more expensive than their visible-spectrum counterparts, and higher-end models are often export-restricted due to the military uses for this technology. Older 1989:

1914 by R.D. Parker. This was followed by G.A. Barker's proposal to use the IR system to detect forest fires in 1934. The technique was not genuinely industrialized until it was used to analyze heating uniformity in hot steel strips in 1935.

806:

Uncooled thermal cameras use a sensor operating at ambient temperature, or a sensor stabilized at a temperature close to ambient using small temperature control elements. Modern uncooled detectors all use sensors that work by the change of

2034:

in the United States also developed arrays of detectors that could cool at a lower temperature, but they scanned mechanically. This method had several disadvantages which could be overcome using an electronic scanning system. In 1969

2001:

invented the infrared-sensitive (night vision) electronic television camera for anti-aircraft defense in Britain. The first American thermographic camera developed was an infrared line scanner. This was created by the US military and

1902:

At temperatures of 600 °C and above, inexpensive cameras with CCD and CMOS sensors have also been used for pyrometry in the visible spectrum. They have been used for soot in flames, burning coal particles, heated materials,

513:

Each material has a different emissivity, which may vary by temperature and infrared wavelength. For example, clean metal surfaces have emissivity that decreases at longer wavelengths; many dielectric materials, such as quartz

823:

quality tend to be lower than cooled detectors. This is due to differences in their fabrication processes, limited by currently available technology. An uncooled thermal camera also needs to deal with its own heat signature.

2006:

in 1947 and took one hour to produce a single image. While several approaches were investigated to improve the speed and accuracy of the technology, one of the most crucial factors dealt with scanning an image, which the

1213:

military grade equipment, and are export-restricted, particularly if the resolution is 640 x 480 or greater, unless the refresh rate is 9 Hz or less. The export from the USA of thermal cameras is regulated by

2082:

Towards the end of the 1990s, the use of infrared was moving towards civilian use. There was a dramatic lowering of costs for uncooled arrays, which along with the significant increase in developments, led to a

565:

An ordinary object emits less infrared radiation than a theoretical black body. The fraction of its actual emission to the theoretical emission (of the black body) is its emissivity (or emissivity coefficient).

2075:, "smart sensors" began to appear. These are sensors that could integrate sensing, signal extraction, processing, and comprehension. There are two main types of smart sensors. One, similar to what is called a " 1893:

have most of their spectral sensitivity in the visible light wavelength range. However, by utilizing the "trailing" area of their spectral sensitivity, namely the part of the infrared spectrum called

2071:

One of the essential areas of development for security systems was for the ability to intelligently evaluate a signal, as well as warning of a threat's presence. Under the encouragement of the US

1899:(NIR), and by using off-the-shelf CCTV camera it is possible under certain circumstances to obtain true thermal images of objects with temperatures at about 280 °C (536 °F) and higher. 3314:

Gallardo-Saavedra, Sara; Hernández-Callejo, Luis; Duque-Perez, Oscar (2018-10-01). "Technological review of the instrumentation used in aerial thermographic inspection of photovoltaic plants".

141:

Some physiological changes in human beings and other warm-blooded animals can also be monitored with thermal imaging during clinical diagnostics. Thermography is used in allergy detection and

2272: 1449:

of the object. Also, radiation originates from the surroundings and is reflected in the object, and the radiation from the object and the reflected radiation will also be influenced by the

1114:

Images can be difficult to interpret accurately when based upon certain objects, specifically objects with erratic temperatures, although this problem is reduced in active thermal imaging.

1928:

as a form of radiation beyond red light. These "infrared rays" (infra is the Latin prefix for "below") were used mainly for thermal measurement. There are four basic laws of IR radiation:

468:

The thermal imaging camera would next employ a series of mathematical algorithms. Since the camera is only able to see the electromagnetic radiation that is impossible to detect with the

1104:

There is also a difference in refresh rate. Some cameras may only have a refreshing value of 5 –15 Hz, other (e.g. FLIR X8500sc) 180 Hz or even more in no full window mode.

1653:

appears redder than the background stars as it emits most of its light at longer infrared wavelengths. In visible light and near-infrared it is very faint and difficult to see.

393:

A comparison of a thermal image (top) and an ordinary photograph (bottom). The plastic bag is mostly transparent to long-wavelength infrared, but the man's glasses are opaque.

161:

may miss the chance to detect cancer at its earliest stage". Government and airport personnel used thermography to detect suspected swine flu cases during the 2009 pandemic.

3721:

Goss, A. J.; Nixon, R. D.; Watton, R.; Wreathall, W. M. (1985). Mollicone, Richard A.; Spiro, Irving J. (eds.). "Progress in IR Television Using the Pyroelectric Vidicon".

211:. Often the live thermogram reveals temperature variations so clearly that a photograph is not necessary for analysis. A recording module is therefore not always built-in. 2087:

market encompassing both civilian and military uses. These uses include environmental control, building/art analysis, functional medical diagnostics, and car guidance and

838:

technology. The material are used to form pixels with highly temperature-dependent properties, which are thermally insulated from the environment and read electronically.

2101: 1134: 721:

which, although inefficient and limited in cooling capacity, are relatively simple and compact. To obtain better image quality or for imaging low temperature objects

2112: 1319: 1275:, in human beings and other warm-blooded animals can also be monitored with thermographic imaging. Cooled infrared cameras can be found at major astronomy research 3262: 1825: 479:

In order to perform the role of non-contact temperature recorder, the camera will change the temperature of the object being viewed with its emissivity setting.

4586: 4270: 2137: 3909:

L. J. Kozlowski and W. F. Kosonocky, "Infrared detector arrays," in Hand-Book of Optics, M. Bass, Ed., chapter 23, Williams, W. L.Wolfe, and McGraw-Hill, 1995.

1760:

Thermal Attack is an approach that exploits heat traces left after interacting with interfaces, such as touchscreens or keyboards, to uncover the user's input.

4400: 4412: 4740: 123:

animals become easily visible against the environment, day or night. As a result, thermography is particularly useful to the military and other users of

180:

Thermography has a long history, although its use has increased dramatically with the commercial and industrial applications of the past fifty years.

4012: 1972:. Initially, they jointly developed a greatly improved instrument. Subsequently, Melloni worked alone, creating an instrument in 1833 (a multielement 1215: 966: 3025:

Morgan Hughes; Paul Hopwood; Matilda Dolan; Ben Dolan (4 October 2022). "Applications of thermal imaging for bird surveys: examples from the field".

1033:

in the mid (3 to 5 μm) and long (7 to 14 μm) wave infrared bands, denoted as MWIR and LWIR, corresponding to two of the high transmittance

4848: 1535: 1857:

Thermography by definition is by means of an instrument (artifact), but some living creatures have natural organs that function as counterparts to

1138:

Kite aerial thermogram revealing features on/under a grassed playing field. Thermal inertia and differential transpiration/evaporation are involved

1044:, the features of interest are naturally at a higher or lower temperature than the background. Passive thermography has many applications such as 4378: 1580: 854: 3900:

C. Corsi, "Rivelatori IR: stato dell’arte e trends di sviluppo futuro," Atti della Fondazione Giorgio Ronchi, vol. XLVI, no.5, pp. 801–810, 1991.

3218: 2860:

Saxena, Ashish; Raman, Vignesh; Ng, E. Y. K. (2 October 2019). "Study on methods to extract high contrast image in active dynamic thermography".

2450:

Maldague XP, Jones TS, Kaplan H, Marinetti S, Prystay M (2001). "Fundamentals of infrared and thermal testing.". In Maldague K, Moore PO (eds.).

1929: 111: 3554:

L. Bellingham, "Means for detecting the presence at a distance of icebergs, steamships, and other cool or hot objects," US patent no. 1,158,967.

1450: 3918:

C. Corsi, "Future trends and advanced development in I.R. detectors," in Proceedings of 2nd Joint Conference IRIS-NATO, London, UK, June 1996.

465:. Under outdoor environments, convective cooling from wind may also need to be considered when trying to get an accurate temperature reading. 4383: 3164: 2691: 2635:"A comparison between conductive and infrared devices for measuring mean skin temperature at rest, during exercise in the heat, and recovery" 2354: 2280: 2208: 2023: 1596: 188:, to find persons, and to localize the base of a fire. Maintenance technicians use thermography to locate overheating joints and sections of 2250: 2063:

spectrum is possible. This technology was a precursor to modern microbolometer technology, and mainly used in firefighting thermal cameras.

665:

Thermographic cameras can be broadly divided into two types: those with cooled infrared image detectors and those with uncooled detectors.

2571: 819:

when heated by infrared radiation. These changes are then measured and compared to the values at the operating temperature of the sensor.

4224: 3687: 2817:

Saxena, A; Ng, EYK; Lim, ST (October 2019). "Infrared (IR) thermography as a potential screening modality for carotid artery stenosis".

1670: 1642: 853:

temperature of the sensor material; the pixel temperature is read as the highly temperature-dependent polarization charge. The achieved

773: 722: 2782:

Kylili A, Fokaides PA, Christou P, Kalogirou SA (2014). "Infrared thermography (IRT) applications for building diagnostics: A review".

4776: 4655: 4395: 4304: 1976:) that could detect a person 10 metres away. The next significant step in improving detectors was the bolometer, invented in 1880 by 1241:

maintenance technicians locate overheating joints and parts, a telltale sign of their failure, to eliminate potential hazards. Where

4234: 3654: 3001: 1847:

Condition monitoring and diagnostics of machines – Requirements for qualification and assessment of personnel – Part 7: Thermography

1252: 758: 355: 3973: 431:

This phenomenon occurs everywhere, all the time. It is a process known as radiant heat exchange, since radiant power × time equals

72:

captures and creates an image of an object by using infrared radiation emitted from the object in a process, which are examples of

3288: 886:

Current improvements of uncooled focal plane arrays (UFPA) are focused primarily on higher sensitivity and pixel density. In 2013

4219: 4214: 4097: 3596: 3927:

M. Razeghi, "Current status and future trends of infrared detectors," Opto-Electronics Review, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 155–194, 1998.

2905:

Saxena, A; Ng, EYK; Lim, ST (May 2020). "Active dynamic thermography to detect the presence of stenosis in the carotid artery".

883:

bridge above the silicon-based scanning electronics. The electric resistance of the sensing element is measured once per frame.

4299: 4282: 1101:

Fewer pixels reduce the image quality making it more difficult to distinguish proximate targets within the same field of view.

4660: 4507: 4407: 4390: 3199:

Infrared Building Inspections — Resources for Electrical, Mechanical, Residential and Commercial Infrared/Thermal Inspections

2040: 1376: 293: 1295: 1201:

in intensity detection than color overall, the ability to see fine intensity differences in bright areas is fairly limited.

1193:, where changes in color are used rather than changes in intensity to display changes in the signal. This technique, called 3622: 2370: 2317: 336: 4786: 4640: 4239: 4114: 4106: 4005: 3961: 2121: 1746: 289: 3240: 717:

The camera may need several minutes to cool down before it can begin working. The most commonly used cooling systems are

308: 4897: 4831: 4763: 4753: 4731: 4502: 4470: 4101: 3266: 2304: 2132: 2072: 962: 861:

optics and 320x240 sensors is 70-80 mK. A possible sensor assembly consists of barium strontium titanate bump-bonded by

450:. So if there is a cool area in the thermogram, that object will be absorbing the radiation emitted by the warm object. 447: 154: 3180:

Thermographic images in active volcanoes surveillance system — TIIMNet project Vesuvius and Solfatara INGV Naples Italy

2705:"Looking Under the Hood: Converting Proprietary Image File Formats Created within IR Cameras for Improved Archival Use" 2202: 890:

announced a five-micron LWIR camera that uses a 1280 x 720 focal plane array (FPA). Some of the materials used for the

428:

radiant power is the amount of radiant power that reflects off the surface of the object from a remote thermal source.

168:

Thermal imaging camera and screen. Thermal imaging can detect elevated body temperature, one of the signs of the virus

4561: 4529: 4512: 3201: 1238: 1076: 189: 653:

or μm) to about 14,000 nm (14 μm). The practice of capturing and analyzing the data they provide is called

574:

based on the value entered from the table and the object's emission of infrared radiation as detected by the imager.

3936:

Corsi, Carlo. "Infrared: A Key Technology for Security Systems." Advances in Optical Technologies 2012 (2012): 1-15.

2729: 315: 4635: 4370: 4110: 2769: 2088: 1941: 1866: 1772: 1674: 1617: 1301: 1795:

Standard Practice for Thermographic Inspection of Insulation Installations in Envelope Cavities of Frame Buildings

282: 4936: 4876: 4544: 4534: 3182: 2027: 1566: 1337: 1122:

Most cameras have ±2% accuracy or worse in measurement of temperature and are not as accurate as contact methods.

930: 922: 790:

Superconducting detectors offer extreme sensitivity, with some able to register individual photons. For example,

84: 3644: 1933: 1309: 735: 41: 4915: 4866: 4645: 4524: 4497: 4258: 4043: 3998: 2222: 2178: 2036: 1749:. To detect faint contact of the ball with the bat (and hence a heat patch signature on the bat after contact). 1562: 1329: 746: 436: 238:

as FPA sensors. Their resolution is considerably lower than that of optical cameras, mostly 160x120 or 320x240

150: 92: 35: 1703:

Electrical distribution equipment diagnosis and maintenance, such as transformer yards and distribution panels

1158: 322: 3491: 3145:

Pinggera P, Breckon TF, Bischof H (2012). "On Cross-Spectral Stereo Matching using Dense Gradient Features".

107:. Since infrared radiation is emitted by all objects with a temperature above absolute zero according to the 4814: 4650: 4591: 4576: 4465: 4287: 4263: 3357:

Porev VA, Porev GV (2004). "Experimental determination of the temperature range of a television pyrometer".

2196: 1977: 1904: 1835:

Thermal insulation – Qualitative detection of thermal irregularities in building envelopes – Infrared method

1679: 1666: 1363: 1261: 914: 903: 570: 1740:

are used to determine cloud temperature/height and water vapor concentrations, depending on the wavelength)

4871: 4685: 4554: 4485: 4292: 3081: 1706: 1628: 1603: 1405: 1333: 1305: 958: 795: 750: 31: 30:

This article is about the infrared imaging technique. For the printing technique called thermography, see

965:

difference (NETD), spectral band, distance-to-spot ratio (D:S), minimum focus distance, sensor lifetime,

446:

will be taking place and power will be radiating from warm to cold following the principle stated in the

304: 218:(FPAs) that respond to longer wavelengths (mid- and long-wavelength infrared). The most common types are 4941: 4549: 4480: 4346: 4229: 4148: 4055: 2433:"Thermal detector with preferentially-ordered thermally sensitive element and method - Raytheon Company" 2126: 2048: 1981: 1886: 1487: 1469: 1246: 816: 808: 791: 730:

lenses, making high performance long focal length lenses both smaller and cheaper for cooled detectors.

706: 193: 3848:

A. Rogalski, "IR detectors: status trends," Progress in Quantum Electronics, vol. 27, pp. 59–210, 2003.

1907:, and smoldering embers. This pyrometry has been performed using external filters or only the sensor's 1037:. Abnormal temperature profiles at the surface of an object are an indication of a potential problem. 4892: 4581: 4519: 4341: 3867: 3730: 3513: 3473: 3366: 3073: 2958: 2791: 2646: 2586: 2482: 2217: 2166: 2160: 2142: 1998: 1925: 1766: 1585: 1571: 1314: 1290: 1064: 423:

Incident Radiant Power = Emitted Radiant Power + Transmitted Radiant Power + Reflected Radiant Power;

146: 80: 69: 3086: 4838: 4716: 4539: 4275: 3530: 3398: 2084: 1510: 1492: 1249:

technicians can see heat leaks to improve the efficiencies of cooling or heating air-conditioning.

1210: 1142: 142: 2396: 685:

Thermal imaging camera & screen, in an airport terminal in Greece. Thermal imaging can detect

530:), etc. have emissivity that increases at longer wavelength; simple oxides, such as iron oxide (Fe 4826: 4675: 4670: 4571: 4454: 4309: 4060: 3883: 3803: 3746: 3417: 3339: 3146: 3119: 3107: 2974: 2930: 2887: 2842: 2610: 2572:"Does the technique employed for skin temperature assessment alter outcomes? A systematic review" 2242: 2056: 1785: 1723: 1280: 1242: 1014: 865: 783: 772:

Infrared photodetectors can be created with structures of high bandgap semiconductors such as in

197: 1460: 705:

cooled. The cooling is necessary for the operation of the semiconductor materials used. Typical

2471:"Super-resolution provided by the arbitrarily strong superlinearity of the blackbody radiation" 1877: 1813:

Standard Practices for Air Leakage Site Detection in Building Envelopes and Air Barrier Systems

1637: 681: 164: 4665: 4630: 4625: 4566: 4314: 4163: 3795: 3683: 3660: 3650: 3331: 3160: 3038: 3007: 2997: 2922: 2834: 2674: 2602: 2508: 2350: 2151: 2003: 1969: 1801:

Standard Practice for the Location of Wet Insulation in Roofing Systems Using Infrared Imaging

1737: 1590: 1438: 1163: 1072: 1049: 899: 895: 876: 872: 766: 503: 502:

is a term that is often misunderstood and misused. It represents a material's ability to emit

2704: 403:

This thermogram shows excessive heating on a terminal in an industrial electrical fuse block.

4603: 4492: 4351: 4123: 4075: 3875: 3787: 3738: 3407: 3374: 3323: 3152: 3099: 3091: 3046: 3030: 2966: 2914: 2877: 2869: 2826: 2799: 2664: 2654: 2594: 2547: 2498: 2490: 2106: 1895: 1841:

Condition monitoring and diagnostics of machines – Thermography – Part 1: General procedures

1752: 1692: 1526: 1465: 1413: 1265: 850: 762: 635: 595: 115: 3943: 3576:

Barker (G.A.) – Apparatus for detecting forest fires. U.S. Patent No 1,958,702 May 22, 1934

1819:

Standard Guide for Examining Electrical and Mechanical Equipment with Infrared Thermography

1807:

Standard Test Method for Detecting Delamination in Bridge Decks Using Infrared Thermography

4701: 4153: 4119: 4092: 4087: 4021: 3703: 3205: 3131: 2533:"The use of thermal imaging in assessing skin temperature following cryotherapy: a review" 2015: 1953: 1622: 1546: 1501: 1497: 1386: 1324: 1034: 1026: 1018: 994: 942: 926: 880: 754: 579: 443: 329: 255: 204: 173: 76: 2414: 1937: 779:

A number of superconducting and non-superconducting cooled bolometer technologies exist.

200:

and can use the results to improve the efficiency of heating and air-conditioning units.

3871: 3734: 3463:, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, vol. 90, pp. 284–292, 1800. 3436: 3370: 3077: 3065: 2962: 2795: 2650: 2590: 2486: 738:. For such systems the supply of pressurized gas is a logistical concern for field use. 4843: 2669: 2634: 2503: 2470: 2455: 2273:"FLIR infrared cameras help detect the spreading of swine flu and other viral diseases" 1957: 1728: 1646: 1550: 835: 718: 432: 251: 235: 3967: 3600: 4930: 4475: 4444: 4432: 4427: 4185: 4080: 3887: 3822: 3750: 3421: 3343: 3186: 2978: 2934: 2918: 2891: 2846: 2830: 2598: 1862: 1394: 1209:

became available for hundreds of dollars in 2014. Higher-end models are often deemed

1198: 1089: 1022: 1006: 974: 970: 918: 831: 742: 215: 46: 3979: 3807: 3111: 2614: 4711: 4706: 4613: 4437: 4422: 4356: 2970: 2803: 2716: 2551: 2172: 2052: 1961: 1908: 1687: 1575: 1506: 1382: 1190: 1183: 1174: 1045: 954: 891: 827: 472:, it will build a picture in the viewer and record a visible picture, usually in a 124: 120: 3564: 3412: 3393: 3034: 2873: 2169: – Thermometer which infers temperature by measuring infrared energy emission 1260:

Thermal imaging cameras are also installed in some luxury cars to aid the driver (

553: 3858:

Corsi, Carlo (2010). "History highlights and future trends of infrared sensors".

2659: 2344: 1944:. The development of detectors was mainly focused on the use of thermometers and 1911:. It has been performed using color ratios, grayscales, and/or a hybrid of both. 1881:

Color contours of temperature for a smoldering ember measured with a CMOS camera.

871:

Silicon microbolometers can reach NETD down to 20 mK. They consist of a layer of

4781: 4336: 4168: 4158: 4138: 4128: 4070: 4065: 4034: 2757: 2432: 2374: 2321: 2076: 2008: 1949: 1890: 1733: 1697: 1514: 1479: 1442: 1418: 1230: 1194: 698: 599: 271: 181: 158: 3327: 2532: 2494: 1125:

Methods and instruments are limited to directly detecting surface temperatures.

442:

If the object is radiating at a higher temperature than its surroundings, then

399: 17: 4417: 4180: 4175: 4143: 3879: 3585:

Nichols (G.T.) – Temperature measuring. U.S. Patent No 2,008,793 July 23, 1935

3198: 2187: 1973: 1965: 1609: 1555: 1454: 1446: 1368: 1206: 1178: 1170: 1150: 1053: 986:

or be reflecting infrared radiation from something that is at least that hot.

950: 650: 646: 546: 499: 461: 455: 130: 108: 3799: 3664: 3335: 3219:"DC-3 Automatic Electronic Seed Counting Machine for Seeds Medical Particles" 3042: 4744: 4680: 4133: 3179: 3050: 2031: 1952:. A significant step in the development of detectors occurred in 1829, when 1945: 1858: 1714: 1658: 1650: 1276: 1030: 907: 862: 702: 690: 642: 469: 373: 247: 243: 208: 96: 2926: 2838: 2678: 2606: 2531:

Costello JT, McInerney CD, Bleakley CM, Selfe J, Donnelly AE (2012-02-01).

2512: 1071:

can also be used to enhance the resolution of imaging systems beyond their

384: 3378: 673: 645:(nm) range of the visible light camera, infrared cameras are sensitive to 590: 196:

technicians can see thermal signatures that indicate heat leaks in faulty

114:, thermography makes it possible to see one's environment with or without 4767: 3208:. Infrared-buildinginspections.com (2008-09-04). Retrieved on 2013-06-18. 2205: – Formula for the thermal radiation emitted by a perfect black body 2060: 1531: 1423: 858: 727: 627: 88: 73: 3070:

Intelligent Robots and Computer Vision XXVIII: Algorithms and Techniques

2882: 2059:(TGS) as their targets, a vidicon sensitive over a broad portion of the 4796: 4199: 3791: 1743: 1219: 1218:. A thermal camera was first built into a smartphone in 2016, into the 812: 798:. However, they are not in regular use outside of scientific research. 3764: 3742: 3460: 3095: 841: 419:

This phenomenon may become clearer upon consideration of the formula:

407: 4791: 3723:

Proceedings of the Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers

3156: 3103: 2758:

Real Time Emissivity Measurement for Infrared Temperature Measurement

2415:"DARPA developing personal LWIR cameras to give soldiers heat vision" 1430: 1237:, find people, and localize hotspots of fires. With thermal imaging, 1017:. Hence, an excellent way to measure thermal variations is to use an 1010: 946: 910: 631: 507: 487:

Faults with steam traps in steam heating systems are easy to locate.

239: 227: 223: 697:

Cooled detectors are typically contained in a vacuum-sealed case or

3827:

The Centre for High-Performance Integrated Technologies and Systems

4818: 4029: 3990: 3461:"Experiments on the refrangibility of the visible rays of the sun" 3011: 1662: 1459: 1345:

Carotid artery stenosis (CAS) screening through skin thermal maps.

1272: 1251: 1234: 1157: 1149: 1141: 1133: 887: 840: 686: 680: 672: 638: 589: 558: 552: 411:

A thermal image showing temperature variation in a hot air balloon

406: 398: 185: 129: 100: 40: 2692:

Using Thermography to Find a Class of Latent Construction Defects

2243:"Breast Cancer Screening: Thermogram No Substitute for Mammogram" 1360:

Various other neoplastic, metabolic, and inflammatory conditions.

3955: 3437:"The Working Principle and Key Applications of Infrared Sensors" 1520: 473: 231: 219: 169: 3994: 1861:, and thus possess a crude type of thermal imaging capability ( 921:(PT), lead zinc niobate (PZN), lead strontium titanate (PSrT), 538:) display relatively flat emissivity in the infrared spectrum. 2570:

Bach AJ, Stewart IB, Minett GM, Costello JT (September 2015).

1631:(early failure warning) on mechanical and electrical equipment 1271:

Some physiological activities, particularly responses such as

265: 135: 45:

Thermogram of a traditional building in the background and a "

3289:"NASA Readies James Webb Space Telescope for December Launch" 1534:

detection in walls and roofs (and thus in turn often part of

2109: – The simultaneous measurement of spectra and pictures 3987:, IR Thermometry & Thermography Applications Repository 2452:

Nondestructive Handbook, Infrared and Thermal Testing z÷÷÷÷

1348:

Active Dynamic Thermography (ADT) for medical applications.

993:

Starlight-type night vision devices generally only magnify

3985:

IR Thermometry & Thermography Applications Repository

2633:

Bach AJ, Stewart IB, Disher AE, Costello JT (2015-02-06).

3984: 3148:

Proceedings of the British Machine Vision Conference 2012

3066:"Real-time people and vehicle detection from UAV imagery" 2011:

was able to commercialize using a cooled photoconductor.

1146:

UAS thermal imagery of a solar panel array in Switzerland

3565:

Thermic balance or radiometer. U.S. Patent No 1,099,199

3241:"Thermal imaging highlights Westminster's energy waste" 2213:

Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

2154: – detector that reacts to infrared (IR) radiation 2147:

Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

1154:

AN/PAS-13 thermal rifle scope mounted on an AR-15 rifle

157:

warning that "those who opt for this method instead of

2199: – Electronic sensor that measures infrared light 2030:

was a photoconductor that required much less cooling.

1561:

Military and police target detection and acquisition:

1197:, is useful because although humans have much greater 1189:

Sometimes these monochromatic images are displayed in

1410:

Surveillance in security, law enforcement and defence

741:

Materials used for cooled infrared detection include

714:

Cooling is both energy-intensive and time-consuming.

3623:"Texas Instruments - 1966 First FLIR units produced" 2249:. US Food and Drug Administration. 27 October 2017. 2192:

Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback

2183:

Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback

2156:

Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback

2117:

Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback

234:

FPA. The newest technologies use low-cost, uncooled

4885: 4857: 4813: 4762: 4739: 4729: 4694: 4611: 4602: 4453: 4369: 4329: 4248: 4207: 4198: 4042: 4028: 2305:

FLIR x8500sc Thermal imaging camera specifications

2145: – Infrared imaging used to reveal temperature 1684:

Auditing of acoustic insulation for sound reduction

296:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3964:, Some uses of thermographic images in electronics 3394:"Fire Ember Pyrometry Using a Color Camera (2019)" 1354:Extracranial cerebral and facial vascular disease. 2102:ASTM Subcommittee E20.02 on Radiation Thermometry 1229:Thermography finds many other uses. For example, 3496:Proceedings of the American Metrological Society 2346:Theory of Reflectance and Emittance Spectroscopy 542:asphalt, with an emissivity coefficient of .98. 3944:best thermal scanning service provider in india 2181: – thermography used for medical diagnosis 2115: – thermography used for medical diagnosis 2113:Digital infrared thermal imaging in health care 2014:The first British infrared linescan system was 1964:, fabricating an improved thermometer, a crude 1320:Digital infrared thermal imaging in health care 103:) and produce images of that radiation, called 3974:Uncooled thermal imaging works round the clock 2772:by Fraser Macdonald, 4 October 2014, Hot Stuff 2211: – Thermal imaging camera in firefighting 2175: – Ability to see in low light conditions 1826:International Organization for Standardization 246:or more sensitive models such as InSb require 4006: 3765:"Heritage TICs EEV P4428 & P4430 Cameras" 3392:Kim, Dennis K.; Sunderland, Peter B. (2019). 2138:Infrared non-destructive testing of materials 8: 3646:Uncooled infrared imaging arrays and systems 3068:. In Röning J, Casasent DP, Hall EL (eds.). 1920:Discovery and research of infrared radiation 1475:Fields in which these techniques are used: 3643:Kruse, Paul W; Skatrud, David Dale (1997). 2717:Infrared Temperature Theory and Application 2349:. Cambridge University Press. p. 416. 945:of an infrared camera system are number of 27:Infrared imaging used to reveal temperature 4736: 4618: 4608: 4204: 4048: 4039: 4013: 3999: 3991: 3189:. Ipf.ov.ingv.it. Retrieved on 2013-06-18. 2862:Quantitative InfraRed Thermography Journal 2694:. Globalspec.com. Retrieved on 2013-06-18. 902:(VOx), lanthanum barium manganite (LBMO), 626:) is a device that creates an image using 3958:, infrared imaging science demonstrations 3778:Corsi, C. (1995-07-01). "Smart sensors". 3411: 3085: 2881: 2760:. Pyrometer.com. Retrieved on 2013-06-18. 2707:, Professional Thermographers Association 2668: 2658: 2502: 1216:International Traffic in Arms Regulations 967:minimum resolvable temperature difference 849:Ferroelectric detectors operate close to 598:taken in mid-infrared ("thermal") light ( 453:The ability of objects to emit is called 356:Learn how and when to remove this message 203:The appearance and operation of a modern 192:, which are a sign of impending failure. 4849:Orthogonal polarization spectral imaging 3316:Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 1876: 1711:Research and development of new products 1636: 1439:spectrum and amount of thermal radiation 1169:Images from infrared cameras tend to be 1107:Also the lens can be integrated or not. 677:A thermographic image of several lizards 214:Specialized thermal imaging cameras use 163: 3682:. Hikoki Publications. pp. 25–26. 2770:Thermal camera answers age-old question 2469:Graciani G, Amblard F (December 2019). 2234: 2129: – Multi-wavelength imaging method 2022:This work was further developed at the 1581:Technical surveillance counter-measures 1364:Archaeological kite aerial thermography 929:(BT), antimony sulfoiodide (SbSI), and 826:Uncooled detectors are mostly based on 3638: 3636: 3263:"Thermal Imaging Application Overview" 3127: 3117: 3064:Gaszczak A, Breckon TP, Han J (2011). 1342:Peripheral vascular disease screening. 1296:Low slope and flat roofing inspections 917:(PST), lead lanthanum titanate (PLT), 3151:. BMVA Press. pp. 103.1–103.12. 2719:. Omega.com. Retrieved on 2013-06-18. 2628: 2626: 2624: 2565: 2563: 2561: 2526: 2524: 2522: 2209:Thermal imaging camera (firefighting) 2024:Royal Signals and Radar Establishment 1865:). One of the best known examples is 1173:because the cameras generally use an 7: 3595:Naughton, Russell (10 August 2004). 2300: 2298: 2026:in the UK when they discovered that 1930:Kirchhoff's law of thermal radiation 1429:Thermal imaging cameras convert the 1177:that does not distinguish different 977:, input power, and mass and volume. 774:quantum well infrared photodetectors 630:(IR) radiation, similar to a normal 294:adding citations to reliable sources 34:. For thermography in medicine, see 3704:"Michael F. Tompsett, TheraManager" 3599:. Monash University. Archived from 3072:. Vol. 7878. pp. 78780B. 1924:Infrared was discovered in 1800 by 1558:monitoring of visitors to a country 4656:Sestamibi parathyroid scintigraphy 3980:Archaeological aerial thermography 2373:. thermalscope.com. Archived from 2320:. thermalscope.com. Archived from 1968:. He described this instrument to 784:superconducting tunneling junction 149:practitioners promote its use for 25: 3435:Chilton, Alexander (2013-10-07). 2951:Infrared Physics & Technology 2907:Computers in Biology and Medicine 2819:Computers in Biology and Medicine 2253:from the original on 23 June 2018 845:Thermal image of steam locomotive 761:(MCT) (1-2 μm, 3-5 μm, 8-12 μm), 649:from about 1,000 nm (1 4911: 4910: 3823:"Vision Chips or Seeing Silicon" 2919:10.1016/j.compbiomed.2020.103718 2831:10.1016/j.compbiomed.2019.103419 1985:voltage power line inspections. 1606:- Medical testing for diagnosis 1541:Masonry wall structural analysis 913:lead zirconate titanate (PLZT), 857:of ferroelectric detectors with 459:, to absorb radiation is called 383: 372: 270: 250:cooling, usually by a miniature 184:use thermography to see through 4413:Cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) 3243:. IRT Surveys. 19 February 2013 2994:Equine thermography in practice 2279:. 29 April 2009. Archived from 2190: – 2011 thermographic film 1441:depend strongly on an object's 1351:Neuromusculoskeletal disorders. 1300:Building diagnostics including 1256:Hot hooves indicate a sick cow. 1001:Passive vs. active thermography 281:needs additional citations for 4661:Radioactive iodine uptake test 3839:National patent no. 47722◦/80. 2996:. Wallingford - Boston: CABI. 2971:10.1016/j.infrared.2019.103063 2804:10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.08.005 2552:10.1016/j.jtherbio.2011.11.008 2454:. Vol. 3 (3rd ed.). 2041:English Electric Valve Company 1464:The thermographic camera on a 1377:Thermal imaging in ornithology 1: 4641:Radionuclide ventriculography 4115:Lower gastrointestinal series 4107:Upper gastrointestinal series 3821:Moini, Alireza (March 1997). 3649:. San Diego: Academic Press. 3413:10.1016/j.firesaf.2019.04.006 3359:Journal of Optical Technology 3035:10.1080/03078698.2022.2123026 2874:10.1080/17686733.2019.1586376 2163: – Near-infrared imaging 2122:Fluorescent microthermography 1997:In 1929, Hungarian physicist 1747:Umpire Decision Review System 1379:and other wildlife monitoring 1302:building envelope inspections 1096:Limitations and disadvantages 981:Difference from infrared film 879:sensing element suspended on 796:Superconducting camera (SCAM) 4832:Optical coherence tomography 4754:Myocardial perfusion imaging 4342:Dental panoramic radiography 3597:"Kalman Tihanyi (1897–1947)" 3516:. Samuel Pierpoint Langley. 2660:10.1371/journal.pone.0117907 2133:Infrared and thermal testing 2073:Strategic Defense Initiative 1980:. Langley and his assistant 1357:Thyroid gland abnormalities. 1264:), the first being the 2000 963:noise-equivalent temperature 448:second law of thermodynamics 2992:Soroko M, Morel MC (2016). 2343:Hapke B (19 January 2012). 2089:collision avoidance systems 1077:super-resolution microscopy 802:Uncooled infrared detectors 723:Stirling engine cryocoolers 4958: 4636:Ventilation/perfusion scan 4111:Small-bowel follow-through 3328:10.1016/j.rser.2018.05.027 2599:10.1088/0967-3334/36/9/r27 2540:Journal of Thermal Biology 2495:10.1038/s41467-019-13780-4 2307:. Retrieved on 2019-07-10. 1993:First thermographic camera 1960:, created the first known 1867:infrared sensing in snakes 1720:Locating pest infestations 1675:James Webb Space Telescope 1625:in production environments 1618:Program process monitoring 1373:Veterinary Thermal Imaging 1310:energy losses in buildings 1279:, even those that are not 634:that forms an image using 550:50 °C (122 °F). 508:optical property of matter 29: 4906: 4877:Dynamic angiothermography 4621: 4545:Abdominal ultrasonography 4051: 3880:10.1080/09500341003693011 3725:. Infrared Technology X. 3535:earthobservatory.nasa.gov 3531:"Samuel Pierpont Langley" 3514:The infrared pioneers—III 3265:. Bullard. Archived from 2579:Physiological Measurement 2028:mercury cadmium telluride 1873:CCD and CMOS thermography 1567:infrared search and track 1338:dynamic angiothermography 1162:Thermographic image of a 1048:of people on a scene and 931:polyvinylidene difluoride 923:barium strontium titanate 759:mercury cadmium telluride 747:narrow gap semiconductors 745:based on a wide range of 669:Cooled infrared detectors 641:. Instead of the 400–700 4867:Non-contact thermography 4646:Radionuclide angiography 4498:Doppler echocardiography 3860:Journal of Modern Optics 3780:Microsystem Technologies 3474:The infrared pioneers—II 2223:Thermographic inspection 2179:Non-contact thermography 2051:such as vidicons with a 2037:Michael Francis Tompsett 1661:, in telescopes such as 1563:forward-looking infrared 1330:Non-contact thermography 943:specification parameters 526:), calcium fluoride (CaF 437:electromagnetic spectrum 93:electromagnetic spectrum 36:Non-contact thermography 4651:Radioisotope renography 3490:Langley, S. P. (1880). 2203:Sakuma–Hattori equation 2197:Passive infrared sensor 1978:Samuel Pierpont Langley 1942:Wien's displacement law 1757:Malicious Applications 1688:Baby monitoring systems 1680:Automotive night vision 1667:Spitzer Space Telescope 1597:Firefighting operations 1262:automotive night vision 915:lead scandium tantalate 904:lead zirconate titanate 571:temperature measurement 68:, is a process where a 4686:Gastric emptying study 3678:Gibson, Chris (2015). 2730:"IR scanning handbook" 2019:military IR linescan. 1882: 1853:Biological counterpart 1707:Nondestructive testing 1654: 1629:Predictive maintenance 1604:Thermography (medical) 1472: 1406:Nondestructive testing 1286:Applications include: 1257: 1233:use it to see through 1166: 1155: 1147: 1139: 1005:All objects above the 959:noise-equivalent power 846: 707:operating temperatures 694: 689:, one of the signs of 678: 616:thermal imaging camera 603: 562: 412: 404: 207:is often similar to a 177: 138: 95:(roughly 9,000–14,000 50: 32:thermographic printing 4347:X-ray motion analysis 4230:X-ray microtomography 4149:Hysterosalpingography 4056:Pneumoencephalography 3476:. Macedonio Melloni. 3379:10.1364/JOT.71.000062 3027:Ringing and Migration 2475:Nature Communications 2437:freepatentsonline.com 2371:"Infrared Technology" 2318:"Infrared Technology" 2127:Hyperspectral imaging 1982:Charles Greeley Abbot 1887:charge-coupled device 1880: 1753:Autonomous navigation 1736:(thermal images from 1641:Viewed from space by 1640: 1488:Seed-counting machine 1470:German Federal Police 1463: 1255: 1247:building construction 1161: 1153: 1145: 1137: 1029:capable of detecting 844: 684: 676: 593: 556: 410: 402: 194:Building construction 167: 133: 81:Thermographic cameras 54:Infrared thermography 44: 4872:Contact thermography 4582:Emergency ultrasound 4520:Transcranial Doppler 4271:Abdominal and pelvis 3968:Thermographic Images 3512:Barr, E. S. (1962). 3472:Barr, E. S. (1962). 3269:on 16 September 2008 2218:Thermal weapon sight 2167:Infrared thermometer 2161:Infrared photography 1934:Stefan–Boltzmann law 1926:Sir William Herschel 1767:wildlife photography 1586:Thermal weapon sight 1572:Condition monitoring 1334:contact thermography 1306:moisture inspections 1291:Condition monitoring 1065:black-body radiation 1042:passive thermography 1009:temperature (0 736:Joule–Thomson effect 608:thermographic camera 290:improve this article 205:thermographic camera 147:alternative medicine 4839:Confocal microscopy 4717:Indium-111 WBC scan 4540:Echoencephalography 4276:Virtual colonoscopy 3970:, Infrared pictures 3872:2010JMOp...57.1663C 3735:1985SPIE..510..154G 3518:Infrared Physics, 3 3478:Infrared Physics, 2 3399:Fire Safety Journal 3371:2004JOptT..71...62P 3078:2011SPIE.7878E..0BG 2963:2019InPhT.10303063S 2796:2014ApEn..134..531K 2651:2015PLoSO..1017907B 2591:2015PhyM...36R..27B 2487:2019NatCo..10.5761G 2283:on 29 February 2012 1511:building insulation 1493:Building inspection 1443:surface temperature 1281:infrared telescopes 1069:active thermography 1061:active thermography 866:thermally insulated 569:In order to make a 143:veterinary medicine 49:" in the foreground 4827:Optical tomography 4676:Dacryoscintigraphy 4671:Immunoscintigraphy 4310:Whole body imaging 4061:Dental radiography 3792:10.1007/BF01294808 3710:. 7 February 2023. 3603:on 24 October 2003 3295:. 8 September 2021 3204:2018-08-06 at the 2377:on 8 November 2014 2324:on 8 November 2014 2057:triglycine sulfate 2049:video camera tubes 1883: 1786:ASTM International 1738:weather satellites 1724:Aerial archaeology 1717:effluent detection 1655: 1473: 1468:helicopter of the 1258: 1243:thermal insulation 1167: 1156: 1148: 1140: 1021:device, usually a 1015:infrared radiation 847: 695: 679: 604: 563: 413: 405: 216:focal plane arrays 198:thermal insulation 178: 139: 51: 4924: 4923: 4886:Target conditions 4809: 4808: 4805: 4804: 4725: 4724: 4666:Bone scintigraphy 4631:Scintimammography 4626:Cholescintigraphy 4471:contrast-enhanced 4365: 4364: 4325: 4324: 4315:Full-body CT scan 4215:General operation 4194: 4193: 4164:Angiocardiography 3976:by Lawrence Mayes 3866:(18): 1663–1686. 3743:10.1117/12.945018 3166:978-1-901725-46-9 3096:10.1117/12.876663 2356:978-0-521-88349-8 2152:Infrared detector 2055:material such as 2004:Texas Instruments 1970:Macedonio Melloni 1591:Search and rescue 1513:and detection of 1164:ring-tailed lemur 1073:diffraction limit 1050:medical diagnosis 1023:focal plane array 990:near-IR sources. 900:vanadium(V) oxide 896:amorphous silicon 877:vanadium(V) oxide 875:, or a thin film 873:amorphous silicon 751:indium antimonide 504:thermal radiation 366: 365: 358: 340: 16:(Redirected from 4949: 4937:Infrared imaging 4914: 4913: 4737: 4619: 4609: 4493:Echocardiography 4352:Hounsfield scale 4205: 4124:Cholecystography 4049: 4040: 4015: 4008: 4001: 3992: 3937: 3934: 3928: 3925: 3919: 3916: 3910: 3907: 3901: 3898: 3892: 3891: 3855: 3849: 3846: 3840: 3837: 3831: 3830: 3818: 3812: 3811: 3775: 3769: 3768: 3761: 3755: 3754: 3718: 3712: 3711: 3700: 3694: 3693: 3680:Nimrod's Genesis 3675: 3669: 3668: 3640: 3631: 3630: 3619: 3613: 3612: 3610: 3608: 3592: 3586: 3583: 3577: 3574: 3568: 3561: 3555: 3552: 3546: 3545: 3543: 3542: 3527: 3521: 3510: 3504: 3503: 3487: 3481: 3470: 3464: 3457: 3451: 3450: 3448: 3447: 3432: 3426: 3425: 3415: 3389: 3383: 3382: 3354: 3348: 3347: 3311: 3305: 3304: 3302: 3300: 3285: 3279: 3278: 3276: 3274: 3259: 3253: 3252: 3250: 3248: 3237: 3231: 3230: 3228: 3226: 3215: 3209: 3196: 3190: 3177: 3171: 3170: 3157:10.5244/C.26.103 3142: 3136: 3135: 3129: 3125: 3123: 3115: 3089: 3061: 3055: 3054: 3022: 3016: 3015: 2989: 2983: 2982: 2945: 2939: 2938: 2902: 2896: 2895: 2885: 2868:(3–4): 243–259. 2857: 2851: 2850: 2814: 2808: 2807: 2779: 2773: 2767: 2761: 2755: 2749: 2748: 2746: 2744: 2734: 2726: 2720: 2714: 2708: 2701: 2695: 2689: 2683: 2682: 2672: 2662: 2630: 2619: 2618: 2576: 2567: 2556: 2555: 2537: 2528: 2517: 2516: 2506: 2466: 2460: 2459: 2447: 2441: 2440: 2429: 2423: 2422: 2421:. 19 April 2013. 2411: 2405: 2404: 2393: 2387: 2386: 2384: 2382: 2367: 2361: 2360: 2340: 2334: 2333: 2331: 2329: 2314: 2308: 2302: 2293: 2292: 2290: 2288: 2269: 2263: 2262: 2260: 2258: 2239: 2214: 2193: 2184: 2157: 2148: 2118: 2107:Chemical imaging 1885:Non-specialized 1693:Chemical imaging 1536:mold remediation 1527:Home performance 1466:Eurocopter EC135 1414:Chemical imaging 1391:UAV Surveillance 1266:Cadillac DeVille 1245:becomes faulty, 1186:used by humans. 1035:infrared windows 851:phase transition 610:(also called an 557:Thermogram of a 387: 376: 361: 354: 350: 347: 341: 339: 298: 274: 266: 254:refrigerator or 151:breast screening 134:Thermogram of a 21: 4957: 4956: 4952: 4951: 4950: 4948: 4947: 4946: 4927: 4926: 4925: 4920: 4902: 4881: 4853: 4801: 4787:PET mammography 4758: 4721: 4707:Gallium-67 scan 4702:Octreotide scan 4690: 4598: 4449: 4361: 4321: 4244: 4225:High-resolution 4190: 4154:Skeletal survey 4120:Cholangiography 4033: 4024: 4022:Medical imaging 4019: 3952: 3940: 3935: 3931: 3926: 3922: 3917: 3913: 3908: 3904: 3899: 3895: 3857: 3856: 3852: 3847: 3843: 3838: 3834: 3820: 3819: 3815: 3777: 3776: 3772: 3763: 3762: 3758: 3720: 3719: 3715: 3702: 3701: 3697: 3690: 3689:978-190210947-3 3677: 3676: 3672: 3657: 3642: 3641: 3634: 3621: 3620: 3616: 3606: 3604: 3594: 3593: 3589: 3584: 3580: 3575: 3571: 3563:Parker (R.D.)- 3562: 3558: 3553: 3549: 3540: 3538: 3529: 3528: 3524: 3511: 3507: 3492:"The bolometer" 3489: 3488: 3484: 3471: 3467: 3459:W. Herschel, 1 3458: 3454: 3445: 3443: 3434: 3433: 3429: 3391: 3390: 3386: 3356: 3355: 3351: 3313: 3312: 3308: 3298: 3296: 3287: 3286: 3282: 3272: 3270: 3261: 3260: 3256: 3246: 3244: 3239: 3238: 3234: 3224: 3222: 3217: 3216: 3212: 3206:Wayback Machine 3197: 3193: 3178: 3174: 3167: 3144: 3143: 3139: 3126: 3116: 3087:10.1.1.188.4657 3063: 3062: 3058: 3024: 3023: 3019: 3004: 2991: 2990: 2986: 2947: 2946: 2942: 2904: 2903: 2899: 2859: 2858: 2854: 2816: 2815: 2811: 2781: 2780: 2776: 2768: 2764: 2756: 2752: 2742: 2740: 2732: 2728: 2727: 2723: 2715: 2711: 2702: 2698: 2690: 2686: 2645:(2): e0117907. 2632: 2631: 2622: 2574: 2569: 2568: 2559: 2535: 2530: 2529: 2520: 2468: 2467: 2463: 2449: 2448: 2444: 2431: 2430: 2426: 2413: 2412: 2408: 2397:"Hot detectors" 2395: 2394: 2390: 2380: 2378: 2369: 2368: 2364: 2357: 2342: 2341: 2337: 2327: 2325: 2316: 2315: 2311: 2303: 2296: 2286: 2284: 2277:applegate.co.uk 2271: 2270: 2266: 2256: 2254: 2241: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2227: 2212: 2191: 2182: 2155: 2146: 2143:Infrared camera 2116: 2097: 2069: 2016:Yellow Duckling 1995: 1954:Leopoldo Nobili 1922: 1917: 1875: 1855: 1782: 1623:Quality control 1612:thermal imaging 1547:Law enforcement 1507:Energy auditing 1502:troubleshooting 1498:Fault diagnosis 1402:Process control 1325:Medical imaging 1315:Thermal mapping 1195:density slicing 1132: 1098: 1085: 1027:infrared camera 1019:infrared vision 1003: 983: 939: 927:barium titanate 881:silicon nitride 804: 755:indium arsenide 719:peltier coolers 671: 663: 612:infrared camera 588: 580:insulation tape 561:held by a human 537: 533: 529: 525: 521: 518:), sapphire (Al 517: 497: 397: 396: 395: 394: 390: 389: 388: 379: 378: 377: 362: 351: 345: 342: 299: 297: 287: 275: 264: 256:liquid nitrogen 236:microbolometers 174:swine influenza 83:usually detect 77:imaging science 66:thermal imaging 39: 28: 23: 22: 18:Thermal imaging 15: 12: 11: 5: 4955: 4953: 4945: 4944: 4939: 4929: 4928: 4922: 4921: 4919: 4918: 4907: 4904: 4903: 4901: 4900: 4895: 4889: 4887: 4883: 4882: 4880: 4879: 4874: 4869: 4863: 4861: 4855: 4854: 4852: 4851: 4846: 4844:Endomicroscopy 4841: 4836: 4835: 4834: 4823: 4821: 4811: 4810: 4807: 4806: 4803: 4802: 4800: 4799: 4794: 4789: 4784: 4779: 4773: 4771: 4760: 4759: 4757: 4756: 4750: 4748: 4734: 4727: 4726: 4723: 4722: 4720: 4719: 4714: 4709: 4704: 4698: 4696: 4692: 4691: 4689: 4688: 4683: 4678: 4673: 4668: 4663: 4658: 4653: 4648: 4643: 4638: 4633: 4628: 4622: 4616: 4606: 4600: 4599: 4597: 4596: 4595: 4594: 4589: 4579: 4574: 4569: 4564: 4559: 4558: 4557: 4552: 4542: 4537: 4532: 4527: 4522: 4517: 4516: 4515: 4510: 4505: 4500: 4490: 4489: 4488: 4483: 4478: 4473: 4468: 4459: 4457: 4451: 4450: 4448: 4447: 4442: 4441: 4440: 4435: 4430: 4420: 4415: 4410: 4405: 4404: 4403: 4393: 4388: 4387: 4386: 4375: 4373: 4367: 4366: 4363: 4362: 4360: 4359: 4354: 4349: 4344: 4339: 4333: 4331: 4327: 4326: 4323: 4322: 4320: 4319: 4318: 4317: 4307: 4302: 4297: 4296: 4295: 4290: 4280: 4279: 4278: 4268: 4267: 4266: 4261: 4252: 4250: 4246: 4245: 4243: 4242: 4237: 4232: 4227: 4222: 4217: 4211: 4209: 4202: 4196: 4195: 4192: 4191: 4189: 4188: 4183: 4178: 4173: 4172: 4171: 4166: 4156: 4151: 4146: 4141: 4136: 4131: 4126: 4117: 4104: 4095: 4090: 4085: 4084: 4083: 4073: 4068: 4063: 4058: 4052: 4046: 4037: 4026: 4025: 4020: 4018: 4017: 4010: 4003: 3995: 3989: 3988: 3982: 3977: 3971: 3965: 3959: 3951: 3950:External links 3948: 3947: 3946: 3939: 3938: 3929: 3920: 3911: 3902: 3893: 3850: 3841: 3832: 3813: 3786:(3): 149–154. 3770: 3756: 3713: 3695: 3688: 3670: 3655: 3632: 3614: 3587: 3578: 3569: 3556: 3547: 3522: 3505: 3482: 3465: 3452: 3427: 3384: 3349: 3306: 3280: 3254: 3232: 3210: 3191: 3185:2012-07-10 at 3172: 3165: 3137: 3128:|journal= 3056: 3017: 3002: 2984: 2940: 2897: 2852: 2809: 2784:Applied Energy 2774: 2762: 2750: 2721: 2709: 2696: 2684: 2620: 2557: 2546:(2): 103–110. 2518: 2461: 2456:Columbus, Ohio 2442: 2424: 2406: 2388: 2362: 2355: 2335: 2309: 2294: 2264: 2233: 2231: 2228: 2226: 2225: 2220: 2215: 2206: 2200: 2194: 2185: 2176: 2170: 2164: 2158: 2149: 2140: 2135: 2130: 2124: 2119: 2110: 2104: 2098: 2096: 2093: 2068: 2065: 1999:Kálmán Tihanyi 1994: 1991: 1958:Seebeck effect 1921: 1918: 1916: 1913: 1874: 1871: 1854: 1851: 1850: 1849: 1843: 1837: 1830: 1829: 1822: 1821: 1815: 1809: 1803: 1797: 1790: 1789: 1781: 1778: 1777: 1776: 1769: 1763: 1762: 1761: 1755: 1750: 1741: 1731: 1729:Flame detector 1726: 1721: 1718: 1712: 1709: 1704: 1701: 1695: 1690: 1685: 1682: 1677: 1647:thermal camera 1635: 1634: 1633: 1632: 1626: 1615: 1614: 1613: 1601: 1600: 1599: 1594: 1588: 1583: 1578: 1569: 1559: 1551:anti-terrorism 1544: 1543: 1542: 1539: 1529: 1524: 1518: 1495: 1490: 1427: 1426: 1421: 1416: 1411: 1408: 1403: 1400: 1397: 1392: 1389: 1380: 1374: 1371: 1366: 1361: 1358: 1355: 1352: 1349: 1346: 1343: 1340: 1327: 1322: 1317: 1312: 1298: 1293: 1131: 1128: 1127: 1126: 1123: 1097: 1094: 1084: 1081: 1075:or to achieve 1052:(specifically 1002: 999: 982: 979: 938: 937:Specifications 935: 836:microbolometer 803: 800: 782:In principle, 743:photodetectors 726:use of higher 670: 667: 662: 659: 624:thermal imager 620:thermal camera 587: 584: 535: 531: 527: 523: 519: 515: 496: 493: 444:power transfer 433:radiant energy 425: 424: 392: 391: 382: 381: 380: 371: 370: 369: 368: 367: 364: 363: 305:"Thermography" 278: 276: 269: 263: 262:Thermal energy 260: 252:Stirling cycle 153:, despite the 70:thermal camera 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4954: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4934: 4932: 4917: 4909: 4908: 4905: 4899: 4896: 4894: 4891: 4890: 4888: 4884: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4864: 4862: 4860: 4856: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4833: 4830: 4829: 4828: 4825: 4824: 4822: 4820: 4816: 4812: 4798: 4795: 4793: 4790: 4788: 4785: 4783: 4780: 4778: 4775: 4774: 4772: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4755: 4752: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4742: 4738: 4735: 4733: 4728: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4712:Ga-68-DOTATOC 4710: 4708: 4705: 4703: 4700: 4699: 4697: 4693: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4679: 4677: 4674: 4672: 4669: 4667: 4664: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4649: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4629: 4627: 4624: 4623: 4620: 4617: 4615: 4610: 4607: 4605: 4601: 4593: 4590: 4588: 4585: 4584: 4583: 4580: 4578: 4575: 4573: 4570: 4568: 4565: 4563: 4560: 4556: 4553: 4551: 4548: 4547: 4546: 4543: 4541: 4538: 4536: 4533: 4531: 4528: 4526: 4525:Intravascular 4523: 4521: 4518: 4514: 4511: 4509: 4506: 4504: 4501: 4499: 4496: 4495: 4494: 4491: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4479: 4477: 4474: 4472: 4469: 4467: 4464: 4463: 4461: 4460: 4458: 4456: 4452: 4446: 4445:Synthetic MRI 4443: 4439: 4436: 4434: 4431: 4429: 4426: 4425: 4424: 4421: 4419: 4416: 4414: 4411: 4409: 4406: 4402: 4399: 4398: 4397: 4394: 4392: 4389: 4385: 4382: 4381: 4380: 4377: 4376: 4374: 4372: 4368: 4358: 4355: 4353: 4350: 4348: 4345: 4343: 4340: 4338: 4335: 4334: 4332: 4328: 4316: 4313: 4312: 4311: 4308: 4306: 4303: 4301: 4298: 4294: 4291: 4289: 4286: 4285: 4284: 4281: 4277: 4274: 4273: 4272: 4269: 4265: 4262: 4260: 4257: 4256: 4254: 4253: 4251: 4247: 4241: 4238: 4236: 4235:Electron beam 4233: 4231: 4228: 4226: 4223: 4221: 4218: 4216: 4213: 4212: 4210: 4206: 4203: 4201: 4197: 4187: 4186:Orbital x-ray 4184: 4182: 4179: 4177: 4174: 4170: 4167: 4165: 4162: 4161: 4160: 4157: 4155: 4152: 4150: 4147: 4145: 4142: 4140: 4137: 4135: 4132: 4130: 4127: 4125: 4121: 4118: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4105: 4103: 4099: 4096: 4094: 4091: 4089: 4086: 4082: 4081:Bronchography 4079: 4078: 4077: 4074: 4072: 4069: 4067: 4064: 4062: 4059: 4057: 4054: 4053: 4050: 4047: 4045: 4041: 4038: 4036: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4016: 4011: 4009: 4004: 4002: 3997: 3996: 3993: 3986: 3983: 3981: 3978: 3975: 3972: 3969: 3966: 3963: 3960: 3957: 3956:Infrared Tube 3954: 3953: 3949: 3945: 3942: 3941: 3933: 3930: 3924: 3921: 3915: 3912: 3906: 3903: 3897: 3894: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3854: 3851: 3845: 3842: 3836: 3833: 3828: 3824: 3817: 3814: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3774: 3771: 3766: 3760: 3757: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3717: 3714: 3709: 3705: 3699: 3696: 3691: 3685: 3681: 3674: 3671: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3656:9780080864440 3652: 3648: 3647: 3639: 3637: 3633: 3628: 3624: 3618: 3615: 3602: 3598: 3591: 3588: 3582: 3579: 3573: 3570: 3566: 3560: 3557: 3551: 3548: 3536: 3532: 3526: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3509: 3506: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3486: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3469: 3466: 3462: 3456: 3453: 3442: 3438: 3431: 3428: 3423: 3419: 3414: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3400: 3395: 3388: 3385: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3353: 3350: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3310: 3307: 3294: 3290: 3284: 3281: 3268: 3264: 3258: 3255: 3242: 3236: 3233: 3220: 3214: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3200: 3195: 3192: 3188: 3187:archive.today 3184: 3181: 3176: 3173: 3168: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3149: 3141: 3138: 3133: 3121: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3088: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3060: 3057: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3021: 3018: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3003:9781780647876 2999: 2995: 2988: 2985: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2944: 2941: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2901: 2898: 2893: 2889: 2884: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2856: 2853: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2813: 2810: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2778: 2775: 2771: 2766: 2763: 2759: 2754: 2751: 2738: 2731: 2725: 2722: 2718: 2713: 2710: 2706: 2700: 2697: 2693: 2688: 2685: 2680: 2676: 2671: 2666: 2661: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2629: 2627: 2625: 2621: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2585:(9): R27-51. 2584: 2580: 2573: 2566: 2564: 2562: 2558: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2534: 2527: 2525: 2523: 2519: 2514: 2510: 2505: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2465: 2462: 2458:: ASNT Press. 2457: 2453: 2446: 2443: 2438: 2434: 2428: 2425: 2420: 2416: 2410: 2407: 2402: 2398: 2392: 2389: 2376: 2372: 2366: 2363: 2358: 2352: 2348: 2347: 2339: 2336: 2323: 2319: 2313: 2310: 2306: 2301: 2299: 2295: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2268: 2265: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2238: 2235: 2229: 2224: 2221: 2219: 2216: 2210: 2207: 2204: 2201: 2198: 2195: 2189: 2186: 2180: 2177: 2174: 2171: 2168: 2165: 2162: 2159: 2153: 2150: 2144: 2141: 2139: 2136: 2134: 2131: 2128: 2125: 2123: 2120: 2114: 2111: 2108: 2105: 2103: 2100: 2099: 2094: 2092: 2090: 2086: 2080: 2078: 2074: 2067:Smart sensors 2066: 2064: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2045: 2042: 2038: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2020: 2017: 2012: 2010: 2005: 2000: 1992: 1990: 1986: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1919: 1914: 1912: 1910: 1909:Bayer filters 1906: 1905:SiC filaments 1900: 1898: 1897: 1896:near-infrared 1892: 1888: 1879: 1872: 1870: 1868: 1864: 1863:thermoception 1860: 1852: 1848: 1845:ISO 18436-7, 1844: 1842: 1839:ISO 18434-1, 1838: 1836: 1832: 1831: 1827: 1824: 1823: 1820: 1817:ASTM E1934, 1816: 1814: 1811:ASTM E1186, 1810: 1808: 1805:ATSM D4788, 1804: 1802: 1799:ASTM C1153, 1798: 1796: 1793:ASTM C1060, 1792: 1791: 1787: 1784: 1783: 1779: 1774: 1770: 1768: 1764: 1759: 1758: 1756: 1754: 1751: 1748: 1745: 1742: 1739: 1735: 1732: 1730: 1727: 1725: 1722: 1719: 1716: 1713: 1710: 1708: 1705: 1702: 1699: 1696: 1694: 1691: 1689: 1686: 1683: 1681: 1678: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1657: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1639: 1630: 1627: 1624: 1621: 1620: 1619: 1616: 1611: 1608: 1607: 1605: 1602: 1598: 1595: 1592: 1589: 1587: 1584: 1582: 1579: 1577: 1573: 1570: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1557: 1554: 1553: 1552: 1548: 1545: 1540: 1537: 1533: 1530: 1528: 1525: 1522: 1519: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1505: 1504: 1503: 1499: 1496: 1494: 1491: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1478: 1477: 1476: 1471: 1467: 1462: 1458: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1435: 1432: 1425: 1422: 1420: 1417: 1415: 1412: 1409: 1407: 1404: 1401: 1398: 1396: 1395:Stereo vision 1393: 1390: 1388: 1384: 1381: 1378: 1375: 1372: 1370: 1367: 1365: 1362: 1359: 1356: 1353: 1350: 1347: 1344: 1341: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1328: 1326: 1323: 1321: 1318: 1316: 1313: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1297: 1294: 1292: 1289: 1288: 1287: 1284: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1269: 1267: 1263: 1254: 1250: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1227: 1223: 1221: 1217: 1212: 1208: 1202: 1200: 1199:dynamic range 1196: 1192: 1187: 1185: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1165: 1160: 1152: 1144: 1136: 1129: 1124: 1121: 1120: 1119: 1115: 1112: 1111:temperature. 1108: 1105: 1102: 1095: 1093: 1091: 1090:physiotherapy 1082: 1080: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1057: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1038: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1007:absolute zero 1000: 998: 996: 995:ambient light 991: 987: 980: 978: 976: 975:dynamic range 972: 971:field of view 968: 964: 960: 956: 952: 948: 944: 936: 934: 932: 928: 924: 920: 919:lead titanate 916: 912: 909: 905: 901: 897: 893: 892:sensor arrays 889: 884: 882: 878: 874: 869: 867: 864: 860: 856: 852: 843: 839: 837: 834:materials or 833: 832:ferroelectric 829: 824: 820: 818: 814: 810: 801: 799: 797: 793: 788: 785: 780: 777: 775: 770: 768: 767:lead selenide 764: 760: 756: 752: 748: 744: 739: 737: 731: 729: 724: 720: 715: 711: 708: 704: 703:cryogenically 700: 692: 688: 683: 675: 668: 666: 660: 658: 656: 652: 648: 644: 640: 637: 633: 629: 625: 621: 617: 613: 609: 601: 597: 592: 585: 583: 581: 575: 572: 567: 560: 555: 551: 548: 543: 539: 511: 509: 505: 501: 494: 492: 488: 484: 480: 477: 475: 471: 466: 464: 463: 458: 457: 451: 449: 445: 440: 438: 434: 429: 422: 421: 420: 417: 409: 401: 386: 375: 360: 357: 349: 338: 335: 331: 328: 324: 321: 317: 314: 310: 307: – 306: 302: 301:Find sources: 295: 291: 285: 284: 279:This article 277: 273: 268: 267: 261: 259: 257: 253: 249: 245: 241: 237: 233: 229: 225: 221: 217: 212: 210: 206: 201: 199: 195: 191: 187: 183: 175: 171: 166: 162: 160: 156: 152: 148: 144: 137: 132: 128: 126: 122: 117: 113: 112:radiation law 110: 106: 102: 98: 94: 91:range of the 90: 86: 82: 78: 75: 71: 67: 63: 62:thermal video 59: 55: 48: 47:passive house 43: 37: 33: 19: 4942:Surveillance 4893:Acute stroke 4859:Thermography 4858: 4614:scintigraphy 4604:Radionuclide 4592:pre-hospital 4438:Tractography 4357:Radiodensity 4259:calcium scan 4220:Quantitative 3932: 3923: 3914: 3905: 3896: 3863: 3859: 3853: 3844: 3835: 3826: 3816: 3783: 3779: 3773: 3759: 3726: 3722: 3716: 3707: 3698: 3679: 3673: 3645: 3626: 3617: 3605:. Retrieved 3601:the original 3590: 3581: 3572: 3567:June 9, 1914 3559: 3550: 3539:. Retrieved 3537:. 2000-05-03 3534: 3525: 3517: 3508: 3499: 3495: 3485: 3477: 3468: 3455: 3444:. Retrieved 3440: 3430: 3403: 3397: 3387: 3365:(1): 70–71. 3362: 3358: 3352: 3319: 3315: 3309: 3297:. Retrieved 3292: 3283: 3271:. Retrieved 3267:the original 3257: 3245:. Retrieved 3235: 3223:. Retrieved 3213: 3194: 3175: 3147: 3140: 3069: 3059: 3026: 3020: 2993: 2987: 2954: 2950: 2943: 2910: 2906: 2900: 2883:10356/144497 2865: 2861: 2855: 2822: 2818: 2812: 2787: 2783: 2777: 2765: 2753: 2741:. Retrieved 2736: 2724: 2712: 2703:F. Colbert, 2699: 2687: 2642: 2638: 2582: 2578: 2543: 2539: 2478: 2474: 2464: 2451: 2445: 2436: 2427: 2418: 2409: 2400: 2391: 2379:. Retrieved 2375:the original 2365: 2345: 2338: 2326:. Retrieved 2322:the original 2312: 2285:. Retrieved 2281:the original 2276: 2267: 2255:. Retrieved 2246: 2237: 2173:Night vision 2081: 2070: 2053:pyroelectric 2046: 2021: 2013: 1996: 1987: 1962:thermocouple 1956:, using the 1938:Planck's law 1923: 1901: 1894: 1891:CMOS sensors 1884: 1856: 1846: 1840: 1834: 1818: 1812: 1806: 1800: 1794: 1775:power plants 1773:photovoltaic 1576:surveillance 1483: 1474: 1436: 1428: 1383:Night vision 1285: 1270: 1259: 1231:firefighters 1228: 1224: 1203: 1191:pseudo-color 1188: 1184:color vision 1175:image sensor 1168: 1130:Applications 1116: 1113: 1109: 1106: 1103: 1099: 1086: 1068: 1060: 1058: 1046:surveillance 1041: 1039: 1004: 992: 988: 984: 955:responsivity 940: 885: 870: 868:connection. 848: 828:pyroelectric 825: 821: 805: 789: 781: 778: 771: 763:lead sulfide 740: 732: 716: 712: 696: 664: 655:thermography 654: 623: 619: 615: 611: 607: 605: 576: 568: 564: 544: 540: 512: 498: 489: 485: 481: 478: 467: 462:absorptivity 460: 454: 452: 441: 430: 426: 418: 414: 352: 343: 333: 326: 319: 312: 300: 288:Please help 283:verification 280: 213: 202: 182:Firefighters 179: 140: 125:surveillance 121:warm-blooded 104: 87:in the long- 65: 61: 57: 53: 52: 4782:Cardiac PET 4555:renal tract 4530:Gynecologic 4462:Techniques 4433:restriction 4408:Angiography 4391:Neurography 4337:Fluoroscopy 4283:Angiography 4264:angiography 4208:Techniques: 4169:Aortography 4159:Angiography 4139:Cystography 4129:Mammography 4071:Myelography 4066:Sialography 4035:radiography 3480:(2), 67-74. 3322:: 566–579. 3225:October 30, 2790:: 531–549. 2481:(1): 5761. 2077:vision chip 2009:AGA company 1950:World War I 1771:Inspecting 1734:Meteorology 1698:Data center 1649:, asteroid 1515:refrigerant 1480:Agriculture 1419:Volcanology 1207:smartphones 1179:wavelengths 647:wavelengths 600:false-color 594:Image of a 190:power lines 159:mammography 105:thermograms 4931:Categories 4695:Full body: 4481:endoscopic 4455:Ultrasound 4384:functional 4181:Lymphogram 4176:Venography 4144:Arthrogram 3541:2021-05-12 3502:: 184–190. 3446:2020-07-11 3441:AZoSensors 3299:17 October 3221:. Gemstone 3051:Q114456608 3012:2016935227 2957:: 103063. 2913:: 103718. 2825:: 103419. 2419:gizmag.com 2381:1 November 2328:31 October 2230:References 2188:Ora (film) 1974:thermopile 1966:thermopile 1946:bolometers 1889:(CCD) and 1859:bolometers 1833:ISO 6781, 1765:Nighttime 1700:monitoring 1610:Veterinary 1593:operations 1556:Quarantine 1523:inspection 1455:atmosphere 1451:absorption 1447:emissivity 1369:Thermology 1277:telescopes 1239:power line 1171:monochrome 1083:Advantages 1054:thermology 951:frame rate 809:resistance 753:(3-5 μm), 749:including 651:micrometre 596:Pomeranian 547:black body 506:and is an 500:Emissivity 495:Emissivity 456:emissivity 316:newspapers 244:bolometers 109:black body 97:nanometers 4898:Pregnancy 4777:Brain PET 4745:gamma ray 4681:DMSA scan 4535:Obstetric 4428:diffusion 4423:Sequences 4401:perfusion 4293:Pulmonary 4240:Cone beam 4134:Pyelogram 3888:119918260 3800:1432-1858 3751:111164581 3708:uspto.gov 3665:646756485 3422:145942969 3406:: 88–93. 3344:115195654 3336:1364-0321 3130:ignored ( 3120:cite book 3104:1826/7589 3082:CiteSeerX 3043:0307-8698 2979:209285015 2935:215408087 2892:141334526 2847:202003120 2047:By using 2044:devices. 2032:Honeywell 1780:Standards 1715:Pollution 1659:Astronomy 1651:2010 AB78 1387:Targeting 1031:radiation 908:lanthanum 863:polyimide 691:infection 643:nanometre 470:human eye 346:July 2008 248:cryogenic 209:camcorder 127:cameras. 85:radiation 4916:Category 4768:positron 4288:Coronary 3808:86519711 3607:15 March 3520:195-206. 3273:15 March 3247:15 March 3202:Archived 3183:Archived 3112:18710932 3047:Wikidata 2927:32250851 2839:31493579 2679:25659140 2639:PLOS ONE 2615:23259170 2607:26261099 2513:31848354 2401:spie.org 2251:Archived 2095:See also 2085:dual-use 2061:infrared 1673:and the 1645:using a 1532:Moisture 1424:Building 1399:Research 1211:dual-use 969:(MRTD), 933:(PVDF). 898:(a-Si), 728:F-number 628:infrared 476:format. 99:or 9–14 89:infrared 74:infrared 4815:Optical 4797:PET-MRI 4577:Carotid 4572:Scrotal 4466:doppler 4396:Cardiac 4305:Thyroid 4249:Targets 4200:CT scan 3868:Bibcode 3731:Bibcode 3729:: 154. 3367:Bibcode 3074:Bibcode 3029:: 1–4. 2959:Bibcode 2792:Bibcode 2743:22 June 2670:4319934 2647:Bibcode 2587:Bibcode 2504:6917796 2483:Bibcode 2287:18 June 2257:23 June 2247:fda.gov 1915:History 1744:Cricket 1453:of the 1220:Cat S60 1013:) emit 925:(BST), 906:(PZT), 817:current 813:voltage 636:visible 586:Cameras 330:scholar 145:. Some 116:visible 4792:PET-CT 4567:Breast 4562:Rectal 4486:duplex 4418:Breast 4255:Heart 3962:Compix 3886: 3806: 3798: 3749: 3686: 3663: 3653: 3627:ti.com 3420: 3342: 3334: 3163: 3110: 3084: 3049: 3041: 3010: 3000: 2977: 2933: 2925: 2890: 2845: 2837: 2739:. NETA 2737:Nhatha 2677: 2667: 2613: 2605: 2511: 2501: 2353: 1948:until 1940:, and 1788:(ASTM) 1665:, the 1431:energy 1308:, and 1025:(FPA) 947:pixels 765:, and 632:camera 332: 325: 318: 311: 303: 240:pixels 228:HgCdTe 224:InGaAs 4819:Laser 4741:SPECT 4550:renal 4379:Brain 4330:Other 4030:X-ray 3884:S2CID 3804:S2CID 3747:S2CID 3418:S2CID 3340:S2CID 3108:S2CID 2975:S2CID 2931:S2CID 2888:S2CID 2843:S2CID 2733:(PDF) 2611:S2CID 2575:(PDF) 2536:(PDF) 1828:(ISO) 1663:UKIRT 1517:leaks 1273:fever 1235:smoke 941:Some 911:doped 888:DARPA 699:Dewar 687:fever 661:Types 639:light 559:snake 337:JSTOR 323:books 186:smoke 4587:FAST 4300:Head 3796:ISSN 3684:ISBN 3661:OCLC 3651:ISBN 3609:2013 3332:ISSN 3301:2021 3293:NASA 3275:2013 3249:2013 3227:2021 3161:ISBN 3132:help 3039:ISSN 3008:LCCN 2998:ISBN 2923:PMID 2835:PMID 2745:2019 2675:PMID 2603:PMID 2509:PMID 2383:2014 2351:ISBN 2330:2014 2289:2013 2259:2018 1671:WISE 1643:WISE 1574:and 1549:and 1521:Roof 1500:and 1484:e.g. 1437:The 1385:and 1336:and 894:are 855:NETD 830:and 701:and 514:(SiO 309:news 232:QWIP 230:and 220:InSb 170:H1N1 4764:PET 4732:ECT 4730:3D/ 4612:2D/ 4513:ICE 4508:TEE 4503:TTE 4371:MRI 4102:DXR 4098:DXA 4093:KUB 4088:AXR 4076:CXR 3876:doi 3788:doi 3739:doi 3727:510 3408:doi 3404:106 3375:doi 3324:doi 3153:doi 3100:hdl 3092:doi 3031:doi 2967:doi 2955:103 2915:doi 2911:120 2878:hdl 2870:doi 2827:doi 2823:113 2800:doi 2788:134 2665:PMC 2655:doi 2595:doi 2548:doi 2499:PMC 2491:doi 2039:at 1509:of 1059:In 1056:). 1040:In 859:f/1 815:or 794:'s 792:ESA 622:or 614:or 474:JPG 292:by 155:FDA 136:cat 64:or 60:), 58:IRT 4933:: 4770:): 4747:): 4476:3D 4044:2D 3882:. 3874:. 3864:57 3862:. 3825:. 3802:. 3794:. 3782:. 3745:. 3737:. 3706:. 3659:. 3635:^ 3625:. 3533:. 3498:. 3494:. 3439:. 3416:. 3402:. 3396:. 3373:. 3363:71 3361:. 3338:. 3330:. 3320:93 3318:. 3291:. 3159:. 3124:: 3122:}} 3118:{{ 3106:. 3098:. 3090:. 3080:. 3045:. 3037:. 3006:. 2973:. 2965:. 2953:. 2929:. 2921:. 2909:. 2886:. 2876:. 2866:16 2864:. 2841:. 2833:. 2821:. 2798:. 2786:. 2735:. 2673:. 2663:. 2653:. 2643:10 2641:. 2637:. 2623:^ 2609:. 2601:. 2593:. 2583:36 2581:. 2577:. 2560:^ 2544:37 2542:. 2538:. 2521:^ 2507:. 2497:. 2489:. 2479:10 2477:. 2473:. 2435:. 2417:. 2399:. 2297:^ 2275:. 2245:. 2091:. 1936:, 1932:, 1869:. 1669:, 1565:, 1486:, 1482:, 1457:. 1332:, 1304:, 1283:. 1268:. 1222:. 1092:. 1079:. 1067:, 997:. 973:, 961:, 957:, 953:, 949:, 811:, 776:. 769:. 757:, 657:. 618:, 606:A 545:A 510:. 439:. 258:. 226:, 222:, 176:). 101:μm 79:. 4817:/ 4766:( 4743:( 4122:/ 4113:/ 4109:/ 4100:/ 4032:/ 4014:e 4007:t 4000:v 3890:. 3878:: 3870:: 3829:. 3810:. 3790:: 3784:1 3767:. 3753:. 3741:: 3733:: 3692:. 3667:. 3629:. 3611:. 3544:. 3500:2 3449:. 3424:. 3410:: 3381:. 3377:: 3369:: 3346:. 3326:: 3303:. 3277:. 3251:. 3229:. 3169:. 3155:: 3134:) 3114:. 3102:: 3094:: 3076:: 3053:. 3033:: 3014:. 2981:. 2969:: 2961:: 2937:. 2917:: 2894:. 2880:: 2872:: 2849:. 2829:: 2806:. 2802:: 2794:: 2747:. 2681:. 2657:: 2649:: 2617:. 2597:: 2589:: 2554:. 2550:: 2515:. 2493:: 2485:: 2439:. 2403:. 2385:. 2359:. 2332:. 2291:. 2261:. 1538:) 1011:K 693:. 602:) 536:3 534:O 532:2 528:2 524:3 522:O 520:2 516:2 359:) 353:( 348:) 344:( 334:· 327:· 320:· 313:· 286:. 172:( 56:( 38:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index