249:(TRP) family of proteins. The transduction of temperature in cold receptors is mediated in part by the TRPM8 channel. This channel passes a mixed inward cationic (predominantly carried by Na ions although the channel is also permeable to Ca) current of a magnitude that is inversely proportional to temperature. The channel is sensitive over a temperature range spanning about 10-35 °C. TRPM8 can also be activated by the binding of an extracellular ligand. Menthol can activate the TRPM8 channel in this way. Since the TRPM8 is expressed in neurons whose physiological role is to signal cooling, menthol applied to various bodily surfaces evokes a sensation of cooling. The feeling of freshness associated with the activation of cold receptors by menthol, particularly those in facial areas with axons in the
72:(faster conduction velocity). The adequate stimulus for a warm receptor is warming, which results in an increase in their action potential discharge rate. Cooling results in a decrease in warm receptor discharge rate. For cold receptors their firing rate increases during cooling and decreases during warming. Some cold receptors also respond with a brief action potential discharge to high temperatures, i.e. typically above 45 °C, and this is known as a paradoxical response to heat. The mechanism responsible for this behavior has not been determined.
31:
152:
199:, an active chemical commonly found in chili peppers. When coming in contact with your tongue (or any internal surface), the capsaicin de-polarizes the nerve fibers, allowing sodium and calcium into the fibers. In order for fibers to do so, they must have a specific thermoreceptor. The thermoreceptor reacting to capsaicin and other heat producing chemicals is known as
211:
or other cooling agents. Studies performed on mice determined that the presence of both these receptors allows for a gradient of temperature sensing. Mice lacking the TRPV1 receptor were still capable of determining areas significantly colder than on a heated platform. Mice lacking the TRPM8 receptor
194:
cold receptors are thought to respond with an increase in firing rate to cooling produced by evaporation of lacrimal fluid 'tears' and thereby to elicit a blink reflex. Other thermoreceptors will react to opposite triggers and give rise to heat and in some cases even burning sensations. This is often
280:
It has been suggested that it is the constellation of various thermally sensitive proteins together in a neuron that gives rise to a cold receptor. This emergent property of the neuron is thought to comprise, the expression of the aforementioned proteins as well as various voltage-sensitive channels
224:
that may respond to noxious cold, noxious heat or more than one noxious stimulus modality (i.e., they are polymodal). The nerve endings of sensory neurons that respond preferentially to cooling are found in moderate density in the skin but also occur in relatively high spatial density in the
123:. Neurons from the pre-optic and hypothalamic regions of the brain that respond to small changes in temperature have also been described, providing information on core temperature. The hypothalamus is involved in
207:. Unlike TRPV1, TRPM8 produces cooling sensations as mentioned previously. Similar to TRPV1, TRPM8 responds to a certain chemical trigger by opening its ion pathways. In this case, the chemical trigger is often
256:
Another molecular component of cold transduction is the temperature dependence of so-called leak channels which pass an outward current carried by potassium ions. Some leak channels derive from the family of
237:, and facial skin. The speculation is that lingual cold receptors deliver information that modulates the sense of taste; i.e. some foods taste good when cold, while others do not.
572:
203:. In response to heat, the TRPV1 receptor opens up passages that allow ions to pass through, causing the sensation of heat or burning. TRPV1 also has a molecular cousin,
212:
however, were not able to determine the difference between a warm platform and a cold platform, suggesting we rely on TRPM8 to determine cold feelings and sensations.
273:
that extrudes 3Na ions in exchange for 2K ions for each hydrolytic cleavage of ATP. This results in a net movement of positive charge out of the cell, i.e. a
220:
Warm and cold receptors play a part in sensing innocuous environmental temperature. Temperatures likely to damage an organism are sensed by sub-categories of
282:
565:
396:
362:
1619:
261:. Amongst the various members of the 2P-domain channels, some close quite promptly at temperatures less than about 28 °C (e.g.
478:
558:
258:
1037:
1052:
101:
1067:
89:
1553:
1419:
1330:
246:
1752:
274:
84:
temperature or pressure sensations enter the spinal cord. The
Lissauer's tract will synapse on first-order neurons in
1798:
1706:
1042:
314:
1515:
1457:
624:
253:, accounts for its use in numerous toiletries including toothpaste, shaving lotions, facial creams and the like.
58:
1462:
1296:
245:
This area of research has recently received considerable attention with the identification and cloning of the
1442:
818:
131:
responses to a predicted change in core body temperature in response to changing environmental conditions.
1606:
1437:
1047:
833:
652:
128:
384:
350:
1644:
634:
614:
1505:
1472:
1171:
886:
790:
308:
1291:
1161:
1146:
1032:
971:
907:
511:
430:
97:
81:
68:(low conduction velocity), while those responding to cold have both C-fibers and thinly myelinated
190:
Cold-sensitive thermoreceptors give rise to the sensations of cooling, cold and freshness. In the
1245:
1197:
1151:
1090:
1075:
629:
536:
442:
112:
46:
143:. The mechanism of activation in response to temperature changes is not completely understood.
30:
506:"Specificity of cold thermotransduction is determined by differential ionic channel expression"
1701:
1670:
1447:
1394:
1325:
1166:
1156:
912:
902:
871:
775:
677:
593:
528:
460:
392:
358:
331:
140:
351:"Chapter 38 - Single-Unit Recordings of Afferent Human Peripheral Nerves by Microneurography"
309:"Warm fibers innervating palmar and digital skin of the monkey: responses to thermal stimuli"
1487:
1432:
1364:
1181:
1124:
1027:
1022:
932:
881:
876:
838:
785:
780:
520:
450:
434:
323:
250:
124:
1404:
1345:
1317:
1133:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1057:
866:
823:
770:
266:
120:
1722:
1573:
1240:
966:
917:
853:
801:
757:
619:
455:
418:
50:
1792:
1742:
1737:
1691:
1629:
1614:
1510:
1232:
1176:
991:
958:
942:
861:
805:
765:
714:
705:
662:
349:
Torebjörk, ERIK; Schmelz, MARTIN (2005-01-01), Dyck, Peter J.; Thomas, P. K. (eds.),
69:
540:
383:
Eliav, Eli; Gracely, Richard H (2008-01-01), Sharav, Yair; Benoliel, Rafael (eds.),
1696:
1675:
1660:
1634:
1452:
1273:
1250:
1222:
1217:
1141:
1080:
843:
828:
111:
In mammals, temperature receptors innervate various tissues including the skin (as
438:
306:
Darian-Smith I, Johnson KO, LaMotte C, Shigenaga Y, Kenins P, Champness P (1979).
1757:
1665:
1639:
1624:
1586:
1409:
1384:
1379:
1369:
1355:
981:
937:
813:
742:
270:
151:
93:
85:
54:
92:, one or two vertebral levels up. The axons of these second-order neurons then
17:
1777:
1732:
1596:
1591:
1563:
1543:
1467:
1427:
1374:
1359:
1283:
747:
737:
644:
585:
327:
277:. The magnitude of this current is proportional to the rate of pump activity.
221:
446:
1525:
1389:
1335:
1202:
732:
722:
667:
657:
196:
550:
532:
464:
285:
and the rapidly activating and inactivating transient potassium channel (IK
1558:
1548:
1538:
1477:
1350:
1207:
1005:
335:
105:
65:
505:
1727:
1581:
1533:
1495:
1399:
1340:
672:
234:
208:
1268:
986:
976:
682:
230:
226:
191:
116:
62:
1212:
1014:
927:
922:
696:
606:
581:
524:
262:
204:
200:
184:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
150:
43:
29:
479:"Why Does Food Taste Different When It's Cold Vs. When It's Hot?"
1747:
1500:
180:
554:
265:(TRAAK), TREK). Temperature also modulates the activity of the
727:
139:
Thermoreceptors have been classically described as having
34:
Thermoreceptors of the skin sense the temperature of water
57:, primarily within the innocuous range. In the mammalian
419:"Molecular sensors and modulators of thermoreception"
1770:
1715:
1684:
1653:
1605:
1572:
1524:
1486:
1418:
1316:
1309:
1282:
1259:
1231:
1190:
1132:
1121:
1089:
1066:
1013:
1004:
957:
895:
852:
799:
756:
713:
704:
695:
643:
605:
592:
357:, Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, pp. 1003–1014,
504:
307:
49:, or more accurately the receptive portion of a
53:, that codes absolute and relative changes in
566:
8:
281:including the hyperpolarization-activated,
1313:
1129:
1010:
710:
701:
602:
573:
559:
551:
503:Viana F, de la Peña E, Belmonte C (2002).
385:"Chapter 3 - Measuring and assessing pain"
454:
195:experienced when coming in contact with
298:
259:two-pore (2P) domain potassium channels
355:Peripheral Neuropathy (Fourth Edition)
791:Somatosensory system (sense of touch)
283:cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channel
61:, warmth receptors are thought to be
27:Receptive portion of a sensory neuron
7:
776:Vestibular system (sense of balance)
391:, Edinburgh: Mosby, pp. 45–56,
771:Auditory system (sense of hearing)
25:
786:Gustatory system (sense of taste)
781:Olfactory system (sense of smell)
100:as they ascend to neurons in the
1038:Infrared sensing in vampire bats
766:Visual system (sense of vision)
127:, the thermoreceptors allowing
141:free –non-specialized– endings
102:ventral posterolateral nucleus
80:In humans, along the axons of
1:
908:Auditory perception (hearing)
439:10.1080/19336950.2015.1025186
1554:Olfactory reference syndrome
1331:Alice in Wonderland syndrome
247:Transient Receptor Potential
1753:Sensory processing disorder
923:Gustation (taste or flavor)
913:Equilibrioception (balance)
389:Orofacial Pain and Headache
1815:
1707:Supernumerary phantom limb
1043:Infrared sensing in snakes
903:Visual perception (vision)
315:Journal of Neurophysiology
1458:Microwave auditory effect
625:Transduction (physiology)
328:10.1152/jn.1979.42.5.1297
241:Mechanism of transduction
59:peripheral nervous system
1463:Music-specific disorders
819:Vestibulocochlear (VIII)
1443:Auditory verbal agnosia
1297:Juxtacapillary receptor
275:hyperpolarizing current
269:. The Na/K-ATPase is a
1438:Auditory hallucination
1048:Surface wave detection
653:Multimodal integration
417:Zhang, Xuming (2015).
187:
35:
1697:Phantom limb syndrome
1645:Tactile hallucination
834:Glossopharyngeal (IX)
635:Active sensory system
154:
42:is a non-specialised
33:
1506:Labyrinthine fistula
1473:Spatial hearing loss
1172:Campaniform sensilla
887:Somatosensory cortex
431:Taylor & Francis
251:trigeminal (V) nerve
1292:Nociceptin receptor
1162:Merkel nerve ending
1147:Mechanotransduction
512:Nature Neuroscience
113:cutaneous receptors
98:spinothalamic tract
1654:Nociception (pain)
1246:Olfactory receptor
1198:Photoreceptor cell
1152:Lamellar corpuscle
1076:Photomorphogenesis
938:nociception (pain)
630:Sensory processing
188:
36:
1799:Sensory receptors
1786:
1785:
1771:Biases and errors
1766:
1765:
1702:Somatoparaphrenia
1671:Pain dissociation
1516:Ménière's disease
1448:Cortical deafness
1326:Visual impairment
1305:
1304:
1167:Bulbous corpuscle
1157:Tactile corpuscle
1125:sensory receptors
1117:
1116:
1000:
999:
953:
952:
918:Olfaction (smell)
872:Vestibular cortex
854:Cerebral cortices
691:
690:
678:Motion perception
398:978-0-7234-3412-2
364:978-0-7216-9491-7
16:(Redirected from
1806:
1433:Auditory agnosia
1365:Optic neuropathy
1314:
1182:Stretch receptor
1130:
1028:Magnetoreception
1023:Electroreception
1011:
933:mechanoreception
882:Gustatory cortex
877:Olfactory cortex
711:
702:
620:Sensory receptor
603:
575:
568:
561:
552:
545:
544:
508:
500:
494:
493:
491:
490:
475:
469:
468:
458:
414:
408:
407:
406:
405:
380:
374:
373:
372:
371:
346:
340:
339:
322:(5): 1297–1315.
311:
303:
155:Channels shown:
125:thermoregulation
82:Lissauer's tract
21:
1814:
1813:
1809:
1808:
1807:
1805:
1804:
1803:
1789:
1788:
1787:
1782:
1762:
1711:
1680:
1649:
1601:
1568:
1520:
1482:
1414:
1405:Stereoblindness
1346:Color blindness
1301:
1278:
1255:
1227:
1186:
1134:Mechanoreceptor
1123:
1113:
1109:Machine hearing
1104:Computer vision
1099:Robotic sensing
1085:
1062:
996:
949:
891:
867:Auditory cortex
848:
795:
758:Sensory systems
752:
687:
639:
597:
595:
588:
579:
549:
548:
502:
501:
497:
488:
486:
477:
476:
472:
416:
415:
411:
403:
401:
399:
382:
381:
377:
369:
367:
365:
348:
347:
343:
305:
304:
300:
295:
288:
243:
218:
149:
137:
121:urinary bladder
78:
28:
23:
22:
18:Thermoreceptors
15:
12:
11:
5:
1812:
1810:
1802:
1801:
1791:
1790:
1784:
1783:
1781:
1780:
1774:
1772:
1768:
1767:
1764:
1763:
1761:
1760:
1755:
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1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1719:
1717:
1713:
1712:
1710:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1688:
1686:
1685:Proprioception
1682:
1681:
1679:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1657:
1655:
1651:
1650:
1648:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1611:
1609:
1603:
1602:
1600:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1578:
1576:
1570:
1569:
1567:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1530:
1528:
1522:
1521:
1519:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1492:
1490:
1484:
1483:
1481:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1424:
1422:
1416:
1415:
1413:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1322:
1320:
1311:
1307:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1300:
1299:
1294:
1288:
1286:
1280:
1279:
1277:
1276:
1271:
1265:
1263:
1261:Thermoreceptor
1257:
1256:
1254:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1241:Taste receptor
1237:
1235:
1229:
1228:
1226:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1194:
1192:
1188:
1187:
1185:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1138:
1136:
1127:
1119:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1112:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1095:
1093:
1087:
1086:
1084:
1083:
1078:
1072:
1070:
1064:
1063:
1061:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1019:
1017:
1008:
1002:
1001:
998:
997:
995:
994:
989:
984:
979:
974:
969:
967:Proprioception
963:
961:
955:
954:
951:
950:
948:
947:
946:
945:
940:
935:
925:
920:
915:
910:
905:
899:
897:
893:
892:
890:
889:
884:
879:
874:
869:
864:
858:
856:
850:
849:
847:
846:
841:
839:Trigeminal (V)
836:
831:
826:
821:
816:
810:
808:
797:
796:
794:
793:
788:
783:
778:
773:
768:
762:
760:
754:
753:
751:
750:
745:
740:
735:
730:
725:
719:
717:
715:Sensory organs
708:
699:
693:
692:
689:
688:
686:
685:
680:
675:
670:
665:
660:
655:
649:
647:
641:
640:
638:
637:
632:
627:
622:
617:
611:
609:
600:
590:
589:
580:
578:
577:
570:
563:
555:
547:
546:
519:(3): 254–260.
495:
470:
409:
397:
375:
363:
341:
297:
296:
294:
291:
286:
242:
239:
217:
214:
148:
145:
136:
133:
96:, joining the
77:
74:
70:A delta fibers
51:sensory neuron
40:thermoreceptor
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1811:
1800:
1797:
1796:
1794:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1773:
1769:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1743:Hallucination
1741:
1739:
1738:Derealization
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1720:
1718:
1714:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1692:Asomatognosia
1690:
1689:
1687:
1683:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1658:
1656:
1652:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1630:Hyperesthesia
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1615:Astereognosis
1613:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1604:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1571:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1523:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1511:Labyrinthitis
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1485:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1417:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1315:
1312:
1308:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1281:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1258:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1233:Chemoreceptor
1230:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1193:
1191:Photoreceptor
1189:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1177:Slit sensilla
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1120:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1088:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1065:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1003:
993:
992:Visceral pain
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
964:
962:
960:
956:
944:
943:thermoception
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
930:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
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868:
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862:Visual cortex
860:
859:
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845:
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837:
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832:
830:
827:
825:
824:Olfactory (I)
822:
820:
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815:
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806:spinal nerves
803:
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663:Consciousness
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32:
19:
1676:Phantom pain
1661:Hyperalgesia
1635:Hypoesthesia
1453:Hearing loss
1274:TRP channels
1260:
1251:Osmoreceptor
1218:Photopigment
1142:Baroreceptor
1081:Gravitropism
1053:Frog hearing
1033:Echolocation
829:Facial (VII)
516:
510:
498:
487:. Retrieved
485:. 2017-04-22
482:
473:
426:
422:
412:
402:, retrieved
388:
378:
368:, retrieved
354:
344:
319:
313:
301:
279:
255:
244:
219:
216:Distribution
189:
138:
129:feed-forward
110:
79:
63:unmyelinated
39:
37:
1758:Synesthesia
1666:Hypoalgesia
1640:Paresthesia
1625:Formication
1620:CMT disease
1587:Hypergeusia
1410:Visual snow
1385:Photophobia
1380:Papilledema
1370:Oscillopsia
1356:Hemeralopia
1223:Aureochrome
1058:Toad vision
982:Suffocation
896:Perceptions
483:Science ABC
318:(Article).
271:P-type pump
267:Na/K-ATPase
222:nociceptors
90:dorsal horn
86:grey matter
55:temperature
1778:Pareidolia
1733:Allochiria
1716:Multimodal
1597:Parageusia
1592:Hypogeusia
1564:Phantosmia
1544:Hyperosmia
1488:Vestibular
1468:Palinopsia
1428:Amblyaudia
1375:Palinopsia
1360:Nyctalopia
1284:Nociceptor
1091:Artificial
814:Optic (II)
645:Perception
594:Processes
586:perception
489:2023-09-06
425:(Review).
404:2023-09-13
370:2023-06-21
293:References
1574:Gustatory
1526:Olfactory
1390:Photopsia
1336:Amaurosis
1310:Disorders
1203:Cone cell
1122:Types of
733:Inner ear
668:Cognition
658:Awareness
607:Sensation
582:Sensation
447:1933-6969
433:: 73–81.
197:capsaicin
135:Structure
94:decussate
1793:Category
1559:Parosmia
1549:Hyposmia
1539:Dysosmia
1478:Tinnitus
1420:Auditory
1395:Polyopia
1351:Diplopia
1208:Rod cell
1006:Nonhuman
959:Internal
800:Sensory
706:External
615:Stimulus
598:concepts
541:21291629
533:11836533
465:25868381
423:Channels
147:Function
106:thalamus
76:Location
66:C-fibres
47:receptor
1728:Agnosia
1607:Tactile
1582:Ageusia
1534:Anosmia
1496:Vertigo
1400:Scotoma
1341:Anopsia
802:cranial
673:Feeling
456:4594430
235:bladder
209:menthol
104:of the
88:of the
1318:Visual
1269:Cilium
1015:Animal
987:Nausea
977:Thirst
972:Hunger
844:Spinal
683:Qualia
539:
531:
463:
453:
445:
395:
361:
336:114608
334:
231:tongue
227:cornea
192:cornea
117:cornea
1213:ipRGC
1068:Plant
928:Touch
743:Mouth
697:Human
537:S2CID
443:eISSN
429:(2).
263:KCNK4
205:TRPM8
201:TRPV1
185:TRPV2
177:TRPM3
173:TRPV1
169:TRPV3
165:TRPV4
161:TRPM8
157:TRPA1
44:sense
1748:HSAN
1723:Aura
1501:BPPV
1358:and
804:and
748:Skin
738:Nose
728:Ears
723:Eyes
596:and
584:and
529:PMID
461:PMID
393:ISBN
359:ISBN
332:PMID
181:ANO1
119:and
521:doi
451:PMC
435:doi
324:doi
289:).
115:),
1795::
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527:.
515:.
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171:,
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38:A
574:e
567:t
560:v
543:.
523::
517:5
492:.
467:.
437::
427:9
338:.
326::
287:A
20:)
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