452:
grabs onto a female and moves his legs across her body for less than 15 seconds. Males will assess females on their backs by lifting them up with their legs. This allows them to better determine female body size. During rejection, a male will grab a female for longer than 15 seconds, but less than 5 minutes. During guarding, a male grabs onto a female for longer than 5 minutes. Both isopod genders attempt to mate with large-bodied members of the opposite sex. For females, a large-bodied male is more likely to pass his survival genes on to offspring. This could help females to increase
33:
99:
374:. Their ovaries will mature after mating, an adaptation that evolved in response to male isopods being very aggressive during mating. Females will carry their offspring for about 30 days, after which they will give birth to between 3 and 57 offspring under laboratory conditions, with an average of 16 offspring. After giving birth, their ovaries will need about 30 days to recover before they can mate again. Their
52:
329:, varying noticeably depending on gender. Males tend to reach 7.1 millimeters in length on average (4-13 millimeter range). Meanwhile, females tend to reach 5.1 millimeters in length on average (4.5-6 millimeter range). Both sexes are gray to reddish-brown in color, with the edges of their bodies being tinted bright orange. Their body is flattened and segmented, with the last body segment possessing
74:
619:(USFWS) and the NMDGF, constructed the SIPF. This artificial habitat was constructed near the isopod's native habitat. It attempts to best replicate its natural environmental conditions. It consists of 8 artificial pools connected by pipes. Controlled propagation of isopods began at the facility in 1990. 600 isopods were introduced to the facility, with 75 isopods per pool.
615:. It now resides on a pipeline constructed in 1947 to provide the city with water. There are also various captive populations residing in the SIPF, ABP, the Minnesota Zoo, the New Mexico Department of Game and Fish (NMDGF) Laboratory in Santa Fe, and the Department of Biology at New Mexico Tech. The city of Socorro, in collaboration with the
451:
To determine if mating is worthwhile, male isopods engage in mate-guarding behavior. There are four main forms of mate guarding behavior: encounter, assessment, rejection, and guarding. During encounter, the male acknowledges a female but does not attempt to guard her. During assessment, the male
431:. Healthy and uninjured isopods are sometimes cannibalized by larger individuals. Victims of cannibalism are always smaller than their attackers. The individuals that are either injured or dying are often eaten by other isopods. This cannibalistic behavior helps to structure the population
743:. This is an artificial habitat constructed outside the isopod's native habitat in order to best replicate its natural environmental conditions. Controlled propagation of isopods began at the facility in 1990. Further captive populations are present in the
536:
The
Socorro isopod was formerly endemic to the Sedillo Spring near Socorro County, New Mexico, USA. In 1947, the spring waters were diverted to provide the city of Socorro with drinking water. This forced the isopods to only live in a single old water
647:. From 1995 to 2002, this vandalism included damaging, diverting or blocking the spring's water flow, removal of vegetation, destruction of protective concrete walls around the spring, and pollution from the abandonment of a
378:
is skewed towards males. Sometimes pregnant females won't give birth because they reabsorb their unborn offspring. April sees the largest number of pregnant females before declining to a minimum number around late summer.
582:
The historical population size of the
Socorro isopod is unknown. Their current population size of the wild population is about 2,500 isopods. The ABP also houses 300 individuals in 5 large tanks that continually
345:
The
Socorro isopod has a lifespan of 1 year. During the timespan between March and October, the mean body size for both males and females increases. It then rapidly decreases from October to February. They reach
1171:"The role of controlled propagation on an endangered species: Demographic effects of habitat heterogeneity among captive and native populations of the Socorro isopod (Crustacea: Flabellifera)"
687:
in the early 1900s. Some isopods still live in the bathhouse remains, but the natural habitat no longer exists. Little is known about the conditions in which the isopod evolved. In 1988, a
731:
in the wild. Captive populations have been established to secure the future of the isopod. They are held in the SIPF, which was constructed as a collaboration between the city of
362:
multiple times throughout their lives. Given adequate food and proper temperature conditions they can give birth every two months. They are receptive to mating during their
1552:
1582:
1433:
439:. Aside from cannibalism, the Socorro isopod appears to lack any natural predators. The water is too deep (15–26 cm) for birds to reach them. They eat other
667:(EW). This listing is likely out of date since the isopod was last assessed on August 1, 1996. Based on the five-year review from the USFWS the isopod is likely
1485:
748:
566:
306:
508:. This serves as a hiding place from the larger males that could cannibalize them. Meanwhile, adult males are commonly found living directly on the bottom
1577:
1318:
1284:
1407:
1446:
1170:
736:
616:
1567:
740:
562:
302:
1079:
480:
The
Socorro isopod lives in warm aquatic habitats. They like environmental temperatures ranging from 26–33 °C (79–91 °F). They are
1587:
1572:
636:
350:
between 4–11 weeks, with males maturing faster than females. Some females won't sexually mature at all because they will reabsorb their
317:
incident in 1988. The wild population became extinct when a tree root burst the pipe and cut off water flow to the concrete pools.
1524:
724:
1557:
1372:
1323:
1214:
1451:
98:
1175:
870:
695:
to the bathhouse. To protect against future drought harming the isopod, water was diverted to the SIPF outside the city.
1241:
972:"Reproductive anatomy, precopulatory mate guarding, and paternity in the socorro isopod, thermosphaeroma thermophilum"
744:
696:
554:
355:
294:
553:
back into the pipeline, where a wild population still resides today. There are also captive populations in the SIPF,
1490:
604:
485:
280:
1562:
723:
The
Socorro isopod is currently protected by the USFWS. Permits are being issued to protect this species. A
691:
destroyed the wild population, but a captive population at the
University of New Mexico was present and was
1108:"Microhabitat segregation and cannibalism in an endangered freshwater isopod, Thermosphaeroma thermophilum"
1334:
1026:"Life history characteristics of thermosphaeroma thermophilum, the socorro isopod (crustacea: peracarida)"
692:
550:
310:
83:
193:
907:
1529:
1394:
1119:
983:
908:"Sexual selection in the socorro isopod, Thermosphaeroma thermophilum (cole) (Crustacea: Peracarida)"
469:
453:
732:
704:
664:
588:
517:
497:
56:
41:
1477:
1516:
1192:
1151:
1053:
935:
683:
The
Socorro isopod was native to a spring in Socorro, New Mexico. This spring was converted to a
668:
538:
286:
240:
230:
218:
209:
93:
78:
791:
1438:
32:
1498:
1381:
1292:
1143:
1135:
1045:
999:
927:
334:
326:
1503:
1184:
1127:
1037:
991:
919:
879:
786:
1464:
347:
170:
1123:
1025:
987:
684:
632:
264:
160:
923:
1546:
1459:
939:
777:
660:
612:
558:
493:
401:
298:
61:
1265:
1196:
1155:
768:
1386:
700:
648:
584:
464:
against male mate-guarding. These include resistance against guarding, hiding from
397:
359:
140:
541:
in the city. In 1988, a tree root caused the pipeline to burst, resulting in the
1511:
1472:
1420:
1366:
628:
428:
1357:
1188:
995:
884:
865:
728:
672:
608:
542:
505:
489:
461:
432:
314:
1296:
1139:
1049:
1003:
931:
971:
640:
546:
465:
457:
440:
421:
375:
371:
290:
130:
110:
1147:
1131:
970:
Jormalainen, Veijo; Shuster, Stephen M.; Wildey, Herbert C. (1999-01-01).
1351:
600:
509:
481:
417:
409:
393:
363:
276:
1107:
840:
1412:
1057:
688:
644:
456:, making large males more attractive. Mate-guarding can inhibit female
436:
413:
150:
1425:
289:
first described the
Socorro isopod in 1897. As of 2006, it resides in
513:
330:
120:
1328:
1041:
545:
of the wild population. The only surviving isopods were from
501:
424:
367:
351:
525:
405:
1399:
1332:
1215:"The Socorro Isopod Swims Upside-Down But Crawls Right-Side-Up"
643:. Vandalism in particular has become a worsening threat to the
627:
The main threat to the
Socorro isopod is disruption of thermal
293:
populations at the
Socorro Isopod Propagation Facility (SIPF),
699:
also houses 300 individuals in 5 large tanks that continually
521:
751:, and the New Mexico Department of Game and Fish laboratory.
305:
Laboratory in Santa Fe, and by the Department of Biology at
631:
discharge. This disruption results from woody root growth,
1324:
The Socorro Isopod Swims Upside-Down But Crawls Right-Side
727:
was even written and approved in 1982, before they became
1283:
Times, Molly Ivins Special to The New York (1978-01-19).
565:
Laboratory in Santa Fe, and the Department of Biology at
866:"Harriet Richardson (1874–1958), First Lady of Isopods"
354:, the reason this might happen is unknown. Females are
1285:"Survivor of Ancient Sea Is Joining 'Endangered' List"
1106:
Jormalainen, Veijo; Shuster, Stephen M. (1997-07-01).
1169:
Lang, Brian; Kelt, Douglas; Shuster, Stephen (2006).
1319:
Survivor of Ancient Sea Is Joining ‘Endangered’ List
1341:
279:to the thermal water of Sedillo Spring, located in
767:Inland Water Crustacean Specialist Group (1996).
427:. A large part of their diet is also made up by
396:, eating both plant material and other aquatic
976:Marine and Freshwater Behaviour and Physiology
333:. They have seven pairs of legs and a pair of
8:
675:ever listed on the endangered species list.
792:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T21741A9315891.en
484:to the thermal waters of Socorro Spring in
1329:
1078:Lang, Brian; Welch, Colleen (2022-04-25).
595:Past and current geographical distribution
72:
50:
31:
20:
1553:IUCN Red List extinct in the wild species
883:
790:
1583:Freshwater crustaceans of North America
759:
617:United States Fish and Wildlife Service
504:females are commonly found residing on
370:at this time to use it later when they
325:The body size of the Socorro isopod is
741:New Mexico Department of Game and Fish
563:New Mexico Department of Game and Fish
303:New Mexico Department of Game and Fish
1236:
1234:
1208:
1206:
835:
833:
831:
7:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1013:
965:
963:
961:
959:
957:
955:
953:
951:
949:
901:
899:
897:
895:
829:
827:
825:
823:
821:
819:
817:
815:
813:
811:
778:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
549:communities. These have since been
1024:Shuster, Stephen M. (1981-10-01).
906:Shuster, Stephen M. (1981-08-01).
460:, so females have evolved counter-
14:
1080:"Wildlife Notes - Socorro isopod"
1578:Crustaceans of the United States
97:
412:from cottonwood. They also eat
1266:"Thermosphaeroma thermophilum"
1213:Society, National Geographic.
599:The Socorro isopod used to be
267:. It is commonly known as the
263:is a crustacean in the family
1:
1568:Crustaceans described in 1897
1176:Biodiversity and Conservation
924:10.1016/S0003-3472(81)80004-8
871:Journal of Crustacean Biology
715:Not available at this point.
524:and emerge again later on at
1373:Thermosphaeroma thermophilum
1343:Thermosphaeroma thermophilum
771:Thermosphaeroma thermophilum
663:lists the Socorro isopod as
635:, explosive tests on nearby
260:Thermosphaeroma thermophilum
203:Thermosphaeroma thermophilum
25:Thermosphaeroma thermophilum
1588:Endemic fauna of New Mexico
1219:National Geographic Society
603:to the Sedillo Spring near
295:Albuquerque Biological Park
1604:
1573:Socorro County, New Mexico
443:invertebrates themselves.
281:Socorro County, New Mexico
1189:10.1007/s10531-005-2094-4
996:10.1080/10236249909379036
885:10.1163/20021975-99990102
711:Species status assessment
237:Exosphaeroma thermophilum
224:
217:
199:
192:
94:Scientific classification
92:
70:
48:
39:
30:
23:
1087:New Mexico Game and Fish
247:Exosphaeroma termophilum
1246:biologicaldiversity.org
1030:The Biological Bulletin
864:Damkaer, David (2000).
841:"ECOS: Species Profile"
671:(VU). It was the first
1558:ESA endangered species
392:The Socorro isopod is
227:Sphaeroma thermophilum
1132:10.1007/s004420050235
655:Listing under the ESA
637:Department of Defense
16:Species of crustacean
805:Bowman, 1981, p. 115
785:: e.T21741A9315891.
454:reproductive success
366:process. They store
185:T. thermophilum
1124:1997Oecol.111..271J
988:1999MFBP...32...39J
665:extinct in the wild
358:and are capable of
57:Extinct in the Wild
42:Conservation status
1289:The New York Times
327:sexually dimorphic
287:Harriet Richardson
1540:
1539:
1499:Open Tree of Life
1335:Taxon identifiers
1183:(12): 3909–3935.
651:near the spring.
639:lands, and human
313:following a near-
256:
255:
87:
65:
1595:
1533:
1532:
1520:
1519:
1507:
1506:
1494:
1493:
1481:
1480:
1468:
1467:
1455:
1454:
1442:
1441:
1429:
1428:
1416:
1415:
1403:
1402:
1390:
1389:
1377:
1376:
1375:
1362:
1361:
1360:
1330:
1307:
1306:
1304:
1303:
1280:
1274:
1273:
1262:
1256:
1255:
1253:
1252:
1242:"Socorro isopod"
1238:
1229:
1228:
1226:
1225:
1210:
1201:
1200:
1166:
1160:
1159:
1103:
1097:
1096:
1094:
1093:
1084:
1075:
1062:
1061:
1021:
1008:
1007:
967:
944:
943:
912:Animal Behaviour
903:
890:
889:
887:
861:
855:
854:
852:
851:
837:
806:
803:
797:
796:
794:
764:
679:Five-year review
402:blue-green algae
251:
244:
234:
205:
102:
101:
81:
76:
75:
59:
54:
53:
35:
21:
1603:
1602:
1598:
1597:
1596:
1594:
1593:
1592:
1543:
1542:
1541:
1536:
1528:
1523:
1515:
1510:
1502:
1497:
1489:
1484:
1476:
1471:
1463:
1458:
1450:
1445:
1437:
1432:
1424:
1419:
1411:
1406:
1398:
1393:
1385:
1380:
1371:
1370:
1365:
1356:
1355:
1350:
1337:
1315:
1310:
1301:
1299:
1282:
1281:
1277:
1264:
1263:
1259:
1250:
1248:
1240:
1239:
1232:
1223:
1221:
1212:
1211:
1204:
1168:
1167:
1163:
1105:
1104:
1100:
1091:
1089:
1082:
1077:
1076:
1065:
1042:10.2307/1540805
1023:
1022:
1011:
969:
968:
947:
905:
904:
893:
863:
862:
858:
849:
847:
839:
838:
809:
804:
800:
766:
765:
761:
757:
749:New Mexico Tech
721:
713:
705:self-sustaining
681:
657:
625:
597:
589:self-sustaining
580:
578:Population size
575:
567:New Mexico Tech
534:
478:
449:
400:. They feed on
390:
385:
348:sexual maturity
343:
337:on their head.
323:
307:New Mexico Tech
249:
245:
239:
235:
229:
213:
207:
201:
188:
172:Thermosphaeroma
96:
88:
77:
73:
66:
55:
51:
44:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1601:
1599:
1591:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1563:Sphaeromatidae
1560:
1555:
1545:
1544:
1538:
1537:
1535:
1534:
1521:
1508:
1495:
1482:
1469:
1456:
1443:
1430:
1417:
1404:
1391:
1378:
1363:
1347:
1345:
1339:
1338:
1333:
1327:
1326:
1321:
1314:
1313:External links
1311:
1309:
1308:
1275:
1257:
1230:
1202:
1161:
1118:(2): 271–279.
1098:
1063:
1036:(2): 291–302.
1009:
945:
918:(3): 698–707.
891:
878:(4): 803–811.
856:
807:
798:
758:
756:
753:
720:
717:
712:
709:
680:
677:
656:
653:
633:surface mining
624:
621:
605:Socorro County
596:
593:
579:
576:
574:
571:
533:
530:
496:. The smaller
486:Socorro County
477:
474:
448:
445:
389:
386:
384:
381:
342:
339:
322:
319:
273:Socorro sowbug
269:Socorro isopod
265:Sphaeromatidae
254:
253:
222:
221:
215:
214:
208:
197:
196:
190:
189:
182:
180:
176:
175:
168:
164:
163:
161:Sphaeromatidae
158:
154:
153:
148:
144:
143:
138:
134:
133:
128:
124:
123:
118:
114:
113:
108:
104:
103:
90:
89:
71:
68:
67:
49:
46:
45:
40:
37:
36:
28:
27:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1600:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1550:
1548:
1531:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1383:
1379:
1374:
1368:
1364:
1359:
1353:
1349:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1331:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1312:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1279:
1276:
1271:
1270:IUCN Red List
1267:
1261:
1258:
1247:
1243:
1237:
1235:
1231:
1220:
1216:
1209:
1207:
1203:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1177:
1172:
1165:
1162:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1102:
1099:
1088:
1081:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1064:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1010:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
966:
964:
962:
960:
958:
956:
954:
952:
950:
946:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
902:
900:
898:
896:
892:
886:
881:
877:
873:
872:
867:
860:
857:
846:
842:
836:
834:
832:
830:
828:
826:
824:
822:
820:
818:
816:
814:
812:
808:
802:
799:
793:
788:
784:
780:
779:
774:
772:
763:
760:
754:
752:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
725:recovery plan
719:Recovery plan
718:
716:
710:
708:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
678:
676:
674:
670:
666:
662:
661:IUCN Red List
654:
652:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
623:Major threats
622:
620:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
594:
592:
590:
586:
577:
572:
570:
568:
564:
560:
559:Minnesota Zoo
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
531:
529:
527:
523:
519:
515:
512:. They often
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
494:United States
491:
487:
483:
475:
473:
471:
470:sperm storage
467:
463:
459:
455:
446:
444:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
398:invertebrates
395:
387:
382:
380:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
340:
338:
336:
332:
328:
320:
318:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
299:Minnesota Zoo
296:
292:
288:
284:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
261:
252:
248:
242:
238:
232:
228:
223:
220:
216:
211:
206:
204:
198:
195:
194:Binomial name
191:
187:
186:
181:
178:
177:
174:
173:
169:
166:
165:
162:
159:
156:
155:
152:
149:
146:
145:
142:
139:
136:
135:
132:
129:
126:
125:
122:
119:
116:
115:
112:
109:
106:
105:
100:
95:
91:
85:
80:
69:
63:
58:
47:
43:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
19:
1342:
1300:. Retrieved
1288:
1278:
1269:
1260:
1249:. Retrieved
1245:
1222:. Retrieved
1218:
1180:
1174:
1164:
1115:
1111:
1101:
1090:. Retrieved
1086:
1033:
1029:
982:(1): 39–56.
979:
975:
915:
911:
875:
869:
859:
848:. Retrieved
845:ecos.fws.gov
844:
801:
782:
776:
770:
762:
722:
714:
693:reintroduced
682:
658:
626:
598:
581:
573:Conservation
551:reintroduced
535:
516:beneath the
479:
450:
447:Reproduction
433:demographics
391:
344:
341:Life history
324:
311:reintroduced
285:
272:
268:
259:
258:
257:
246:
236:
226:
225:
202:
200:
184:
183:
171:
141:Malacostraca
24:
18:
1512:SeaLifeBase
1473:NatureServe
1421:iNaturalist
1367:Wikispecies
629:groundwater
520:during the
462:adaptations
441:carnivorous
429:cannibalism
420:trees, and
360:reproducing
356:iteroparous
321:Description
297:(ABP), the
250:Rioja, 1951
1547:Categories
1302:2022-04-25
1251:2022-04-25
1224:2022-04-25
1092:2022-04-25
850:2022-04-25
755:References
739:, and the
673:crustacean
669:Vulnerable
609:New Mexico
543:extinction
506:vegetation
490:New Mexico
394:omnivorous
315:extinction
241:Richardson
231:Richardson
210:Richardson
131:Arthropoda
79:Endangered
1297:0362-4331
1140:1432-1939
1112:Oecologia
1050:0006-3185
1004:1023-6244
940:140204939
932:0003-3472
701:reproduce
685:bathhouse
641:vandalism
585:reproduce
518:substrate
510:sediments
498:juveniles
458:fecundity
422:dragonfly
309:. It was
275:. It was
179:Species:
117:Kingdom:
111:Eukaryota
1478:2.116751
1439:11310932
1358:Q1428605
1352:Wikidata
1197:24993178
1156:12759352
1148:28308004
703:and are
649:junk car
587:and are
539:pipeline
418:mesquite
410:detritus
335:antennae
219:Synonyms
157:Family:
127:Phylum:
121:Animalia
107:Domain:
62:IUCN 2.3
1504:2996425
1491:1814200
1413:2207529
1120:Bibcode
1058:1540805
984:Bibcode
733:Socorro
729:extinct
689:drought
645:species
601:endemic
547:captive
482:endemic
476:Habitat
466:suitors
437:species
435:of the
414:juniper
383:Ecology
372:ovulate
364:molting
352:ovaries
331:uropods
291:captive
277:endemic
167:Genus:
151:Isopoda
147:Order:
137:Class:
82: (
60: (
1530:263521
1426:114073
1400:347891
1295:
1195:
1154:
1146:
1138:
1056:
1048:
1002:
938:
930:
735:, the
561:, the
557:, the
514:burrow
468:, and
425:nymphs
406:leaves
301:, the
243:, 1905
233:, 1897
212:, 1897
1525:WoRMS
1517:22868
1465:21741
1452:92417
1434:IRMNG
1387:7BWYS
1193:S2CID
1152:S2CID
1083:(PDF)
1054:JSTOR
936:S2CID
737:USFWS
532:Range
502:adult
416:, or
376:brood
368:sperm
1486:NCBI
1460:IUCN
1447:ITIS
1408:GBIF
1293:ISSN
1144:PMID
1136:ISSN
1046:ISSN
1000:ISSN
928:ISSN
783:1996
659:The
526:dusk
500:and
404:and
388:Diet
1395:EoL
1382:CoL
1185:doi
1128:doi
1116:111
1038:doi
1034:161
992:doi
920:doi
880:doi
787:doi
745:ABP
697:ABP
613:USA
555:ABP
522:day
488:in
408:or
271:or
84:ESA
1549::
1527::
1514::
1501::
1488::
1475::
1462::
1449::
1436::
1423::
1410::
1397::
1384::
1369::
1354::
1291:.
1287:.
1268:.
1244:.
1233:^
1217:.
1205:^
1191:.
1181:15
1179:.
1173:.
1150:.
1142:.
1134:.
1126:.
1114:.
1110:.
1085:.
1066:^
1052:.
1044:.
1032:.
1028:.
1012:^
998:.
990:.
980:32
978:.
974:.
948:^
934:.
926:.
916:29
914:.
910:.
894:^
876:20
874:.
868:.
843:.
810:^
781:.
775:.
747:,
707:.
611:,
607:,
591:.
569:.
528:.
492:,
472:.
283:.
1305:.
1272:.
1254:.
1227:.
1199:.
1187::
1158:.
1130::
1122::
1095:.
1060:.
1040::
1006:.
994::
986::
942:.
922::
888:.
882::
853:.
795:.
789::
773:"
769:"
86:)
64:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
