Thiomersal and vaccines

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case to all autism-related vaccine cases as most patients with autism do not have a mitochondrial disorder. In February 2009, this court also ruled on three autism-related cases, each exploring different mechanisms that plaintiffs proposed linked thiomersal-containing vaccines with autism. Three judges independently found no evidence that vaccines caused autism and denied the plaintiffs compensation. Since these same mechanisms formed the basis for the vast majority of remaining autism-related vaccine injury cases, the chance for compensation in any of these cases has significantly decreased. In March 2010, the court ruled in three other test cases that thiomersal-containing vaccines do not cause autism.

701:. Advocates of a thiomersal-autism link have also helped enact laws in six states (California, Delaware, Illinois, Missouri, New York and Washington) between 2004 and 2006 to limit the use of thiomersal given to pregnant women and children, although later attempts in 2009 in twelve other states failed to pass. These laws can be temporarily suspended, but vaccine advocates doubt their utility given the lack of evidence for danger with thiomersal in vaccines. Vaccine advocates are also concerned that passage of such laws help fuel a backlash against vaccination and contribute to doubts about the safety of vaccines that are unwarranted. 737:, a chelating agent used for lead poisoning, despite worries from critics that there would be no chance it would show positive results and it would be unlikely to convince parents to not use the therapy. Ultimately, the study was halted due to ethical concerns that there would be too much risk to children with autism who did not have toxic levels of mercury or lead due to a new animal study showing possible cognitive and emotional problems associated with DMSA. A 5-year-old autistic boy died from cardiac arrest immediately after receiving chelation therapy treatment using EDTA in 2005. 268: 729:, due to parental fears that autism is a form of "mercury poisoning". As many as 2 to 8% of autistic children in the U.S., numbering as many as several thousand children per year, receive mercury-chelating agents. Although critics of using chelation therapy as an autism treatment point to a lack of any evidence to support its use, hundreds of doctors prescribe these medications despite possible side effects including nutritional deficiencies as well as damage to the liver and kidney. The popularity of this therapy caused a "public health imperative" that led the U.S. 172:." They asked vaccine makers to remove thiomersal from vaccines as quickly as possible as a precautionary measure, and it was rapidly phased out of most US and EU vaccines, but is still used in multi-dose vials of flu vaccines in the U.S. No vaccines in the European Union currently contain thiomersal as a preservative. In the context of perceived increased autism rates and increased number of vaccines in the childhood vaccination schedule, some parents believed the action to remove thiomersal was an indication that the preservative caused autism. 512:

after administration than methylmercury, suggesting total mercury exposure over time is much less with ethylmercury. Currently used methods of estimating brain deposition of mercury likely overestimates the amounts deposited due to ethylmercury, and ethylmercury also decomposes quicker in the brain than methylmercury, suggesting a lower risk of brain damage. These findings show that the assumptions that originally led to concern about the toxicity of ethylmercury, which were based on direct comparison to methylmercury, were flawed.

239:, which assumes that there is no harm in exercising caution even if it later turns out to be unnecessary. The CDC and AAP reasoned that despite the lack of evidence of significant harm in the use of thiomersal in vaccines, the removal of this preservative would increase the public confidence in the safety of vaccines. Although thiomersal was largely removed from routine infant vaccines by summer 2001 in the U.S., some vaccines continue to contain non-trace amounts of thiomersal, mainly in multi-dose vaccines targeted against 496:, Japan would also be expected to lead to documentation of a significant rise in autism or autism-like behavior in children should autism be caused by mercury poisoning. However, research on several episodes of acute and chronic mercury poisoning have not documented any such rise in autism-like behavior. Although some parents cite an association between the timing of onset of autistic symptoms with the timing of vaccinations as evidence of an environmental cause such as thiomersal, this line of reasoning can be misleading. 626:

research portfolio with some of these new findings in mind. However, these experiments do not provide evidence of a relationship between vaccines or thimerosal and autism. In the absence of experimental or human evidence that vaccination (either the MMR vaccine or the preservative thimerosal) affects metabolic, developmental, immune, or other physiological or molecular mechanisms that are causally related to the development of autism, the committee concludes that the hypotheses generated to date are theoretical only.

801: 579:(VSD) did not show any consistent association between TCVs and neurodevelopmental outcomes, noting different results from data in different HMOs. A study performed in California found that removal of thiomersal from vaccines did not decrease the rates of autism, suggesting that thiomersal could not be the primary cause of autism. A study on children from Denmark, Sweden and California likewise argued against TCVs being causally associated with autism. 305:

diagnostic practices, referral patterns, availability of services, age at diagnosis, and public awareness, and it is unknown whether autism's true prevalence increased during the period. Nevertheless, some parents believed that there was a growing "autism epidemic" and connected these three factors to conclude that the increase in number of vaccines, and specifically the mercury in thiomersal in those vaccines, was causing a dramatic increase in the

288:. These incidents led to new research on methylmercury safety and culminated in the publication of an array of confusing recommendations by public health agencies in the 1990s warning against methylmercury exposure in adults and pregnant women, which ensured a continued high public awareness of mercury toxicity. Second, the vaccine schedule for infants expanded in the 1990s to include more vaccines, some of which, including the 216:, director of the Institute of Vaccine Safety at Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, strongly advocating removal of thiomersal from vaccines due to possible safety risks. In the process of forming the response to this information, the participants attempted to strike a balance between acknowledging possible harm from thiomersal and the risks involved if childhood vaccinations were delayed or stopped. 389:, dramatizing the lives of parents of autistic children, with both authors participating in media interviews to promote their work and the controversy. Although the allegations by Kennedy were denied and a US Senate committee investigation later found no evidence to substantiate the most serious allegations, the story had already been well publicized by leveraging Kennedy's celebrity. 599:' (NAS) Institute of Medicine to establish an independent expert committee to review hypotheses about existing and emerging immunization safety concerns. This initial report found that based on indirect and incomplete evidence available at the time, there was inadequate evidence to accept or reject a thiomersal-autism link, though it was biologically plausible. 825: 813: 769:(commonly known as the "Vaccine Court") which oversees vaccine injury claims, of which one case has received compensation, 738 cases have been dismissed with no compensations made, and with the remaining cases pending. In the one case which received compensation, the U.S. government agreed to pay for injury to a child that had a pre-existing 521:(TCVs) and autism, and studies done after the removal of thiomersal from vaccines have nevertheless shown autism rates continuing to increase. The only epidemiologic research that has found a purported link between TCVs and autism has been conducted by Mark Geier, whose flawed research has not been given any weight by independent reviews. 208:, a different mercury compound with different toxicologic properties. Multiple meetings were scheduled among various government officials and scientists from multiple agencies to discuss the appropriate response to this evidence. There was a wide range of opinions on the urgency and significance of the safety of thiomersal, with some 136:. Thousands of lawsuits have been filed in the U.S. to seek damages from alleged toxicity from vaccines, including those purportedly caused by thiomersal. US courts have ruled against multiple representative test cases involving thiomersal. A 2011 journal article described the vaccine-autism connection as "perhaps, the most damaging 104:(CDC) reject any role for thiomersal in autism or other neurodevelopmental disorders. In spite of the consensus of the scientific community, some parents and advocacy groups continue to contend that thiomersal is linked to autism and the claim is still stated as if it were fact in anti-vaccination propaganda, notably that of 5555: 745:, resigned from the group in 2009 in a dispute over whether to fund more research on links between vaccination and autism, saying, "There isn't an unlimited pot of money, and every dollar spent looking where we know the answer isn't is one less dollar we have to spend where we might find new answers." 740:

The notion has also diverted attention and resources away from efforts to determine the causes of autism. The 2004 Institute of Medicine report committee recommended that while it supported "targeted research that focuses on better understanding the disease of autism, from a public health perspective

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and have been frustrated by the lack of progress from more "mainline" scientists in finding this cure. Instead, they have supported an alternative community of like-minded parents, physicians and scientists who promote this belief. This mindset has taught these parents to challenge the expertise from

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Although intended to increase public confidence in vaccinations, the decision to remove thiomersal instead led to some parents suspecting thiomersal as a cause of autism. This concern over a vaccine-autism link grew from a confluence of several underlying factors. First, methylmercury had for decades

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This controversy has caused harm due to parents attempting to treat their autistic children with unproven and possibly dangerous treatments, discouraging parents from vaccinating their children due to fears about thiomersal toxicity and diverting resources away from research into more promising areas

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Multiple studies have been performed on data from large populations of children to study the relationship between the use of vaccines containing thiomersal, and autism and other neurodevelopmental disorders. Almost all of these studies have found no association between thiomersal-containing vaccines

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and his son David Geier have been the most frequently cited research by parents advocating a link between thiomersal and autism. This research by Geier has received considerable criticism for methodological problems in his research, including not presenting methods and statistical analyses to others

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who developed autism-like symptoms after multiple vaccinations, some of which included thiomersal. Citing the inability to rule out a role of these vaccinations in exacerbating her underlying mitochondrial disorder as the rationale for payment, CDC officials cautioned against generalizing this one

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magazine subsequently amended Kennedy's article five times due to factual errors and later retracted it completely on 16 January 2011, stating that the works of critics of the article and evidence of the flaws in the science connecting autism and vaccines undermined the value of the article to the

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posted an article saying that chelation therapy has been falsely promoted as effective against autism, and that practitioners falsified diagnoses of metal poisoning to "trick" parents into having their children undergo the process. As of 2008, between 2–8% of children with autism had undergone the

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preparations and ophthalmic and nasal solutions. Vaccine manufacturers have used preservatives to prevent microbial growth during the manufacturing process or when packaged as "multi-dose" products to allow for multiple punctures of the same vial to dispense multiple vaccinations with less fear of

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vaccine in children not at risk for hepatitis. This decision, though following the precautionary principle, nevertheless sparked confusion, controversy and some harm. Approximately 10% of hospitals suspended the use of hepatitis B vaccine for all newborns, and one child born to a Michigan mother

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However, the experiments showing effects of thimerosal on biochemical pathways in cell culture systems and showing abnormalities in the immune system or metal metabolism in people with autism are provocative; the autism research community should consider the appropriate composition of the autism

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Although the concern for a thiomersal-autism link was originally derived from indirect evidence based on the known potent neurotoxic effects of methylmercury, recent studies show these feared effects were likely overestimated. Ethylmercury, such as in thiomersal, clears much faster from the body

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The suggestion that thiomersal has contributed to autism and other neurodevelopmental disorders has had a number of effects. Public health officials believe fear driven by advocates of a thiomersal-autism link has caused parents to avoid vaccination or adopt "made up" vaccination schedules that

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journal, by parents who launched the parental advocacy group SafeMinds to promote the theory that thiomersal caused autism. The controversy began to gain legitimacy in the eyes of the public and gained widening support within certain elements in the autism advocacy community as well as in the

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grew in the 1990s, leading parents of these children to search for an explanation for the apparent rise in diagnoses, including considering possible environmental factors. The dramatic increase in reported cases of autism during the 1990s and early 2000s is largely attributable to changes in

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differ significantly from those of autism. In addition, multiple population studies have found no association between thiomersal and autism, and rates of autism have continued to increase despite removal of thiomersal from vaccines. Thus, major scientific and medical bodies such as the

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At the time, we felt that correcting the piece—and keeping it on the site, in the spirit of transparency—was the best way to operate. But subsequent critics further eroded any faith we had in the story's value. We've grown to believe the best reader service is to delete the piece

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The scientific consensus on the subject is reflected in a follow-up report that was subsequently published in 2004 by the Institute of Medicine, which took into account new data that had been published since the 2001 report. The committee noted, in response to those who cite

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Meanwhile, during this time of increased media publicity of the controversy, public health officials and institutions did little to rebut the concerns and speculative theories being offered. Media attention and polarization of the debate has also been fueled by

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claims. These websites use emotional appeals to gather support and frame the controversy as an adversarial dispute between parents and a conspiracy of doctors and scientists. Advocates for a thiomersal-autism link have also relied on celebrities like model

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features of the brains of patients who have mercury poisoning, both with methylmercury as well as ethylmercury, have significant differences from the brains of people with autism. Previous episodes of widespread mercury toxicity in a population such as in

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mandated a review and risk assessment of all mercury-containing food and drugs, vaccine manufacturers responded to FDA requests made in December 1998 and April 1999 to provide detailed information about the thiomersal content of their preparations.

571:(PDDs). In fact, the study noted that rates of PDDs were higher in the birth cohorts with no thiomersal when compared to those with medium or high levels of exposure. A study performed in the US which analyzed data from 78,829 children enrolled in 5036: 234:

Despite the lack of convincing evidence of toxicity of thiomersal when used as a vaccine preservative, the USPHS and AAP determined that thiomersal should be removed from vaccines as a purely precautionary measure. This action was based on the

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to promote the hypothesis of vaccines causing autism. Bitterness over this issue has led to numerous threats made against the CDC as well as researchers like Offit, with increased security placed by the CDC in response to these threats.

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Despite the consensus from experts that there is no link between thiomersal and autism, many parents continue to believe that such a link exists. These parents share the viewpoint that autism is not just treatable, but curable through

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Since this report was released, several independent reviews have examined the body of published research for a possible thiomersal-autism link by examining the theoretical mechanisms of thiomersal causing harm and by reviewing the

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Andrews N, Miller E, Grant A, Stowe J, Osborne V, Taylor B (September 2004). "Thimerosal exposure in infants and developmental disorders: a retrospective cohort study in the United kingdom does not support a causal association".

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radio show to persuade the public to their cause, instead of relying only on "dry" scientific papers and scientists. McCarthy has published a book describing her personal experience with her autistic son and appeared on

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Verstraeten T, Davis RL, DeStefano F, Lieu TA, Rhodes PH, Black SB, et al. (November 2003). "Safety of thimerosal-containing vaccines: a two-phased study of computerized health maintenance organization databases".

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Madsen KM, Lauritsen MB, Pedersen CB, Thorsen P, Plesner AM, Andersen PH, et al. (September 2003). "Thimerosal and the occurrence of autism: negative ecological evidence from Danish population-based data".

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mothers rose by over 6 times. This is a potential negative outcome given the high probability that infants who acquire hepatitis B infection at birth will develop the infection in a chronic form and possibly

168:(AAP) determined that under the existing vaccination schedule "some children could be exposed to a cumulative level of mercury over the first 6 months of life that exceeds one of the federal guidelines on 5585: 641:

Further evidence of the scientific consensus includes the rejection of a causal link between thiomersal and autism by multiple national and international scientific and medical bodies including the

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to support this claim. The idea that thiomersal in vaccines might have detrimental effects originated with anti-vaccination activists and was sustained by them and especially through the action of

231:(HRSA), in a joint statement with the AAP in July 1999 concluded that there was "no evidence of harm caused by doses of thimerosal found in vaccines, except for local hypersensitivity reactions." 607:, animal, and population studies that have been published. These reviews determined that no evidence exists to establish thiomersal as the cause of autism or other neurodevelopmental disorders. 475:

Various lines of evidence undermine a proposed link between thiomersal and autism. For example, although advocates of a thiomersal-autism link consider autism a form of "mercury poisoning," the

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Heron J, Golding J (September 2004). "Thimerosal exposure in infants and developmental disorders: a prospective cohort study in the United kingdom does not support a causal association".

4702: 200:(EPA) standards for the first six months of life, depending on the vaccine formulation and the weight of the infant. The review also highlighted difficulty interpreting toxicity of the 560:

of 13,617 children likewise found more associated benefits than risks from thiomersal exposure with respect to developmental disorders. Because the Danish and UK studies involved only

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It was introduced as a preservative in the 1930s to prevent the growth of infectious organisms such as bacteria and fungi, and has been in use in vaccines and other products such as

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Fombonne E, Zakarian R, Bennett A, Meng L, McLean-Heywood D (July 2006). "Pervasive developmental disorders in Montreal, Quebec, Canada: prevalence and links with immunizations".

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the committee does not consider a significant investment in studies of the theoretical vaccine-autism connection to be useful at this time." Alison Singer, a senior executive of

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Parker SK, Schwartz B, Todd J, Pickering LK (September 2004). "Thimerosal-containing vaccines and autistic spectrum disorder: a critical review of published original data".

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by perpetually presenting both sides of an issue even when only one side is supported by the evidence and thereby giving a platform for the spread of misinformation.

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nevertheless have specific ages when they begin to show symptoms, suggesting specific ages of onset of symptoms does not necessarily require an environmental cause.

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Reports of autism cases per 1,000 children grew dramatically in the U.S. from 1996 to 2007. It is unknown how much, if any, growth came from changes in autism's

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has been investigated extensively. Multiple lines of scientific evidence have shown that thiomersal does not cause autism. For example, the clinical symptoms of

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infected with hepatitis B virus died of it. Similarly, a study found that the number of hospitals who failed to properly vaccinate infants of hepatitis B

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A 2011 journal article reflects this point of view and described the vaccine-autism connection as "the most damaging medical hoax of the last 100 years".

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Schechter R, Grether JK (January 2008). "Continuing increases in autism reported to California's developmental services system: mercury in retrograde".

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The notion that thiomersal causes autism has led some parents to have their children treated with costly and potentially dangerous therapies such as

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The Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases & Medical Microbiology = Journal Canadien des Maladies Infectieuses et de la Microbiologie Medicale

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Flaherty DK (October 2011). "The vaccine-autism connection: a public health crisis caused by unethical medical practices and fraudulent science".

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the mainstream scientific community. Parents have also been influenced by an extensive network of anti-vaccination organizations such as

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been the subject of widespread environmental and media concern after two highly publicized episodes of poisonings in the 1950s and 1960s

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Several months after the recommendation to have thiomersal removed from vaccines was published, a speculative article was published in

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the committee concludes that the evidence favors rejection of a causal relationship between thimerosal-containing vaccines and autism.

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analysis that studied 956 Danish children diagnosed with autism likewise did not show an association between autism and thiomersal. A

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as the two occurring together may be only coincidental in nature. Also, genetic disorders that have no environmental triggers such as

419: 4850: 2817:"Effect of racial/ethnic misclassification of American Indians and Alaskan Natives on Washington State death certificates, 1989-1997" 1752:

Freed GL, Andreae MC, Cowan AE, Katz SL (June 2002). "The process of public policy formulation: the case of thimerosal in vaccines".

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effects of other mercury compounds, the reported epidemiologic association between autism and vaccine use, and extrapolation from

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In North America, a Canadian study of 27,749 children in Quebec showed that thiomersal was unrelated to the increasing trend in

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or diphtheria-tetanus (DT) vaccines, they are less relevant for the higher thiomersal exposure levels that occurred in the U.S.

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Advocates of a thiomersal-autism link also relied on indirect evidence from the scientific literature, including analogy with

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Hviid A, Stellfeld M, Wohlfahrt J, Melbye M (October 2003). "Association between thimerosal-containing vaccine and autism".

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who dissented from the scientific consensus that there is no convincing evidence for a link between thiomersal and autism.

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on 109,863 children in the United Kingdom found no association between TCVs and autism, but a possible increased risk for

224: 1439: 5940: 5216: 2906: 1993: 1836: 766: 662: 642: 596: 428: 109: 97: 5975: 5746: 5440: 5409: 5102: 4872: 4737: 4559: 793: 654: 161: 112:. Thiomersal is no longer used in most children's vaccines in the United States, with the exception of some types of 6254: 6203: 6137: 6096: 6043: 4980: 4945: 4925: 4877: 4096: 3533: 3516: 1380: 553: 541: 533: 5970: 5565: 5059: 4900: 4792: 4656: 4146: 3152: 1675:"Joint statement of the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) and the United States Public Health Service (USPHS)" 805: 678: 670: 529: 93: 2195:

Bernard S, Enayati A, Redwood L, Roger H, Binstock T (April 2001). "Autism: a novel form of mercury poisoning".

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Verstraeten T (April 2004). "Thimerosal, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and GlaxoSmithKline".

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Departments of Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2008

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During the period of time of removal of thiomersal, the CDC and AAP asked doctors to delay the birth dose of

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Aschner M, Ceccatelli S (July 2010). "Are neuropathological conditions relevant to ethylmercury exposure?".

834: 576: 505: 378: 236: 46:, despite extensive scientific research showing no credible evidence linking thiomersal to such conditions. 765:

From 1988 until August 2010, 5,632 claims relating to autism were made to Office of Special Masters of the

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Vaccines Did Not Cause Rachel's Autism: My Journey as a Vaccine Scientist, Pediatrician, and Autism Dad

5606: 5590: 4591: 4406: 4347: 4138: 3776: 3654: 3605: 3572: 3506: 854: 760: 125: 6009: 5271: 5041: 4626: 4329: 4295: 4181: 3947: 3942: 3888: 3719: 3587: 3559: 3511: 3290: 2137: 1186: 1163:. Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 6 September 2007 525: 450: 297: 69: 65: 2914: 1321: 6147: 5883: 5853: 5837: 5822: 5575: 4940: 4747: 4362: 4196: 3937: 3898: 3883: 3759: 3729: 3649: 3567: 3319: 3271: 3219: 2726: 2683: 2640: 2525: 2158: 2074: 2021: 1919: 1485: 341: 1127: 2385:(Press release). U.S. Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor and Pensions. Archived from 1996:(January 2005). "Incidence of autism spectrum disorders: changes over time and their meaning". 1717:

Ball LK, Ball R, Pratt RD (May 2001). "An assessment of thimerosal use in childhood vaccines".

410:, a leading vaccine researcher and advocate, has said that the media has a tendency to provide 354:

openly supporting this movement and holding a number of Congressional hearings on the subject.

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suggesting there was no clear evidence that thiomersal was harmful and other participants like

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The Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences. Le Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques

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contamination. Following a mandated review of mercury-containing food and drugs in 1999, the

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Further support for the association between autism and thiomersal appeared in an article by

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Immunization Safety Review: Thimerosal-Containing Vaccines and Neurodevelopmental Disorders

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Upon conclusion of their review, the FDA, in conjunction with the other members of the US

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in thiomersal because guidelines for mercury toxicity were based primarily on studies of

3055: 2944: 2049:(December 2007). "Vaccines and autism: evidence does not support a causal association". 6183: 5910: 5878: 5868: 5031: 4920: 4692: 4553: 4280: 4171: 4131: 4011: 3832: 3771: 3390: 3365: 3097: 3070: 3042: 2995: 2841: 2816: 2380:"Enzi Says Investigation Does Not Support Allegations of Misconduct in Autism Research" 2269: 2242: 2009: 1966: 1638: 1570: 1545: 949: 924: 829: 488: 441: 403: 169: 2832: 17: 6243: 6218: 5807: 5792: 5616: 4965: 4930: 4436: 4421: 4391: 4386: 4241: 4004: 3999: 3994: 3989: 3893: 3739: 3538: 3275: 3223: 2793: 2305: 1923: 754: 742: 618: 501: 411: 402:

who took out full-page ads in prominent newspapers and offered financial support for

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Canada Communicable Disease Report = Releve des Maladies Transmissibles Au Canada

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Robert F. Kennedy Jr.'s elaborate conspiracy theory is delusional and dangerous.

2259: 1906: 1890:"Medicine. Stalled trial for autism highlights dilemma of alternative treatments" 1889: 897: 528:

study of 467,450 Danish children found no association between TCVs and autism or

5832: 5787: 5246: 4797: 4772: 4767: 4732: 4300: 4290: 4151: 3957: 3952: 3865: 3840: 3808: 3734: 3596: 3487: 3479: 1291: 1243: 705: 561: 374: 346: 289: 213: 1593: 6142: 5827: 5817: 5782: 5611: 4812: 4762: 4426: 4401: 4091: 4041: 3318:. Health Resources and Services Administration. 8 January 2008. Archived from 2513: 1866: 1792: 1502: 1035: 1018: 407: 351: 323: 313: 272: 255: 49: 35: 2671: 2628: 2556: 1561: 940: 556:, and otherwise unspecified developmental delay. Another UK study based on a 435:

websites that present themselves as an alternative source for evidence using

5700: 5676: 5484: 4807: 4475: 4046: 3914: 3483: 2449: 2417: 2375: 2353: 2301: 2062: 1765: 1730: 698: 369: 240: 3399: 3267: 3215: 3138: 3106: 3051: 3004: 2892: 2850: 2801: 2766: 2758: 2722: 2714: 2679: 2636: 2600: 2592: 2564: 2521: 2361: 2345: 2278: 2216: 2208: 2181: 2173: 2154: 2146: 2070: 2017: 1975: 1915: 1822: 1773: 1738: 1700: 1691: 1674: 1579: 1481: 1239: 1105: 1044: 996: 988: 958: 536:

between thiomersal and ASDs that would be suggestive of toxic exposure. An

3087: 2094:"Thiomersal on Trial: The Theory that Vaccines Cause Autism goes to Court" 693:

expose their children to increased risk from preventable diseases such as

4862: 4802: 4317: 4310: 4305: 4275: 4031: 3967: 3962: 1957: 1840: 613: 445: 318: 176: 2911:"AMA Welcomes New IOM Report Rejecting Link Between Vaccines and Autism" 2864: 1813: 1796: 1230: 1077: 4036: 3793: 3475: 2986: 1659:

European Parliament: Community strategy concerning mercury (March 2006)

694: 248: 196:(ATSDR), or WHO guidelines on mercury exposure, it could have exceeded 68:

have asserted that the mercury in thiomersal is the cause. There is no

57: 3206: 3189: 3123:"Thimerosal: updated statement. An Advisory Committee Statement (ACS)" 1639:"TABLE. Influenza vaccines — United States, 2015–16 influenza season*" 1473: 824: 5683: 4607: 4339: 4324: 3610: 3381: 480: 156:

compound used as a preservative in vaccines to prevent bacterial and

43: 1296:"Global disease risk worsening as anti-vaccination campaigns spread" 2874: 2093: 1087: 733:(NIMH) to commission a study about chelation in autism by studying 4334: 4219: 3820: 3754: 3071:"Autistic spectrum disorder: No causal relationship with vaccines" 3026:"Autistic spectrum disorder: No causal relationship with vaccines" 2968:"ACMT position statement: the Iom report on thimerosal and autism" 266: 157: 121: 5201: 3316:"National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program statistics reports" 1546:"Mercury, vaccines, and autism: one controversy, three histories" 925:"Mercury, vaccines, and autism: one controversy, three histories" 5586:

Biodefense and Pandemic Vaccine and Drug Development Act of 2005

3629: 1214:"Cases in vaccine court--legal battles over vaccines and autism" 734: 545: 5337: 5205: 4580: 3440: 3157:"EMEA Public Statement on Thiomersal in Vaccines for Human Use" 1839:. Institute for Vaccine Safety. 21 October 2009. Archived from 1440:"'Vaccines court' rejects mercury–autism link in 3 test cases" 572: 34:

centers around public concerns and debates over the safety of

975:

Nelson KB, Bauman ML (March 2003). "Thimerosal and autism?".

1594:"Thimerosal in vaccines: frequently asked questions (FAQs)" 3190:"Pandemic blows lid off laws limiting mercury in vaccines" 1942:"Tracing the origins of autism: a spectrum of new studies" 4576: 3121:

National Advisory Committee on Immunization (July 2007).

4703:

Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified

621:

as evidence for the link between autism and thiomersal:

552:

effect with respect to general developmental disorders,

2243:"A broken trust: lessons from the vaccine--autism wars" 1267:"How Robert F. Kennedy, Jr., Distorted Vaccine Science" 327:

for verification, improperly analyzing data taken from

120:

may result in damage to brain, kidneys, and developing

1082:. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. 2004. 1019:"Immunizations and autism: a review of the literature" 2815:

Stehr-Green P, Bettles J, Robertson LD (March 2002).

498:

Associations such as these do not establish causation

322:

experiments and animal studies. Studies conducted by

377:

to conceal the dangers of thiomersal to protect the

6161: 6119: 5892: 5846: 5775: 5722: 5693: 5635: 5599: 5541: 5433: 5402: 5371: 5285: 5237: 5178: 5152: 5126: 5095: 5050: 4994: 4891: 4826: 4723: 4680: 4614: 4506: 4445: 4377: 4268: 4240: 4207: 3876: 3707: 3700: 3619: 3547: 3499: 3415:"U.S. Court Finds No Link Between Vaccines, Autism" 96:(WHO) as well as governmental agencies such as the 5566:Countermeasures Injury Compensation Program (CICP) 2445:"So Robert F. Kennedy Jr. Called Us to Complain …" 1345:. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry 6224:Shoulder injury related to vaccine administration 5550:Cedillo v. Secretary of Health and Human Services 4492:Cedillo v. Secretary of Health and Human Services 1837:"Thimerosal content in some US licensed vaccines" 56:compound which is used as a preservative in some 2869:. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. 2001. 1124:"Thiomersal and vaccines: questions and answers" 548:. Analysis in this study also showed a possible 194:Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry 5936:Association of American Physicians and Surgeons 5740:Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation 3235: 3233: 1185:Centers for Disease Control (8 February 2008). 1155: 1153: 1151: 1149: 1147: 1145: 1079:Immunization Safety Review: Vaccines and Autism 5730:National Immunization Technical Advisory Group 1381:"On Autism's Cause, it's Parents vs. Research" 300:, could have contained thiomersal. Third, the 66:incorrect claim that vaccination causes autism 5349: 5217: 4592: 3452: 1935: 1933: 1322:"Frequently Asked Questions about Thimerosal" 8: 5946:Children's Medical Safety Research Institute 5916:Children's Medical Safety Research Institute 5735:Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices 5561:National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program 3291:"Autistic boy dies after unproven treatment" 2041: 2039: 2037: 2035: 1797:"Thimerosal and vaccines--a cautionary tale" 282:in Minamata Bay, Japan from industrial waste 229:Health Resources and Services Administration 5956:New Jersey Coalition for Vaccination Choice 5921:New Jersey Coalition for Vaccination Choice 2941:"What Parents Should Know About Thimerosal" 2118: 2116: 2114: 1455: 1453: 1403: 1401: 1207: 1205: 1203: 188:A review of the data showed that while the 6107:Warnings About Vaccination Expectations NZ 6082: 6073:National League for Liberty in Vaccination 6058: 6024: 5985: 5896: 5514: 5356: 5342: 5334: 5323: 5289: 5224: 5210: 5202: 5144:Ritvo Autism and Asperger Diagnostic Scale 4599: 4585: 4577: 3704: 3459: 3445: 3437: 874:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 667:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 589:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 350:political arena, with U.S. Representative 286:Iraq from fungicide contamination of wheat 102:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 4836:Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder 3389: 3257: 3205: 3096: 3086: 3041: 2994: 2840: 2268: 2258: 2136: 1965: 1905: 1863:"Why Chelation Therapy Should Be Avoided" 1812: 1690: 1569: 1514:Notice to Readers: Thimerosal in Vaccines 1374: 1372: 1370: 1368: 1366: 1364: 1362: 1360: 1229: 1072: 1070: 1068: 1066: 1064: 1062: 1060: 1058: 1056: 1054: 1034: 948: 152:, especially in the United States) is an 4841:Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder 3343:"Analysis: vaccine-autism link unproven" 2236: 2234: 2232: 2230: 2228: 2226: 1787: 1785: 1783: 1539: 1537: 1535: 1533: 1531: 1529: 1527: 1525: 1523: 1521: 1433: 1431: 970: 968: 128:is that thiomersal has no such effects. 5503:Measles resurgence in the United States 5304:1990–1991 Philadelphia measles outbreak 5027:Multiple complex developmental disorder 1712: 1710: 869:"Vaccines Do Not Cause Autism Concerns" 845: 6133:Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System 5767:Northern Rivers Vaccination Supporters 5108:Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule 3341:Stobbe M, Marchione M (7 March 2008). 2051:Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 1438:Maugh TH II, Zajac A (13 March 2010). 1180: 1178: 1012: 1010: 1008: 1006: 651:American College of Medical Toxicology 634:Thus, based on this body of evidence, 375:government conspiracy at a CDC meeting 329:Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System 79:The potential impact of thiomersal on 5581:National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act 3370:The Journal of Clinical Investigation 1410:"Charity chief quits over autism row" 1379:Harris G, O'Connor A (25 June 2005). 1117: 1115: 7: 6039:Australian Vaccination-risks Network 1503:CDC PUBLISHES THIMEROSAL IN VACCINES 477:typical symptoms of mercury toxicity 6214:Anti-vaccinationism in chiropractic 5951:National Vaccine Information Center 5931:Anti-Vaccination Society of America 5757:Strategic Advisory Group of Experts 5529:Mumps outbreaks in the 21st century 4858:Developmental coordination disorder 1801:The New England Journal of Medicine 1218:The New England Journal of Medicine 1187:"Mercury and vaccines (thimerosal)" 1017:Doja A, Roberts W (November 2006). 855:"Vaccines Still Don't Cause Autism" 731:National Institute of Mental Health 725:, which is typically used to treat 5262:Oral polio vaccine AIDS hypothesis 5252:Blood-injection-injury type phobia 4519:Eradication of infectious diseases 4276:Androvax (androstenedione albumin) 2010:10.1111/j.1651-2227.2005.tb01779.x 1122:World Health Organization (2006). 562:diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP) 25: 5118:Gilliam Asperger's disorder scale 4936:Fetal valproate spectrum disorder 4708:Childhood disintegrative disorder 4109:Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) 2821:American Journal of Public Health 1946:Environmental Health Perspectives 1550:American Journal of Public Health 929:American Journal of Public Health 659:U.S. National Academy of Sciences 597:U.S. National Academy of Sciences 569:pervasive developmental disorders 479:are significantly different from 6209:Alternative vaccination schedule 6000:National Anti-Vaccination League 5379:Democratic Republic of the Congo 5314:2018 Madagascar measles outbreak 4688:Pervasive developmental disorder 4498:Alternative vaccination schedule 3468:Artificial induction of immunity 2794:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2007.1 823: 811: 799: 192:for infants did not exceed FDA, 6194:2000 Simpsonwood CDC conference 5926:Informed Consent Action Network 5403:1,000 to 10,000 confirmed cases 3413:Vedantam S (13 February 2009). 3289:USAToday.com (25 August 2005). 198:Environmental Protection Agency 6189:Vaccine-induced seropositivity 6049:Informed Medical Options Party 5966:The Autism Community in Action 5139:Childhood Autism Spectrum Test 4330:Ovandrotone albumin (Fecundin) 3030:Paediatrics & Child Health 2937:American Academy of Pediatrics 2782:Archives of General Psychiatry 2411:Lauerman K (16 January 2011). 1671:American Academy of Pediatrics 1408:Luscombe R (25 January 2009). 1212:Sugarman SD (September 2007). 675:Public Health Agency of Canada 647:American Academy of Pediatrics 166:American Academy of Pediatrics 32:thiomersal vaccine controversy 1: 5627:Vaccine Information Statement 5309:2013 Swansea measles epidemic 5113:Childhood Autism Rating Scale 4961:PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome 4851:obsessive–compulsive disorder 4783:Pathological demand avoidance 4667:Societal and cultural aspects 3861:Group B streptococcal disease 3680:Vaccines for Children Program 3366:"Attention focuses on autism" 2975:Journal of Medical Toxicology 2833:10.1016/S0749-3797(03)00113-2 2474:Begley S (21 February 2009). 2297:"Deadly Immunity (corrected)" 1637:Centers for Disease Control. 1615:Centers for Disease Control. 1462:The Annals of Pharmacotherapy 1320:Centers for Disease Control. 806:History of science portal 593:National Institutes of Health 444:and information presented on 431:and a large number of online 302:number of diagnoses of autism 225:National Institutes of Health 182:FDA Modernization Act of 1997 164:and Prevention (CDC) and the 3259:10.1126/science.321.5887.326 2907:American Medical Association 2260:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000114 1907:10.1126/science.321.5887.326 896:Hotez PJ (30 October 2018). 853:Novella S (22 August 2018). 767:U.S. Court of Federal Claims 663:Food and Drug Administration 643:American Medical Association 98:Food and Drug Administration 6015:Pioneer Club (women's club) 5976:World Chiropractic Alliance 5747:Patient safety organization 5665:Melanie's Marvelous Measles 5365:2019–2020 measles outbreaks 5103:Autism Diagnostic Interview 4873:Sensory processing disorder 4738:Autism and LGBTQ identities 3188:Schubert C (January 2010). 1617:"Thimerosal in Flu Vaccine" 794:Folk epidemiology of autism 655:Canadian Paediatric Society 471:Rationale for doubting link 162:Centers for Disease Control 6271: 6204:Vaccine-associated sarcoma 6138:Number needed to vaccinate 6097:Stop Mandatory Vaccination 6044:Church of Conscious Living 5372:>10,000 confirmed cases 4981:Tuberous sclerosis complex 4971:Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome 4946:MECP2 duplication syndrome 4926:Cornelia de Lange syndrome 4878:Global developmental delay 2443:Helmuth L (11 June 2013). 1544:Baker JP (February 2008). 923:Baker JP (February 2008). 758: 752: 554:attention-deficit disorder 542:retrospective cohort study 534:dose-response relationship 420:"biomedical" interventions 6092: 6085: 6068: 6061: 6034: 6027: 5995: 5988: 5971:Texans for Vaccine Choice 5941:Children's Health Defense 5906: 5899: 5893:Anti-vaxxer organizations 5847:Anti-vaxxer personalities 5600:Vaccine safety procedures 5524: 5517: 5499: 5434:<1,000 confirmed cases 5333: 5326: 5299: 5292: 5060:Facilitated communication 4901:22q11.2 deletion syndrome 4537: 3153:European Medicines Agency 3068:Also published (2007) in 2966:Kurt TL (December 2006). 2514:10.1007/s12640-009-9113-2 1036:10.1017/s031716710000528x 857:. Science-Based Medicine. 679:European Medicines Agency 671:World Health Organization 630:The committee concludes: 530:autism spectrum disorders 429:Children's Health Defense 180:contamination. After the 148:Thiomersal (also spelled 110:Children's Health Defense 94:World Health Organization 6179:Vaccination and religion 5901:United States of America 5134:Autism-spectrum quotient 4951:Neurofibromatosis type I 3856:Clostridioides difficile 3240:Stokstad E (July 2008). 3081:(3): 177–179. May 2007. 3036:(5): 393–398. May 2007. 2672:10.1542/peds.2003-1176-L 2629:10.1542/peds.2003-1177-L 2557:10.1001/jama.290.13.1763 1888:Stokstad E (July 2008). 1562:10.2105/AJPH.2007.113159 1161:"Thimerosal in vaccines" 941:10.2105/AJPH.2007.113159 381:, and a book written by 140:of the last 100 years". 64:activists promoting the 6250:Thiomersal and vaccines 5961:Palmetto Family Council 5622:Vaccine Safety Datalink 5267:Thiomersal and vaccines 5065:Lancet MMR autism fraud 5007:Critical autism studies 4906:22q13 deletion syndrome 4868:Intellectual disability 4818:Emotional dysregulation 4715:High-functioning autism 4119:Tick-borne encephalitis 2413:"Correcting our record" 2092:Allen A (28 May 2007). 2063:10.1038/sj.clpt.6100407 1766:10.1542/peds.109.6.1153 1731:10.1542/peds.107.5.1147 835:Lancet MMR autism fraud 577:Vaccine Safety Datalink 481:symptoms seen in autism 400:personal injury lawyers 379:pharmaceutical industry 237:precautionary principle 5752:Brighton Collaboration 5571:Vaccine Damage Payment 5257:MMR vaccine and autism 5075:Rapid prompting method 5017:Double empathy problem 5002:Autism rights movement 4529:List of vaccine topics 3524:Mathematical modelling 2759:10.1542/peds.112.2.e98 2715:10.1542/peds.2005-2993 2593:10.1542/peds.112.3.604 2502:Neurotoxicity Research 2346:10.1542/peds.113.4.932 2209:10.1054/mehy.2000.1281 2174:10.1542/peds.2004-2402 2147:10.1542/peds.2004-0434 1692:10.1542/peds.104.3.568 989:10.1542/peds.111.3.674 771:mitochondrial disorder 639: 628: 458:The Oprah Winfrey Show 276: 40:neurological disorders 18:Thimerosal controversy 6199:Vaccine adverse event 6153:Immunization registry 6102:Vaccine Choice Canada 5864:Robert F. Kennedy Jr. 5762:Immunization Alliance 5706:Dengvaxia controversy 5160:Autism-related topics 4724:Associated conditions 4524:Vaccinate Your Family 3975:Japanese encephalitis 2378:(28 September 2007). 1940:Szpir M (July 2006). 1343:"ToxFAQs for Mercury" 759:Further information: 753:Further information: 727:heavy metal poisoning 632: 623: 466:Scientific evaluation 425:Robert F. Kennedy Jr. 359:Robert F. Kennedy Jr. 270: 263:Rationale for concern 245:meningococcal disease 221:Public Health Service 106:Robert F. Kennedy Jr. 90:Institute of Medicine 52:(or thimerosal) is a 5607:Vaccine vial monitor 5591:Operation Warp Speed 5165:Fictional characters 4893:Associated syndromes 4407:John Franklin Enders 3364:Honey K (May 2008). 3014:on 29 February 2008. 2476:"Anatomy of a Scare" 2241:Gross L (May 2009). 1958:10.1289/ehp.114-a412 761:Autism omnibus trial 583:Scientific consensus 506:Huntington's disease 335:Publicity of concern 284:and in the 1970s in 126:scientific consensus 108:, through his group 6010:Humanitarian League 5272:Vaccines and autism 5042:Violence and autism 4828:Comorbid conditions 3588:Virus-like particle 3512:Vaccine ingredients 3088:10.1155/2007/267957 2587:(3 Pt 1): 604–606. 1814:10.1056/NEJMp078187 1685:(3 Pt 1): 568–569. 1271:Scientific American 1231:10.1056/NEJMp078168 818:Medicine portal 451:Imus in the Morning 298:hepatitis B vaccine 118:exposure to mercury 74:plaintiffs' lawyers 70:scientific evidence 27:Vaccine controversy 6148:Yellow Card Scheme 5884:Ethan Lindenberger 5854:Taylor Winterstein 5838:Michael Pichichero 5823:H. Vasken Aposhian 5576:Vaccination policy 5286:Disease resurgence 4941:Fragile X syndrome 4748:Autistic catatonia 4564:Never to phase III 4363:Hexavalent vaccine 4177:Epstein–Barr virus 4072:Oxford–AstraZeneca 3760:NmVac4-A/C/Y/W-135 3345:. Associated Press 3322:on 16 January 2008 3058:on 2 December 2008 2987:10.1007/BF03161188 2197:Medical Hypotheses 1843:on 21 October 2009 1795:(September 2007). 1673:(September 1999). 1294:(3 January 2019). 1130:on 12 October 2003 877:. 12 December 2018 830:Viruses portal 558:prospective cohort 516:Population studies 342:Medical Hypotheses 277: 6255:Mercury (element) 6237: 6236: 6115: 6114: 6081: 6080: 6057: 6056: 6023: 6022: 5984: 5983: 5636:Anti-vaxxer media 5537: 5536: 5513: 5512: 5509: 5508: 5461:Pacific Northwest 5322: 5321: 5277:Vaccines and SIDS 5239:Vaccine hesitancy 5199: 5198: 5096:Diagnostic scales 4986:Williams syndrome 4911:Angelman syndrome 4793:Special interests 4758:Autistic meltdown 4698:Asperger syndrome 4574: 4573: 4486:Vaccines and SIDS 4373: 4372: 4147:Hepatitis A and B 4123:Varicella zoster 3580:Subunit/component 3207:10.1038/nm0110-9a 3155:(24 March 2004). 2917:on 6 October 2012 2884:978-0-309-09008-7 2551:(13): 1763–1766. 1807:(13): 1278–1279. 1474:10.1345/aph.1Q318 1468:(10): 1302–1304. 1444:Los Angeles Times 1224:(13): 1275–1277. 1097:978-0-309-09237-1 909:978-1-4214-2660-0 789:Vaccine hesitancy 723:chelation therapy 361:in the magazines 85:mercury poisoning 16:(Redirected from 6262: 6174:Vaccine shedding 6169:Vaccine efficacy 6083: 6059: 6025: 6005:Homeopathy Plus! 5986: 5897: 5874:Andrew Wakefield 5714:MMR autism fraud 5658:Hear the Silence 5651:The Greater Good 5515: 5358: 5351: 5344: 5335: 5324: 5290: 5226: 5219: 5212: 5203: 5191:Sensory friendly 5127:Screening scales 4976:Timothy syndrome 4883:Verbal Dyspraxia 4846:Anxiety disorder 4778:Nonverbal autism 4753:Autistic masking 4743:Autistic burnout 4601: 4594: 4587: 4578: 4465:MMR autism fraud 4412:Maurice Hilleman 4397:Hilary Koprowski 3705: 3461: 3454: 3447: 3438: 3430: 3429: 3427: 3425: 3410: 3404: 3403: 3393: 3382:10.1172/JCI35821 3376:(5): 1586–1587. 3361: 3355: 3354: 3352: 3350: 3338: 3332: 3331: 3329: 3327: 3312: 3306: 3305: 3303: 3301: 3286: 3280: 3279: 3261: 3237: 3228: 3227: 3209: 3185: 3179: 3178: 3176: 3174: 3168: 3162:. Archived from 3161: 3149: 3143: 3142: 3118: 3112: 3110: 3100: 3090: 3067: 3065: 3063: 3054:. Archived from 3045: 3022: 3016: 3015: 3013: 3007:. Archived from 2998: 2972: 2963: 2957: 2956: 2954: 2952: 2943:. Archived from 2933: 2927: 2926: 2924: 2922: 2913:. Archived from 2903: 2897: 2896: 2861: 2855: 2854: 2844: 2812: 2806: 2805: 2777: 2771: 2770: 2753:(5): 1039–1048. 2741: 2735: 2734: 2709:(1): e139–e150. 2698: 2692: 2691: 2655: 2649: 2648: 2611: 2605: 2604: 2575: 2569: 2568: 2540: 2534: 2533: 2497: 2491: 2490: 2488: 2486: 2471: 2465: 2464: 2459: 2457: 2440: 2434: 2433: 2427: 2425: 2408: 2402: 2401: 2399: 2397: 2391: 2384: 2372: 2366: 2365: 2329: 2323: 2322: 2320: 2318: 2309:. Archived from 2295:(20 June 2005). 2289: 2283: 2282: 2272: 2262: 2238: 2221: 2220: 2192: 2186: 2185: 2166: 2140: 2120: 2109: 2108: 2106: 2104: 2089: 2083: 2082: 2043: 2030: 2029: 1998:Acta Paediatrica 1990: 1984: 1983: 1978:. Archived from 1969: 1952:(7): A412–A418. 1937: 1928: 1927: 1909: 1885: 1879: 1878: 1876: 1874: 1859: 1853: 1852: 1850: 1848: 1833: 1827: 1826: 1816: 1789: 1778: 1777: 1760:(6): 1153–1159. 1749: 1743: 1742: 1725:(5): 1147–1154. 1714: 1705: 1704: 1694: 1667: 1661: 1656: 1650: 1649: 1647: 1645: 1634: 1628: 1627: 1625: 1623: 1612: 1606: 1605: 1603: 1601: 1590: 1584: 1583: 1573: 1541: 1516: 1511: 1505: 1500: 1494: 1493: 1457: 1448: 1447: 1435: 1426: 1425: 1423: 1421: 1405: 1396: 1395: 1393: 1391: 1376: 1355: 1354: 1352: 1350: 1339: 1333: 1332: 1330: 1328: 1317: 1311: 1310: 1308: 1306: 1288: 1282: 1281: 1279: 1277: 1262: 1256: 1255: 1253: 1251: 1242:. Archived from 1233: 1209: 1198: 1197: 1195: 1193: 1182: 1173: 1172: 1170: 1168: 1157: 1140: 1139: 1137: 1135: 1126:. Archived from 1119: 1110: 1109: 1074: 1049: 1048: 1038: 1014: 1001: 1000: 972: 963: 962: 952: 920: 914: 913: 893: 887: 886: 884: 882: 865: 859: 858: 850: 828: 827: 816: 815: 814: 804: 803: 802: 784:Vaccine shedding 532:(ASDs), nor any 483:. Likewise, the 437:pseudoscientific 433:anti-vaccination 404:expert witnesses 387:Evidence of Harm 190:vaccine schedule 62:Anti-vaccination 21: 6270: 6269: 6265: 6264: 6263: 6261: 6260: 6259: 6240: 6239: 6238: 6233: 6157: 6111: 6088: 6077: 6064: 6053: 6030: 6019: 5991: 5980: 5902: 5888: 5859:Jeanette Wilson 5842: 5798:Frank DeStefano 5771: 5718: 5689: 5644:Deadly Immunity 5631: 5595: 5533: 5520: 5505: 5495: 5479:(113 suspected) 5429: 5398: 5385:, 7,018 deaths) 5367: 5362: 5329: 5318: 5295: 5281: 5233: 5230: 5200: 5195: 5186:Autism-friendly 5174: 5148: 5122: 5091: 5046: 4990: 4956:Noonan syndrome 4916:CHARGE syndrome 4887: 4822: 4788:Savant syndrome 4725: 4719: 4676: 4657:Pathophysiology 4610: 4605: 4575: 4570: 4569: 4554:Clinical trials 4533: 4502: 4441: 4417:Stanley Plotkin 4379: 4369: 4281:Cancer vaccines 4264: 4258:Schistosomiasis 4236: 4230:Trypanosomiasis 4203: 4167:Cytomegalovirus 4077:Pfizer–BioNTech 3872: 3696: 3645:Vaccine wastage 3615: 3543: 3495: 3465: 3433: 3423: 3421: 3419:Washington Post 3412: 3411: 3407: 3363: 3362: 3358: 3348: 3346: 3340: 3339: 3335: 3325: 3323: 3314: 3313: 3309: 3299: 3297: 3288: 3287: 3283: 3239: 3238: 3231: 3194:Nature Medicine 3187: 3186: 3182: 3172: 3170: 3169:on 10 June 2007 3166: 3159: 3151: 3150: 3146: 3133:(ACS-6): 1–13. 3120: 3119: 3115: 3069: 3061: 3059: 3024: 3023: 3019: 3011: 2970: 2965: 2964: 2960: 2950: 2948: 2939:(18 May 2004). 2935: 2934: 2930: 2920: 2918: 2909:(18 May 2004). 2905: 2904: 2900: 2885: 2863: 2862: 2858: 2814: 2813: 2809: 2779: 2778: 2774: 2743: 2742: 2738: 2700: 2699: 2695: 2657: 2656: 2652: 2613: 2612: 2608: 2577: 2576: 2572: 2542: 2541: 2537: 2499: 2498: 2494: 2484: 2482: 2473: 2472: 2468: 2455: 2453: 2442: 2441: 2437: 2423: 2421: 2410: 2409: 2405: 2395: 2393: 2389: 2382: 2374: 2373: 2369: 2331: 2330: 2326: 2316: 2314: 2291: 2290: 2286: 2253:(5): e1000114. 2240: 2239: 2224: 2194: 2193: 2189: 2168:(Erratum: 2167: 2122: 2121: 2112: 2102: 2100: 2091: 2090: 2086: 2045: 2044: 2033: 1992: 1991: 1987: 1982:on 8 July 2008. 1939: 1938: 1931: 1887: 1886: 1882: 1872: 1870: 1861: 1860: 1856: 1846: 1844: 1835: 1834: 1830: 1791: 1790: 1781: 1751: 1750: 1746: 1716: 1715: 1708: 1669: 1668: 1664: 1657: 1653: 1643: 1641: 1636: 1635: 1631: 1621: 1619: 1614: 1613: 1609: 1599: 1597: 1592: 1591: 1587: 1543: 1542: 1519: 1512: 1508: 1501: 1497: 1459: 1458: 1451: 1437: 1436: 1429: 1419: 1417: 1407: 1406: 1399: 1389: 1387: 1378: 1377: 1358: 1348: 1346: 1341: 1340: 1336: 1326: 1324: 1319: 1318: 1314: 1304: 1302: 1290: 1289: 1285: 1275: 1273: 1264: 1263: 1259: 1249: 1247: 1246:on 27 June 2019 1211: 1210: 1201: 1191: 1189: 1184: 1183: 1176: 1166: 1164: 1159: 1158: 1143: 1133: 1131: 1121: 1120: 1113: 1098: 1076: 1075: 1052: 1016: 1015: 1004: 974: 973: 966: 922: 921: 917: 910: 895: 894: 890: 880: 878: 867: 866: 862: 852: 851: 847: 843: 822: 812: 810: 800: 798: 780: 763: 757: 751: 690: 585: 575:taken from the 518: 489:histopathologic 473: 468: 337: 265: 227:(NIH), CDC and 146: 134:cause of autism 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6268: 6266: 6258: 6257: 6252: 6242: 6241: 6235: 6234: 6232: 6231: 6226: 6221: 6216: 6211: 6206: 6201: 6196: 6191: 6186: 6184:Marker vaccine 6181: 6176: 6171: 6165: 6163: 6159: 6158: 6156: 6155: 6150: 6145: 6140: 6135: 6129: 6127: 6117: 6116: 6113: 6112: 6110: 6109: 6104: 6099: 6093: 6090: 6089: 6086: 6079: 6078: 6076: 6075: 6069: 6066: 6065: 6062: 6055: 6054: 6052: 6051: 6046: 6041: 6035: 6032: 6031: 6028: 6021: 6020: 6018: 6017: 6012: 6007: 6002: 5996: 5993: 5992: 5990:United Kingdom 5989: 5982: 5981: 5979: 5978: 5973: 5968: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5948: 5943: 5938: 5933: 5928: 5923: 5918: 5913: 5911:Learn The Risk 5907: 5904: 5903: 5900: 5894: 5890: 5889: 5887: 5886: 5881: 5879:Jenny McCarthy 5876: 5871: 5869:Joseph Mercola 5866: 5861: 5856: 5850: 5848: 5844: 5843: 5841: 5840: 5835: 5830: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5790: 5785: 5779: 5777: 5773: 5772: 5770: 5769: 5764: 5759: 5754: 5749: 5744: 5743: 5742: 5737: 5726: 5724: 5720: 5719: 5717: 5716: 5708: 5703: 5697: 5695: 5691: 5690: 5688: 5687: 5680: 5673: 5668: 5661: 5654: 5647: 5639: 5637: 5633: 5632: 5630: 5629: 5624: 5619: 5614: 5609: 5603: 5601: 5597: 5596: 5594: 5593: 5588: 5583: 5578: 5573: 5568: 5563: 5558: 5553: 5545: 5543: 5539: 5538: 5535: 5534: 5532: 5531: 5525: 5522: 5521: 5518: 5511: 5510: 5507: 5506: 5500: 5497: 5496: 5494: 5493: 5481: 5468: 5458: 5448: 5437: 5435: 5431: 5430: 5428: 5427: 5417: 5406: 5404: 5400: 5399: 5397: 5396: 5386: 5375: 5373: 5369: 5368: 5363: 5361: 5360: 5353: 5346: 5338: 5331: 5330: 5327: 5320: 5319: 5317: 5316: 5311: 5306: 5300: 5297: 5296: 5293: 5287: 5283: 5282: 5280: 5279: 5274: 5269: 5264: 5259: 5254: 5249: 5243: 5241: 5235: 5234: 5232:Vaccine safety 5231: 5229: 5228: 5221: 5214: 5206: 5197: 5196: 5194: 5193: 5188: 5182: 5180: 5179:Accommodations 5176: 5175: 5173: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5156: 5154: 5150: 5149: 5147: 5146: 5141: 5136: 5130: 5128: 5124: 5123: 5121: 5120: 5115: 5110: 5105: 5099: 5097: 5093: 5092: 5090: 5089: 5088: 5087: 5077: 5072: 5067: 5062: 5056: 5054: 5048: 5047: 5045: 5044: 5039: 5037:TEACCH program 5034: 5032:Neurodiversity 5029: 5024: 5019: 5014: 5012:Discrimination 5009: 5004: 4998: 4996: 4995:Related issues 4992: 4991: 4989: 4988: 4983: 4978: 4973: 4968: 4963: 4958: 4953: 4948: 4943: 4938: 4933: 4928: 4923: 4921:Cohen syndrome 4918: 4913: 4908: 4903: 4897: 4895: 4889: 4888: 4886: 4885: 4880: 4875: 4870: 4865: 4860: 4855: 4854: 4853: 4843: 4838: 4832: 4830: 4824: 4823: 4821: 4820: 4815: 4810: 4805: 4800: 4795: 4790: 4785: 4780: 4775: 4770: 4765: 4760: 4755: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4735: 4729: 4727: 4721: 4720: 4718: 4717: 4712: 4711: 4710: 4705: 4700: 4695: 4693:Classic autism 4684: 4682: 4678: 4677: 4675: 4674: 4669: 4664: 4662:Sex and gender 4659: 4654: 4649: 4644: 4639: 4634: 4629: 4624: 4618: 4616: 4612: 4611: 4606: 4604: 4603: 4596: 4589: 4581: 4572: 4571: 4568: 4567: 4566: 4565: 4562: 4551: 4545: 4539: 4538: 4535: 4534: 4532: 4531: 4526: 4521: 4516: 4510: 4508: 4504: 4503: 4501: 4500: 4495: 4488: 4483: 4478: 4473: 4468: 4455: 4449: 4447: 4443: 4442: 4440: 4439: 4434: 4432:Katalin Karikó 4429: 4424: 4419: 4414: 4409: 4404: 4399: 4394: 4389: 4383: 4381: 4375: 4374: 4371: 4370: 4368: 4367: 4366: 4365: 4360: 4355: 4350: 4342: 4337: 4332: 4327: 4322: 4321: 4320: 4315: 4314: 4313: 4308: 4298: 4293: 4288: 4278: 4272: 4270: 4266: 4265: 4263: 4262: 4261: 4260: 4255: 4246: 4244: 4238: 4237: 4235: 4234: 4233: 4232: 4224: 4223: 4222: 4211: 4209: 4205: 4204: 4202: 4201: 4200: 4199: 4194: 4189: 4187:Herpes simplex 4184: 4179: 4174: 4169: 4161: 4160: 4159: 4154: 4149: 4141: 4136: 4135: 4134: 4129: 4121: 4116: 4111: 4106: 4105: 4104: 4099: 4094: 4089: 4087:Sinopharm BIBP 4084: 4079: 4074: 4069: 4064: 4059: 4054: 4049: 4044: 4039: 4037:Bharat Biotech 4034: 4024: 4019: 4014: 4009: 4008: 4007: 4002: 3992: 3987: 3982: 3977: 3972: 3971: 3970: 3965: 3955: 3950: 3945: 3940: 3935: 3934: 3933: 3928: 3923: 3918: 3903: 3902: 3901: 3891: 3886: 3880: 3878: 3874: 3873: 3871: 3870: 3869: 3868: 3863: 3858: 3850: 3849: 3848: 3843: 3835: 3830: 3829: 3828: 3823: 3813: 3812: 3811: 3801: 3796: 3791: 3790: 3789: 3784: 3774: 3769: 3764: 3763: 3762: 3757: 3747: 3742: 3737: 3732: 3727: 3722: 3717: 3711: 3709: 3702: 3698: 3697: 3695: 3694: 3693: 3692: 3687: 3682: 3677: 3672: 3664: 3663: 3662: 3660:Vaccine injury 3657: 3652: 3647: 3642: 3637: 3632: 3623: 3621: 3620:Administration 3617: 3616: 3614: 3613: 3608: 3603: 3594: 3577: 3576: 3575: 3570: 3562: 3557: 3551: 3549: 3545: 3544: 3542: 3541: 3536: 3531: 3526: 3521: 3520: 3519: 3509: 3503: 3501: 3497: 3496: 3466: 3464: 3463: 3456: 3449: 3441: 3432: 3431: 3405: 3356: 3333: 3307: 3281: 3229: 3180: 3144: 3113: 3017: 2981:(4): 170–171. 2958: 2947:on 8 July 2007 2928: 2898: 2883: 2875:10.17226/10208 2856: 2827:(3): 443–444. 2807: 2772: 2736: 2693: 2666:(3): 577–583. 2650: 2623:(3): 584–591. 2606: 2570: 2535: 2492: 2466: 2435: 2403: 2392:on 28 May 2010 2367: 2324: 2284: 2222: 2203:(4): 462–471. 2187: 2138:10.1.1.327.363 2131:(3): 793–804. 2110: 2084: 2057:(6): 756–759. 2031: 1985: 1929: 1880: 1854: 1828: 1779: 1744: 1706: 1662: 1651: 1629: 1607: 1585: 1556:(2): 244–253. 1517: 1506: 1495: 1449: 1427: 1397: 1385:New York Times 1356: 1334: 1312: 1283: 1257: 1199: 1174: 1141: 1111: 1096: 1088:10.17226/10997 1050: 1029:(4): 341–346. 1002: 983:(3): 674–679. 964: 935:(2): 244–253. 915: 908: 888: 860: 844: 842: 839: 838: 837: 832: 820: 808: 796: 791: 786: 779: 776: 750: 747: 689: 686: 584: 581: 517: 514: 472: 469: 467: 464: 442:Jenny McCarthy 336: 333: 264: 261: 177:immunoglobulin 170:methyl mercury 145: 142: 100:(FDA) and the 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6267: 6256: 6253: 6251: 6248: 6247: 6245: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6219:CEASE therapy 6217: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6182: 6180: 6177: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6166: 6164: 6160: 6154: 6151: 6149: 6146: 6144: 6141: 6139: 6136: 6134: 6131: 6130: 6128: 6126: 6122: 6118: 6108: 6105: 6103: 6100: 6098: 6095: 6094: 6091: 6084: 6074: 6071: 6070: 6067: 6060: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6036: 6033: 6026: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5997: 5994: 5987: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5908: 5905: 5898: 5895: 5891: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5870: 5867: 5865: 5862: 5860: 5857: 5855: 5852: 5851: 5849: 5845: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5808:Jeffrey Brent 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5793:Riko Muranaka 5791: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5780: 5778: 5774: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5732: 5731: 5728: 5727: 5725: 5723:Organizations 5721: 5715: 5713: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5698: 5696: 5694:Controversies 5692: 5686: 5685: 5681: 5679: 5678: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5666: 5662: 5660: 5659: 5655: 5653: 5652: 5648: 5645: 5641: 5640: 5638: 5634: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5617:Vaccine trial 5615: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5604: 5602: 5598: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5584: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5551: 5547: 5546: 5544: 5540: 5530: 5527: 5526: 5523: 5516: 5504: 5498: 5491: 5487: 5486: 5482: 5480: 5477:, 15 deaths) 5476: 5472: 5469: 5466: 5462: 5459: 5456: 5452: 5449: 5446: 5442: 5439: 5438: 5436: 5432: 5425: 5421: 5418: 5415: 5411: 5408: 5407: 5405: 5401: 5395:, 415 deaths) 5394: 5390: 5387: 5384: 5380: 5377: 5376: 5374: 5370: 5366: 5359: 5354: 5352: 5347: 5345: 5340: 5339: 5336: 5332: 5325: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5307: 5305: 5302: 5301: 5298: 5291: 5288: 5284: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5250: 5248: 5245: 5244: 5242: 5240: 5236: 5227: 5222: 5220: 5215: 5213: 5208: 5207: 5204: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5183: 5181: 5177: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5157: 5155: 5151: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5131: 5129: 5125: 5119: 5116: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5106: 5104: 5101: 5100: 5098: 5094: 5086: 5083: 5082: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5073: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5063: 5061: 5058: 5057: 5055: 5053: 5052:Controversies 5049: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5030: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5015: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4999: 4997: 4993: 4987: 4984: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4969: 4967: 4966:Rett syndrome 4964: 4962: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4952: 4949: 4947: 4944: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4934: 4932: 4931:Down syndrome 4929: 4927: 4924: 4922: 4919: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4904: 4902: 4899: 4898: 4896: 4894: 4890: 4884: 4881: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4852: 4849: 4848: 4847: 4844: 4842: 4839: 4837: 4834: 4833: 4831: 4829: 4825: 4819: 4816: 4814: 4811: 4809: 4806: 4804: 4801: 4799: 4796: 4794: 4791: 4789: 4786: 4784: 4781: 4779: 4776: 4774: 4771: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4730: 4728: 4726:and phenomena 4722: 4716: 4713: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4691: 4690: 4689: 4686: 4685: 4683: 4679: 4673: 4670: 4668: 4665: 4663: 4660: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4650: 4648: 4645: 4643: 4640: 4638: 4635: 4633: 4630: 4628: 4625: 4623: 4620: 4619: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4602: 4597: 4595: 4590: 4588: 4583: 4582: 4579: 4563: 4561: 4558: 4557: 4555: 4552: 4549: 4546: 4544: 4541: 4540: 4536: 4530: 4527: 4525: 4522: 4520: 4517: 4515: 4512: 4511: 4509: 4505: 4499: 4496: 4494: 4493: 4489: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4479: 4477: 4474: 4472: 4469: 4466: 4464: 4459: 4456: 4454: 4451: 4450: 4448: 4444: 4438: 4437:Drew Weissman 4435: 4433: 4430: 4428: 4425: 4423: 4422:H. Fred Clark 4420: 4418: 4415: 4413: 4410: 4408: 4405: 4403: 4400: 4398: 4395: 4393: 4392:Louis Pasteur 4390: 4388: 4387:Edward Jenner 4385: 4384: 4382: 4376: 4364: 4361: 4359: 4358:DTwP-HepB-Hib 4356: 4354: 4353:DTaP-IPV-HepB 4351: 4349: 4346: 4345: 4344:combination: 4343: 4341: 4338: 4336: 4333: 4331: 4328: 4326: 4323: 4319: 4316: 4312: 4309: 4307: 4304: 4303: 4302: 4299: 4297: 4294: 4292: 4289: 4287: 4284: 4283: 4282: 4279: 4277: 4274: 4273: 4271: 4267: 4259: 4256: 4254: 4251: 4250: 4248: 4247: 4245: 4243: 4242:Helminthiasis 4239: 4231: 4228: 4227: 4225: 4221: 4218: 4217: 4216: 4213: 4212: 4210: 4206: 4198: 4195: 4193: 4190: 4188: 4185: 4183: 4180: 4178: 4175: 4173: 4170: 4168: 4165: 4164: 4162: 4158: 4155: 4153: 4150: 4148: 4145: 4144: 4143:combination: 4142: 4140: 4137: 4133: 4130: 4128: 4125: 4124: 4122: 4120: 4117: 4115: 4112: 4110: 4107: 4103: 4100: 4098: 4095: 4093: 4090: 4088: 4085: 4083: 4080: 4078: 4075: 4073: 4070: 4068: 4065: 4063: 4060: 4058: 4055: 4053: 4050: 4048: 4045: 4043: 4040: 4038: 4035: 4033: 4030: 4029: 4028: 4025: 4023: 4020: 4018: 4015: 4013: 4010: 4006: 4003: 4001: 3998: 3997: 3996: 3993: 3991: 3988: 3986: 3983: 3981: 3978: 3976: 3973: 3969: 3966: 3964: 3961: 3960: 3959: 3956: 3954: 3951: 3949: 3946: 3944: 3941: 3939: 3936: 3932: 3929: 3927: 3924: 3922: 3919: 3916: 3912: 3909: 3908: 3907: 3904: 3900: 3897: 3896: 3895: 3892: 3890: 3887: 3885: 3882: 3881: 3879: 3875: 3867: 3864: 3862: 3859: 3857: 3854: 3853: 3851: 3847: 3844: 3842: 3841:DPT/DTwP/DTaP 3839: 3838: 3837:combination: 3836: 3834: 3831: 3827: 3824: 3822: 3819: 3818: 3817: 3814: 3810: 3807: 3806: 3805: 3802: 3800: 3797: 3795: 3792: 3788: 3785: 3783: 3780: 3779: 3778: 3775: 3773: 3770: 3768: 3765: 3761: 3758: 3756: 3753: 3752: 3751: 3750:Meningococcus 3748: 3746: 3743: 3741: 3740:Leptospirosis 3738: 3736: 3733: 3731: 3728: 3726: 3723: 3721: 3718: 3716: 3713: 3712: 3710: 3706: 3703: 3699: 3691: 3688: 3686: 3683: 3681: 3678: 3676: 3675:Vaccine court 3673: 3671: 3668: 3667: 3665: 3661: 3658: 3656: 3653: 3651: 3648: 3646: 3643: 3641: 3638: 3636: 3633: 3631: 3630:GAVI Alliance 3628: 3627: 3625: 3624: 3622: 3618: 3612: 3609: 3607: 3604: 3602: 3598: 3595: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3578: 3574: 3571: 3569: 3566: 3565: 3563: 3561: 3558: 3556: 3553: 3552: 3550: 3546: 3540: 3537: 3535: 3532: 3530: 3527: 3525: 3522: 3518: 3515: 3514: 3513: 3510: 3508: 3505: 3504: 3502: 3498: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3469: 3462: 3457: 3455: 3450: 3448: 3443: 3442: 3439: 3435: 3420: 3416: 3409: 3406: 3401: 3397: 3392: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3360: 3357: 3344: 3337: 3334: 3321: 3317: 3311: 3308: 3296: 3292: 3285: 3282: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3260: 3255: 3252:(5887): 326. 3251: 3247: 3243: 3236: 3234: 3230: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3208: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3184: 3181: 3165: 3158: 3154: 3148: 3145: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3117: 3114: 3108: 3104: 3099: 3094: 3089: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3044: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3021: 3018: 3010: 3006: 3002: 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