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38:
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104:
62:
766:. The bird loss was especially high to these now well-emplaced predator species. The effort was abandoned in 1993, and the last of the introduced parrots was seen in 1995. The major components of the effort, such as keeping birds in a roughly 2-meter cube cage before release, and artificially implanting feathers onto birds who did not fly on their own, likely affected the bird's ability to survive. The
1526:
672:
and pine buds. They are adept fliers, and historical accounts describe the birds sleeping in one mountain range, and crossing vast distances to feed in another mountain range each day. They deal with deep snow by hanging upside-down and climbing on the bare underside of a snow-covered branch in order
814:
has been found in
Colorado, showing either trade in feathers or very northern excursions of this species. Considering there is no evidence of live trade of these birds, but ritual burials of parrots in the Southwest utilized live birds, the presence of thick-billed parrot burials at Chaco Canyon in
713:
survey suggested that there may be 2,000β2,800 mature individuals and only 100 active nests in the entire population, but notes that this may be an overestimate; the distribution of this species is only 600 square kilometres (230 sq mi). In June 2013, the population was estimated as 2,097
509:
The voice of the thick-billed parrot resembles a high-pitched macaw and includes a variety of harsh, rolling calls described as similar to human laughter. Although readily becoming hand-tame, the species is nervous and difficult to breed in captivity, with very low reproduction rates. Captive birds
485:
with a large black bill and red forecrown, shoulder and thighs. Adult eyes are amber, while juveniles have brown eyes. The rest of the bird is bright green. Thick-billed parrots show red shoulders and leading edge on the underwing, followed by a blackish green stripe, then a yellow stripe, followed
822:
site in
Southwestern New Mexico. This site has images of the three species most commonly found in religious use in the American Southwest, the scarlet macaw, military macaw, and thick-billed parrot. The lack of a bare facial patch, as is seen in macaw images at the site, is widely considered
774:
In
October 2020, it was announced that, working with Mexican officials, researchers in Arizona planned to reintroduce the thick-billed parrot to the state. A representative with the Arizona Game and Fish department stated that the birds' preferred habitat is "high elevation forests like the
513:
Like other parrots, they manipulate their food by holding it with one foot. Highly social, they may feed each other food stored in their crop (a pouch in the throat), and spend their free time preening each other. Groups of over 1,000 birds in one place are known from historical records.
510:
are fair voice mimics and can learn a few phrases and words. However, their piercing calls and comparatively duller coloration has prevented them from becoming popular pet trade birds, and currently there is little demand for them as illegally wild-caught or captive bred birds.
577:. Accounts in both Arizona and New Mexico indicate birds visiting regularly, as well as over-wintering in Arizona. However, these accounts co-occurred with heavy shooting, logging, and development that extirpated the thick-billed parrot from its US range. The disruption of
681:
Principal threats to the thick-billed parrot are illegal pet trade, habitat loss principally due to logging, climate change (hotter temperatures that raise the snow line and increasing fire threats), and predators especially hawks and owls. The species is listed as
770:
thick-billed parrot breeding studbook offers a critical review of the project's failures. More modern approaches in captive release do not use adult animals that live in cages for long periods before release, as was the case in the 1980s re-introduction project.
486:
by the remaining underwing showing dark green. The tail is black. It is 38 cm (15 in) long and weighs 315β370 g (11.1β13.1 oz). Thick-billed parrots have lived up to 33 years in captivity. It is similar in appearance to the
953:
Urantowka, A.D.; StrzaΕa, T.; Grabowski, K.A. (2014). "Complete mitochondrial genome of endangered Maroon-fronted Parrot (Rhynchopsitta terrisi) - conspecific relation of the species with Thick-billed Parrot (Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha)".
640:, the world's largest woodpecker, also found in Mexico. Its decline and eventual extinction may have been a factor in the reduction of the parrot's range. In parts of its existing range, dead or living
585:) that utilized Native American irrigation and farm land, and it is possible that the thick-billed parrot also suffered from this effect of European colonization. Following the extinction of the
1356:
1014:"Phylogenetic relationships and historical biogeography of neotropical parrots (Psittaciformes: Psittacidae: Arini) inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences"
1935:
384:, new ser., 1, no. 6, p. 439 (1827). Swainson evidently thought that because of its size and heavy beak, that it was a macaw (at that time, any parrot of the genus
310:, the thick-billed parrot's decline has been central to multiple controversies over wildlife management. In 2018, the estimated wild population in Mexico was 1,700.
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668:, breeding at the peak of pine seed production. The species is nomadic, following the variations of cone abundance. To a much lesser extent, they also feed upon
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was placed in a large clade including all of tribe Arini and a few other genera; its closest relatives were similar in size to the parakeets in
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578:
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Bones of thick-billed parrots used in religious burials, as well as painted sacred and decorative imagery, have been found in prehistoric
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towns in the
American Southwest. These sites are a large distance north of the current thick-billed parrot Mexican range. Sites include
687:
853:
1424:
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C. Tiberio; et al. (2006). "Gregarious nesting behaviour of thick-billed parrots (Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha) in aspen stands".
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with the proviso that the number may be an underestimate. However, it is only somewhat established in captive breeding programs in
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1940:
1925:
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in the 1980s, but this effort turned out to be unsuccessful. The re-introduction into the mountains of southeastern
Arizona (the
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1950:
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695:
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northern New Mexico makes the possibility of northern populations or northern excursions by thick-billed parrots plausible.
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holes. In the past it is believed to have relied extensively on abandoned nesting holes made by the now-probably-extinct
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Compilation image of an original photograph and recreation based upon that photograph from Kiva #7 at
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The last reliable reports of the birds in the southwestern United States were in 1935 and 1938 in the
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Mimbres-Mesoamerican interaction: Macaws and parrots in the
Mimbres Valley, southwestern New Mexico
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meaning that commercial international trade is prohibited. It is also listed as endangered by the
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are the dominant tree selected for nesting. It mainly feeds on seeds from various pine species.
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of macaw-like thick-billed parrots of which there are two extant species (the other being the
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captive conservation project is less feasible than in popularly bred parrots, such as the
884:
1192:
Emslie, Steven D. (1981). "Birds and prehistoric agriculture: The New
Mexican pueblos".
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Snyder, N. F.; Enkerlin-Hoeflich, E. C.; Cruz-Nieto, M. A. (2020). Poole, A. (ed.).
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The thick-billed parrot, like most parrots, nests in tree cavities, especially old
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432:
1110:
Brouwer; et al. (2000). "Longevity records for
Psittaciformes in captivity".
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is the subject of ongoing discussion; it is sometimes referred to as thick-billed
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1654:
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331:), and one extinct species. However, recent molecular DNA studies indicate that
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calls this bird "a highly modified macaw". In a recent molecular study, genus
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601:) is currently the only extant native parrot species in the United States.
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This article is about the species of parrot. For the genus of parrots, see
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forests at elevation of 1200β3600 meters. It is largely restricted to the
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genera of the clade. In a separate molecular analysis in the same study,
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in northwestern New Mexico. A thick-billed parrot feather utilized in a
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ways of life greatly decreased the range of some bird species (like the
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306:("mountain parrot"). Classified internationally as Endangered through
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1357:"Game and Fish working to reintroduce parrots once native to Arizona"
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Note that these are not the phylogenetically closest relatives - see
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is one of numerous genera of New World long-tailed parrots in tribe
1680:
997:
Sick, Helmut (1990). "Notes on the
Taxonomy of Brazilian Parrots".
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are also taken. The species is strongly dependent on the supply of
370:
The bird was first described by
English naturalist and illustrator
1851:
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The most well known of the thick-billed parrot images is from the
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1383:"Bird bones from abandoned indian dwellings in Arizona and Utah"
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762:, etc., high numbers of predator species exist, especially the
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535:
531:
1342:"Thick-billed parrot (Rynchopsitta pachyryncha): Studbook"
1426:
Scarlet Macaw productiona and trade at Paquime, Chihuahua
1160:"Google map of locations related to thick billed parrots"
481:
The thick-billed parrot is a medium-sized, bright green
465:"Thick-billed parrot" has been designated the official
553:
Its former range included the United States including
1514:
1549:
1319:
NatureServe Explorer An online encyclopedia of life
648:appears to be a preferred species but the seeds of
1228:
1179:"Thick-Billed Parrot Draft Recovery Plan Addendum"
908:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T22685766A110475642.en
831:In 2023 the thick-billed parrot was featured on a
321:is currently classified as a species of the genus
823:diagnostic for the identity of the painted bird.
758:. Due to extensive human development, residency,
355:and a few miscellaneous genera make up subfamily
1241:. Ithaca, New York: Cornell Lab of Ornithology.
458:was placed in a clade in which it was sister to
852:. The stamp was dedicated at a ceremony at the
1461:"Postal Service Spotlights Endangered Species"
620:Juvenile (pale bill) and adult (dark bill) at
561:. Early accounts also place them in far west
16:Species of parrot formerly native to the U.S.
8:
1340:Susan Y. Healy & Sacramento Zoo (2003).
1083:
1081:
1079:
593:) and the extirpation of this species, the
522:The thick-billed parrot lives in temperate
1537:
1089:"Birdlife International species factsheet"
224:
60:
36:
27:
1029:
906:
422:Morphologically, Brazilian ornithologist
419:("beak"), hence a "thick-beaked parrot".
1936:Birds of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt
392:). It was later placed in its own genus
282:to Mexico that formerly ranged into the
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1173:
1171:
1169:
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718:in the United States and Europe, so an
573:in 1827), and possibly as far north as
1154:
1152:
1150:
1064:. International Ornithologists' Union
754:region) was dramatically affected by
359:of Neotropical parrots in the family
7:
1931:Birds of the Sierra Madre Occidental
1138:"The illegal parrot trade in Mexico"
1946:Taxa named by William John Swainson
1449:(MS.c.). Oklahoma State University.
894:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
688:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
471:International Ornithologists' Union
235:orange:breeding, blue:non-breeding
45:Thick-billed parrots in a U.S. zoo
1440:Wyckoff, Kristina Celeste (2009).
1429:(MS.c.). Arizona State University.
1124:10.1111/j.1748-1090.2000.tb00735.x
854:National Grasslands Visitor Center
779:Relationship with Native Americans
400:in 1854. The name is derived from
298:. In Mexico, it is locally called
14:
1277:The Wilson Journal of Ornithology
1239:The Birds of North America Online
1012:Tavares, et.el., E. (June 2006).
1916:IUCN Red List endangered species
1524:
1505:for Mexico and the United States
842:set, based on a photograph from
233:Range map of thick-billed parrot
102:
1344:. San Diego Zoo Global Library.
1181:. US Fish and Wildlife Service.
1056:; Donsker, David, eds. (2021).
883:BirdLife International (2017).
1162:. Bird Recovery International.
696:U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
257:Rhynchopsittacus pachyrhynchus
1:
1423:Rizo, Michael Joseph (1998).
1355:Prange, Rick (Oct 12, 2020).
803:near Flagstaff, Arizona, and
702:considers the species to be "
503:
1465:United States Postal Service
1381:Hargrave, Lyndon L. (1939).
1062:World Bird List Version 11.2
968:10.3109/19401736.2013.809440
833:United States Postal Service
396:by French naturalist Prince
343:are conspecific subspecies.
746:Birds were reintroduced in
1967:
1893:Rhynchopsitta-pachyrhyncha
1619:rhynchopsitta-pachyrhyncha
1606:Rhynchopsitta_pachyrhyncha
1581:Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha
1551:Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha
1511:- Internet Bird Collection
1313:Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha
1232:Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha
1112:International Zoo Yearbook
887:Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha
565:(with famed ornithologist
284:southwestern United States
272:Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha
208:Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha
18:
1509:Videos, photos and sounds
1031:10.1080/10635150600697390
901:: e.T22685766A110475642.
376:Macrocercus pachyrhynchus
286:. Its position in parrot
249:Macrocercus pachyrhynchus
246:
239:
232:
223:
204:
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99:Scientific classification
97:
80:
58:
49:
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35:
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1143:. Defenders of Wildlife.
1091:. Birdlife International
690:and is on Appendix I of
677:Conservation and threats
518:Distribution and habitat
1941:Birds described in 1827
1926:Endemic birds of Mexico
730:Arizona re-introduction
638:Campephilus imperialis)
591:Conuropsis carolinensis
540:Sierra Madre Occidental
335:and its sister species
1951:ESA endangered species
1230:"Thick-billed Parrot (
792:
743:
711:BirdLife International
625:
599:Psittacara holochlorus
462:but not other genera.
381:Philosophical Magazine
1247:10.2173/bow.thbpar.01
786:
737:
619:
372:William John Swainson
329:maroon-fronted parrot
253:Sittace pachyrhynchus
1058:"Parrots, cockatoos"
930:"Appendices | CITES"
704:Critically Imperiled
606:Chiricahua Mountains
496:lilac-crowned amazon
275:) is a medium-sized
190:R. pachyrhyncha
31:Thick-billed parrot
1727:thick-billed-parrot
752:Madrean sky islands
634:imperial woodpecker
267:thick-billed parrot
52:Conservation status
1321:. 7.1. NatureServe
1206:10.1007/bf00890740
1018:Systematic Biology
858:Wall, South Dakota
840:Endangered Species
827:In popular culture
793:
744:
646:Mexican white pine
626:
567:John James Audubon
374:who designated it
1903:
1902:
1839:Open Tree of Life
1543:Taxon identifiers
956:Mitochondrial DNA
673:to access cones.
612:Behavior and diet
587:Carolina parakeet
569:sighting them in
500:Amazona finschi).
398:Charles Bonaparte
353:amazonian parrots
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1467:. April 19, 2023
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1396:(5): 206β210.
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801:Wupatki Pueblo
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775:Chiricahuas."
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658:Chihuahua pine
642:quaking aspens
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595:green parakeet
530:, mature pine-
519:
516:
492:Ara militaris)
488:military macaw
478:
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415:("thick") and
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10:
9:
6:
4:
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2:
1963:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1921:Rhynchopsitta
1919:
1917:
1914:
1913:
1911:
1894:
1889:
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1881:
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1049:
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1032:
1027:
1024:(3): 454β70.
1023:
1019:
1015:
1008:
1005:
1001:(1): 111β112.
1000:
993:
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985:
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977:
973:
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965:
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836:Forever stamp
834:
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820:Pottery Mound
816:
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789:Pottery Mound
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769:
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740:Edinburgh Zoo
736:
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724:scarlet macaw
721:
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666:conifer cones
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463:
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456:Rhynchopsitta
453:
452:
447:
446:
441:
440:
435:
434:
429:
428:Rhynchopsitta
425:
420:
418:
414:
410:
407:("beak") and
406:
403:
402:Ancient Greek
399:
395:
394:Rhynchopsitta
391:
387:
383:
382:
377:
373:
368:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
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345:Rhynchopsitta
342:
341:Rhynchopsitta
338:
334:
330:
326:
325:
324:Rhynchopsitta
320:
313:
311:
309:
305:
302:("macaw") or
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
278:
274:
273:
268:
259:
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199:Binomial name
196:
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186:
183:
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179:
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177:Rhynchopsitta
174:
171:
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96:
90:
84:
79:
73:
68:
57:
53:
48:
43:
39:
34:
29:
26:
22:
21:Rhynchopsitta
1550:
1492:(in Spanish)
1469:. Retrieved
1464:
1455:
1442:
1435:
1425:
1418:
1393:
1389:
1376:
1364:. Retrieved
1360:
1350:
1335:
1323:. Retrieved
1318:
1312:
1305:
1280:
1276:
1270:
1258:. Retrieved
1238:
1231:
1222:
1197:
1193:
1187:
1132:
1115:
1111:
1105:
1093:. Retrieved
1068:22 September
1066:. Retrieved
1061:
1048:
1021:
1017:
1007:
998:
992:
959:
955:
948:
937:. Retrieved
933:
924:
912:. Retrieved
898:
892:
886:
848:
844:Joel Sartore
839:
830:
817:
809:medicine man
805:Chaco Canyon
794:
773:
745:
719:
708:
703:
680:
637:
627:
622:Twycross Zoo
608:of Arizona.
603:
598:
590:
552:
521:
512:
508:
499:
491:
480:
464:
459:
455:
449:
443:
437:
433:Enicognathus
431:
427:
421:
416:
412:
408:
404:
393:
389:
385:
379:
375:
369:
365:true parrots
344:
340:
336:
333:pachyrhyncha
332:
322:
319:Pachyrhyncha
318:
317:
303:
299:
271:
270:
266:
264:
256:
252:
248:
247:
207:
205:
189:
188:
176:
25:
1813:Neotropical
1787:NatureServe
1735:iNaturalist
1575:Wikispecies
1054:Gill, Frank
914:13 November
760:agriculture
700:NatureServe
662:yellow pine
654:Apache pine
650:Douglas fir
477:Description
467:common name
424:Helmut Sick
390:Macrocercus
361:Psittacidae
166:Psittacidae
1910:Categories
1888:Xeno-canto
1489:ITESM Site
1390:The Condor
1366:6 November
1361:12news.com
939:2022-01-14
864:References
742:, Scotland
684:endangered
630:woodpecker
583:boreal owl
559:New Mexico
550:, Mexico.
85:Appendix I
67:Endangered
1497:Fact file
1255:216343386
1214:154860879
999:Ararajuba
934:cites.org
849:Photo Ark
756:predation
738:Adult at
624:, England
544:Chihuahua
451:Deroptyus
409:psittakos
339:in genus
300:guacamaya
288:phylogeny
184:Species:
122:Kingdom:
116:Eukaryota
1852:Species+
1792:2.100639
1779:22685766
1753:10192882
1645:22685766
1640:BirdLife
1560:Wikidata
1499:- ARKive
1325:31 March
1297:85693361
1040:16861209
976:23841618
504:Taxonomy
460:Pyrrhura
445:Pionites
439:Pyrrhura
417:rhynchos
405:rhynchos
314:Taxonomy
241:Synonyms
216:Swainson
162:Family:
136:Chordata
132:Phylum:
126:Animalia
112:Domain:
72:IUCN 3.1
1880:2327929
1717:2480013
1627:Avibase
1566:Q555163
1471:May 11,
1410:1364349
984:7865866
764:goshawk
748:Arizona
720:ex situ
709:A 2004
686:on the
571:El Paso
555:Arizona
548:Durango
524:conifer
473:(IOC).
469:by the
386:Sittace
363:of the
337:terrisi
280:endemic
218:, 1827)
172:Genus:
152:Order:
142:Class:
87: (
70: (
1877:uBio:
1844:630227
1818:thbpar
1805:309841
1766:177411
1724:GNAB:
1699:EURING
1688:ECOS:
1681:thbpar
1655:thbpar
1614:ARKive
1594:thbipa
1517:Portal
1503:Stamps
1408:
1295:
1260:26 Jan
1253:
1212:
1038:
982:
974:
812:fetish
670:acorns
660:, and
483:parrot
448:, and
413:pachy-
357:Arinae
296:conure
277:parrot
1870:15825
1831:71564
1748:IRMNG
1740:19318
1676:eBird
1668:78VPS
1652:BOW:
1531:Birds
1447:(PDF)
1406:JSTOR
1386:(PDF)
1293:S2CID
1251:S2CID
1210:S2CID
1141:(PDF)
1095:9 Dec
980:S2CID
692:CITES
563:Texas
388:, or
349:Arini
292:macaw
89:CITES
83:CITES
1857:8708
1800:NCBI
1774:IUCN
1761:ITIS
1712:GBIF
1704:7090
1691:7260
1473:2023
1368:2020
1327:2022
1262:2017
1097:2013
1070:2021
1036:PMID
972:PMID
916:2021
899:2017
716:zoos
575:Utah
557:and
546:and
534:and
528:pine
308:IUCN
265:The
146:Aves
1865:TSA
1663:CoL
1601:ADW
1590:ABA
1398:doi
1285:doi
1281:118
1243:doi
1202:doi
1120:doi
1026:doi
964:doi
903:doi
856:in
846:'s
768:AZA
706:".
542:in
536:fir
532:oak
378:in
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1168:^
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970:.
960:25
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871:^
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23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
