1102:. When this was discovered, he himself was hanged for theft in 1725. Wild was a buckle-maker from Wolverhampton who decided to move to London. There he indebted and was imprisoned. While in prison, he developed acquaintances with officers and criminals. He then became Charles Hitchen's assistant and learned the business of arranging the return of stolen goods. Taking advantage of his master's suspension from the office of under-marshal, he advertised his own Lost Property Office and extended the business to a wider range of illegalities by starting to deal with serious offenders. To make the trade more lucrative he became a thief-maker, so that he could control almost all the criminal network and the business of stolen goods. His criminal activity included compounding, blackmailing thieves to extort money for not prosecuting, and sometimes prosecuting some of them to obtain the statutory reward and maintain credibility among the authorities.
873:
834:
thief-takers were useful for protection as well as arrangement of the return of stolen goods to the victim to obtain the advertised reward, which was a better bargain than dealing with receivers. This is one reason why thief-takers had a great knowledge of criminal networks. The dark side was that the supposed protectors had the information and power to blackmail felons to extort money, or to prosecute them for the reward, which they actually did to sustain their own credibility to the authority. For private citizens, thief-takers played a valuable role in managing to return the stolen goods for a fee, by negotiating or prosecuting the thief. This is why they were not perceived so negatively as informers were. But the news of misconduct provoked the rage of the public.
1148:, and a public house keeper. He was a brutal armed man who became thief-taker after escaping the gallows for betraying his fellow criminals. He used to work in a gang, and together they organised traps to falsely incriminate innocents in order to gain the statutory reward from their convictions. MacDaniel and his gang were finally discovered thanks to the evidence given by one of the gang and tried at the Old Bailey; they were sentenced to pay a fine, be exposed in the pillory, be imprisoned for seven years and prove themselves to be well behaving during the three years after their imprisonments. MacDaniel survived the pillory because he was rescued before being killed, but two members of the gang who were also pilloried died from serious injury-related wounds.
1040:
1119:
them to deliver the stolen property to him; in a second moment he tracked down the owner and tried to oblige the owner to pay a reward to have the stolen property back. Despite complaints about his belligerent methods, he managed to maintain his position because he alleged that he was able to reduce the increased wave of crime generated by the end of the War of the
Spanish Succession. Hitchen was only suspended for a short period of time, during which his assistant Jonathan Wild took advantage of his master's absence to go beyond the mediation practiced by Hitchen and expand to a wider range of more serious illegal activities. The competition between Hitchen and Wild generated a "
916:
1055:, in which he tries to restore the good image of thief-takers, showing how valuable they were for law enforcement and how dangerous for their life it was to secure criminals to the justice: the ill behaviour of a few did not have to erase the laudable services they performed for the community. Henry and his half-brother John also established a primitive form of organised police force: they hired thief-takers and former constables to go from their magistrate's office in Bow Street and investigate, catch criminals or recover stolen goods. At the beginning the payment was in rewards, but later these men also received a weekly
899:, but after half an hour he had to be rescued from the savage reaction of the public because his life was in danger. MacDaniel and his accomplices were so brutally attacked that the constables tried to rescue them before they were killed, but one of the gang was already dead because a stone crushed his head. The others were severely wounded, and two of them, including MacDaniel, died in prison for the absence of prompt medical treatment. Wild as well suffered the rage of the Londoners on his way to the place of execution: he was fiercely pelted with stones and repeatedly insulted by the mob, who rushed furiously to
402:
363:
38:
865:
644:
provoked a loss to their business. Furthermore, in some cases victims were not very willing to prosecute and be responsible for the death of their attackers: first, because death penalty was the only kind of punishment available for felonies, so it was felt to be too harsh sometimes; second, because the victim could undergo public humiliation for the immoral circumstances in which the theft took place. Therefore, they preferred to advertise the “loss” in the newspapers and
636:
523:
1036:
Wild, or the scandal generated by the criminal gang of MacDaniel, rewards continued to be paid to stimulate thief-taking, thus validating those figures involved in active policing. Thief-takers were essential to the authorities for an effective and efficient law enforcement. By force of the adverse circumstances, it was an arduous task for the public authority to detect, apprehend and prosecute felons all alone.
393:, were of the last manifestations of extreme violence in the streets of London: they caused a great deal of property damages, and their suppression resulted in the killing of many demonstrators by military forces. The Old Bailey courthouse was badly attacked, and its furniture damaged and burned. Such excess of violence became abhorrent to the public and marked the desire for less sanguinary punishments.
562:, which administrations had not and would have paid for. Skilled thief-takers gained considerable power and reputation among their legal and illegal acquaintances: they were able to move at the limits of legality by taking personal advantage of their insight into the criminal world as well as of the crucial role they fulfilled in active policing for the public institutions.
1067:. At the beginning the public was not very willing to this new organisation of law enforcement because the ill practices of thief-takers were not forgotten yet, and it meant also moving a step closer to the establishment of a professional form of policing as in France. The English feared a change in the direction of the French law enforcement system, because the
478:
653:
compounding a felony, thieves realised that it was less risky and of bigger profit to return what they took unlawfully. This kind of trade was highly implemented by the development of the press: newspapers gave the possibility to victims and mediation figures to advertise their rewards and services, so that they became acquainted with each other.
607:, and were hired by both private citizens and institutions, which lacked in an organised police force. Thief-takers were usually paid for: revealing crucial information about felons that could lead to their apprehension and prosecution; investigating on felonies; detecting and apprehending criminals; providing instrumental
628:
1154:
was hired by public officers to investigate, seek and arrest criminals, sometimes with the help of other fellows. He was also a receiver of stolen goods into the trade of returning them to the victim to gain the reward, organised thefts, and blackmailed the thieves whom he dealt with in order to make
923:
In the records of the
Proceedings of the Old Bailey there is no manifest presence of thief-takers. Thief-takers were habitué at the Central Court of London and participated to a consistent number of trials under multiple roles, but they are difficult to track down because they avoided to appear under
833:
The public opinion reflected changing attitudes toward thief-takers' activities and methods. For the authorities, thief-takers played a dual role: they were extremely important for apprehending felons, but at the same time a negative influence on the whole process of enforcing the law. For criminals,
587:
Thief-takers met the demand for policing that public authority boosted; they also made their skills known at any chance and took advantage of their public role to gain respectability among citizens. This overt conduct also provided thief-takers with a safe front for illegal activities. In fact, their
513:
took great advantage of the possibility newspapers offered, and managed to increase his profits in the trade of returning the stolen goods by advertising his brokering services in the press; his business grew so profitable that Wild could establish a "lost property office", where people could go and
508:
Daily newspapers started to be printed more frequently, thus playing an important role for the business of thief-takers. They were used by people to advertise their "lost" goods, offering a reward to induce private individuals to look for and bring back to the owner the belongings that were actually
374:, which brought a serious financial crisis to the economy of England and ruined a great deal of people, criminal attacks increased to such a great degree of frequency and brutality that the government was compelled to take increasingly harsh measures for felonies: in 1718 the parliament approved the
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of the city of London in 1712. This office was a vehicle to engage in more lucrative criminal activities under the protection of a respectable role. In addition to thief-taking, he could improve the trade of stolen goods by making use of his authority: he intimidated young thieves in order to force
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is perhaps the most notorious thief-taker. He operated in London and by the 1720s, was a famous and popular figure. However, he actually led a gang of thieves; he would arrange the return of property stolen by his own underlings. To keep up the belief that he was working legitimately, he would even
652:
were thought to be a major cause for the increasing number of thefts: in fact, without receivers, there was no other possibility for thieves to sell the goods they robbed with no questions asked. When dealing with receivers became more dangerous due to more severe punishments for those suspected of
570:
advertised in newspapers by the victims of theft, who preferred to have their belongings back than to engage in the costly and uncertain prosecution of their attackers. Furthermore, thief-takers were involved in a series of hidden activities that provided them with further sources of income: indeed
449:
During the eighteenth century, the pursuit of criminals, involved common people to a lesser extent due to a series of factors. At the end of the seventeenth century population in London was incredibly growing and the city borders expanding thanks to the favorable economic situation that attracted a
358:
in 1702, which lasted until 1713, and brought a number of armed ex-soldiers to wander along London streets, who played a part in the rise of violent crime. Moreover, in the years following the war the city was ground for violent riots and protests against the state, subversive political dissidents,
202:
England in the seventeenth and eighteenth century suffered a great deal of political and economic disorders that brought violence into its streets. This was particularly evident in the capital and its neighbourhoods, where the population almost corresponded to that of
England and Wales together. In
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in which he denounced the practices of thief-takers, but Wild was the main unspoken target. Wild replied in the same way, accusing
Hitchen of abusing of his office to make a trade of stolen goods and revealing Hitchen's participation in sexual activity with other men. Hitchen in turn wrote another
1035:
emerged, and public officers nearly repented his death: the number of apprehensions, prosecutions and hangings had decreased significantly, as well as the readiness for the retrieval of the stolen goods. Despite the increasing unpopularity of thief-takers, whether it was for the dubious methods of
504:
were first published in 1674. “The
Proceedings of the Old Bailey” were only few pages reporting short summaries of the trials. At the beginning of the eighteenth century part of the original speeches pronounced in trials by prisoners, prosecutors, witnesses and judges started to be printed for the
429:
As a consequence, law enforcement was mainly a private matter. Capture, prosecution and provision of evidence for the conviction of serious offenders in trials were at the expense of the victim. Moreover, all individuals were legally expected to report crimes that came to their notice, and answer
225:
of 1285, which created a basic organisation for keeping the peace prescribing the contribution of all citizens for: patrolling the streets at night in turns, hurrying to the “hue and cry”, serving as a parish constable for a period of time, and being armed with suitable objects for intervention in
1083:
managed to create a standing group of
Runners, and to introduce improvements in the policing system. For example, he proposed more rules to control receivers and pawnbrokers, the creation of a policing group that could move with horses to be quicker in the pursuit of criminals, and the sharing of
425:
were not obligated to prosecute felons, but played a marginal role: night watchmen only provided surveillance for petty crimes, made rounds at night as a deterrent, and hosted those felons on hold to be brought before a justice of the peace the next day; while constables passively arrested people
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was a highwayman and burglar who operated in a gang. He escaped the gallows by obtaining the royal pardon as well as a reward for being instrumental to the conviction of his fellow criminals. After this, he decided to become thief-taker: he started to work together with St Leger in the lucrative
643:
Thief-takers also offered mediation services between victims and criminals, arranging the return of stolen goods for a fee. The law system had been strengthened, but it did not guarantee the return of stolen goods to the victims in case offenders were convicted: hence, especially for traders, it
278:
became more and more frequent, later culminating with the pressure for turning them into capital offences as deterrent. Stealing from shops that exposed their luxury good in their windows was a great temptation to women in particular, who desired to have the latest fashion or imitate the higher
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There is evidence that thief-takers were active since the late sixteenth century, paid by both private citizens and public authority. The practice of hiring thief-takers continued to grow during the next century keeping pace with the exponential growth of the population and the better economic
1206:
and very active thief-taker in prosecuting promiscuous women for the
Societies for the Reformation of Manners. He became also involved in the prosecution of highwaymen and plotters. He collaborated with the warden of the Mint in the pursuit of coiners, clippers, and counterfeiters, especially
665:
proved to be prudent in not actually receiving the stolen goods: he only took note on a book of the details of the stolen goods from the victim and left messages to discover where they were, managing to deceive victims into raising the reward to secure the return; or advertised the “loss” on
470:. Prosecuting was expensive and took considerable time, yet it did not ensure the return of the stolen goods to the victim. Consequently, victims started to pay private individuals to conduct investigation and provide evidence for conviction. Likewise public authorities begun to offer
972:
to apprehend the thief. They also accused innocent people: perfect strangers that witnessed a theft came to help the supposed victim, who in reality was a member of the gang; in a second moment, thanks to the involvement of a corrupt constable, the charge of theft was shifted to the
729:: in the 1690s the state introduced exemptions and permanent financial rewards to encourage the prosecution of felons, which were given in case of conviction. During the following years their amount was to be raised due to an increasing concern with crime and moral issues:
798:: public authority safeguarded thief-takers as important instruments for the law enforcement of the capital. Thief-takers had in fact an ill reputation because of their actively prosecuting felons for profit, and were sometimes called with the condemnatory expression of "
251:
968:: they could fake to be the victim of a theft. The MacDaniel gang specialised in this business. In order to gain the reward of the prosecution, they persuaded young inexperienced thieves to commit a theft on a member of the gang, while the other members hurried at the
1136:, which was a felony, but found guilty only of assault with sodomitical intent and sentenced to pay a fine, be exposed in the pillory, and be imprisoned for six months. He was also discharged from his place of under-marshal for not complying with his job's functions.
656:
For these reasons, thief-takers were an important resource to them. Yet thief-takers became notorious to the public because many were corrupt and involved in more serious concealed activities, which put them in a bad light; sometimes they were offensively called
50:" emblem design on the top was executed for operating on both sides of the law. Thief taking was a common law enforcement occupation beginning in the 17th century and existed until the mid-19th century when it was replaced by professional modern police forces.
279:
social class style. Furthermore, the freedom of travelling safely was connected to the importance of commercial trades, hence, attacking people on the main roads was a threat to the economic system and already a capital offence. Those who committed thefts or
845:. Hitchen became irritated by the great success of Wild, his former assistant, who took advantage from Hitchen's suspension from the place of Under City-Marshall to engage in more lucrative illegal activities. In 1718 Charles Hitchen resolved to write a
1213:
was a thief-taker of coiners and clippers in particular. He worked in collaboration with other thief-takers such as Dunn and Rewse, with the constable John Hooke, and even with his wife, Mary Miller, in setting traps for the apprehension of criminals.
1187:
and an active thief-taker who was dedicated mainly to restoring morality under the influence of the
Reformation of Manners Campaign. For this reason he happened to be attacked and insulted with the negative label of "informer". He appeared in cases of
535:, which were meant to encourage citizens to participate more actively in bringing serious criminals to the justice. This behaviour induced several people to start making their living by dedicating to thief catching as a specialized profession.
1227:
owned an official position for the government and took advantage of his role to become a corrupt thief-taker: he pretended to pursue coiners and clippers, but he actually protected them from being prosecuted in exchange for money.
322:
Along with the rise of criminal issues, concern with morality started to be taken into account since they were thought to be highly connected: sinning and breaking the law were the two sides of the same coin. This belief led to the
669:
To gain more profits, thief-takers begun to control and direct criminals moves, thus converting into thief-makers. They induced people to commit felonies with the objective of later arrest and prosecute them to obtain the reward.
723:: Before the introduction of statutory rewards, thief-takers claimed from public officers the reimburse for the operational costs incurred. Furthermore, a ÂŁ10.00 reward started to be paid for information leading to a conviction.
246:
and felt the urgent need to protect its currency from coiners and clippers; on the other side, a period of poor harvests contributed to deepen people's bad conditions and the issues of public security that poverty originates.
1220:
was a thief-taker who operated together with his wife Mary in the business of prosecuting for profit. They engaged in pursuing highwaymen, coiners and clippers, but were also corrupt and blackmailed felons to extort money.
666:
newspapers on behalf of the thieves, and then arranged the exchange. The advantage of this practice was that, in case things went wrong, he could inform about the thieves and get the statutory reward on their conviction.
579:, and no official active police force available, were some of the causes that obliged them to suffer thief-takers as effective instruments to reach the conviction of felons and to seal the gap in the judiciary system.
611:
against the accused, which could lead to the conviction and to the desired reward. Thief-takers also worked along with the city officers in searching suspects for the goods stolen, and arresting them. With the
1169:
in trial for giving evidence against the rest of the gang. He took advantage of his knowledge and experience in the criminal underworld to start making money with rewards or extortions for not prosecuting.
565:
Statutory rewards were not the only responsible for the growth and settlement of such a new profession. In addition to this, thief-takers exploited the demand for arranging the return of stolen goods for a
211:: an impressive number of different cultural groups migrated to the big city in search of fortune and social mobility, contributing to saturate jobs availability and making cohabitation a difficult matter.
928:
of
Jonathan Wild, some defendants also begun to claim that they had been induced into committing a felony, thus exploiting the increasing unpopularity of thief-takers' activities in order to discredit the
3079:
1078:
reached quickly the public awareness and approval thanks to the success in defeating a notorious gang of robbers in 1753, and to the massive advertisements published by John
Fielding in the newspapers.
851:
A True Discovery of the Conduct of Receivers and Thief-Takers, In and About the City of London: To the Multiplication and Encouragement of Thieves, Housebreakers, and other loose and disorderly Persons
1132:, in an attempt to discredit Wild and, in this way, his accusations. However, under the influence of the moralistic campaign of the Societies for the Reformation of Manners, he was tried in 1727 for
505:
cases thought to be more entertaining for the public; the length was increased, the content reorganised and a space for advertisements created to compete with newspapers in captivating new readers.
500:
A notable fact that contributed to mark the perception of crime in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries is the booming interest for crime literature. The acts of the capital crimes tried at the
808:: granted to felons in case they served authority with notice about fellow criminals that led to their conviction. Some defendants took advantage of this possibility and converted to thief-taking.
631:
Jonathan Wild sits in Newgate Prison, with his account book on his knees. Wild continued, while in prison, to keep his "list" of goods that came into his office and the money paid for them.
554:
who managed to save their lives found in collaborating with constables and magistrates a suitable business for them, and a safer option than continuing to risk death penalty for committing
648:
with thieves, than to engage in unworthy prosecutions. This is why many resolved to use the services of an intermediary. On the other side, thieves needed to sell the property they stole.
596:
to victims, and even to criminals, generating a new series of hidden illegal activities that increased profits and corruption. They were able to handle opposite necessities by acting as
218:
patrolling the streets at night were not a guarantee of security. Often they were inefficient, did not join efforts with others for maintaining the peace, or were corrupt themselves.
474:
to people actively involved in the conviction of felons or the betrayal accomplices. Those men implicated in the catching of thieves for financial purposes were called thief-takers.
888:, turned public opinion against thief-takers. This is evident when several thief catchers happened to be tried at the Old Bailey and given the punishment of being exposed in the
531:
conditions. The national government started to be more concerned with crime in the 1690s, leading them to draw upon thief-takers to a greater degree, and to introduce permanent
450:
great number of immigrants escaping from poor life conditions. In such circumstances it was arduous to spot and find guilty suspects in the capital; and victims were afraid of
214:
Streets in the metropolis were dark at night, and poorly lit, which allowed the proliferation of criminal activities, since lawbreakers were difficult to spot in the dark.
857:". Wild in turn replied anonymously rejecting the accusations and revealing particulars of Hitchen's own dubious past as a receiver and as a thief-taker, thus beginning a
661:”. Since negotiating with clients was dangerous as well, because in the case of being perceived as a receiver or to be compounding they could have been accused of felony,
487:
was the first daily newspaper to be published in the United Kingdom. It was established in 1702, but is no longer in existence. One of the first advertisements that
872:
702:
Thief-takers could count on several types of income and advantages from their legal and illegal activities, which allowed them to establish a lucrative business:
3064:
186:
Sometimes, thief-takers would act as go-betweens, negotiating the return of stolen goods for a fee. However, they were often corrupt themselves, for example
190:
from the criminals they were supposed to catch. Government-funded rewards for the capture of criminals were a corrupting influence, leading directly to the
242:
to reign over England, and the rise of violence in the streets of the capital because of the removal of armed soldiers from service; the government feared
207:
was expanding at a fast pace, so that there were no precise division between wealthy and poor areas, the rich living next to the poor. A major cause was
962:
in trials of theft, but more frequently in those of coining, for which they were essential for providing effective evidence against the accused felons.
884:
was discovered. Corruption, extortion of money and the practice of convicting innocents for profit, or popular gentlemen highwaymen such as the famous
853:. In his pamphlet Hitchen denounces the ill practices of thief-takers, but the actual unspoken target was the very Jonathan Wild, whom he nicknames "
639:
The oldest banknote known issued by the Bank of England of 19 October 1699, value ÂŁ 555. If stolen, it would have been a serious loss for the owner.
924:
the label of "thief-taker". Prisoners in fact attempted to save their lives by sometimes accusing prosecutors of being thief-takers. After the
613:
332:
2415:
682:
felons to extort money for not prosecuting; using them in trials to give testimony against fellow criminals; or protecting criminals for a
291:
carrying weapons with them to commit robberies with violence. Gangs were particularly feared because of their alleged connection with
258:
In this period property was the most valuable thing to people: for this reason, what affected citizens the most were property crimes.
3042:
3036:
2431:
1063:. To keep distance from the negative opinion of thief-takers, he also decided to give a new name to those under his service, that is
3002:
2983:
2943:
2825:
2776:
2736:
2710:
2689:
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880:
After the infamous cases of Charles Hitchen and Jonathan Wild, more bad light was cast upon the reputation of thief-takers when the
1043:
Bow Street Magistrate's Courtroom at 4 Bow Street, in London. The Bow Street Runners were London's first professional police force.
1039:
466:. In the Proceedings of the Old Bailey, theft, except robbery (violent theft), emerges as the type of crime tried the most at the
3030:
The Thief-Taker Hangings: How Daniel Defoe, Jonathan Wild, and Jack Sheppard Captivated London and Created the Celebrity Criminal
458:
were for the most part not even identified. Property was of the biggest concern to inhabitants and public administration, hence
1011:
of the first and found guilty of the second. He was punished with a fine, and imprisonment after being exposed in the pillory.
1207:
together with Saker. With the profits made with the rewards he managed to buy the position of head turnkey of Newgate Prison.
999:, and find someone who could guarantee that they maintained a good behaviour during the three years after their imprisonment.
159:
did not occur until the 19th century. With the rising crime rate and newspapers to bring this to the attention of the public,
2975:
Thief-Taker Hangings: How Daniel Defoe, Jonathan Wild, and Jack Sheppard Captivated London and Created the Celebrity Criminal
2962:
2924:
2905:
2879:
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to those who were able to catch criminals and lead to their conviction. They also advertised their stolen goods as “lost” in
342:
In the 1690s the criminal activity became so critical that it urged the government to take alternative measures: a series of
2870:
Wales, Tim (2000). "Thief-Takers and their Clients in Later Stuart London". In Griffiths, Paul; Jenner, Mark S. R. (eds.).
915:
3074:
355:
1071:
was perceived as too intrusive: a loss of the traditional liberties the English were proud of was unacceptable for many.
983:
was tried for theft and perverting justice, but acquitted of the first charge and sentenced to death for the second. The
2973:
221:
The English judicial system was not very developed in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, as it was based on the
979:: authorities knew thief-takers were acting at the limits of legality, and attempted to prosecute them when possible.
390:
307:
were as well a danger to the economy of the state, as they diminished the actual value of hard cash and increased the
454:
and their violent reprisal. In addition, defendants hardly suffered the consequences of their actions in trials, and
2815:
1084:
information among the several parts of the country, so that criminals would not have escaped prosecution so easily.
382:
intensified the severity of punishments for a greater number of offences, reaching the level of 350 capital crimes.
1643:
1641:
1639:
1637:
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837:
Their dubious behaviour reached public attention also because of the rivalry between the two leading thief-takers:
215:
119:
93:
658:
451:
3037:
February 1756, trial of Stephen Macdaniel John Berry James Eagan, otherwise Gahagan James Salmon (t17560225-48)
414:
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stolen: in fact, prosecuting criminals was difficult and expensive, but it did not ensure the property back.
375:
354:
Another dark period of disorders and a climate of violence marked the 1720s. England became involved in the
312:
163:
arose to partially fill the void in bringing criminals to justice. These were private individuals much like
37:
324:
296:
243:
239:
413:
did not exist: chasing and arresting serious offenders was not the duty of the public authority. In fact
1060:
624:
contributed substantially in increasing the amount of prosecutions of this kind in the 1720s and 1730s.
422:
222:
1655:
1626:
266:: it was mainly caused by hunger and poverty, but also by the aspiration to social mobility. Common
575:. Magistrates were aware of the dark side of thief-takers, but concerns with crime and the rise of
362:
235:
283:
on the King's Highways, namely the streets of London and its major surrounding roads, were called
151:
was a private individual hired to capture criminals. The widespread establishment of professional
1243:
1075:
925:
774:. It consisted in the exemption from parish duties, such as serving as a constable or a watchman.
645:
539:
2416:
February 1756, trial of Stephen Macdaniel John Berry James Eagan, otherwise Gahagan James Salmon
814:: a monetary recompense thief-takers received from those criminals they agreed not to prosecute.
3018:
2955:
Prosecution and Punishment: Petty Crime and the Law in London and Rural Middlesex, c. 1660-1725
2746:
Hitchcock, Tim; Shoemaker, Robert; Emsley, Clive; Sharon, Howard; et al. (24 March 2012).
315:. In addition to the financial issue, coiners were thought to be politically involved with the
167:. However, thief-takers were usually hired by crime victims, while bounty hunters were paid by
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2979:
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2939:
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2901:
2875:
2821:
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2732:
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by informing them on unexpected visits of constables or other officers coming to arrest them.
671:
463:
371:
300:
187:
3048:
2399:
1125:
A True Discovery of the Conduct of Receivers and Thief-Takers in and about the City of London
876:
Jonathan Wild, the thief-taker, sitting on a cart, is pelted by the mob on his way to Tyburn.
42:
An original gallows ticket for viewing the hanging of one of the most notorious thief-takers
2851:
2795:
2661:
1320:
984:
881:
788:
were offered in addition to the ÂŁ40.00 already paid for the conviction of serious offenders.
426:
charged with a crime when already apprehended, and took them before a justice of the peace.
191:
85:
635:
2682:
The first English detectives: the Bow Street Runners and the policing of London, 1750-1840
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343:
275:
180:
107:
234:
The seventeenth century saw a peculiar phase of political and religious instability: the
378:, also known as the “Jonathan Wild's Act”, which became law on 10 May 1719; in 1723 the
3069:
1048:
988:
900:
868:
18th century illustration of perjurer John Waller pilloried and pelted to death in 1732
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offering to pay a sum of money to those who could find and bring their belongings back.
139:
135:
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3023:
2012:
1249:
1120:
1093:
1080:
1068:
980:
885:
858:
842:
752:
662:
621:
558:. In fact, convicting perpetrators required a substantial degree of expertise in the
510:
488:
328:
304:
168:
164:
131:
127:
123:
43:
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campaign against brothels, which were thought to be frequented mostly by criminals.
1740:
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to prevent them being robbed by criminals, but he was hardly beaten and renounced.
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2635:
Policing and Punishment in London, 1660-1750: Urban Crime and the Limits of Terror
346:
were introduced by statute to stimulate the prosecution and conviction of felons.
2700:
616:, new impulse was given to prosecutions, and therefore, to become a thief-taker.
1493:
1203:
1099:
969:
949:
771:
767:
592:
in the criminal world attracted and satisfied miscellaneous needs, ranging from
571:
acting as intermediates among different worlds offered plenty of temptation for
477:
336:
271:
267:
208:
2855:
2799:
2665:
1098:
hand over members of his gang, who would inevitably end up being hanged at the
678:
to take possession of the reward for the conviction. Other activities included
522:
2872:
Londinopolis: Essays in the Cultural and Social History of Early Modern London
2843:
2787:
2653:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1481:
1479:
737:
649:
593:
572:
501:
467:
418:
316:
284:
263:
892:. During the exposure, the mob violently beat them, sometimes even to death.
1254:
1184:
1008:
821:
799:
714:
679:
675:
603:
Thief-takers provided services of active policing and law enforcement for a
550:, that is to say, for betraying their fellow criminals in trial. Prosecuted
547:
379:
308:
292:
89:
17:
600:
figures, while profiting from a well built set of intricate relationships.
538:
Several thief-takers were previous criminals who faced the danger of being
895:
Hitchen was sentenced to an hour of exposure in the pillory for attempted
491:
put to run his brokering business was on the Daily Courant of 26 May 1714.
430:
any call for help - which usually were widely agreed expressions such as:
945:
846:
763:
608:
604:
526:ÂŁ20 reward offered for information in Kidderminster house burglary, 1816.
3045:
Guilty of assault with sodomitical intent. Fine, pillory, imprisonment.
3024:"Crime and Justice - Policing in London", Old Bailey Proceedings Online
1189:
1115:
1023:
Thief takers played an important role in the development of the modern
1004:
992:
959:
904:
889:
280:
250:
156:
70:
1781:
1779:
1558:
1556:
1166:
1133:
1130:
The Regulator, or, A Discovery of the Thieves, Thief-Takers and Locks
1024:
896:
824:
criminals and forced them to pay a sum of money to avoid prosecution.
691:
589:
555:
551:
543:
455:
443:
204:
152:
66:
3039:
Guilty of perverting justice. Fine, pillory, imprisonment, sureties.
1704:
1702:
1700:
1110:
was a former craftsman of wooden furniture who exploited his wife's
2917:
Crime and Punishment in England, 1100-1990: An Introductory History
627:
409:
In the seventeenth and eighteenth century an official organism for
1822:
1820:
1818:
1585:
1583:
1246:, London's first professional police organization, founded in 1749
871:
634:
626:
521:
476:
459:
259:
249:
172:
2747:
542:, but could rescue themselves thanks to the possibility of being
1193:
1056:
442:- by becoming involved in running after, detecting and catching
405:
A city of London Watchman drawn and engraved by John Bogle, 1776
288:
176:
335:, who made use of informers to bring to an end the business of
683:
567:
287:. These individuals were often brutal and worked together in
1271:
1269:
1196:, clipping, and coining, together with his associate Rewse.
1144:
was a craftsman who made knives for a living, an officer at
903:
and followed him while transported with an open cart to the
3028:
2874:. Manchester: Manchester University Press. pp. 67–84.
2481:
2479:
1165:, robber and burglar who became a thief-taker after being
919:"The Old Bailey, Known Also as the Central Criminal Court"
262:
was the most perpetrated crime, and the most tried at the
2277:
2275:
2273:
2260:
2258:
2245:
2243:
2182:
2180:
2178:
2176:
2139:
2137:
2135:
2093:
2091:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2025:
2023:
2021:
1908:
1906:
1751:
1749:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1516:
1514:
1427:
1425:
987:
was tried for perverting justice and sentenced to pay a
2769:
Thief-Taker General: The Rise and Fall of Jonathan Wild
2454:
2452:
2367:
2365:
2328:
2326:
1766:
1764:
1177:
prosecution of coiners, clippers, and highway robbers.
1053:
Enquiry into the Causes of the late Increase of Robbers
462:
of any kind was considered a serious crime, along with
3080:
Defunct law enforcement agencies of the United Kingdom
2110:
2108:
2106:
1981:
1979:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1923:
1921:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1531:
1529:
1442:
1440:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1284:
2637:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 226–256.
1388:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1741:"Crime and Justice - Crimes Tried at the Old Bailey"
3043:
April 1727, trial of Charles Hitchin (t17270412-41)
113:
99:
81:
76:
60:
55:
2817:Crime and Punishment in Eighteenth-century England
2509:
2497:
2470:
1826:
1797:
1785:
1708:
1691:
1679:
1667:
1589:
1574:
1562:
1505:
1416:
1404:
1344:
1332:
781:for the conviction of burglars and house breakers.
1652:The Role of Private Individuals Before the Police
940:: thief-takers are difficult to find in cases of
3049:May 1725, trial of Jonathan Wilde (t17250513-55)
933:. In trials, thief-takers filled several roles:
2748:"The Old Bailey Proceedings Online, 1674-1913"
690:attempted to extort money even from owners of
397:Law enforcement in the 17th and 18th centuries
849:against the practice of thief-taking called:
514:ask for help in finding their missing goods.
27:Private individual hired to capture criminals
8:
2752:The Old Bailey Proceedings Online, 1674-1913
1373:
911:Mention in the Proceedings of the Old Bailey
333:The Societies for the Reformation of Manners
30:
546:for being instrumental in convicting other
311:. This practice was to be reduced with the
2898:Crime and the Courts in England: 1660-1800
2727:Hitchcock, Tim; Shoemaker, Robert (2007).
2957:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
766:(later converted in a financial reward),
2521:
2013:"Crime and Justice - Policing in London"
1656:"Crime and Justice - Policing in London"
1627:"Crime and Justice - Policing in London"
1038:
914:
863:
400:
366:The Old Bailey in the Gordon Riots, 1780
361:
2936:Crime in Early Modern England 1550-1750
2848:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
2792:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
2658:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
2605:
2593:
2581:
2569:
2545:
2533:
2443:
2281:
2264:
2249:
2234:
2210:
2186:
2155:
2143:
2126:
2097:
2058:
2029:
1912:
1885:
1850:
1809:
1755:
1606:
1520:
1458:
1431:
1321:"London History - London, 1674 to 1715"
1300:
1275:
1265:
2995:Crime and police in England: 1700-1900
2485:
2458:
2383:
2371:
2356:
2344:
2332:
2317:
2305:
2293:
2198:
2167:
1838:
1770:
1547:
1535:
1361:
359:conspirators and Jacobite affiliates.
175:appearances and hence forfeited their
29:
2788:"Wild, Jonathan (bap. 1683, d. 1725)"
2617:
2557:
2222:
2114:
2082:
2070:
2041:
1985:
1970:
1958:
1946:
1927:
1897:
1873:
1720:
1470:
1446:
1392:
1123:": Hitchen wrote a pamphlet called:
171:to catch fugitives who skipped their
7:
3065:Law enforcement in England and Wales
3051:Guilty of perverting justice. Death.
2699:Dempsey, John; Forst, Linda (2015).
2432:April 1727, trial of Charles Hitchin
2844:"McDaniel, Stephen (fl. 1741–1755)"
2684:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1027:. After the execution of Wild, the
829:Public attitude toward thief-takers
339:and sentence homosexuals to death.
370:After the wild speculation of the
25:
2938:(2 ed.). New York: Longman.
2654:"Hitchen, Charles (c.1675–1727?)"
2400:May 1725, trial of Jonathan Wilde
958:: thief-takers seldom appear as
1031:and corrupt criminal, a void in
1007:with sodomitical intent: he was
254:A highwayman, from an old print.
198:Historical and political context
36:
2731:. London: Bloomsbury Academic.
2427:
2411:
2395:
2004:
1732:
1647:
1618:
1485:
1312:
674:and John Berry prosecuted even
614:Reformation of Manners campaign
496:Newspapers and crime literature
3019:Thief-Taker, Constable, Police
2997:. Dublin: Gill and Macmillan.
2510:Hitchcock & Shoemaker 2007
2498:Hitchcock & Shoemaker 2007
2471:Hitchcock & Shoemaker 2007
1827:Hitchcock & Shoemaker 2007
1798:Hitchcock & Shoemaker 2007
1786:Hitchcock & Shoemaker 2007
1709:Hitchcock & Shoemaker 2007
1692:Hitchcock & Shoemaker 2007
1680:Hitchcock & Shoemaker 2007
1668:Hitchcock & Shoemaker 2007
1623:Constables and the Night Watch
1590:Hitchcock & Shoemaker 2007
1575:Hitchcock & Shoemaker 2007
1563:Hitchcock & Shoemaker 2007
1506:Hitchcock & Shoemaker 2007
1417:Hitchcock & Shoemaker 2007
1405:Hitchcock & Shoemaker 2007
1345:Hitchcock & Shoemaker 2007
1333:Hitchcock & Shoemaker 2007
518:The profession of thief-taking
319:in plotting against the king.
1:
2953:Shoemaker, Robert B. (1991).
2754:(24 March 2012, 7.0 ed.)
1494:"Communities - Homosexuality"
820:: in some cases thief-takers
356:War of the Spanish Succession
331:was another moral target for
2978:. Rowman & Littlefield.
2729:Tales from the Hanging Court
2434:, retrieved 26 November 2015
2418:, retrieved 26 November 2015
2402:, retrieved 26 November 2015
2015:, retrieved 06 November 2015
1496:, retrieved 15 November 2015
1323:, retrieved 15 November 2015
391:Catholic relief bill of 1778
183:offered by the authorities.
179:. Both types also collected
147:In English legal history, a
2900:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
2850:. Oxford University Press.
2794:. Oxford University Press.
2702:An Introduction to Policing
2660:. Oxford University Press.
1743:, retrieved 31 October 2015
1658:, retrieved 31 October 2015
1629:, retrieved 31 October 2015
698:Earnings and other benefits
583:Overt and hidden activities
389:of 1780, occasioned by the
3096:
2430:, Chapter (t17270412-41).
2414:, p. (t17560225-48).
2398:, p. (t17250513-55).
1051:wrote a pamphlet entitled
991:, be exposed twice in the
188:extorting protection money
2786:McKenzie, Andrea (2004).
1003:was tried for sodomy and
995:, undergo seven years of
92:, criminal apprehension,
35:
2972:Skirboll, Aaron (2014).
1374:Dempsey & Forst 2015
94:recovery of stolen goods
2896:Beattie, J. M. (1986).
2767:Howson, Gerald (1970).
2680:Beattie, J. M. (2012).
2652:Beattie, J. M. (2004).
2633:Beattie, J. M. (2001).
1114:to buy the position of
313:Great Recoinage of 1696
230:The seventeenth century
2993:Tobias, J. J. (1979).
2856:10.1093/ref:odnb/70344
2814:McLynn, Frank (1989).
2800:10.1093/ref:odnb/29394
2771:. London: Hutchinson.
2666:10.1093/ref:odnb/62079
1240:, one of Wild's rivals
1044:
1016:A polished image: the
920:
877:
869:
796:Authority's Protection
762:for the conviction of
747:for the conviction of
736:for the conviction of
640:
632:
527:
492:
406:
367:
350:The eighteenth century
325:Reformation of Manners
255:
2934:Sharpe, J.A. (1999).
2915:Briggs, John (1996).
1047:In 1751 the novelist
1042:
918:
875:
867:
638:
630:
525:
480:
423:justices of the peace
404:
365:
309:inflationary pressure
253:
223:Statute of Winchester
3075:Obsolete occupations
2842:Paley, Ruth (2004).
2820:. Psychology Press.
2705:. Cengage Learning.
1088:Notable thief-takers
301:counterfeit of money
293:political dissidence
1888:, p. 227, 231.
1347:, p. xx-xxiii.
1128:pamphlet, entitled
1029:Thief-Taker General
709:: victims promised
560:criminal underworld
452:organized criminals
236:Glorious Revolution
226:case of necessity.
48:Thief-Taker General
32:
2584:, p. 235-237.
2572:, p. 233-234.
2548:, p. 252-255.
2359:, p. 274-275.
2320:, p. 102-103.
2158:, p. 250-251.
2129:, p. 249-251.
1853:, p. 228-229.
1407:, p. 236-238.
1278:, p. 241-242.
1244:Bow Street Runners
1076:Bow Street Runners
1045:
1018:Bow Street Runners
921:
878:
870:
641:
633:
540:sentenced to death
528:
493:
407:
376:Transportation Act
368:
256:
3032:by Aaron Skirboll
2085:, p. 67, 73.
1973:, p. 69, 77.
1961:, p. 68, 73.
1800:, p. xxviii.
1146:Marshalsea Prison
1141:Stephen MacDaniel
1081:Sir John Fielding
727:Statutory rewards
711:financial rewards
672:Stephen MacDaniel
192:Macdaniel scandal
145:
144:
136:private policeman
16:(Redirected from
3087:
3008:
2989:
2968:
2949:
2930:
2911:
2885:
2866:
2864:
2862:
2838:
2836:
2834:
2810:
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2742:
2723:
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2615:
2609:
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2585:
2579:
2573:
2567:
2561:
2555:
2549:
2543:
2537:
2531:
2525:
2519:
2513:
2512:, p. 17-26.
2507:
2501:
2495:
2489:
2488:, p. 32-34.
2483:
2474:
2468:
2462:
2456:
2447:
2446:, p. 18-19.
2441:
2435:
2425:
2419:
2409:
2403:
2393:
2387:
2386:, p. 30-31.
2381:
2375:
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2321:
2315:
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2080:
2074:
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2062:
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2045:
2039:
2033:
2027:
2016:
2002:
1989:
1983:
1974:
1968:
1962:
1956:
1950:
1944:
1931:
1925:
1916:
1910:
1901:
1900:, p. 73-74.
1895:
1889:
1883:
1877:
1871:
1854:
1848:
1842:
1841:, p. 74-80.
1836:
1830:
1824:
1813:
1807:
1801:
1795:
1789:
1788:, p. xxvii.
1783:
1774:
1768:
1759:
1753:
1744:
1730:
1724:
1723:, p. 69-71.
1718:
1712:
1706:
1695:
1689:
1683:
1677:
1671:
1665:
1659:
1645:
1630:
1616:
1610:
1604:
1593:
1587:
1578:
1572:
1566:
1565:, p. 65-66.
1560:
1551:
1545:
1539:
1533:
1524:
1518:
1509:
1503:
1497:
1483:
1474:
1473:, p. 72-73.
1468:
1462:
1456:
1450:
1444:
1435:
1429:
1420:
1414:
1408:
1402:
1396:
1390:
1377:
1371:
1365:
1359:
1348:
1342:
1336:
1330:
1324:
1310:
1304:
1298:
1279:
1273:
1159:Anthony St Leger
882:MacDaniel affair
556:serious offences
372:South Sea Bubble
86:crime prevention
62:Activity sectors
40:
33:
21:
3095:
3094:
3090:
3089:
3088:
3086:
3085:
3084:
3055:
3054:
3015:
3005:
2992:
2986:
2971:
2965:
2952:
2946:
2933:
2927:
2919:. London: UCL.
2914:
2908:
2895:
2892:
2890:Further reading
2882:
2869:
2860:
2858:
2841:
2832:
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2785:
2779:
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2019:
2003:
1992:
1984:
1977:
1969:
1965:
1957:
1953:
1945:
1934:
1926:
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1911:
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1674:
1666:
1662:
1646:
1633:
1617:
1613:
1605:
1596:
1588:
1581:
1577:, p. xxvi.
1573:
1569:
1561:
1554:
1546:
1542:
1534:
1527:
1519:
1512:
1504:
1500:
1484:
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1411:
1403:
1399:
1391:
1380:
1372:
1368:
1360:
1351:
1343:
1339:
1335:, p. xxii.
1331:
1327:
1311:
1307:
1299:
1282:
1274:
1267:
1263:
1238:Charles Hitchen
1234:
1107:Charles Hitchen
1090:
1033:law enforcement
1021:
1001:Charles Hitchen
942:highway robbery
913:
839:Charles Hitchen
831:
818:Extortion money
707:Private rewards
700:
688:Charles Hitchen
618:Charles Hitchen
585:
520:
498:
411:law enforcement
399:
352:
232:
200:
116:
108:Law enforcement
104:
102:
90:crime detection
63:
51:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3093:
3091:
3083:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3057:
3056:
3053:
3052:
3046:
3040:
3034:
3026:
3021:
3014:
3013:External links
3011:
3010:
3009:
3003:
2990:
2984:
2969:
2963:
2950:
2944:
2931:
2925:
2912:
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2711:
2696:
2690:
2677:
2649:
2643:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2622:
2610:
2608:, p. 239.
2598:
2596:, p. 238.
2586:
2574:
2562:
2550:
2538:
2526:
2514:
2502:
2490:
2475:
2463:
2448:
2436:
2420:
2404:
2388:
2376:
2361:
2349:
2347:, p. 288.
2337:
2322:
2310:
2308:, p. 101.
2298:
2296:, p. 100.
2286:
2284:, p. 228.
2269:
2267:, p. 241.
2254:
2252:, p. 246.
2239:
2237:, p. 243.
2227:
2215:
2213:, p. 231.
2203:
2191:
2189:, p. 230.
2172:
2160:
2148:
2146:, p. 250.
2131:
2119:
2102:
2100:, p. 232.
2087:
2075:
2063:
2061:, p. 242.
2046:
2034:
2032:, p. 240.
2017:
1990:
1975:
1963:
1951:
1932:
1917:
1915:, p. 235.
1902:
1890:
1878:
1855:
1843:
1831:
1814:
1812:, p. 248.
1802:
1790:
1775:
1760:
1758:, p. 227.
1745:
1725:
1713:
1711:, p. xxv.
1696:
1684:
1672:
1670:, p. xix.
1660:
1631:
1611:
1609:, p. 226.
1594:
1579:
1567:
1552:
1540:
1525:
1523:, p. 256.
1510:
1508:, p. 236.
1498:
1475:
1463:
1461:, p. 237.
1451:
1436:
1434:, p. 6-7.
1421:
1419:, p. 337.
1409:
1397:
1378:
1376:, p. 4-5.
1366:
1349:
1337:
1325:
1305:
1280:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1241:
1233:
1230:
1200:Bodenham Rewse
1089:
1086:
1049:Henry Fielding
1020:
1014:
1013:
1012:
985:MacDaniel gang
974:
963:
953:
912:
909:
901:Newgate Prison
830:
827:
826:
825:
815:
812:Protection fee
809:
803:
793:
792:
791:
790:
789:
782:
775:
756:
741:
721:Public rewards
718:
699:
696:
584:
581:
577:criminal gangs
519:
516:
497:
494:
415:night watchmen
398:
395:
351:
348:
231:
228:
216:Night watchmen
199:
196:
165:bounty hunters
143:
142:
140:police officer
117:
114:
111:
110:
105:
100:
97:
96:
83:
79:
78:
74:
73:
64:
61:
58:
57:
53:
52:
41:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3092:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3062:
3060:
3050:
3047:
3044:
3041:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3031:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3016:
3012:
3006:
3004:9780312547820
3000:
2996:
2991:
2987:
2985:9781493014231
2981:
2977:
2976:
2970:
2966:
2960:
2956:
2951:
2947:
2945:9780582238893
2941:
2937:
2932:
2928:
2922:
2918:
2913:
2909:
2903:
2899:
2894:
2893:
2889:
2883:
2877:
2873:
2868:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2840:
2829:
2827:9780415010146
2823:
2819:
2818:
2812:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2784:
2780:
2778:9780091017507
2774:
2770:
2765:
2753:
2749:
2744:
2740:
2738:9780340913758
2734:
2730:
2725:
2714:
2712:9781305544680
2708:
2704:
2703:
2697:
2693:
2691:9780199695164
2687:
2683:
2678:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2650:
2646:
2644:9780198208679
2640:
2636:
2631:
2630:
2626:
2620:, p. 77.
2619:
2614:
2611:
2607:
2602:
2599:
2595:
2590:
2587:
2583:
2578:
2575:
2571:
2566:
2563:
2559:
2554:
2551:
2547:
2542:
2539:
2535:
2530:
2527:
2523:
2522:McKenzie 2004
2518:
2515:
2511:
2506:
2503:
2500:, p. 31.
2499:
2494:
2491:
2487:
2482:
2480:
2476:
2473:, p. 27.
2472:
2467:
2464:
2461:, p. 32.
2460:
2455:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2440:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2424:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2408:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2392:
2389:
2385:
2380:
2377:
2374:, p. 30.
2373:
2368:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2353:
2350:
2346:
2341:
2338:
2335:, p. 31.
2334:
2329:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2314:
2311:
2307:
2302:
2299:
2295:
2290:
2287:
2283:
2278:
2276:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2261:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2246:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2231:
2228:
2225:, p. 70.
2224:
2219:
2216:
2212:
2207:
2204:
2201:, p. 59.
2200:
2195:
2192:
2188:
2183:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2173:
2170:, p. 75.
2169:
2164:
2161:
2157:
2152:
2149:
2145:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2123:
2120:
2117:, p. 73.
2116:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2094:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2079:
2076:
2073:, p. 81.
2072:
2067:
2064:
2060:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2047:
2044:, p. 80.
2043:
2038:
2035:
2031:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1991:
1988:, p. 68.
1987:
1982:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1967:
1964:
1960:
1955:
1952:
1949:, p. 74.
1948:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1933:
1930:, p. 75.
1929:
1924:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1909:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1894:
1891:
1887:
1882:
1879:
1876:, p. 69.
1875:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1847:
1844:
1840:
1835:
1832:
1828:
1823:
1821:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1806:
1803:
1799:
1794:
1791:
1787:
1782:
1780:
1776:
1773:, p. 66.
1772:
1767:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1752:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1729:
1726:
1722:
1717:
1714:
1710:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1688:
1685:
1682:, p. 17.
1681:
1676:
1673:
1669:
1664:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1615:
1612:
1608:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1586:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1571:
1568:
1564:
1559:
1557:
1553:
1550:, p. 91.
1549:
1544:
1541:
1537:
1532:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1517:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1502:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1482:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1467:
1464:
1460:
1455:
1452:
1449:, p. 71.
1448:
1443:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1428:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1413:
1410:
1406:
1401:
1398:
1395:, p. 72.
1394:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1370:
1367:
1363:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1341:
1338:
1334:
1329:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1309:
1306:
1302:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1272:
1270:
1266:
1260:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1250:Bounty hunter
1248:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1236:
1235:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1222:
1219:
1215:
1212:
1208:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1195:
1191:
1186:
1182:
1181:James Jenkins
1178:
1175:
1171:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1155:more profit.
1153:
1152:John Whitwood
1149:
1147:
1143:
1142:
1137:
1135:
1131:
1126:
1122:
1117:
1116:under-marshal
1113:
1109:
1108:
1103:
1101:
1096:
1095:
1094:Jonathan Wild
1087:
1085:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1041:
1037:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1019:
1015:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
981:Jonathan Wild
978:
975:
971:
967:
964:
961:
957:
954:
951:
947:
943:
939:
936:
935:
934:
932:
927:
917:
910:
908:
906:
902:
898:
893:
891:
887:
886:Jack Sheppard
883:
874:
866:
862:
860:
856:
855:The Regulator
852:
848:
844:
843:Jonathan Wild
840:
835:
828:
823:
819:
816:
813:
810:
807:
804:
801:
797:
794:
787:
786:ÂŁ100.00 extra
783:
780:
776:
773:
769:
768:horse-thieves
765:
761:
760:Tyburn Ticket
757:
754:
750:
746:
742:
739:
735:
731:
730:
728:
725:
724:
722:
719:
716:
712:
708:
705:
704:
703:
697:
695:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
667:
664:
663:Jonathan Wild
660:
654:
651:
647:
637:
629:
625:
623:
622:Jonathan Wild
619:
615:
610:
606:
601:
599:
595:
591:
582:
580:
578:
574:
569:
563:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
536:
534:
524:
517:
515:
512:
511:Jonathan Wild
506:
503:
495:
490:
489:Jonathan Wild
486:
485:
484:Daily Courant
479:
475:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
447:
445:
441:
437:
433:
427:
424:
420:
416:
412:
403:
396:
394:
392:
388:
383:
381:
377:
373:
364:
360:
357:
349:
347:
345:
340:
338:
334:
330:
329:Homosexuality
326:
320:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
252:
248:
245:
241:
237:
229:
227:
224:
219:
217:
212:
210:
206:
197:
195:
193:
189:
184:
182:
178:
174:
170:
169:bail bondsmen
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
141:
137:
133:
132:slave catcher
129:
128:bail bondsman
125:
124:bounty hunter
121:
118:
112:
109:
106:
98:
95:
91:
87:
84:
80:
75:
72:
68:
65:
59:
54:
49:
45:
44:Jonathan Wild
39:
34:
19:
3029:
2994:
2974:
2954:
2935:
2916:
2897:
2871:
2859:. Retrieved
2847:
2831:. Retrieved
2816:
2803:. Retrieved
2791:
2768:
2756:. Retrieved
2751:
2728:
2716:. Retrieved
2701:
2681:
2669:. Retrieved
2657:
2634:
2613:
2606:Beattie 2001
2601:
2594:Beattie 2001
2589:
2582:Beattie 2001
2577:
2570:Beattie 2001
2565:
2553:
2546:Beattie 2001
2541:
2534:Beattie 2004
2529:
2517:
2505:
2493:
2466:
2444:Beattie 2012
2439:
2423:
2407:
2391:
2379:
2352:
2340:
2313:
2301:
2289:
2282:Beattie 2001
2265:Beattie 2001
2250:Beattie 2001
2235:Beattie 2001
2230:
2218:
2211:Beattie 2001
2206:
2194:
2187:Beattie 2001
2163:
2156:Beattie 2001
2151:
2144:Beattie 2001
2127:Beattie 2001
2122:
2098:Beattie 2001
2078:
2066:
2059:Beattie 2001
2037:
2030:Beattie 2001
2009:Thief-takers
2008:
1966:
1954:
1913:Beattie 2001
1893:
1886:Beattie 2001
1881:
1851:Beattie 2001
1846:
1834:
1829:, p. 3.
1810:Beattie 2001
1805:
1793:
1756:Beattie 2001
1736:
1728:
1716:
1694:, p. 2.
1687:
1675:
1663:
1651:
1622:
1614:
1607:Beattie 2001
1592:, p. 1.
1570:
1543:
1538:, p. 3.
1521:Beattie 2001
1501:
1490:Prosecutions
1489:
1466:
1459:Beattie 2001
1454:
1432:Beattie 2012
1412:
1400:
1369:
1364:, p. 4.
1340:
1328:
1316:
1308:
1303:, p. 6.
1301:Beattie 2012
1276:Beattie 2001
1225:John Gibbons
1224:
1223:
1218:John Connell
1217:
1216:
1211:Robert Saker
1210:
1209:
1199:
1198:
1180:
1179:
1174:Anthony Dunn
1173:
1172:
1163:housebreaker
1161:was a young
1158:
1157:
1151:
1150:
1139:
1138:
1129:
1124:
1121:pamphlet war
1105:
1104:
1092:
1091:
1073:
1064:
1052:
1046:
1028:
1025:police force
1022:
1017:
997:imprisonment
976:
965:
955:
937:
922:
894:
879:
859:pamphlet war
854:
850:
836:
832:
817:
811:
806:Royal Pardon
805:
795:
785:
778:
759:
744:
733:
726:
720:
706:
701:
680:blackmailing
668:
655:
642:
602:
598:intermediary
586:
564:
537:
529:
507:
499:
483:
482:
448:
439:
435:
431:
428:
408:
387:Gordon Riots
384:
369:
353:
341:
337:molly houses
321:
274:or theft by
268:petty crimes
257:
233:
220:
213:
201:
185:
161:thief-takers
160:
148:
146:
115:Related jobs
82:Competencies
47:
18:Thief-takers
2861:25 November
2833:24 November
2805:25 November
2718:11 November
2671:25 November
2486:McLynn 1989
2459:McLynn 1989
2384:McLynn 1989
2372:McLynn 1989
2357:Howson 1970
2345:Howson 1970
2333:McLynn 1989
2318:Howson 1970
2306:Howson 1970
2294:Howson 1970
2199:Howson 1970
2168:Howson 1970
1839:Howson 1970
1771:Howson 1970
1548:Howson 1970
1536:Howson 1970
1362:Howson 1970
1204:embroiderer
1100:Tyburn Tree
970:hue and cry
950:horse theft
822:blackmailed
772:shoplifters
594:magistrates
432:Stop thief!
272:shoplifting
240:William III
209:immigration
149:thief-taker
77:Description
31:Thief-taker
3059:Categories
2964:0521400821
2926:1857281535
2907:0198200587
2881:0719051517
2758:31 October
2627:References
2618:Wales 2000
2558:Paley 2004
2223:Wales 2000
2115:Wales 2000
2083:Wales 2000
2071:Wales 2000
2042:Wales 2000
2007:, p.
1986:Wales 2000
1971:Wales 2000
1959:Wales 2000
1947:Wales 2000
1928:Wales 2000
1898:Wales 2000
1874:Wales 2000
1735:, p.
1721:Wales 2000
1650:, p.
1621:, p.
1488:, p.
1471:Wales 2000
1447:Wales 2000
1393:Wales 2000
1317:Population
1315:, p.
1069:French law
973:passer-by.
938:prosecutor
738:highwaymen
715:newspapers
573:corruption
548:defendants
502:Old Bailey
468:Old Bailey
419:constables
285:Highwaymen
264:Old Bailey
244:conspiracy
103:employment
56:Occupation
46:with his "
1255:Privateer
1009:acquitted
977:defendant
960:witnesses
926:execution
800:informers
676:innocents
659:informers
650:Receivers
590:expertise
380:Black Act
317:Jacobites
281:robberies
101:Fields of
1232:See also
1185:jeweller
1167:pardoned
946:burglary
847:pamphlet
764:burglars
753:clippers
646:compound
609:evidence
605:gratuity
544:pardoned
456:felonies
305:clipping
297:plotting
276:servants
270:such as
238:brought
181:bounties
120:watchman
1202:was an
1190:larceny
1065:Runners
1005:assault
993:pillory
956:witness
905:gallows
890:Pillory
749:coiners
692:taverns
533:rewards
472:rewards
464:coining
436:Murder!
344:rewards
157:England
71:England
3001:
2982:
2961:
2942:
2923:
2904:
2878:
2824:
2775:
2735:
2709:
2688:
2641:
1183:was a
1134:sodomy
1112:estate
1061:guinea
966:victim
931:charge
897:sodomy
784:1720:
779:ÂŁ40.00
777:1706:
758:1699:
745:ÂŁ40.00
743:1695:
734:ÂŁ40.00
732:1692:
552:felons
444:felons
299:. The
205:London
153:police
67:London
3070:Theft
1737:Theft
1261:Notes
1059:of a
460:theft
440:Fire!
438:, or
289:gangs
260:Theft
203:fact
173:court
2999:ISBN
2980:ISBN
2959:ISBN
2940:ISBN
2921:ISBN
2902:ISBN
2876:ISBN
2863:2015
2835:2015
2822:ISBN
2807:2015
2773:ISBN
2760:2015
2733:ISBN
2720:2015
2707:ISBN
2686:ISBN
2673:2015
2639:ISBN
1194:rape
1074:The
1057:wage
989:fine
841:and
770:and
751:and
620:and
481:The
421:and
385:The
303:and
295:and
177:bail
2852:doi
2796:doi
2662:doi
2428:OBP
2412:OBP
2396:OBP
2005:OBP
1733:OBP
1648:OBP
1619:OBP
1486:OBP
1313:OBP
948:or
684:fee
568:fee
155:in
3061::
2846:.
2790:.
2750:.
2656:.
2478:^
2451:^
2364:^
2325:^
2272:^
2257:^
2242:^
2175:^
2134:^
2105:^
2090:^
2049:^
2020:^
1993:^
1978:^
1935:^
1920:^
1905:^
1858:^
1817:^
1778:^
1763:^
1748:^
1699:^
1634:^
1597:^
1582:^
1555:^
1528:^
1513:^
1478:^
1439:^
1424:^
1381:^
1352:^
1283:^
1268:^
1192:,
944:,
907:.
861:.
802:".
446:.
434:,
417:,
194:.
138:,
134:,
130:,
126:,
122:,
88:,
69:,
3007:.
2988:.
2967:.
2948:.
2929:.
2910:.
2884:.
2865:.
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