1212:
719:
1038:
they sought
Soreyya-Revata, and together they consulted SabbakÄmi at VÄlikÄrÄma. In the Council that followed the Ten Points were declared invalid, and this decision was conveyed to the monks. Soon after was held a recital of the Doctrine in which seven hundred monks took part under the leadership of Soreyya-Revata. The recital lasted eight months. The Vajjiputtakas refused to accept the finding of Revataās Council and formed a separate sect, the MahÄsanghikas, numbering ten thousand monks, who held a recital of their own. Accordingly, TheravÄda Buddhism suggests that MahÄsÄį¹ghikas tried to change the traditional Vinaya by adding the above ten points to it.
977:. While inevitably disagreeing on points of details, these schools nevertheless agree that the bhikkhus at Vaisali were accepting monetary donations and following other lax practices (which led to a controversy when other monks discovered this). The lax practices are often described as "ten points". The main issue though was accepting money from laypersons. These practices were first noticed by a monk named Yasa KÄkandakaputta, who alerted other elders and called out the monks. In response, both the monks of VaiÅÄlÄ« and Yasa gathered senior members of the Sangha from the region to consult in order to fully settle the issue. This dispute about
821:
sources state that
Mahakasyapa criticized Ananda in various ways. Analayo quotes one passage from a Chinese parallel to the MahÄparinibbÄna-sutta (T 1428 at T XXII 966b18), in which MahÄkassapa says: "Änanda is a lay person. I am afraid that, being with covetousness in his mind, he will not recite the discourses completely." Analayo writes there may have been "actual conflict between two contending factions in the monastic community after the Buddhaās decease, with the more ascetically inclined faction emerging as the winning party in the accounts of the first saį¹
gīti".
1273:) which had only joined because they were attracted by the royal patronage of the sangha. Due to the increased royal support of the sangha, large numbers of faithless, greedy men espousing wrong views tried to join the order improperly and caused many divisions in the sangha. Because of this the third council of one thousand monks were convened, led by Moggaliputtatissa. The emperor himself was in attendance and asked the suspect monks what the Buddha taught. They claimed he taught wrong views such as eternalism, etc., which are condemned in the canonical
1227:
1710:
1328:
1847:
51:
6511:
6522:
2203:
3920:
3907:
632:
3897:
1082:). The king considered that were both the work of the Buddha, and since their preferences were not the same, should not live together. As those who studied the old Vinaya were in the majority, they were called the MahÄsÄį¹ghika; those who studied the new were in the minority, but they were all Sthaviras; thus they were named Sthavira.
1037:
The orthodox monks refused to agree to these points, and one of their leaders, Yasa KÄkandakaputta, publicly condemned the action of the
Vajjiputtakas. Yasa then left KosambÄ«, and, having summoned monks from PÄvÄ in the west and Avanti in the south, sought SambhÅ«ta SÄnavÄsi in Ahoganga. On his advice
1660:
The
Dipavamsa states that during the reign of Valagamba (Vattagamani Abhaya) (29ā17 BCE) the monks who had previously remembered the Tipitaka and its commentary orally, wrote them down in books, because of the threat posed by famine and war. The Mahavamsa also refers briefly to the writing down of
2029:
and its allied literature in all the scripts were painstakingly examined and their differences noted down and the necessary corrections made and all the versions were then collated. It was found that there was not much difference in the content of any of the texts. Finally, after the council had
1140:
According to the
Sthavira accounts, the majority (MahÄsaį¹gha) sided with MahÄdeva, and a minority of righteous elders (Sthaviras) were opposed to it, thus causing the first schism in the Buddhist community. According to this account, Mahadeva was criticized and opposed by Sthavira elders, and he
820:
Numerous
Vinayas also depict various disagreements in the first council. Various monks disagreed on whether to keep or get rid of some of the minor rules (since the Buddha had told Ananda that this may be done). Some monks even argued all the minor rules should be abolished. Also, numerous early
1202:
sect over 200 years later. Some scholars have concluded that an association of "MahÄdeva" with the first schism was a later sectarian interpolation based on much later events. Jan
Nattier and Charles Prebish argue that the five points of Mahadeva are unlikely to have been the cause of the first
1141:
eventually went on to become the founder of the MahÄsÄį¹ghika school. Mahasamghika sources do not claim
Mahadeva as a founder and do not agree with this account. As such, most scholars think that the MahÄdeva incident was a later event and that it was not the root cause of the first schism.
1968:
As in the case of the preceding councils, its first objective was to affirm and preserve the genuine Dhamma and Vinaya. However it was unique insofar as the monks who took part in it came from eight countries. These two thousand five hundred learned
Theravada monks came from
701:
as having begun immediately following the death of the Buddha and have continued into the modern era. The earliest councils are regarded as real events by every
Buddhist tradition. However, the historicity and details of these councils remains a matter of dispute in modern
817:. Even though the Buddha had said that the Sangha could abolish the minor rules after his passing, the council made the unanimous decision to keep all the rules intact. According to Charles Prebish, almost all scholars have questioned the historicity of this first council.
903:
Several modern scholars doubt whether the entire canon was really recited during the First Council, because the early texts contain different accounts on important subjects such as meditation. It may be, though, that early versions were recited of what is now known as the
872:, which depict PurÄį¹a and another monk, Gavampati which were not present at the council and who worry about what will happen to the Dharma after the death of the Buddha. This account is described in the Chinese versions of the Dharmagupta and MahÄ«sÄsaka Vinayas and in the
1570:
considers the Theravada account of the Third Council and the Sarvastivada account of the Fourth Council "equally tendentious," illustrating the uncertain veracity of much of these histories. The Milindapanho, a non-canonical Pali Buddhist text, is a dialogue between King
1655:
there is a major discrepancy between the sources which cite the death of Valagamba of Anuradhapura as occurring in 77 BCE and his supposed patronization of the effort to commit the Buddhist oral traditions to writing in the period 29 to 17 BCE. Norman
1363:). The fact that the Buddhist sangha was heavily involved in missionary activities across Asia at the time of Ashoka is well supported by the archeological sources, including numerous Indian inscriptions that match the claims of the Theravada sources.
863:
mentions there was an arhat named PurÄį¹a who stated that he and his followers preferred to remember the Buddha's teachings in the manner he had heard it and so did not rely on the textual collections of the council. This figure is also found in the
1108:
as imperfect and fallible. Sthavira sources claim the schism was caused by MahÄdeva, who often depicted as an evil figure (who killed his parents). The "five points" describe an arhat as one still characterized by impurity due to being affected by
1203:
schism and see this event as "emerging in a historical period considerably later than previously supposed and taking his place in the sectarian movement by instigating an internal schism within the already existing MahÄsÄį¹ghika school."
1965:. He authorized the construction of the Maha Passana Guha, the "great cave", an artificial cave very much like India's Sattapanni Cave where the first Buddhist Council had been held. Upon its completion The Council met on 17 May 1954.
1930:
before its recitation. This monumental task was done by the monks and many skilled craftsmen who upon completion of each slab had them housed in beautiful miniature 'pitaka' pagodas on a special site in the grounds of King Mindon's
1700:
reciters), the surviving monks recognized the danger of not writing it down so that even if some of the monks whose duty it was to study and remember parts of the Canon for later generations died, the teachings would not be lost.
1917:
It was presided over by three Elders, the Venerable Mahathera Jagarabhivamsa, the Venerable Narindabhidhaja, and the Venerable Mahathera Sumangalasami in the company of some two thousand four hundred monks (2,400). Their joint
920:
and D.P. Minayeff, thought there must have been assemblies after the Buddha's death, but considered only the main characters and some events before or after the First Council historical. Other scholars, such as Buddhologist
1776:
vice-president. They examined ancient theological literature and created detailed commentaries on the Canon's three main divisions. After the council, these commentaries were inscribed on copper sheets and stored in a
2050:
The Thai Theravada tradition has a different way of counting the history of Buddhist councils and names many other councils besides the ones listed above. A common Thai historical source for the early councils is the
843:, modern academic scholarship holds that it was likely composed at a later date because of its contents and differences in language and style. According to Theravada tradition, the Abhidhamma Pitaka, and the ancient
2021:
who answered all of them learnedly and satisfactorily. By the time this council met, all the participating countries had had the Pali Tripiį¹aka rendered into their native scripts, with the exception of India.
3725:
1862:
The new VaibhÄį¹£ika texts were not accepted by all SarvÄstivÄdins. Some "Western masters" from Gandhara and Bactria had divergent views which disagreed with the new orthodoxy. These disagreements from the
3817:
944:, Indologist E. E. Obermiller and to some extent Indologist Nalinaksha Dutt thought the account of the First Council was authentic, because of the correspondences between the PÄli texts and the
2120:
was written, which explains the PÄli translation by Buddhaghosa of the original Sinhalese commentaries. ParÄkkamabÄhu also unified the Sri Lankan sangha into one single Theravada community.
895:(Collection of the Great Assembly) was compiled by an Arhat named Baspa and his followers. Xuanzang reports visiting a stupa near Rajgir which marked the site of this alternate council.
2034:. This notable achievement was made possible through the dedicated efforts of the two thousand five hundred monks and numerous lay people. Their work came to an end on the evening of
1156:
that led to the first schism was over the five heretical points of MahÄdeva which degrades the attainment of arhats. These same points are discussed and condemned in the Theravadin
4661:
1339:
Theravada sources mention that another function of this council was to send Buddhist missionaries to various countries in order to spread Buddhism. These reached as far as the
1045:("Elders") wanted to 'add' more rules to the Vinaya. Vinaya texts associated with the Sthaviras do contain more rules than those of the MahÄsÄį¹ghika Vinaya. The MahÄsÄį¹ghika
847:(commentary) were also included at the first Buddhist council in the Sutta category, but its literature is different from Sutta because the Abhidhamma Pitaka was authored by
1002:
The Cullavagga of the Pali Canon of TheravÄda Buddhism holds that the VaiÅÄlÄ« (VajjiputtakÄ) monks practiced ten points (dasa vatthÅ«ni) which were against the Vinaya rules.
4051:
1961:(formerly Rangoon) in 1954, 83 years after the fifth one was held in Mandalay. It was sponsored by the Burmese Government led by the then Prime Minister, the Honourable
1211:
916:. Nevertheless, many scholars, from the late 19th century onward, have considered the historicity of the First Council improbable. Some scholars, such as orientalists
1534:, they seemed to have been less successful. However, some scholars hold that it is possible some Buddhist communities were established for a limited time in Egyptian
3748:
2139:, which was attended by several monks. The MahÄthera DhammadinnÄ of TÄlavana MahÄvihÄra (Wat PÄ TÄn) presided over the council, which was patronized by the King of
1086:
Due to the conflicting claims from both sects, a clear conclusion cannot be reached on whether the Sthaviras' or the MahÄsÄį¹ghikas' Vinaya was the original Vinaya.
5804:
1816:. It is said that during the council three hundred thousand verses and over nine million statements were compiled, a process which took twelve years to complete.
113:
1822:
1796:
The Fourth Council of Kashmir is not recognized as authoritative for the Theravadins. Reports of this council can be found in scriptures which were kept in the
1053:
section, while the TheravÄda version has 75 rules. The MahÄsÄį¹ghika Vinaya discusses how the MahÄsÄį¹ghika disagree with the Sthavira 'additions' to the Vinaya (
718:
3418:
Willemen, Charles; Dessein, Bart; Cox, Collett. Sarvastivada Buddhist Scholasticism, Handbuch der Orientalistik. Zweite Abteilung. Indien. Brill, 1998, p. XII
4021:
3695:
3842:
1299:
responses to them. Only Theravadin sources mention this text. According to this account, this third council also seems to have led to the split between the
4129:
965:
The historical records for the Second Buddhist Council derive primarily from the canonical Vinayas of various schools. It was held 100 years after the
3886:
2518:
1936:
1669:, building the stupa there and offering it to Kuppikala Mahatissa thero. This seems to have caused a dispute between Abhayagiri and the monks of the
2030:
officially approved them, all of the books of the Tipitaka and their commentaries were prepared for printing on modern presses and published in the
1910:. In the Burmese tradition, it is commonly known as the "Fifth Council". The chief objective of this meeting was to recite all the teachings of the
6396:
5848:
1756:, troubled by conflicting doctrines among various sects. He advised with the venerable PƔrsva, who organized a general assembly of theologians in
1546:(c. 20 BCE ā 50 CE). Religious scholar Ullrich R. Kleinhempel argues that the most likely candidate for the religion of the Therapeutae is indeed
5580:
6051:
4031:
3712:
3685:
3664:
3612:
3436:
3369:
3342:
3315:
3291:
3079:
2811:
2491:
2368:
2282:
4214:
4056:
1175:. According to this version of events, the king ends up supporting the Mahasanghikas. This version of events emphasizes the purity of the
3144:
6391:
824:
According to some traditional accounts, following the Buddha's death, 499 of the Buddha's top arhats were chosen to attend the council.
1311:). This doctrine seems to have been defended by a certain Katyayaniputra, who is seen as the founder of Sarvastivada. But according to
710:
contain conflicting accounts of these events and the narratives often serve to bolster the authority and prestige of specific schools.
6288:
5838:
3933:
3864:
2943:
2221:
662:
108:
65:
6381:
4134:
3836:
3742:
3254:
2983:
2066:
4277:
832:, trained himself until the dawn of day of the council, at which point he attained arahatship and was allowed to join the council.
754:
councils. The story of the First Council seems to be a continuation of the story of the Buddha's final days and death told in the
6066:
5811:
3595:
6458:
6448:
1308:
1579:
from the 2nd century B.C. It remains widely read in Buddhist regions. The Fourth Buddhist Council was held around 100 A.C. in
6403:
6056:
5858:
5749:
5694:
4267:
3734:
2343:
2310:
1242:
Theravada sources contain narratives of a Third council of the Theravara school which occurred during the reign of Ashoka at
876:. Gavampati is said to have also maintained a set of eight rules regarding food which are retained by the MahÄ«sÄsaka Vinaya.
3332:
1286:
The Theravadins say that council proceeded to recite the scriptures, adding to the canon Moggaliputta Tissa's own book, the
1347:, and possibly even farther according to the inscriptions left on stone pillars by Ashoka). Missionaries were also sent to
1269:. Its objective was to purify the Buddhist movement, particularly from opportunistic factions and heretical non-buddhists (
6552:
6373:
6071:
5754:
4046:
3879:
2226:
917:
689:") have periodically convened to settle doctrinal and disciplinary disputes and to revise and correct the contents of the
591:
286:
2798:
1879:
5956:
5828:
5799:
5501:
536:
311:
271:
5191:
2147:(r. 1441ā1487). During this council, the orthography of the Thai Pali Canon was corrected and it was rendered into the
5647:
5556:
5452:
5386:
5026:
4671:
4184:
4079:
3473:
941:
763:
2506:
1530:
would continue to be major influential traditions for generations after. Regarding the missions to the Mediterranean
6547:
6496:
5976:
4938:
4061:
3704:
3604:
1670:
4410:
3386:
1809:
1179:
Sarvastivadins, who are portrayed as descended from the arahants who fled the persecution of MahÄdeva and, led by
1094:
The alternative view of what caused the first schism is found in several Sthavira sources including the Theravada
221:
6386:
6199:
6189:
6061:
5044:
4624:
4385:
4360:
1648:
411:
4684:
2073:. It was supposed to have been held under the presidency of the Venerable Ariį¹į¹ha, the first pupil of the Elder
366:
6491:
5843:
5657:
5635:
5628:
5531:
5064:
4500:
4445:
4066:
3872:
2162:
and his brother. It was attended by 250 monks and scholars. A new edition of the Pali Canon was published, the
416:
2128:
From this point onwards, the Thai tradition focuses on councils held in Thailand which were patronized by the
2065:
The fourth council is seen by the Thai tradition of Buddhist history as having taken place under the reign of
1226:
2797:
Devalegama Medananda Thero; Ganthune Assaji Thero; Mambulgoda Sumanarathana Thero; Uditha Garusinghe (2017).
6428:
6408:
5739:
5719:
5476:
5206:
5007:
4768:
4450:
4400:
2101:, comprises the activities of the PÄli translation of the Sinhalese commentaries, a project that was led by
2074:
1804:
in Kashmir, headed by Vasumitra, to systematize the Sarvastivadin canon, which were translated from earlier
1559:
1495:
930:
751:
576:
356:
191:
1709:
697:, literally meaning "reciting together" or "joint rehearsal"). Accounts of these councils are recorded in
6438:
6278:
5946:
5916:
5689:
5640:
5481:
5429:
5424:
5186:
4904:
4656:
4651:
2895:
1948:
1897:
1455:
1344:
1066:
contains an account in which an old monk rearranges and augments the traditional Vinaya. As stated in the
782:
747:
655:
391:
376:
281:
276:
98:
3403:
3122:
2062:
The first three councils are the traditional councils in India (1. RÄjagaha, 2. VesÄlÄ«, 3. PatÄliputta).
1062:
989:. But some scholars think that a schism did not occur at this time and instead happened at a later date.
6443:
6413:
5994:
5926:
5759:
5674:
5669:
5593:
5588:
5506:
4036:
2429:
2091:
1677:
1644:
1640:
1527:
1104:. This was called to dispute five points held by a figure named MahÄdeva. The five points generally see
755:
596:
586:
541:
5059:
2360:
The First and Second Buddhist Councils: Five Versions : English Translations from PÄli and Chinese
1253:
According to the TheravÄda commentaries and chronicles, the Third Buddhist Council was convened by the
5576:
4716:
3564:
Thai Buddhism in the Buddhist World, A Survey of the Buddhist SituationAgainst a Historical Background
3525:
Thai Buddhism in the Buddhist World, A Survey of the Buddhist SituationAgainst a Historical Background
3503:
Thai Buddhism in the Buddhist World, A Survey of the Buddhist SituationAgainst a Historical Background
3145:
https://www.academia.edu/39841429/Traces_of_Buddhist_Presence_in_Alexandria_Philo_and_the_Therapeutae_
1238:. Three āMinor Pillar Edictsā (at Sarnath, SÄƱchÄ«, and Kosambi) discuss the divisions and unification.
6466:
6433:
6418:
6306:
5936:
5833:
5779:
5664:
5603:
5571:
5566:
5551:
5536:
5526:
5491:
5404:
5096:
5019:
4921:
4790:
4592:
4330:
4322:
4262:
4011:
3978:
3928:
2129:
2117:
1666:
1118:
606:
566:
561:
526:
371:
251:
159:
144:
88:
60:
4247:
4174:
3721:
2768:
1075:
1009:
Eating food when the shadow of the sun had passed two fingers' breadth beyond noon (duvangulakappa).
790:
6273:
6152:
5986:
5961:
5951:
5911:
5888:
5771:
5744:
5704:
5623:
5613:
5541:
5468:
4899:
4756:
4537:
4515:
4467:
4287:
4087:
3943:
3923:
3591:
3166:
3139:
Ullrich R . Kleinhempel, "Traces of Buddhist Presence in Alexandria: Philo and the "Therapeutae"",
1790:
1543:
1275:
1198:
also records a 'MahÄdeva' who seems to be a completely different figure who was the founder of the
1172:
1100:. According to these sources, some 35 years after the second council, there was another meeting in
759:
707:
616:
571:
509:
449:
386:
331:
326:
81:
70:
6135:
3359:
1616:
6336:
6241:
6083:
6046:
6041:
5971:
5921:
5868:
5863:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5714:
5699:
5684:
5679:
5618:
5598:
5561:
5486:
5291:
4992:
4916:
4794:
4736:
4577:
4477:
4405:
4380:
4026:
3956:
2848:
2216:
2087:
1851:
1757:
1591:, who wrote many Sanskrit works in the 4th century A.C. Other significant Buddhist teachers from
1519:
1372:(XII, 1st paragraph), the council and Ashoka sent the following missionaries to various regions:
1266:
1219:
1110:
680:
601:
581:
521:
516:
404:
306:
299:
226:
216:
123:
3223:
2839:
Prebish, Charles S. āÅaikį¹£a-Dharmas Revisited: Further Considerations of MahÄsÄį¹ghika Origins.ā
2722:
2017:
was appointed the noble task of asking the required questions about the Dhamma of the Venerable
1914:
and examine them in minute detail to see if any of them had been altered, distorted or dropped.
1327:
1234:
discusses divisions in the sangha and how the sangha was unified through the aid of the emperor
4252:
1828:
1773:
1612:
6514:
6476:
6172:
6157:
6120:
6105:
5878:
5709:
5546:
5511:
5496:
5458:
5223:
5213:
4894:
4741:
4726:
4597:
4520:
4440:
4375:
4307:
4194:
4152:
3951:
3832:
3825:
Buddhism: Critical Concepts in Religious Studies, 1: Early History in South and Southeast Asia
3738:
3708:
3681:
3660:
3608:
3432:
3365:
3338:
3311:
3305:
3287:
3250:
3075:
2979:
2939:
2807:
2487:
2364:
2339:
2331:
2306:
2298:
2278:
2010:
2005:
can only be counted as the nationality of the only two western monks in attendance: Venerable
1922:
recitation lasted for five months. It was also the work of this council to approve the entire
1608:
1436:
986:
970:
933:, and based on that of the second, since there were not any major problems to solve after the
926:
836:
648:
546:
531:
336:
211:
154:
118:
34:
5241:
3760:
3110:
2419:
Sri Lanka International Journal of Buddhist Studies (SIJBS) Volume IV (2015), ISSN- 20128878.
1096:
6162:
6115:
6110:
5966:
5931:
5906:
5901:
5652:
5608:
5521:
5196:
4852:
4845:
4629:
4619:
4505:
4169:
4041:
3853:
3673:
3648:
2177:
1567:
1506:
Some of these missions were very successful, such as the ones which established Buddhism in
1312:
949:
945:
766:
concluded that they had originated from a single narrative that was later split between the
703:
611:
556:
486:
476:
341:
5261:
4425:
4415:
4179:
2112:
The seventh council is believed to have taken place during the time of the Sri Lankan king
1846:
1279:
He asked the virtuous monks, and they replied that the Buddha was a "Teacher of Analysis" (
201:
6526:
6471:
6423:
6351:
6221:
6019:
5999:
5941:
5853:
5516:
5414:
4997:
4980:
4965:
4943:
4495:
4365:
4199:
2208:
2148:
2113:
2106:
2090:, when the Pali Canon was first put into writing in Sri Lanka in the first century BCE at
2079:
1932:
1685:
1681:
1459:
636:
551:
351:
261:
206:
5271:
4985:
4232:
4095:
3575:
Jermsawatdi, Promsak (1979). Thai Art with Indian Influences, p. 40. Abhinav Publications
1902:
Another Buddhist Council, this time presided by Theravada monks, took place in Mandalay,
1316:
1304:
1295:
1046:
922:
952:
meanwhile holds that "large parts of the Pali Canon" do date back to the first council.
879:
A similar event is described by Chinese sources like the writings of the Indian scholar
6481:
6184:
6034:
5816:
5396:
5376:
5296:
4975:
4909:
4884:
4746:
2031:
2018:
2014:
1927:
1911:
1864:
1523:
1480:
1356:
1254:
1015:
Holding of the uposatha separately by monks dwelling in the same district (ÄvÄsakappa).
698:
496:
426:
381:
321:
239:
5409:
4709:
4699:
2026:
1498:, along with Utthiya, Ittiya, Sambala and Bhaddasala his disciples went to Lankadipa (
690:
256:
17:
6541:
6251:
6100:
5311:
5169:
4970:
4948:
4555:
4350:
4345:
4237:
4071:
3906:
2971:
2931:
2169:
1726:
1722:
1409:
1215:
906:
806:
771:
735:
461:
316:
266:
6296:
5201:
5079:
4435:
4430:
3514:
Ellawala, H. (1969). Social History of Early Ceylon. Department of Cultural Affairs.
6341:
6326:
6246:
6236:
6078:
5873:
5366:
4867:
4862:
4689:
4560:
3896:
1868:
1832:
1817:
1718:
1652:
1620:
1300:
1262:
1163:
1149:
1042:
1021:
Following a practice because it is so done by one's tutor or teacher (Äcinnakappa).
929:, considered it likely that the account of the First Council was written after the
912:
802:
767:
361:
246:
164:
50:
5124:
5109:
5069:
4006:
1632:
829:
3109:
Thai Art with Indian Influences, Promsak Jermsawatdi, Abhinav Publications, 1979
2481:
2358:
2272:
774:. In most schools, the account of the First Council is located at the end of the
6311:
6301:
6140:
5281:
5266:
5049:
4857:
4785:
4565:
4395:
4297:
4144:
4016:
2188:
2184:
2173:
2102:
2039:
2006:
1827:
dates to the time of Kanishka. This massive text became the central text of the
1539:
1507:
1476:
1440:
1348:
1288:
1243:
1167:
1158:
1101:
934:
798:
786:
431:
6521:
4455:
2202:
2187:(1925ā1935). This council saw a new edition of the Pali Canon published in the
1319:
lineage of Moggaliputta were already present during the time of Emperor AÅoka.
1024:
Eating of sour milk by one who has already had his midday meal (amathitakappa).
6256:
6214:
6090:
5896:
5821:
5435:
5419:
5381:
5361:
5276:
5256:
5231:
5139:
5074:
5054:
4800:
4731:
4602:
4485:
4390:
4340:
4272:
3998:
3988:
3961:
2198:
2136:
2025:
The traditional recitation of the Buddhist Scriptures took two years, and the
1939:, stands to this day. This council is not generally recognized outside Burma.
1907:
1836:
1588:
1580:
1535:
1398:
966:
880:
844:
436:
196:
93:
4570:
1926:
inscribed for posterity on seven hundred and twenty-nine marble slabs in the
859:
The various Vinayas also recount another curious event during this time. The
6231:
6204:
5371:
5246:
4958:
4874:
4751:
4641:
4614:
4607:
4527:
4490:
4257:
4222:
4189:
4164:
4119:
3828:
3656:
3092:
3048:
Berkwitz, Stephen C. South Asian Buddhism: A Survey, Routledge, 2012, p. 45.
3036:
Berkwitz, Stephen C. South Asian Buddhism: A Survey, Routledge, 2012, p. 44.
2401:
Berkwitz, Stephen C. South Asian Buddhism: A Survey, Routledge, 2012, p. 43.
2144:
2070:
1990:
1923:
1769:
1746:
1689:
1636:
1604:
1596:
1515:
1499:
1421:
1391:
1368:
1352:
1018:
Carrying out an official act when the assembly is incomplete (anumatikappa).
974:
848:
731:
693:. These gatherings are often termed Buddhist "councils" (PÄli and Sanskrit:
481:
456:
6004:
4840:
4694:
4460:
4242:
4111:
4103:
2338:, Rome: Istituto Italiano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente, pp. 42ā45,
2305:. Rome: Istituto Italiano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente. pp. 42ā45.
1734:
4766:
3361:
Buddhist Art & Antiquities of Himachal Pradesh, Up to 8th Century A.D.
3307:
Buddhist Art & Antiquities of Himachal Pradesh, Up to 8th Century A.D.
631:
6361:
6316:
6261:
6226:
6130:
5789:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5336:
5321:
5301:
5236:
5154:
5144:
5119:
5114:
5014:
4775:
4646:
4634:
4545:
4282:
4204:
3901:
2390:
An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History, and Practices (2nd ed.).
1978:
1974:
1954:
1840:
1813:
1797:
1782:
1761:
1753:
1742:
1741:. The exact location of the vihara is presumed to be around Harwan, near
1730:
1576:
1562:, Buddhism had splintered into different schools in different regions of
1547:
1531:
1511:
1488:
1469:
1413:
1381:
1340:
1270:
1188:
1180:
888:
840:
727:
491:
471:
466:
346:
42:
2077:. This is not usually counted as a council in other traditions, but the
6266:
6209:
6194:
5341:
5331:
5306:
5181:
5176:
5134:
5104:
5036:
5002:
4953:
4889:
4830:
4825:
4721:
4679:
4582:
4420:
4370:
4157:
3983:
3155:
Indo-Tibetan Buddhism. Snellgrove, David. Shambhala. Boston:2003. p. 46
2852:
2274:
A Buddhist Approach to International Relations: Radical Interdependence
2155:
2056:
2002:
1986:
1970:
1805:
1801:
1786:
1765:
1738:
1572:
1484:
1446:
Maharakkhita (Maharaksita Thera) led the mission to the country of the
1417:
1377:
1360:
1231:
1199:
1184:
1176:
171:
2180:) and the canon was published in modern book form for the first time.
6346:
6331:
6167:
6029:
6009:
5784:
5446:
5326:
5316:
5251:
4879:
4835:
4820:
4810:
4780:
4761:
4704:
4587:
4355:
4227:
3971:
3966:
2806:(in Sinhala). Educational Publications Department. pp. 120ā123.
2159:
2140:
1958:
1919:
1855:
1745:. An alternate theory places its location in the Kuvana monastery in
1697:
1600:
1592:
1584:
1451:
1425:
1387:
1332:
1258:
1247:
1235:
982:
978:
884:
825:
810:
794:
793:, one of his most senior disciples, at a cave near RÄjagį¹ha (today's
743:
723:
685:
676:
186:
181:
176:
139:
3487:
History of Pali Scriptures: Sangitiyavamsa by Somdet Phra Phonnarat.
2116:
and presided over by Kassapa Thera in 1176. During this council the
1074:
He copied and rearranged our Vinaya, developing and augmenting what
1012:
Eat once and then go again to the village for alms (gÄmantarakappa).
2158:
from November 13, 1788, to April 10, 1789, under the aegis of King
1566:. Scholars have also questioned the historicity of these councils.
6486:
6321:
6179:
6145:
6125:
6095:
6024:
5441:
5286:
5164:
5159:
5129:
5084:
4931:
4926:
4805:
4510:
4335:
4302:
4292:
3653:
How Buddhism Began: The Conditioned Genesis of the Early Teachings
2277:. Springer International Publishing, Imprint: Palgrave Macmillan.
2035:
1998:
1994:
1903:
1845:
1800:
tradition. It is said that emperor Kanishka gathered five hundred
1778:
1708:
1563:
1465:
1429:
1326:
1225:
1210:
1153:
1105:
1078:
had codified and which was called "Vinaya of the Great Assembly" (
814:
421:
3431:,p. 57. Centre of Buddhist Studies, The University of Hong Kong.
3074:,p. 55. Centre of Buddhist Studies, The University of Hong Kong.
3012:
NÄgÄrjuna in Context: MahÄyÄna Buddhism and Early Indian Culture.
2999:
NÄgÄrjuna in Context: MahÄyÄna Buddhism and Early Indian Culture.
1635:
school had a Fourth Buddhist Council in the first century BCE in
6356:
5149:
4815:
4312:
3198:
Sihalavatthu Pakarana: Book of ancient Sinhala religious stories
1982:
1962:
1676:
Whatever the case, the sources state that a council was held at
1447:
1405:
762:. Based on correlations and continuity between these two texts,
3868:
2038:, 24 May 1956, exactly two and a half millennia after Buddha's
1307:
schools on the issue of the existence of the three times (i.e.
6014:
4550:
3727:
A History of Indian Buddhism: From ÅÄkyamuni to Early MahÄyÄna
2183:
The next Thai council was held in Bangkok during the reign of
1464:
Majjhima Thera led the mission to the Himavant area (northern
1222:
at the Third Buddhist Council, at the Nava Jetavana, Shravasti
1027:
Use of the strong drink before it has fermented (jalogikappa).
3697:
An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices
3641:
The Earliest Vinaya and the Beginnings of Buddhist Literature
3464:, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, 1975, pp. 276ff
2896:
MahÄsÄį¹ghika Origins: The Beginnings of Buddhist Sectarianism
2336:
The Earliest Vinaya and the Beginnings of Buddhist Literature
2303:
The Earliest Vinaya and the Beginnings of Buddhist Literature
891:. According to these sources, an alternative canon named the
3858:
Mahasamghika Origins History of Religions, pp. 237ā272.
2690:
2168:
The third Thai council was held in 1878 during the reign of
2013:. They both were invited from Sri Lanka. The late Venerable
1583:, Punjab. Notable Buddhist philosophers from Punjab include
1376:
Elder Majjhantika (Sanskrit: Mahyantika) led the mission to
1171:
develops this story into against the Mahasanghika founder,
785:
is traditionally said to have been held just after Buddha's
3025:
Buddhism: Critical Concepts in Religious Studies, Volume 2.
2882:
Buddhism: Critical Concepts in Religious Studies, Volume 2.
2758:
Skilton, Andrew. A Concise History of Buddhism. 2004. p. 48
2505:
DÄ«.A. (sumaį¹
gala.1) Sumaį¹
galavilÄsinÄ« dÄ«ghanikÄyaį¹į¹hakathÄ
2246:
1665:
Valagamba is also associated with patronizing the site of
1293:
a discussion of various dissenting Buddhist views and the
1129:), reaching enlightenment through the guidance of others (
1030:
Use of blankets which have unstitched hem (nisīdanakappa).
981:, according to traditional sources, resulted in the first
2976:
Sects & Sectarianism: The Origins of Buddhist Schools
2936:
Sects & Sectarianism: The Origins of Buddhist Schools
706:. This is because various sources belonging to different
2176:
was used to make copies of the Pali Canon (instead of a
1935:
at the foot of Mandalay Hill where it and the so-called
750:
contain accounts, in whole or in part, of the first and
3451:(Kuiper Festschrift), pub Mouton, The Hague/Paris, 1968
3334:
Buddhist Western Himalaya: A politico-religious history
2451:
2449:
2135:
The first of these was held in the MahÄĀbĀoĀdhÄrÄma at
1684:. Because at this time the Pali texts were strictly an
1283:), an answer that was confirmed by Moggaliputta Tissa.
801:. Its objective was to preserve the Buddha's sayings (
2247:"The Tradition Of Saį¹
gÄ«ti And PÄįø·i Literature | IATBU"
2392:
Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 88ā90.
1538:, and this may have been the origin of the so-called
3213:, Volume VII, page 10, Otto Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden.
2900:
History of Religions Volume 16, Number 3. Feb., 1977
6457:
6372:
6287:
5985:
5887:
5770:
5467:
5395:
5222:
5095:
5035:
4670:
4536:
4476:
4321:
4213:
4143:
3997:
3942:
3388:
The Indian Empire its peoples, history and products
3168:
Buddhism in the Punjab Haryana and Himachal Pradesh
3057:Charles Willemen, Bart Dessein, Collett Cox (1998)
2957:Charles Willemen, Bart Dessein, Collett Cox (1998)
2912:Charles Willemen, Bart Dessein, Collett Cox (1998)
2867:Charles Willemen, Bart Dessein, Collett Cox (1998)
2669:Charles Willemen, Bart Dessein, Collett Cox (1998)
2430:"Life of Buddha: The 1st Buddhist Council (Part 2)"
1835:are no longer extant as an independent school, its
1033:
Accepting of gold and silver (jÄtarÅ«parajatakappa).
937:, or any other need to organize the First Council.
3540:p. 42. Greenwood History of Modern Nations Series.
2069:(247ā207 BCE), when Buddhism was first brought to
722:A mural depicting the first Buddhist Council near
2105:and involved numerous bhikkhus of the Sri Lankan
2042:, according to the traditional Theravada dating.
1768:. All 500 members were from the HinƔyana School.
1386:Elder Mahadeva led the mission to Mahisamandala (
1331:Map of the Buddhist missions during the reign of
778:section of the Vinaya but before any appendices.
1717:Another Fourth Buddhist Council was held by the
1133:), and speaking of suffering while in samÄdhi (
1072:
3405:Early Hindu India A Dynastic Study - Vol - Iii
2673:pp. 40, 43. Brill, Handbuch Der Orientalistik.
2326:
2324:
2322:
2191:which was distributed throughout the country.
1854:and monastery ruins, a major Buddhist site in
3880:
3562:Phra Brahmagunabhorn (P. A. Payutto) (2000).
3523:Phra Brahmagunabhorn (P. A. Payutto) (2000).
3501:Phra Brahmagunabhorn (P. A. Payutto) (2000).
2916:pp. 45-46. Brill, Handbuch Der Orientalistik.
2094:under the presidency of MahÄtthera Rakkhita.
656:
8:
4662:Basic points unifying TheravÄda and MahÄyÄna
3818:"Review of Scholarship on Buddhist Councils"
2417:The First Saį¹
gÄ«ti and TheravÄda Monasticism.
1789:to the church before returning home via the
1661:the canon and the commentaries at this time.
1542:sect mentioned by some ancient sources like
1475:Sona Thera and Uttara Thera led missions to
1397:Elder Rakkhita led the mission to Vanavasi (
3643:, Buddhist Studies Review, 18 (2), 131ā182.
3634:, Buddhist Studies Review, 18 (2), 131ā182.
3209:Gonda, Jane (editor), Norman, K.R. (1983).
1867:" can be seen in later works, such as the *
1725:, and is said to have been convened by the
1343:in the West (in particular the neighboring
3887:
3873:
3865:
3282:Buswell, Robert; Lopez, Donald S. (2013).
1858:, one of the capitals of the Kushan empire
1416:("Western border", consisting of Northern
1090:The MahÄdeva episode and the "five points"
663:
649:
29:
3761:"The Riddle of the First Buddhist Council
3123:"Clement of Alexandria: Stromata, Book 1"
3061:p. 56. Brill, Handbuch Der Orientalistik.
2961:p. 46. Brill, Handbuch Der Orientalistik.
2871:p. 45. Brill, Handbuch Der Orientalistik.
2685:
2683:
2681:
2679:
2645:
2633:
2609:
1820:sources also claim that the encyclopedic
1752:The 4th Buddhist Council was convened by
3200:The Island, Thursday 07th December, 2001
2657:
2585:
2573:
2467:
2046:Theravada Councils in the Thai tradition
1006:Storing salt in a horn (singilonakappa).
805:) and the monastic discipline or rules (
717:
5849:Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal
2621:
2597:
2517:Saį¹
gaį¹i.A. (aį¹į¹hasÄlinÄ«) Dhammasaį¹
giį¹Ä«
2238:
2055:(c. 1789) by Somdet Wannarat, abbot of
41:
27:Convention of Buddhist monastic leaders
6052:List of Buddhist architecture in China
3485:Santi Pakdeekham (Translator) (2020).
3358:Handa, O. C.; HÄį¹įøÄ, Omacanda (1994).
3331:Handa, O. C.; HÄį¹įøÄ, Omacanda (2001).
3304:Handa, O. C.; HÄį¹įøÄ, Omacanda (1994).
2792:
2790:
2769:"Dhamma Sangayana (Buddhist Councils)"
2754:
2752:
2717:
2715:
2713:
2711:
2486:, Oxford University Press, p. 2,
2455:
3497:
3495:
3284:The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism,
3044:
3042:
2926:
2924:
2922:
2908:
2906:
2863:
2861:
2556:
2554:
2540:
2538:
2083:does mention a recital at this time.
1733:(c. 158ā176), in 78 AD at Kundalvana
1643:(Aloka Leį¹a) during the time of King
1265:), under the leadership of the elder
1207:Theravada accounts of a third council
1041:However, MahÄsÄį¹ghikas hold that the
7:
3798:de La VallƩe Poussin, Louis (1976),
3789:de La VallƩe Poussin, Louis (1905),
3286:p. 200. Princeton University Press.
3273:p. 63. Vikas Publishing House, 1997.
3249:. Dayawansa Jayakodi & Company.
3059:SarvÄstivÄda Buddhist Scholasticism,
3023:Williams, Jane, and Williams, Paul.
2959:SarvÄstivÄda Buddhist Scholasticism,
2914:SarvÄstivÄda Buddhist Scholasticism,
2880:Williams, Jane, and Williams, Paul.
2869:SarvÄstivÄda Buddhist Scholasticism,
2843:, vol. 35, no. 3, 1996, pp. 258ā70.
2671:SarvÄstivÄda Buddhist Scholasticism,
2507:sÄ«lakkhandhavaggavaį¹į¹anÄ nidÄnakathÄ
2411:
2409:
2407:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2151:. This council was held in 1477 CE.
2097:The sixth council, according to the
1049:(list of rules) has 67 rules in the
1831:tradition in Kashmir. Although the
1315:, the Sarvastivada lineage and the
5839:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
2893:Nattier, Jan; Prebish, Charles S.
2222:Index of Buddhism-related articles
2154:A second Thai council was held in
2086:The fifth council is that of King
839:, the third major division of the
683:, Buddhist monastic communities ("
675:Since the death of the historical
114:Decline in the Indian subcontinent
109:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
25:
3625:, Motilal Banarsidass (New Delhi)
3597:Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism.
3391:. W.H. Allen,London. p. 192.
3186:. Department of Cultural Affairs.
2519:Abhidhamma-AtthakathÄ NidÄnakathÄ
1785:then renewed Asoka's donation of
1673:(the ancient Theravada lineage).
940:On the other hand, archaeologist
6520:
6510:
6509:
6067:Thai temple art and architecture
5812:Huichang persecution of Buddhism
4052:Iconography in Laos and Thailand
3918:
3905:
3895:
3551:Thai Art with Indian Influences,
3337:. Indus Publishing. p. 38.
2548:, pp. 38-39. Motilal Banarsidass
2201:
1953:The Sixth Council was called at
1839:tradition were inherited by the
813:, and the Vinaya was recited by
630:
49:
3919:
3489:Fragile Palm Leaves Foundation.
3385:Hunter, William Wilson (1893).
3364:Indus Publishing. p. 142.
1906:, in 1871 in the reign of King
1825:("Great Abhidharma Commentary")
1439:led the mission to Maharattha (
973:and was patronised by the king
956:Second council and first schism
6057:Japanese Buddhist architecture
5859:Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism
4939:Seven Factors of Enlightenment
4130:Places where the Buddha stayed
3735:Motilal Banarsidass Publishers
3310:Indus Publishing. p. 50.
3211:A History of Indian Literature
3184:Social History of Early Ceylon
3127:www.earlychristianwritings.com
2828:A Concise History of Buddhism.
1808:vernacular languages (such as
1152:source) claims the dispute in
1057:T.1425, p. 493a28-c22.).
809:). The Suttas were recited by
1:
6072:Tibetan Buddhist architecture
3816:Prebish, Charles S. (2005) ,
3549:Jermsawatdi, Promsak (1979).
2227:World Fellowship of Buddhists
1887:Theravada Councils in Myanmar
1823:Abhidharma MahÄvibhÄį¹£Ä ÅÄstra
1749:, though this is improbable.
1678:the cave temple of Alu VihÄra
5829:Buddhism and the Roman world
5805:Decline of Buddhism in India
5800:History of Buddhism in India
3900: Topics in
3802:, Calcutt : K.P. Bagchi
2170:King Chulalongkorn (Rama V).
2019:Bhadanta Vicittasarabhivamsa
1943:Sixth Burmese Council (1954)
1892:Fifth Burmese Council (1871)
1183:, established themselves in
312:Buddhist Paths to liberation
5027:Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar
4767:
3823:, in Williams, Paul (ed.),
3553:p. 37. Abhinav Publications
3536:Patit Paban Mishra (2010).
3269:De Silva, Chandra Richard.
3141:ŠŠ°ŃŃŠ½Š¾-ŃŠµŠ¾ŃŠµŃŠøŃŠµŃŠŗŠøŠ¹ Š¶ŃŃŠ½Š°Š»
2746:Harvey, Peter (2013) p. 89.
2562:History of Indian Buddhism,
1937:'largest book in the world'
1772:was elected president, and
797:) with the support of king
758:and its equivalents in the
6569:
5977:The unanswerable questions
3782:History of Indian Buddhism
3769:Chung-Hwa Buddhist Journal
3705:Cambridge University Press
3703:(2nd ed.), New York:
3605:Princeton University Press
1946:
1895:
1454:), which likely refers to
1230:The minor pillar edict of
918:Louis de La VallƩe-Poussin
6505:
6062:Buddhist temples in Korea
4625:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism
4528:Three planes of existence
4135:Buddha in world religions
3914:
3780:Lamotte, Etienne (1976),
3462:Sangha and State in Burma
3427:Dhammajoti, K.L. (2009).
3402:A.kumar Mazumdar (1917).
3245:Siriweera, W. I. (2004).
3196:D. Amarasiri Weeraratne,
3070:Dhammajoti, K.L. (2009).
2978:, Santipada, p. 78,
2560:Lamotte, Etienne (1988),
2544:Dutt, Nalinaksha (1978).
2363:. Chi Lin Nunnery. 2008.
2271:Long, William J. (2021).
2172:During this council, the
2124:Councils held in Thailand
1554:The two "fourth councils"
1359:(possibly to neighboring
742:All six of the surviving
726:, Nava. Jetavana temple,
5844:Persecution of Buddhists
5065:Four stages of awakening
4446:Three marks of existence
4032:Physical characteristics
3791:Les conciles bouddhiques
3639:Frauwallner, E. (1956),
3590:Buswell, Robert E. Jr.;
3538:The History of Thailand,
2483:A Dictionary of Buddhism
2164:Tipitaka Chabab Tongyai.
2009:Mahathera and Venerable
1877:a (T no. 1550), and the
1615:(3rd century A.C.), and
1560:Fourth Buddhist Councils
1261:at PÄtaliputra (today's
1196:Samayabhedoparacanacakra
1146:Samayabhedoparacanacakra
5207:Ten principal disciples
4090:(aunt, adoptive mother)
3784:, Paris: Peeters Press.
3632:Buddhist Sects in India
3429:SarvÄstivÄda Abhidharma
3072:SarvÄstivÄda Abhidharma
2855:. Accessed 6 July 2023.
2546:Buddhist Sects In India
2529:Barman, Sibani (2017).
1468:, the foothills of the
789:, and presided over by
332:Philosophical reasoning
5917:Buddhism and democracy
5430:Tibetan Buddhist canon
5425:Chinese Buddhist canon
4657:Pre-sectarian Buddhism
4652:Early Buddhist schools
3809:The Debates Commentary
3759:Mukherjee, B. (1994),
3694:Harvey, Peter (2013),
2388:Harvey, Peter (2013).
1949:Sixth Buddhist council
1898:Fifth Buddhist council
1859:
1714:
1688:maintained in several
1663:
1345:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
1336:
1239:
1223:
1084:
783:first Buddhist council
748:early Buddhist schools
739:
714:First Buddhist council
99:Pre-sectarian Buddhism
18:Third Buddhist council
5927:Eight Consciousnesses
4037:Life of Buddha in art
3800:The Buddhist Councils
3793:, Louvain, J.B. Istas
3623:On the Vibhajjavadins
3271:Sri Lanka, a History,
3226:. Sacred Destinations
3182:Ellawala, H. (1969).
2531:A Study of Dipavamsa.
2480:Damien Keown (2004),
2178:modified Khmer script
2067:King DevÄnampiyatissa
1849:
1712:
1705:Kashmiri SarvÄstivÄda
1658:
1330:
1229:
1214:
969:in the Valukarama of
967:parinirvana of Buddha
756:Mahaparinibbana Sutta
721:
367:Aids to Enlightenment
192:Dependent Origination
6553:Buddhist monasticism
6404:East Asian religions
5834:Buddhism in the West
5405:Early Buddhist texts
5020:Four Right Exertions
4486:Ten spiritual realms
3979:Noble Eightfold Path
3811:, Pali Text Society.
3754:on 11 September 2015
3592:Lopez, Donald S. Jr.
3247:History of Sri Lanka
3165:Ahir, D. C. (1971).
2841:History of Religions
1880:AbhidharmakoÅakÄrikÄ
1671:Mahavihara monastery
1623:(7th century A.C.).
1611:(1st century A.C.),
1532:Hellenistic kingdoms
1341:Hellenistic kingdoms
1323:The Ashokan missions
870:Tibetan DulvÄ Vinaya
337:Devotional practices
160:Noble Eightfold Path
6527:Religion portal
6274:Temple of the Tooth
6153:Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi
5192:UpÄsaka and UpÄsikÄ
4685:BodhipakkhiyÄdhammÄ
4468:Two truths doctrine
4288:Mahapajapati Gotamī
4088:Mahapajapati Gotamī
3854:Prebish, Charles S.
3831:, pp. 224ā43,
2103:Äcariya Buddhaghosa
1870:Tattvasiddhi-ÅÄstra
1781:built by Kanishka.
1627:Sinhalese TheravÄda
1558:By the time of the
1544:Philo of Alexandria
1412:led the mission to
1309:temporal eternalism
1111:nocturnal emissions
1068:ÅÄriputraparipį¹cchÄ
1063:ÅÄriputraparipį¹cchÄ
1055:MahÄsÄį¹ghikavinaya,
946:Sanskrit traditions
874:VinayamÄtrika SÅ«tra
746:sources of various
637:Buddhism portal
510:Buddhism by country
272:Sanskrit literature
6449:Western philosophy
6047:Dzong architecture
5869:Vipassana movement
5864:Buddhist modernism
5292:Emperor Wen of Sui
5060:PratyekabuddhayÄna
4993:Threefold Training
4795:Vipassana movement
4511:Hungry Ghost realm
4331:AvidyÄ (Ignorance)
4278:Puį¹į¹a MantÄnÄ«putta
4027:Great Renunciation
4022:Eight Great Events
3904:
3848:on 20 October 2015
3807:Law, B.C. (1940),
2415:AnÄlayo, Bhikkhu.
2332:Frauwallner, Erich
2299:Frauwallner, Erich
2217:Ecumenical council
2088:VattagÄmanÄ« Abhaya
1860:
1852:Dharmarajika Stupa
1715:
1713:Emperor Kanishka I
1645:Vattagamani-Abhaya
1528:Sinhalese Buddhism
1520:Gandharan Buddhism
1337:
1267:Moggaliputta Tissa
1240:
1224:
1220:Moggaliputta-Tissa
1115:asucisukhavisaį¹į¹hi
893:Mahasamghikanikaya
887:, and the pilgrim
855:Alternative groups
740:
728:Nava Jetavana Park
681:Siddhartha Gautama
124:Buddhist modernism
6548:Buddhist councils
6535:
6534:
6173:Om mani padme hum
5879:Women in Buddhism
5795:Buddhist councils
5665:Western countries
5453:MadhyamakÄlaį¹kÄra
5214:Shaolin Monastery
4791:Samatha-vipassanÄ
4401:PratÄ«tyasamutpÄda
4205:Metteyya/Maitreya
4123:
4115:
4107:
4099:
4091:
4083:
4075:
3952:Four Noble Truths
3714:978-0-521-85942-4
3687:978-0-9934770-4-1
3680:, Mud Pie Books,
3678:Buddhism and Pali
3666:978-0-415-37123-0
3649:Gombrich, Richard
3630:Dutt, N. (1998),
3614:978-0-691-15786-3
3474:Chattha Sangayana
3437:978-988-99296-5-7
3371:978-81-85182-99-5
3344:978-81-7387-124-5
3317:978-81-85182-99-5
3292:978-0-691-15786-3
3080:978-988-99296-5-7
2826:Skilton, Andrew.
2813:978-955-25-0358-0
2636:, pp. 454ā6.
2493:978-0-19-157917-2
2434:www.buddhanet.net
2370:978-962-7714-42-2
2284:978-3-030-68043-5
2011:Nyanaponika Thera
1721:tradition in the
1437:Mahadharmaraksita
1366:According to the
1276:Brahmajala Sutta.
1060:The MahÄsÄį¹ghika
927:Hermann Oldenberg
837:Abhidhamma Pitaka
673:
672:
155:Four Noble Truths
16:(Redirected from
6560:
6525:
6524:
6513:
6512:
6352:Sacred languages
6200:Maya Devi Temple
6163:Mahabodhi Temple
5967:Secular Buddhism
5932:Engaged Buddhism
4772:
4620:Tibetan Buddhism
4571:Vietnamese Thiį»n
4170:MahÄsthÄmaprÄpta
4121:
4113:
4105:
4097:
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3875:
3866:
3860:
3849:
3847:
3841:, archived from
3822:
3812:
3803:
3794:
3785:
3776:
3765:A Retrospection"
3764:
3755:
3753:
3747:, archived from
3732:
3717:
3702:
3690:
3669:
3655:(2nd ed.),
3644:
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3010:Walser, Joseph.
3008:
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2997:Walser, Joseph.
2995:
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2830:2004. pp. 49, 64
2824:
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2817:
2805:
2800:Buddhism Grade 9
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2576:, pp. 96ā7.
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1568:David Snellgrove
1080:MahÄsÄį¹ghavinaya
950:Richard Gombrich
708:Buddhist schools
704:Buddhist studies
665:
658:
651:
635:
634:
362:Sublime abidings
53:
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6020:Ordination hall
5981:
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5854:Buddhist crisis
5766:
5463:
5415:Mahayana sutras
5391:
5387:ThĆch Nhįŗ„t Hįŗ”nh
5218:
5091:
5031:
4981:Bodhisattva vow
4666:
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4431:Taį¹hÄ (Craving)
4366:Five hindrances
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3720:
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3621:Cousins, L.S.,
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3005:
3001:2005. pp. 49ā50
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2612:, pp. 453.
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2209:Religion portal
2207:
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2197:
2126:
2118:Atthavaį¹Āį¹ĀaĀnÄ
2114:ParÄkkamabÄhu I
2080:SamantapÄsÄdikÄ
2048:
1951:
1945:
1933:Kuthodaw Pagoda
1900:
1894:
1889:
1883:of Vasubandhu.
1875:Abhidharmahį¹day
1737:(Kundalban) in
1707:
1686:oral literature
1682:Beminitiya Seya
1680:in response to
1651:. According to
1629:
1556:
1325:
1313:K.L. Dhammajoti
1209:
1092:
1000:
995:
963:
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925:and Indologist
901:
857:
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691:Buddhist canons
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262:Mahayana Sutras
242:
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172:Five Aggregates
150:
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119:Later Buddhists
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5459:Abhidharmadīpa
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5377:B. R. Ambedkar
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4208:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4161:
4160:
4153:AvalokiteÅvara
4149:
4147:
4141:
4140:
4138:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4126:
4125:
4117:
4109:
4101:
4093:
4085:
4077:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4003:
4001:
3995:
3994:
3992:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3975:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3954:
3948:
3946:
3940:
3939:
3937:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3915:
3912:
3911:
3894:
3892:
3891:
3884:
3877:
3869:
3862:
3861:
3850:
3837:
3813:
3804:
3795:
3786:
3777:
3756:
3743:
3718:
3713:
3691:
3686:
3670:
3665:
3645:
3636:
3627:
3618:
3613:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3578:
3577:
3568:
3555:
3542:
3529:
3516:
3507:
3491:
3478:
3476:pariyatti.org
3466:
3453:
3440:
3420:
3411:
3408:. p. 656.
3394:
3377:
3370:
3350:
3343:
3323:
3316:
3296:
3275:
3262:
3255:
3237:
3224:"Anuradhapura"
3215:
3202:
3189:
3174:
3157:
3148:
3132:
3114:
3102:
3083:
3063:
3050:
3038:
3029:
3016:
3003:
2990:
2984:
2972:Sujato, Bhante
2963:
2950:
2945:978-1921842085
2944:
2932:Sujato, Bhante
2918:
2902:
2886:
2873:
2857:
2832:
2819:
2812:
2786:
2760:
2748:
2739:
2723:"VajjiputtakÄ"
2707:
2691:"SuttaCentral"
2675:
2662:
2650:
2648:, p. 457.
2646:Mukherjee 1994
2638:
2634:Mukherjee 1994
2626:
2624:, p. 231.
2614:
2610:Mukherjee 1994
2602:
2600:, p. 226.
2590:
2578:
2566:
2550:
2534:
2522:
2510:
2498:
2492:
2472:
2460:
2445:
2421:
2403:
2394:
2376:
2369:
2350:
2344:
2318:
2311:
2290:
2283:
2263:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2230:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2213:
2212:
2196:
2193:
2125:
2122:
2099:Saį¹
gÄ«tiyavaį¹sa
2053:Saį¹
gÄ«tiyavaį¹sa
2047:
2044:
2032:Burmese script
2015:Mahasi Sayadaw
1947:Main article:
1944:
1941:
1928:Burmese script
1896:Main article:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1706:
1703:
1647:also known as
1628:
1625:
1575:and Venerable
1555:
1552:
1524:Greco-Buddhism
1504:
1503:
1492:
1481:Southeast Asia
1479:(somewhere in
1473:
1462:
1460:Seleucid realm
1458:and maybe the
1444:
1433:
1408:(Greek) elder
1402:
1395:
1384:
1357:Southeast Asia
1324:
1321:
1208:
1205:
1091:
1088:
1035:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1007:
999:
998:Vinaya dispute
996:
994:
991:
962:
961:Second council
959:
957:
954:
935:Buddha's death
931:Second Council
900:
897:
856:
853:
835:Regarding the
715:
712:
699:Buddhist texts
671:
670:
668:
667:
660:
653:
645:
642:
641:
640:
639:
624:
623:
620:
619:
614:
609:
604:
599:
594:
589:
584:
579:
574:
569:
564:
559:
554:
549:
544:
539:
534:
529:
524:
519:
513:
508:
507:
504:
503:
500:
499:
494:
489:
484:
479:
474:
469:
464:
459:
453:
448:
447:
444:
443:
440:
439:
434:
429:
427:Pratyekabuddha
424:
419:
414:
408:
403:
402:
399:
398:
395:
394:
389:
384:
382:Buddhist chant
379:
374:
369:
364:
359:
354:
349:
344:
339:
334:
329:
324:
319:
314:
309:
303:
298:
297:
294:
293:
290:
289:
284:
279:
274:
269:
264:
259:
254:
249:
243:
240:Buddhist texts
238:
237:
234:
233:
230:
229:
224:
219:
214:
209:
204:
199:
194:
189:
184:
179:
174:
169:
168:
167:
157:
151:
148:
147:
142:
136:
135:
134:
131:
130:
127:
126:
121:
116:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
85:
80:
79:
76:
75:
74:
73:
68:
63:
55:
54:
46:
45:
39:
38:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6565:
6554:
6551:
6549:
6546:
6545:
6543:
6528:
6523:
6518:
6516:
6508:
6507:
6504:
6498:
6495:
6493:
6490:
6488:
6485:
6483:
6480:
6478:
6475:
6473:
6470:
6468:
6465:
6464:
6462:
6460:
6456:
6450:
6447:
6445:
6442:
6440:
6437:
6435:
6432:
6430:
6427:
6425:
6422:
6420:
6417:
6415:
6412:
6410:
6407:
6405:
6402:
6398:
6395:
6393:
6390:
6389:
6388:
6385:
6383:
6380:
6379:
6377:
6375:
6371:
6363:
6360:
6358:
6355:
6354:
6353:
6350:
6348:
6345:
6343:
6340:
6338:
6335:
6333:
6330:
6328:
6325:
6323:
6320:
6318:
6315:
6313:
6310:
6308:
6305:
6303:
6300:
6298:
6295:
6294:
6292:
6290:
6289:Miscellaneous
6286:
6280:
6279:Vegetarianism
6277:
6275:
6272:
6268:
6265:
6263:
6260:
6258:
6255:
6253:
6250:
6248:
6245:
6244:
6243:
6240:
6238:
6235:
6233:
6230:
6228:
6225:
6223:
6220:
6216:
6213:
6211:
6208:
6206:
6203:
6201:
6198:
6196:
6193:
6192:
6191:
6188:
6186:
6183:
6181:
6178:
6174:
6171:
6170:
6169:
6166:
6164:
6161:
6159:
6156:
6154:
6151:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6123:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6104:
6102:
6101:Buddha in art
6099:
6097:
6094:
6092:
6089:
6085:
6082:
6081:
6080:
6077:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6045:
6043:
6040:
6036:
6033:
6032:
6031:
6028:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6006:
6003:
6001:
5998:
5997:
5996:
5993:
5992:
5990:
5988:
5984:
5978:
5975:
5973:
5970:
5968:
5965:
5963:
5960:
5958:
5955:
5953:
5950:
5948:
5945:
5943:
5940:
5938:
5935:
5933:
5930:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5894:
5892:
5890:
5886:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5862:
5860:
5857:
5855:
5852:
5850:
5847:
5845:
5842:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5832:
5830:
5827:
5823:
5820:
5819:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5806:
5803:
5802:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5777:
5775:
5773:
5769:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5755:United States
5753:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5667:
5666:
5663:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5650:
5649:
5646:
5642:
5639:
5638:
5637:
5634:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5621:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5582:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5564:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5474:
5472:
5470:
5466:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5454:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5437:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5402:
5400:
5398:
5394:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5312:Padmasambhava
5310:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5229:
5227:
5225:
5224:Major figures
5221:
5215:
5212:
5208:
5205:
5204:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5171:
5170:Western tulku
5168:
5167:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5102:
5100:
5098:
5094:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5067:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5042:
5040:
5038:
5034:
5028:
5025:
5021:
5018:
5017:
5016:
5013:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4995:
4994:
4991:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4971:Five precepts
4969:
4968:
4967:
4964:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4949:Dhamma vicaya
4947:
4945:
4942:
4941:
4940:
4937:
4933:
4930:
4929:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4897:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4860:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4796:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4771:
4770:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4759:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4717:BuddhÄbhiį¹£eka
4715:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4692:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4677:
4675:
4673:
4669:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4617:
4616:
4613:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4553:
4552:
4549:
4548:
4547:
4544:
4543:
4541:
4539:
4535:
4529:
4526:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4493:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4483:
4481:
4479:
4475:
4469:
4466:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4448:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4361:Enlightenment
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4351:Dhamma theory
4349:
4347:
4346:Buddha-nature
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4328:
4326:
4324:
4320:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4220:
4218:
4216:
4212:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4185:Samantabhadra
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4159:
4156:
4155:
4154:
4151:
4150:
4148:
4146:
4142:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4124:
4118:
4116:
4110:
4108:
4102:
4100:
4094:
4092:
4086:
4084:
4078:
4076:
4070:
4069:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4004:
4002:
4000:
3996:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3959:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3949:
3947:
3945:
3941:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3917:
3916:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3890:
3885:
3883:
3878:
3876:
3871:
3870:
3867:
3859:
3855:
3851:
3844:
3840:
3838:0-415-33227-3
3834:
3830:
3826:
3819:
3814:
3810:
3805:
3801:
3796:
3792:
3787:
3783:
3778:
3774:
3770:
3766:
3757:
3750:
3746:
3744:9788120809550
3740:
3736:
3729:
3728:
3723:
3719:
3716:
3710:
3706:
3699:
3698:
3692:
3689:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3668:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3637:
3633:
3628:
3624:
3619:
3616:
3610:
3606:
3599:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3587:
3582:
3572:
3569:
3565:
3559:
3556:
3552:
3546:
3543:
3539:
3533:
3530:
3526:
3520:
3517:
3511:
3508:
3504:
3498:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3482:
3479:
3475:
3470:
3467:
3463:
3457:
3454:
3450:
3444:
3441:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3424:
3421:
3415:
3412:
3407:
3406:
3398:
3395:
3390:
3389:
3381:
3378:
3373:
3367:
3363:
3362:
3354:
3351:
3346:
3340:
3336:
3335:
3327:
3324:
3319:
3313:
3309:
3308:
3300:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3279:
3276:
3272:
3266:
3263:
3258:
3256:955-551-257-4
3252:
3248:
3241:
3238:
3225:
3219:
3216:
3212:
3206:
3203:
3199:
3193:
3190:
3185:
3178:
3175:
3170:
3169:
3161:
3158:
3152:
3149:
3146:
3142:
3136:
3133:
3128:
3124:
3118:
3115:
3112:
3106:
3103:
3098:
3094:
3093:"Chapter XII"
3087:
3084:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3067:
3064:
3060:
3054:
3051:
3045:
3043:
3039:
3033:
3030:
3026:
3020:
3017:
3013:
3007:
3004:
3000:
2994:
2991:
2987:
2985:9781921842085
2981:
2977:
2973:
2967:
2964:
2960:
2954:
2951:
2947:
2941:
2938:, Santipada,
2937:
2933:
2927:
2925:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2909:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2897:
2890:
2887:
2883:
2877:
2874:
2870:
2864:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2836:
2833:
2829:
2823:
2820:
2815:
2809:
2802:
2801:
2793:
2791:
2787:
2775:. 28 May 2008
2774:
2773:The Mahavamsa
2770:
2764:
2761:
2755:
2753:
2749:
2743:
2740:
2728:
2727:palikanon.com
2724:
2718:
2716:
2714:
2712:
2708:
2696:
2692:
2686:
2684:
2682:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2666:
2663:
2660:, p. 73.
2659:
2658:Gombrich 2018
2654:
2651:
2647:
2642:
2639:
2635:
2630:
2627:
2623:
2618:
2615:
2611:
2606:
2603:
2599:
2594:
2591:
2588:, p. 69.
2587:
2586:Hirakawa 1993
2582:
2579:
2575:
2574:Gombrich 2006
2570:
2567:
2563:
2557:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2541:
2539:
2535:
2532:
2526:
2523:
2520:
2514:
2511:
2508:
2502:
2499:
2495:
2489:
2485:
2484:
2476:
2473:
2469:
2468:Gombrich 2006
2464:
2461:
2458:, p. 88.
2457:
2452:
2450:
2446:
2435:
2431:
2425:
2422:
2418:
2412:
2410:
2408:
2404:
2398:
2395:
2391:
2385:
2383:
2381:
2377:
2372:
2366:
2362:
2361:
2354:
2351:
2347:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2327:
2325:
2323:
2319:
2314:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2294:
2291:
2286:
2280:
2276:
2275:
2267:
2264:
2252:
2248:
2242:
2239:
2232:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2214:
2210:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2192:
2190:
2186:
2181:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2166:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2152:
2150:
2149:Lan Na script
2146:
2142:
2138:
2133:
2131:
2130:Thai monarchy
2123:
2121:
2119:
2115:
2110:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2095:
2093:
2089:
2084:
2082:
2081:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2054:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1966:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1950:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1934:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1915:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1899:
1891:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1881:
1876:
1872:
1871:
1866:
1857:
1853:
1848:
1844:
1843:tradition.
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1824:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1794:
1792:
1791:Baramula Pass
1788:
1784:
1780:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1750:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1723:Kushan empire
1720:
1711:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1695:
1694:dhammabhÄį¹aka
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1674:
1672:
1668:
1662:
1657:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1631:The Southern
1626:
1624:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1461:
1457:
1456:Greco-Bactria
1453:
1449:
1445:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1410:Dharmaraksita
1407:
1403:
1400:
1396:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1374:
1373:
1371:
1370:
1364:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1334:
1329:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1297:
1296:VibhajjavÄdin
1292:
1290:
1284:
1282:
1281:VibhajjavÄdin
1278:
1277:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1251:
1249:
1245:
1237:
1233:
1228:
1221:
1217:
1216:Emperor Asoka
1213:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1197:
1192:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1160:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1142:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1098:
1089:
1087:
1083:
1081:
1077:
1071:
1069:
1065:
1064:
1058:
1056:
1052:
1051:Åaikį¹£a-dharma
1048:
1044:
1039:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1008:
1005:
1004:
1003:
997:
992:
990:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
960:
955:
953:
951:
948:. Indologist
947:
943:
938:
936:
932:
928:
924:
919:
915:
914:
909:
908:
907:Vinaya-piį¹aka
898:
896:
894:
890:
886:
882:
877:
875:
871:
867:
862:
854:
852:
850:
846:
842:
838:
833:
831:
827:
822:
818:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
787:final nirvana
784:
779:
777:
773:
772:Vinaya Pitaka
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
737:
736:Uttar Pradesh
733:
729:
725:
720:
713:
711:
709:
705:
700:
696:
692:
688:
687:
682:
678:
666:
661:
659:
654:
652:
647:
646:
644:
643:
638:
633:
628:
627:
626:
625:
618:
615:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
548:
545:
543:
540:
538:
535:
533:
530:
528:
525:
523:
520:
518:
515:
514:
511:
506:
505:
498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
485:
483:
480:
478:
475:
473:
470:
468:
465:
463:
460:
458:
455:
454:
451:
446:
445:
438:
435:
433:
430:
428:
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
413:
410:
409:
406:
401:
400:
393:
392:Vegetarianism
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
358:
355:
353:
350:
348:
347:Recollections
345:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
318:
317:Five precepts
315:
313:
310:
308:
305:
304:
301:
296:
295:
288:
285:
283:
282:Chinese canon
280:
278:
277:Tibetan canon
275:
273:
270:
268:
265:
263:
260:
258:
255:
253:
250:
248:
245:
244:
241:
236:
235:
228:
225:
223:
220:
218:
215:
213:
210:
208:
205:
203:
200:
198:
195:
193:
190:
188:
185:
183:
180:
178:
175:
173:
170:
166:
163:
162:
161:
158:
156:
153:
152:
146:
143:
141:
138:
137:
133:
132:
125:
122:
120:
117:
115:
112:
110:
107:
105:
102:
100:
97:
95:
92:
90:
87:
86:
83:
78:
77:
72:
69:
67:
64:
62:
59:
58:
57:
56:
52:
48:
47:
44:
40:
36:
32:
31:
19:
6467:Bodhisattvas
6387:Christianity
6382:BahĆ”Ź¼Ć Faith
6247:Dharmachakra
6237:Prayer wheel
6227:Prayer beads
5995:Architecture
5874:969 Movement
5794:
5658:Saudi Arabia
5636:Central Asia
5629:South Africa
5451:
5434:
5367:Panchen Lama
5272:BuddhapÄlita
4868:Satipatthana
4863:Mindful Yoga
4776:Recollection
4690:Brahmavihara
4561:Japanese Zen
4556:Chinese Chan
4516:Animal realm
4323:Key concepts
4145:Bodhisattvas
3957:Three Jewels
3857:
3843:the original
3824:
3808:
3799:
3790:
3781:
3772:
3768:
3749:the original
3726:
3696:
3677:
3674:Gombrich, R.
3652:
3640:
3631:
3622:
3596:
3583:Bibliography
3571:
3563:
3558:
3550:
3545:
3537:
3532:
3524:
3519:
3510:
3502:
3486:
3481:
3469:
3461:
3456:
3448:
3443:
3428:
3423:
3414:
3404:
3397:
3387:
3380:
3360:
3353:
3333:
3326:
3306:
3299:
3283:
3278:
3270:
3265:
3246:
3240:
3228:. Retrieved
3218:
3210:
3205:
3197:
3192:
3183:
3177:
3167:
3160:
3151:
3140:
3135:
3126:
3117:
3105:
3096:
3086:
3071:
3066:
3058:
3053:
3032:
3027:2005. p. 188
3024:
3019:
3011:
3006:
2998:
2993:
2975:
2966:
2958:
2953:
2935:
2913:
2894:
2889:
2884:2005. p. 189
2881:
2876:
2868:
2844:
2840:
2835:
2827:
2822:
2799:
2777:. Retrieved
2772:
2763:
2742:
2730:. Retrieved
2726:
2698:. Retrieved
2695:SuttaCentral
2694:
2670:
2665:
2653:
2641:
2629:
2622:Prebish 2005
2617:
2605:
2598:Prebish 2005
2593:
2581:
2569:
2561:
2545:
2530:
2525:
2513:
2501:
2482:
2475:
2470:, p. 4.
2463:
2437:, retrieved
2433:
2424:
2416:
2397:
2389:
2359:
2353:
2335:
2302:
2293:
2273:
2266:
2254:. Retrieved
2250:
2241:
2182:
2167:
2163:
2153:
2134:
2127:
2111:
2098:
2096:
2085:
2078:
2064:
2061:
2052:
2049:
2024:
1967:
1952:
1916:
1901:
1878:
1874:
1873:(ęåƦč«), the *
1869:
1865:Sautrantikas
1861:
1833:Sarvastivada
1821:
1818:Sarvastivada
1795:
1751:
1719:Sarvastivada
1716:
1693:
1675:
1664:
1659:
1653:K. R. Norman
1630:
1621:Chandravarma
1617:Vinitiprabha
1557:
1505:
1477:Suvannabhumi
1367:
1365:
1338:
1317:VibhajyavÄda
1305:VibhajjavÄda
1301:Sarvastivada
1294:
1287:
1285:
1280:
1274:
1252:
1241:
1195:
1193:
1166:
1164:SarvÄstivÄda
1162:. The later
1157:
1150:SarvÄstivÄda
1145:
1144:Vasumitra's
1143:
1139:
1134:
1131:paravitÄraį¹a
1130:
1126:
1122:
1114:
1095:
1093:
1085:
1079:
1073:
1067:
1061:
1059:
1054:
1050:
1040:
1036:
1001:
993:First Schism
964:
939:
923:AndrƩ Bareau
913:Sutta-piį¹aka
911:
905:
902:
892:
878:
873:
869:
865:
860:
858:
834:
823:
819:
780:
775:
768:Sutta Pitaka
741:
694:
684:
674:
342:Merit making
307:Three Jewels
247:Buddhavacana
177:Impermanence
165:Dharma wheel
103:
6312:Dharma talk
6141:Asalha Puja
5937:Eschatology
5740:Switzerland
5720:New Zealand
5648:Middle East
5557:Philippines
5477:Afghanistan
5282:Bodhidharma
5267:Buddhaghosa
5187:Householder
5097:Monasticism
5050:Bodhisattva
4905:Prostration
4858:Mindfulness
4786:Anapanasati
4769:Kammaį¹į¹hÄna
4566:Korean Seon
4506:Asura realm
4501:Human realm
4441:Ten Fetters
4396:Parinirvana
4298:Uppalavanna
4263:MahÄkaccana
4248:MahÄkassapa
4180:Kį¹£itigarbha
4175:ÄkÄÅagarbha
4072:SuddhodÄna
4017:Four sights
3944:Foundations
3460:Mendelson,
3097:lakdiva.org
3091:Mahavamsa.
3014:2005. p. 50
2456:Harvey 2013
2439:30 December
2189:Thai script
2174:Thai script
2109:tradition.
2040:Parinibbana
2007:Nyanatiloka
1758:Kundalabana
1540:Therapeutae
1508:Afghanistan
1483:, possibly
1441:Maharashtra
1349:South India
1289:Kathavatthu
1244:Pataliputra
1168:Mahavibhasa
1159:Kathavatthu
1154:PÄtaliputra
1102:PÄį¹aliputra
942:Louis Finot
899:Historicity
866:AÅokÄvadÄna
799:Ajatashatru
791:MahÄkÄÅyapa
764:Louis Finot
577:New Zealand
432:Bodhisattva
417:Four Stages
372:Monasticism
352:Mindfulness
322:Perfections
252:Early Texts
6542:Categories
6429:Psychology
6409:Gnosticism
6397:Comparison
6392:Influences
6374:Comparison
6257:Bhavacakra
6215:Kushinagar
6190:Pilgrimage
6136:MÄgha PÅ«jÄ
6091:Bodhi Tree
5907:Buddhology
5897:Abhidharma
5889:Philosophy
5822:Menander I
5690:Costa Rica
5641:Uzbekistan
5482:Bangladesh
5436:Dhammapada
5420:Pali Canon
5382:Ajahn Chah
5362:Dalai Lama
5262:KumÄrajÄ«va
5257:Vasubandhu
5232:The Buddha
5140:Zen master
5075:Sakadagami
5055:Buddhahood
4986:Pratimokį¹£a
4801:Shikantaza
4757:Meditation
4732:Deity yoga
4603:Madhyamaka
4496:Deva realm
4391:Mindstream
4341:Bodhicitta
4253:Aį¹
gulimÄla
4120:Devadatta
4096:YaÅodharÄ
3999:The Buddha
3989:Middle Way
3449:Pratidanam
3447:BollƩe in
2700:14 January
2345:8857526798
2312:8857526798
2233:References
2137:Chiang Mai
2107:Mahavihara
1837:Abhidharma
1829:VaibhÄį¹£ika
1731:Kanishka I
1690:recensions
1667:Abhayagiri
1641:Alu VihÄra
1589:Vasubandhu
1581:Jalandhara
1536:Alexandria
1494:The elder
1414:Aparantaka
1399:Tamil Nadu
1246:, emperor
1125:), doubt (
1047:PrÄtimokį¹£a
881:Paramartha
861:Cullavagga
845:AtthakathÄ
450:Traditions
387:Pilgrimage
327:Meditation
287:Post-canon
267:PÄli Canon
197:Middle Way
94:The Buddha
6497:Festivals
6477:Buddhists
6439:Theosophy
6242:Symbolism
6232:Hama yumi
6205:Bodh Gaya
5972:Socialism
5947:Evolution
5922:Economics
5760:Venezuela
5675:Australia
5670:Argentina
5594:Sri Lanka
5589:Singapore
5507:Indonesia
5469:Countries
5410:Tripiį¹aka
5372:Ajahn Mun
5247:Nagarjuna
5242:AÅvaghoį¹£a
5125:AnagÄrika
5120:ÅrÄmaį¹erÄ«
5115:ÅrÄmaį¹era
5110:Bhikkhunī
5070:SotÄpanna
4959:Passaddhi
4900:Offerings
4875:Nekkhamma
4752:Iddhipada
4672:Practices
4642:Theravada
4615:Vajrayana
4608:Yogachara
4578:Pure Land
4491:Six Paths
4478:Cosmology
4258:Anuruddha
4233:SÄriputta
4223:Kaundinya
4215:Disciples
4190:VajrapÄį¹i
4042:Footprint
4007:TathÄgata
3829:Routledge
3657:Routledge
2779:25 August
2732:25 August
2256:28 August
2145:Tilokaraj
2092:ÄluvihÄra
2071:Sri Lanka
2027:Tripiį¹aka
1991:Sri Lanka
1924:Tripitaka
1774:Asvaghoį¹£a
1770:Vasumitra
1747:Jalandhar
1649:Valagamba
1637:Sri Lanka
1633:TheravÄda
1613:Kumarlata
1605:Vasumitra
1597:Katyayana
1516:Sri Lanka
1500:Sri Lanka
1470:Himalayas
1422:Kathiawar
1392:Karnataka
1369:Mahavamsa
1353:Sri Lanka
1271:tirthikas
1250:capital.
1135:vacibheda
1119:ignorance
1097:Dipavamsa
1043:Sthaviras
975:Kalashoka
849:SÄriputta
830:sotapanna
828:, then a
776:Skandhaka
732:Shravasti
597:Sri Lanka
587:Singapore
542:Indonesia
482:VajrayÄna
457:TheravÄda
412:Awakening
300:Practices
257:Tripiį¹aka
227:Cosmology
202:Emptiness
182:Suffering
6515:Category
6444:Violence
6414:Hinduism
6362:Sanskrit
6317:Hinayana
6302:AmitÄbha
6262:Swastika
6131:Uposatha
6121:Holidays
6106:Calendar
5952:Humanism
5790:Kanishka
5780:Timeline
5604:Thailand
5572:Kalmykia
5567:Buryatia
5552:Pakistan
5537:Mongolia
5532:Maldives
5527:Malaysia
5492:Cambodia
5357:Shamarpa
5352:Nichiren
5302:Xuanzang
5237:Nagasena
5155:Rinpoche
4885:PÄramitÄ
4727:Devotion
4647:Navayana
4635:Dzogchen
4598:Nichiren
4546:Mahayana
4538:Branches
4416:Saį¹
khÄra
4165:MaƱjuÅrÄ«
4122:(cousin)
4114:(cousin)
4082:(mother)
4074:(father)
4062:Miracles
4012:Birthday
3929:Glossary
3902:Buddhism
3775:: 452ā73
3724:(1993),
3676:(2018),
3651:(2006),
3594:(2013),
3566:, p. 28.
3505:, p. 38.
2974:(2012),
2934:(2012),
2334:(1956),
2301:(1956).
2251:atbu.org
2195:See also
2185:Rama VII
1979:Cambodia
1975:Thailand
1955:Kaba Aye
1841:Mahayana
1814:Sanskrit
1810:Gandhari
1802:Bhikkhus
1798:Mahayana
1783:Kanishka
1762:Srinagar
1754:Kanishka
1743:Srinagar
1729:emperor
1609:Manortha
1595:include
1577:Nagasena
1548:Buddhism
1512:Gandhara
1489:Thailand
1382:Gandhara
1303:and the
1248:Ashoka's
1189:Gandhara
1181:Upagupta
1173:MahÄdeva
889:Xuanzang
868:and the
841:Tipitaka
724:Rajagaha
607:Thailand
567:Mongolia
562:Malaysia
527:Cambodia
492:Navayana
472:Hinayana
467:MahÄyÄna
377:Lay life
207:Morality
187:Not-self
145:Concepts
104:Councils
89:Timeline
61:Glossary
43:Buddhism
35:a series
33:Part of
6492:Temples
6472:Buddhas
6434:Science
6424:Judaism
6419:Jainism
6337:Lineage
6297:AbhijƱÄ
6267:Thangka
6210:Sarnath
6195:Lumbini
6116:Funeral
6111:Cuisine
5987:Culture
5962:Reality
5912:Creator
5902:Atomism
5772:History
5745:Ukraine
5705:Germany
5624:Senegal
5614:Vietnam
5542:Myanmar
5342:Shinran
5332:Karmapa
5307:Shandao
5277:DignÄga
5202:ÅrÄvaka
5182:Donchee
5177:Kappiya
5135:Sayadaw
5105:Bhikkhu
5080:AnÄgÄmi
5037:Nirvana
5003:Samadhi
4890:Paritta
4831:Tonglen
4826:Mandala
4781:Smarana
4762:Mantras
4710:Upekkha
4680:Bhavana
4630:Shingon
4583:Tiantai
4436:TathÄtÄ
4426:ÅÅ«nyatÄ
4421:Skandha
4411:Saį¹sÄra
4406:Rebirth
4381:Kleshas
4371:Indriya
4273:Subhūti
4158:Guanyin
4112:Änanda
4104:RÄhula
3984:Nirvana
3924:Outline
3527:, p. 26
3230:17 July
2853:1062815
2564:p. 138.
2156:Bangkok
2075:Mahinda
2057:Wat Pho
2003:Germany
1987:Vietnam
1971:Myanmar
1812:) into
1806:Prakrit
1787:Kashmir
1766:Kashmir
1739:Kashmir
1656:writes:
1573:Milinda
1496:Mahinda
1485:Myanmar
1418:Gujarat
1378:Kashmir
1255:Mauryan
1232:Sarnath
1200:Caitika
1185:Kashmir
1177:Kasmiri
1076:KÄÅyapa
985:in the
971:VaiÅÄlÄ«
695:saį¹
gīti
617:Vietnam
572:Myanmar
487:Tibetan
477:Chinese
405:NirvÄį¹a
222:Saį¹sÄra
217:Rebirth
82:History
71:Outline
6487:Sutras
6482:Suttas
6347:Siddhi
6332:Koliya
6307:BrahmÄ
6222:Poetry
6168:Mantra
6158:Kasaya
6030:Pagoda
6010:Kyaung
6005:VihÄra
6000:Temple
5942:Ethics
5785:Ashoka
5735:Sweden
5730:Poland
5725:Norway
5715:Mexico
5700:France
5685:Canada
5680:Brazil
5619:Africa
5599:Taiwan
5562:Russia
5487:Bhutan
5447:Vinaya
5327:Naropa
5317:Saraha
5252:Asanga
5008:PrajƱÄ
4917:Refuge
4880:Nianfo
4841:Tertƶn
4836:Tantra
4821:Ganana
4811:Tukdam
4737:DhyÄna
4705:Mudita
4700:Karuį¹Ä
4593:Risshū
4588:Huayan
4521:Naraka
4461:AnattÄ
4456:Dukkha
4451:Anicca
4356:Dharma
4308:Channa
4243:Änanda
4228:Assaji
4195:Skanda
4098:(wife)
4067:Family
4047:Relics
3972:Sangha
3967:Dharma
3962:Buddha
3835:
3741:
3711:
3684:
3663:
3611:
3435:
3368:
3341:
3314:
3290:
3253:
3111:p.10ff
3078:
2982:
2942:
2851:
2810:
2490:
2367:
2342:
2309:
2281:
2160:RÄma I
2141:Lan Na
1997:, and
1959:Yangon
1920:Dhamma
1912:Buddha
1908:Mindon
1856:Taxila
1735:vihara
1727:Kushan
1698:dharma
1607:, and
1601:Parsva
1593:Punjab
1585:Asanga
1452:Greeks
1435:Elder
1426:Kachch
1388:Mysore
1333:Ashoka
1259:Ashoka
1236:Ashoka
1127:kaį¹
khÄ
1123:aƱƱÄį¹a
1106:arhats
987:Sangha
983:schism
979:vinaya
885:Jizang
826:Ananda
811:Ananda
807:Vinaya
803:suttas
795:Rajgir
760:Agamas
752:second
744:Vinaya
686:sangha
677:Buddha
602:Taiwan
582:Russia
522:Brazil
517:Bhutan
437:Buddha
357:Wisdom
140:Dharma
6459:Lists
6327:Kalpa
6322:Iddhi
6185:Music
6180:Mudra
6146:Vassa
6126:Vesak
6096:Budai
6042:Candi
6025:Stupa
5957:Logic
5710:Italy
5609:Tibet
5547:Nepal
5517:Korea
5512:Japan
5502:India
5497:China
5442:Sutra
5397:Texts
5347:DÅgen
5337:HÅnen
5322:AtiÅa
5287:Zhiyi
5197:Achar
5165:Tulku
5160:Geshe
5145:RÅshi
5130:Ajahn
5085:Arhat
5045:Bodhi
5015:VÄ«rya
4932:Sacca
4927:Satya
4922:SÄdhu
4910:Music
4853:Merit
4846:Terma
4806:Zazen
4742:Faith
4695:MettÄ
4376:Karma
4336:Bardo
4303:Asita
4293:Khema
4283:UpÄli
4268:Nanda
4106:(son)
4080:MÄyÄ
4057:Films
3934:Index
3846:(PDF)
3821:(PDF)
3752:(PDF)
3731:(PDF)
3701:(PDF)
3601:(PDF)
3143:2019
2849:JSTOR
2845:JSTOR
2804:(PDF)
2036:Vesak
1999:Nepal
1995:India
1904:Burma
1779:stupa
1760:near
1564:India
1466:Nepal
1430:Sindh
1361:Burma
1263:Patna
1257:king
815:Upali
612:Tibet
552:Korea
547:Japan
537:India
532:China
497:Newar
422:Arhat
212:Karma
66:Index
6357:PÄįø·i
6342:MÄra
6252:Flag
5653:Iran
5577:Tuva
5522:Laos
5150:Lama
4998:ÅÄ«la
4966:ÅÄ«la
4954:PÄ«ti
4944:Sati
4895:Puja
4816:Koan
4722:DÄna
4313:Yasa
4200:TÄrÄ
3833:ISBN
3739:ISBN
3709:ISBN
3682:ISBN
3661:ISBN
3609:ISBN
3433:ISBN
3366:ISBN
3339:ISBN
3312:ISBN
3288:ISBN
3251:ISBN
3232:2009
3076:ISBN
2980:ISBN
2940:ISBN
2808:ISBN
2781:2023
2734:2023
2702:2024
2488:ISBN
2441:2017
2365:ISBN
2340:ISBN
2307:ISBN
2279:ISBN
2258:2024
1983:Laos
1963:U Nu
1850:The
1619:and
1587:and
1526:and
1514:and
1448:Yona
1428:and
1406:Yona
1404:The
1380:and
1355:and
1218:and
1194:The
1187:and
910:and
781:The
770:and
557:Laos
462:PÄli
6079:Art
6015:Wat
4551:Zen
1957:in
1696:s (
1692:by
1639:at
1487:or
1148:(a
1137:).
1117:),
6544::
5581:ru
3856:,
3827:,
3771:,
3767:,
3737:,
3733:,
3707:,
3659:,
3607:,
3603:,
3494:^
3125:.
3095:.
3041:^
2921:^
2905:^
2860:^
2847:,
2789:^
2771:.
2751:^
2725:.
2710:^
2693:.
2678:^
2553:^
2537:^
2448:^
2432:,
2406:^
2379:^
2321:^
2249:.
2143:,
2132:.
2059:.
2001:.
1993:,
1989:,
1985:,
1981:,
1977:,
1973:,
1793:.
1764:,
1603:,
1599:,
1550:.
1522:,
1518:.
1510:,
1432:).
1424:,
1420:,
1390:,
1351:,
1191:.
1070::
883:,
851:.
734:,
730:,
679:,
592:US
37:on
5583:)
5579:(
4797:)
4793:(
3888:e
3881:t
3874:v
3773:7
3763:ā
3374:.
3347:.
3320:.
3294:.
3259:.
3234:.
3171:.
3129:.
3099:.
2898:,
2816:.
2783:.
2736:.
2704:.
2373:.
2315:.
2287:.
2260:.
1863:"
1502:)
1491:)
1472:)
1450:(
1443:)
1401:)
1394:)
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1291:,
1121:(
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738:.
664:e
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