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1196:, was dismissed from his position as Minister for Agriculture following a secret investigation by the Central Anticorruption Bureau (CBA) which attempted to link him and his department to corruptive practices. Lepper protested his innocence and claimed to have been the victim of a politically motivated 'sting' operation, initiated by PM Kaczynski and PiS. The coalition agreement collapsed over the following month, with both the LPR and Samoobrona levelling accusations against PiS. In September, the Sejm voted to dissolve itself (supported by PiS but opposed by Samoobrona and LPR), paving the way for elections in October.
822:, leader of the junior partner PSL, became prime minister. Relations between President Wałęsa and the Prime Minister remained poor throughout the Pawlak government, with the President charging Pawlak with furthering personal and party interests while neglecting matters of state importance. Following a number of scandals implicating Pawlak and increasing political tension over control of the armed forces, Wałęsa demanded Pawlak's resignation in January 1995. A crisis resulted and the coalition removed Pawlak from office and replaced him with the SLD's
1113:). During the increasingly bitter campaign, however, PiS launched a strong attack on the liberal economic policies of their allies and overtook PO in opinion polls. PiS eventually gained 27% of votes cast and became the largest party in the Sejm ahead of PO on 24%. The out-going ruling party, the social democratic SLD, achieved just 11%. This continues the trend that in every free parliamentary election the Polish electorate has voted against the current government, turning to the left in 1993 and 2001, and to the right in 1997 and 2005.
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807:
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1059:. Several of the new ministers were seen as non-partisan experts, and the government was considered a marked improvement upon the previous cabinet. This did not carry over into any rise in voter support for the SLD, however, even despite an economic upturn through 2005. Part of the reason is that this government was considered to be largely apart from the party backbone, and only held in an office by the fear of early elections by the majority of the MPs.
1326:
1368:. Media outlets fully controlled by capital from outside the EU are now facing the risk to sell parts of their Polish channels, as is already common in other EU countries (like Germany or France). As there are no legal objections, critics and the primarily concerned US mass media outlet (Discovery, Inc.) raise that this would be an attack on the expression of free speech. The newly appointed US ambassador
137:
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983:, the SLD triumphed on the back of voter disillusionment with the AWS government and internal bickering within that bloc. So much so that this former ruling party did not enter parliament due to falling below the 8% threshold for coalitions. (Symptomatically, they had failed to form a formal political party, which has only a 5% threshold, and formally remained a "coalition" of parties).
35:
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1412:. As of November 2022, Poland had received more than 1.5 million Ukrainian refugees since the beginning of the war. In September 2023, however, Poland said that it will stop supplying arms to Ukraine and instead focus on its own defense. Poland's decision to ban importing Ukrainian grain, in order to protect its own farmers, had caused tension between the two countries.
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1492:. On 10 November, Civic Coalition, Poland 2050, Polish People's Party and New Left signed a coalition agreement with Tusk as their candidate for prime minister. The opposition parties wanted to sign the agreement before the Sejm's first sitting in order to show that they stood ready to govern. Morawiecki was required to secure the Sejm's
1231:(PO), the largest opposition party, gained more than 41% of the popular vote. PiS's vote increased, from 2005, but insufficiently to gain reelection, whilst both Samoobrona and LPR lost all representation, each having gained only a little over 1% of the vote. PO proceeded to form a majority governing coalition with the agrarian
1135:
stumbling blocks were the insistence of PiS that it controls all aspects of law enforcement: the
Ministries of Justice and Internal Affairs, and the special forces; as well as the forcing through of a PiS candidate for the head of the Sejm with help of several smaller populist parties. The PO decided to go into opposition.
876:— who was linked to, but not a member of, the SLD. Polish prosecutors subsequently decided that there was insufficient evidence to charge Oleksy, and a parliamentary commission decided in November 1996 that the Polish intelligence services may have violated rules of procedure in gathering evidence in the Oleksy case.
1496:
within two weeks of being sworn in. Under the
Constitution, if Morawiecki failed to do so, the Sejm would then designate its own candidate for prime minister, and Duda would be required to appoint that candidate before 11 December. Most commentators expected Morawiecki to come up short of the support
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Coalition talks ensued simultaneously with the presidential elections. However, the severity of the campaign attacks and the willingness of PiS to court the populist vote had soured the relationship between the two largest parties and made the creation of a stable coalition impossible. The ostensible
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was the first fully free and democratic Polish government since 1926. This cabinet was supported by the Kaczyński brothers. Olszewski was replaced by Hanna
Suchocka as the first woman Prime Minister of Poland in 1992 after Janusz Korwin-Mikke wanted all members of the Sejm who had cooperated with the
1509:
had been mockingly dubbed the "Two Weeks
Government" by Polish media due to its low likelihood of passing the confidence vote. On 11 December, Morawiecki's caretaker cabinet lost a vote of confidence in the Sejm by 190 votes to 266. Later that day, the Sejm nominated Tusk for prime minister, who was
1157:
The new government enjoyed quite strong public support (which was expected during the first few months after the election), while the popularity of the populist parties giving it support, significantly waned. A parliamentary crisis appeared to loom in
January 2006, with these small populist parties
1013:
Despite broad popular support for joining the EU, which was considered an overriding issue, the government rapidly lost popularity due to incompetence on various issues (e.g. building of motorways, and a botched reform of the health system and numerous corruption scandals). The most famous of these
747:
In
December 1989, the Sejm approved the government's reform program to transform the Polish economy rapidly from centrally planned to free-market, amended the constitution to eliminate references to the "leading role" of the Communist Party, and renamed the country the "Republic of Poland". The
759:
The May 1990 local elections were entirely free. Candidates supported by
Solidarity's Citizens' Committees won most of the elections they contested, although voter turnout was only a little over 40%. The cabinet was reshuffled in July 1990; the national defence and interior affairs ministers
945:. It is thought that the opposition campaign was hindered by their inability to put forward a charismatic (or even a single major) candidate, as well as falling support for the centre-right AWS government. This was related to internal friction in the ruling parliamentary coalition.
1258:
member - quicker than NATO would in the event of an attack. After the agreement was announced, Russian officials - who viewed the missile shield as a threat - released a statement indirectly threatening Poland, and said that the missile defence system would greatly harm future
1316:
In
October 2011, Donald Tusk became the first ever Polish Prime Minister to be re-elected in post-communist Poland. PO won a record of four consecutive elections. PO's dominance was seen as a reflection of right-wing divisions, with PiS splitting in autumn 2010.
1005:
regarding accession and internal preparation for this. Poland joined the EU on 1 May 2004. Both
President Kwaśniewski and the government were vocal in their support for this cause. The only party decidedly opposed to EU entry was the populist right-wing
1130:
Both elections were blighted by low turn-outs: only 51% in the second and deciding round of the presidential election and just over 40% in the parliamentary election. The suggested cause of the low turnout is popular disillusionment with politicians.
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709:
were freely contested; the majority of these were by candidates supported by
Solidarity. The failure of the communist party at the polls produced a political crisis. The round-table agreement called for a communist president, and on July 19, the
705:(lower house), in which one-third of the seats went to the communist party and one-third went to the two parties which had hitherto been their coalition partners. The remaining one-third of the seats in the Sejm and all those in the
1497:
needed to govern, as no other party willing to go into coalition with PiS would give it enough support to command the confidence of the Sejm. On 27 November, Mateusz Morawiecki was sworn in by President Duda for an unprecedented
871:
accused then-Prime Minister Oleksy of a longtime collaboration with Soviet and later Russian intelligence. In the ensuing political crisis, Oleksy resigned. For his successor, The SLD-PSL coalition turned to deputy Sejm speaker
1313:. and on 6 August 2010 he was sworn in as president. At the November 2010 local elections, PO won 31 percent of the votes and PiS 23 percent, an increase for the former and a drop for the latter compared to the 2006 elections.
676:
The government's inability to forestall Poland's economic decline led to waves of strikes across the country in April, May and August 1988. In an attempt to take control of the situation, the contemporary government gave
1530:" with 244 votes in favor. There were 84 votes against and 16 abstentions. More than 100 Law and Justice deputies did not participate in the vote, having instead gone to the TVP headquarters to protest the change.
1927:
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The new government enjoyed quite strong public support (which was expected during the first few months after the election), while the popularity of the minor parties giving it support, significantly waned. The
405:
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fearing that PiS was about to force new elections (on which they would lose out) by using the pretext of failing to pass the budget within the constitutional timeframe. However, a crisis was abated.
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to form a government; on September 12, the Sejm voted approval of Prime Minister Mazowiecki and his cabinet. For the first time in more than 40 years, Poland had a government led by non-communists.
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were held in 1991. More than 100 parties participated, representing the full spectrum of political views. No single party received more than 13% of the total vote. The government of Prime Minister
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the final liquidation of the party list (previously, some of the members of parliament were elected from a party list, based on nationwide voter support, rather than from local constituencies),
1246:
and Poland agreed to have 10, two-stage Orbital Sciences Corp missile interceptors placed in Poland, as part of a missile shield to defend Europe and the US from a possible missile attack by
1173:, Marcinkiewicz tendered his resignation as prime minister and was replaced by Jarosław Kaczyński. The following 15 months were erratic and not without controversy, as the government pursued
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Russia later threatened nuclear attack against "new US assets in Europe", referring to Poland. The US has pledged to back Warsaw in the event of Russian aggression towards Poland.
48:
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terms. Article 35 guaranteed the rights of national and ethnic minorities, while other provisions prohibited discrimination and political organizations that spread racial hatred.
779:, at Wałęsa's request, formed a government and served as its prime minister until October 1991, introducing world prices and greatly expanding the scope of private enterprise.
775:
In the early 1990s, Poland made progress towards achieving a democratic government and a market economy. In November 1990, Lech Wałęsa was elected president for a 5-year term.
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941:, the incumbent former leader of the post-communist SLD, was re-elected in the first round of voting, with 53.9% of the popular vote. Second place, with only 17.3%, went to
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and the reformed administrative division of 1999 required a revision of the electoral system, which was passed in April 2001. The most important changes included:
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alliance placed first for the third straight election and won a plurality of seats but fell short of a Sejm majority. The opposition, consisting of the
54:
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dismissed the authorities of public media, including TVP. Newly appointed TVP supervisory board would then designate Tomasz Sygut to be TVP's new CEO.
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was finalized, and in July put into effect. In June 2000, UW withdrew from the governing coalition, leaving AWS at the helm of a minority government.
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missiles to Poland. The missile battery would be staffed - at least temporarily - by US Military personnel. The US also pledged to defend Poland - a
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who remained influential in the background. This government relied on the tacit and rather stable support of smaller populist and agrarian parties (
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Since the PiS control the presidency and have the majority in both houses, it aims to make judiciary reforms in the Constitutional Court. (See
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who was under investigation for corruption. The new government also modified Polish foreign relations relating to the EU by adopting a more
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as prime minister. After two initial unsuccessful attempts, it eventually won parliamentary support (24 June) and governed until the
1022:) -- this case was investigated by a special parliamentary committee, whose proceedings were televised and widely followed), and the
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In October 1990, the constitution was amended to curtail the term of President Jaruzelski. In December, Lech Wałęsa became the
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1123:, leader of the PO, saw his opinion poll lead slip away and was beaten 54% to 46% in the second round by the PiS candidate
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and Prime Minister between (2007–2014), he was the first prime minister to be reelected, between 2014–2019 he was the
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1584:"Poland's Minorities in the Transition from Soviet-Dominated Ethnic Nation-State to Democratic Civic Nation-State"
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passed a resolution on "restoring the legal order and the impartiality and integrity of the public media and the
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In the context of rising tensions with the EU, the Polish government is being accused of leading Poland towards
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A fear not unfounded, as the SLD saw its support drop by three-fourths to only 11% in the subsequent elections.
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The uneasy alliance between the three coalition partners came to a head in July 2007 when Samoobrona leader,
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and Prime Minister (2007–14), he was the first prime minister to be reelected, in 2014 he became the
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The uneasy alliance between the three coalition partners came to difficult points when it comes to
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In October 2023, the ruling Law and Justice (PiS) party won the largest share of the vote in the
1033:(government ministers informed friends with links to an organized crime about an impending raid).
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defeated Wałęsa by a narrow margin—51.7% to 48.3%. Soon after Wałęsa's defeat, Interior Minister
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1522:, included plans to reform state media in their coalition agreement. On December 19, 2023, the
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1018:(an alleged attempt to interfere with the legislative process, so named after the main suspect
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1795:"Poland's New Prime Minister Sworn in with Old Cabinet | Voice of America - English"
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In March some prominent SLD politicians and MPs (including the then Speaker of the Sejm:
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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on August 31. These talks broke down in October, but a new series of negotiations, the
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After two rounds of elections in May 2015, opposition Law and Justice (PiS) candidate
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In May 2006 a coalition agreement for the majority government was formed between PiS,
654:, the opportunity arose to change the system of government, after the harsh period of
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Russia threatens nuclear attack on Poland over US missile shield deal - Telegraph -
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In the autumn of 2005 Poles voted in both parliamentary and presidential elections.
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to that office. However, two attempts by the communists to form governments failed.
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756:. Most of the property of the former Communist Party was turned over to the state.
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became the new prime minister to succeed Morawiecki, leading a coalition of three
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as prime minister. This government had the support of 256 of the 460 seats in the
963:, which gave less premium to large parties. The latter change was reverted to the
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stance, where Polish governments had in the past adopted a very pro-EU position.
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Poland has been one of neighbouring Ukraine's most ardent supporters after the
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910:(UW) — won 261 of the 460 seats in the Sejm and formed a coalition government.
760:(hold-overs from the previous communist government) were among those replaced.
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1951:"Poland's opposition has path to oust populist ruling party, exit poll shows"
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stated that he is concerned by this and plans to support freedom of speech.
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2123:"Polish prime minister loses confidence vote, clearing way for Donald Tusk"
1734:"Polish election: Law and Justice wins over third of vote in first results"
1204:
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communist secret police to be revealed. After a rough start, 1993 saw the
2455:
1548:(which in the end became a govt bill) or health insurance contribution.
721:
On August 19, President Jaruzelski asked journalist/Solidarity activist
210:
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PiS then formed a minority government with the previously little-known
714:, with the support of a number of Solidarity deputies, elected General
1755:"The Polish Constitutional Crisis 2015–16: A Figurational Perspective"
1105:
was expected to produce a coalition of two centre-right parties, PiS (
1048:
resigned on May 2, 2004, just after Poland joined the European Union.
986:
The SLD went on to form a coalition with the agrarian PSL and leftist
3453:
2686:
1488:, achieved a combined total vote of 54%, managing to form a majority
1285:
On 10 April 2010, numerous high-ranking Polish statesmen died in the
1181:
with far-reaching powers and was embroiled in a case relating to the
752:
dissolved itself in January 1990, creating in its place a new party,
633:
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1978:"Poland's Tusk-led pro-EU opposition signs deal and waits to govern"
1675:
2186:"Donald Tusk appointed Polish PM, setting stage for warmer EU ties"
799:(SLD) received the largest share of votes. Also in 1993 the Soviet
592:
and led to the foundation of a democratic government, known as the
2655:
1446:
1309:, at the second round of voting on 4 July 2010, he defeated PiS's
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A leading issue in the subsequent years was negotiations with the
970:
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1863:"A solidarity package helps Poland integrate Ukrainian refugees"
1523:
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995:
845:), the only left-wing President of Poland since 1989 (1995–2005)
702:
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1827:"Poland's Duda narrowly beats Trzaskowski in presidential vote"
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subsequently confirmed by 248 votes in favour and 201 against.
1982:
130:
69:
28:
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1239:, taking over the prime ministerial office in November 2007.
1169:(LPR). In July 2006, following a rift with his party leader,
1845:"Polish-Ukrainian friendship masks a bitter, bloody history"
1616:"Moscow warns it could strike Poland over US missile shield"
2064:"Rząd na dwa tygodnie może kosztować setki tysięcy złotych"
2531:
2184:
Koper, Anna; Wlodarczak-Semczuk, Anna (11 December 2023).
2355:
1920:"Opposition wins Polish election, according to exit poll"
1419:, but lost its majority in parliament. In December 2023,
1383:, in office since 2015. They both represented the ruling
2010:"Uroczystość powołania przez Prezydenta RP nowego rządu"
1809:"Poland election: Ruling Law and Justice party win poll"
1439:. Law and Justice became the leading opposition party.
1394:
Poland's governing Law and Justice party (PiS) won the
2566:
1778:"Regulierung von Eigentumsstrukturen im Medienbereich"
959:
modification of the method of allocating seats to the
636:
and its communist government, as with the rest of the
2365:, Commonwealth of Diverse Cultures: Poland's Heritage
2314:"TVP Info wraca na antenę. "Prezenterzy są pod parą""
2014:
Oficjalna strona Prezydenta Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej
1694:"Bronislaw Komorowski sworn in as Poland's president"
926:
led the SLD. In April 1997, the first post-communist
795:, and the first parliament to serve a full term. The
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two parties with roots in the Solidarity movement —
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2215:Cienski, Jan; Hülsemann, Laura (13 December 2023).
1712:"Conservative Duda wins Poland's presidential vote"
1676:"Bronislaw Komorowski declared president of Poland"
1379:was sworn in as the new prime minister, succeeding
2480:1996 enfranchisement and privatisation referendums
2422:
918:(SLD) held the majority of the seats in the Sejm.
914:of the AWS became prime minister. The AWS and the
2271:"Burzliwie w Sejmie. Jest decyzja w sprawie TVP"
2154:"Donald Tusk nominated as Polish prime minister"
1250:. In return, the US agreed to move a battery of
1119:followed a similar script. The early favourite,
666:Round Table Agreement and democratic transition
1899:"Donald Tusk elected as Polish prime minister"
1293:, the President of Poland at the time. At the
3427:
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2397:
1401:Duda was re-elected in the 2020 presidential
561:
8:
2092:Gotowalska-Wróblewska, Żaneta (2023-11-27).
1881:"Poland no longer arming Ukraine: Polish PM"
1443:Second Donald Tusk government (2023–present)
1142:as prime minister instead of party leader,
1127:(one of the twins, founders of the party).
861:second post-war free presidential elections
765:first popularly elected President of Poland
63:Learn how and when to remove these messages
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1297:, Donald Tusk decided not to stand. At PO
754:Social Democracy of the Republic of Poland
568:
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184:
99:. Please do not remove this message until
2094:"Dwutygodniowy rząd (upokorzenia) kobiet"
810:Waldemar Pawlak, Prime Minister (1993–95)
173:Learn how and when to remove this message
119:Learn how and when to remove this message
1359:Polish Constitutional Court crisis, 2015
1324:
1200:First Donald Tusk government (2007–2014)
1071:PiS-led coalition government (2005–2007)
95:Relevant discussion may be found on the
2298:was invoked but never defined (see the
2035:"Prezydent powoła "rząd dwutygodniowy""
1574:
1082:, the 3rd President of Poland (2005–10)
975:Leszek Miller, Prime Minister (2001–04)
198:
187:
2312:Kublik, Agnieszka (28 December 2023).
1097:and Prime Minister of Poland (2006–07)
981:September 2001 parliamentary elections
851:2004 enlargement of the European Union
2345:Bibliography of the history of Poland
2227:from the original on 17 December 2023
2196:from the original on 11 December 2023
2166:from the original on 11 December 2023
2135:from the original on 11 December 2023
2104:from the original on 28 November 2023
2074:from the original on 28 November 2023
2045:from the original on 28 November 2023
1990:from the original on 10 November 2023
1652:
1650:
1066:Lech Kaczyński Presidency (2005–2010)
883:of 1997 redefined the concept of the
689:began talks with Solidarity's leader
7:
2413:History of the Third Polish Republic
1957:from the original on 15 October 2023
1930:from the original on 15 October 2023
1350:became president by a 3% margin. In
1332:, President of Poland (2015–present)
1057:parliamentary elections in late 2005
818:(PSL) formed a governing coalition.
2293:
2217:"Donald Tusk sworn in as Polish PM"
1641:"Polish leader dies in plane crash"
1281:, 4th President of Poland (2010–15)
1040:) formed a split, creating the new
632:Tension grew between the people of
2259:from the original on Dec 20, 2023.
859:In November 1995, Poland held its
830:Kwaśniewski Presidency (1995–2005)
784:first free parliamentary elections
25:
2736:Partitions, duchies and kingdoms
1976:Easton, Adam (10 November 2023).
1460:President of the European Council
1295:2010 Polish presidential election
1270:Komorowski Presidency (2010–2015)
1217:President of the European Council
1117:Presidential elections in October
44:This article has multiple issues.
3678:History of Poland (1989–present)
3443:
3121:Upper Silesian Industrial Region
2454:
2294:Cite error: The named reference
1949:Picheta, Rob (15 October 2023).
1410:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
814:After the election, the SLD and
535:
523:
209:
135:
74:
33:
1468:2023 Polish public media crisis
1225:October parliamentary elections
1051:A new cabinet was formed, with
922:was the leader of the AWS, and
52:or discuss these issues on the
3683:Contemporary history of Poland
1321:Duda Presidency (2015–present)
1305:defeated the Foreign Minister
1103:September's parliamentary poll
1:
1514:was sworn in on 13 December.
1179:Central Anticorruption Bureau
771:Wałęsa Presidency (1990–1995)
685:union, and Interior Minister
1753:Bucholc, Marta (July 2016).
855:Poland in the European Union
750:Polish United Workers' Party
743:(left) in Warsaw, July 1989.
672:Polish Round Table Agreement
3713:History of Poland by period
2902:Central European Initiative
2713:Prehistory and protohistory
2645:2023 parliamentary election
2630:COVID-19 pandemic in Poland
2625:2019 parliamentary election
2610:2015 parliamentary election
2580:2011 parliamentary election
2550:2007 parliamentary election
2540:2005 parliamentary election
2500:2001 parliamentary election
2490:1997 parliamentary election
2446:1993 parliamentary election
2441:1991 parliamentary election
1342:COVID-19 pandemic in Poland
904:Solidarity Electoral Action
826:as the new prime minister.
735:(center) with US President
293:Prehistory and protohistory
101:conditions to do so are met
3739:
2635:2020 presidential election
2620:2015 constitutional crisis
2590:2015 presidential election
2575:2010 presidential election
2545:2005 presidential election
2495:2000 presidential election
2475:1995 presidential election
2436:1990 presidential election
2342:
1465:
1335:
1044:party. The cabinet led by
1042:Social Democracy of Poland
848:
669:
650:in the Soviet Union under
644:faded. With the advent of
516:Timeline of Polish history
3579:
3461:
3380:
3155:
3041:
2892:
2821:
2452:
2372:, Background Note: Poland
2070:(in Polish). 2023-11-27.
1714:. Al Jazeera. 25 May 2015
1338:Polish rule-of-law crisis
1167:League of Polish Families
1008:League of Polish Families
793:second group of elections
602:III Rzeczpospolita Polska
144:This article needs to be
2897:Administrative divisions
2515:EU membership referendum
1867:European Investment Bank
1242:On August 14, 2008, the
1177:policies, established a
916:Democratic Left Alliance
801:Northern Group of Forces
797:Democratic Left Alliance
640:as the influence of the
614:democratic consolidation
590:Polish People's Republic
588:which put an end to the
580:From 1989 through 1991,
18:Third Republic of Poland
3096:Regional GDP per capita
2016:(in Polish). 2023-11-27
1657:Warsaw Business Journal
1235:(PSL), with PO leader,
1140:Kazimierz Marcinkiewicz
900:parliamentary elections
874:Włodzimierz Cimoszewicz
386:Early elective monarchy
353:10th century–1385
3723:21st century in Poland
3718:20th century in Poland
3363:Orders and decorations
2467:Kwaśniewski Presidency
2368:U.S. State Department
1563:Fourth Polish Republic
1535:Bartłomiej Sienkiewicz
1463:
1396:parliamentary election
1366:democratic backsliding
1333:
1282:
1220:
1098:
1083:
976:
939:Aleksander Kwaśniewski
928:Constitution of Poland
865:Aleksander Kwaśniewski
846:
839:Aleksander Kwaśniewski
811:
777:Jan Krzysztof Bielecki
744:
610:Second Polish Republic
2567:Komorowski Presidency
2555:Smolensk air disaster
2510:2003 invasion of Iraq
2431:Round Table Agreement
2275:wydarzenia.interia.pl
1776:Deutscher Bundestag.
1450:
1385:Law and Justice party
1328:
1277:
1233:Polish People's Party
1207:
1089:
1078:
974:
935:presidential election
837:
816:Polish People's Party
809:
803:finally left Poland.
731:
656:martial law (1981-83)
612:. After ten years of
594:Third Polish Republic
586:democratic transition
269:Territorial evolution
3275:World Heritage Sites
2532:Kaczyński Presidency
1887:. 20 September 2023.
1520:October 15 Coalition
1490:coalition government
1425:parliamentary groups
1303:Bronisław Komorowski
1279:Bronisław Komorowski
1093:, the leader of the
869:Andrzej Milczanowski
3015:Political prisoners
2520:Accession to the EU
1926:. 15 October 2023.
1582:Kamusella, Tomasz.
1528:Polish Press Agency
1261:US/Russia relations
1024:Starachowice affair
961:Sainte-Laguë method
716:Wojciech Jaruzelski
695:"round table" talks
681:recognition to the
660:Wojciech Jaruzelski
658:imposed by general
359:Jagiellonian period
305:Bronze and Iron Age
88:of this article is
2640:2021 border crisis
2361:2011-06-24 at the
2247:"Umowa Koalicyjna"
1815:. 14 October 2019.
1742:. 27 October 2015.
1662:2010-12-20 at the
1558:Politics of Poland
1464:
1389:Jaroslaw Kaczynski
1377:Mateusz Morawiecki
1375:In December 2017,
1334:
1311:Jarosław Kaczyński
1287:Smolensk air crash
1283:
1221:
1171:Jarosław Kaczyński
1144:Jarosław Kaczyński
1099:
1091:Jarosław Kaczyński
1084:
977:
943:Andrzej Olechowski
920:Marian Krzaklewski
847:
812:
745:
723:Tadeusz Mazowiecki
542:History portal
431:Partitioned Poland
396:Deluge and decline
3665:
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3298:Ethnic minorities
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2981:Political parties
2927:Foreign relations
2879:
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2808:
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2764:Poland since 1989
2653:
2652:
2485:1997 Constitution
2423:Wałęsa Presidency
1759:Human Figurations
1533:On the same day,
1398:in October 2019.
1307:Radosław Sikorski
1299:primary elections
950:1997 Constitution
737:George H. W. Bush
712:National Assembly
652:Mikhail Gorbachev
604:), following the
578:
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3061:Economic history
3051:Balcerowicz Plan
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2826:Cities and towns
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2759:Communist Poland
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1700:. 6 August 2010.
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1211:, the leader of
1183:suicide of an MP
1032:
687:Czesław Kiszczak
620:in 1999 and the
616:, Poland joined
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2356:Commonwealth.pl
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2339:Further reading
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1851:. 5 April 2023.
1843:
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1429:Civic Coalition
1370:Mark Brzezinski
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1107:Law and Justice
1095:Law and Justice
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820:Waldemar Pawlak
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624:on 1 May 2004.
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2162:. 2023-12-11.
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1682:. 5 July 2010.
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3081:Merchant Navy
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2728:Early Modern
2726:
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2605:
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2599:2015-present
2597:
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2124:
2118:
2115:
2103:
2100:(in Polish).
2099:
2095:
2088:
2085:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2059:
2056:
2044:
2041:(in Polish).
2040:
2036:
2030:
2027:
2015:
2011:
2005:
2002:
1989:
1985:
1984:
1979:
1972:
1969:
1956:
1952:
1945:
1942:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1915:
1912:
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1605:
1604:Bloomberg.com
1600:
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1245:
1244:United States
1240:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1190:
1188:
1187:eurosceptical
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1159:
1155:
1154:) to govern.
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1112:
1108:
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1096:
1092:
1088:
1081:
1077:
1070:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1054:
1049:
1047:
1046:Leszek Miller
1043:
1039:
1034:
1030:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1011:
1009:
1004:
999:
997:
993:
992:Leszek Miller
989:
984:
982:
973:
966:
962:
958:
955:
954:
953:
951:
946:
944:
940:
936:
931:
929:
925:
924:Leszek Miller
921:
917:
913:
909:
908:Freedom Union
905:
901:
896:
894:
890:
886:
885:Polish nation
882:
879:Poland's new
877:
875:
870:
866:
863:. SLD leader
862:
856:
852:
844:
840:
836:
829:
827:
825:
821:
817:
808:
804:
802:
798:
794:
789:
788:Jan Olszewski
785:
780:
778:
770:
768:
766:
761:
757:
755:
751:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
724:
719:
717:
713:
708:
704:
700:
699:June election
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
673:
665:
663:
661:
657:
653:
649:
648:
643:
639:
635:
627:
625:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
584:engaged in a
583:
571:
566:
564:
559:
557:
552:
551:
549:
548:
543:
533:
531:
521:
520:
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389:
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378:
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356:
352:
350:
347:
346:
341:
338:
336:
333:
332:
329:
324:
323:
316:
315:Polish tribes
313:
311:
308:
306:
303:
301:
298:
297:
294:
289:
288:
280:
277:
275:
272:
270:
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260:
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197:
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186:
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174:
159:
147:
142:
133:
132:
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120:
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98:
92:
91:
87:
81:
72:
71:
66:
64:
57:
56:
51:
50:
45:
40:
31:
30:
27:
19:
3346:Coat of arms
3285:Demographics
3235:Polish names
3205:Folk beliefs
3178:Architecture
3116:Unemployment
3056:Central bank
2932:Human rights
2912:Constitution
2763:
2754:World War II
2505:Rywin affair
2412:
2324:. Retrieved
2317:
2307:
2290:
2279:. Retrieved
2274:
2265:
2241:
2229:. Retrieved
2223:. Politico.
2220:
2210:
2198:. Retrieved
2189:
2179:
2168:. Retrieved
2157:
2148:
2137:. Retrieved
2126:
2117:
2106:. Retrieved
2097:
2087:
2076:. Retrieved
2068:TVN24 Biznes
2067:
2058:
2047:. Retrieved
2038:
2029:
2018:. Retrieved
2013:
2004:
1992:. Retrieved
1981:
1971:
1959:. Retrieved
1944:
1932:. Retrieved
1923:
1914:
1903:. Retrieved
1901:. 2023-12-11
1893:
1884:
1875:
1866:
1857:
1848:
1839:
1830:
1821:
1812:
1803:
1789:
1771:
1762:
1758:
1748:
1737:
1728:
1716:. Retrieved
1706:
1697:
1688:
1679:
1670:
1635:
1624:. Retrieved
1622:. 2008-08-15
1620:the Guardian
1619:
1610:
1599:
1587:. Retrieved
1577:
1546:civil unions
1539:
1532:
1516:
1474:United Right
1471:
1414:
1407:
1400:
1393:
1381:Beata Szydlo
1374:
1363:
1356:
1352:October 2015
1348:Andrzej Duda
1345:
1330:Andrzej Duda
1315:
1289:, including
1284:
1265:
1241:
1222:
1191:
1160:
1156:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1115:
1100:
1061:
1050:
1035:
1016:Rywin affair
1012:
1000:
988:Labour Union
985:
978:
947:
932:
897:
891:rather than
881:Constitution
878:
858:
824:Józef Oleksy
813:
781:
774:
762:
758:
746:
741:Barbara Bush
739:(right) and
720:
678:
675:
645:
642:Soviet Union
638:Eastern bloc
631:
601:
593:
579:
514:
495:
488:Contemporary
461:World War II
377:Early Modern
349:Piast period
247:Coat of arms
232:Polonization
169:
156:October 2020
153:
145:
115:
106:
84:
60:
53:
47:
46:Please help
43:
26:
3318:Health care
3270:Video games
3210:Folk dances
3046:Agriculture
2986:Politicians
2785:Demographic
2744:World War I
2738:(1795–1918)
2730:(1569–1795)
2718:Middle Ages
2326:29 December
2322:(in Polish)
2277:(in Polish)
2231:18 December
2200:11 December
2039:wyborcza.pl
1994:10 November
1718:25 February
1589:20 December
1507:His cabinet
1452:Donald Tusk
1427:made up of
1421:Donald Tusk
1237:Donald Tusk
1209:Donald Tusk
1121:Donald Tusk
1053:Marek Belka
1027: [
990:(UP), with
912:Jerzy Buzek
701:produced a
691:Lech Wałęsa
647:perestroika
500:1989–
441:World War I
328:Middle Ages
227:Polonophile
200:History of
3672:Categories
3265:Traditions
3215:Literature
3133:(currency)
2976:Parliament
2917:Corruption
2564:2010–2015
2529:2005–2010
2464:1995–2005
2420:1990–1995
2281:2023-12-20
2170:2023-12-11
2139:2023-12-11
2108:2023-11-28
2078:2023-11-27
2049:2023-11-27
2020:2023-11-27
1961:15 October
1934:15 October
1905:2023-12-12
1626:2021-07-09
1569:References
1499:third term
1494:confidence
1466:See also:
1336:See also:
1175:lustration
1163:Samoobrona
1148:Samoobrona
1109:) and PO (
849:See also:
748:communist
683:Solidarity
628:Background
109:March 2017
86:neutrality
49:improve it
3323:Languages
3313:Education
3240:Name days
3111:Transport
2991:President
2944:Judiciary
2922:Elections
2846:Mountains
2814:Geography
2585:Euro 2012
2370:State.gov
2300:help page
1885:France 24
1482:Third Way
1433:Third Way
1387:, led by
1020:Lew Rywin
1014:were the
937:of 2000,
782:Poland's
310:Antiquity
300:Stone Age
279:Statehood
97:talk page
55:talk page
3466:Pre-1989
3396:Category
3303:Refugees
3250:Religion
2971:Military
2885:Politics
2795:Military
2790:Economic
2780:Cultural
2773:By topic
2723:Monarchs
2705:Timeline
2359:Archived
2254:Archived
2225:Archived
2221:POLITICO
2194:Archived
2164:Archived
2133:Archived
2102:Archived
2072:Archived
2043:Archived
1988:Archived
1955:Archived
1928:Archived
1924:POLITICO
1831:BBC News
1813:BBC News
1698:BBC News
1680:BBC News
1660:Archived
1552:See also
1542:abortion
1486:The Left
1437:The Left
1417:election
1403:election
967:in 2002.
898:In 1997
679:de facto
252:Monarchs
191:a series
189:Part of
90:disputed
3387:Outline
3368:Polonia
3333:Symbols
3260:Theatre
3193:Cuisine
3170:Culture
3160:Lawyers
3148:Society
3106:Tourism
3091:Poverty
3076:Exports
3034:Economy
2866:Regions
2836:Islands
2831:Forests
2696:History
2190:Reuters
2128:Reuters
1953:. CNN.
1849:AP News
1223:In the
1010:(LPR).
979:In the
933:In the
502:present
146:updated
3454:Poland
3401:Portal
3341:Anthem
3188:Cinema
3131:Złoty
3086:Mining
3071:Energy
2959:Police
2871:Rivers
2800:Postal
2687:Poland
1484:, and
1435:, and
1227:, the
893:ethnic
733:Wałęsa
707:Senate
634:Poland
598:Polish
582:Poland
423:Modern
220:Topics
202:Poland
193:on the
3450:Years
3308:Crime
3293:Poles
3255:Sport
3230:Names
3225:Music
3220:Media
2841:Lakes
2257:(PDF)
2250:(PDF)
1781:(PDF)
1031:]
889:civic
606:First
3658:2025
3654:2024
3649:2023
3644:2022
3639:2021
3634:2020
3629:2019
3624:2018
3619:2017
3614:2016
3609:2015
3604:2014
3599:2013
3594:2012
3589:2011
3584:2010
3571:2009
3566:2008
3561:2007
3556:2006
3551:2005
3546:2004
3541:2003
3536:2002
3531:2001
3526:2000
3521:1999
3516:1998
3511:1997
3506:1996
3501:1995
3496:1994
3491:1993
3486:1992
3481:1991
3476:1990
3471:1989
3356:list
3351:Flag
3198:Wine
3008:List
2996:List
2937:LGBT
2328:2023
2233:2023
2202:2023
1996:2023
1963:2023
1936:2023
1765:(2).
1720:2016
1591:2009
1524:Sejm
1472:The
1340:and
1256:NATO
1248:Iran
1165:and
996:Sejm
948:The
853:and
703:Sejm
618:NATO
608:and
262:Wars
242:Name
237:Flag
83:The
3452:in
3183:Art
3066:EEZ
2949:Law
2159:BBC
1983:BBC
1501:as
1152:LPR
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