22:
237:. After two audiences with the sultan, the draft treaty he had brought from Paris was accepted with only minor changes. When the question of future presents or tribute was informally raised he made it clear that there could be no question of either, or he would have to leave without a treaty. The matter was dropped and Barclay obtained for America a rare treaty with a North African power without promise of
95:, son of Robert Barclay (d. 1779), prosperous linen merchant and ship owner. His mother's name is unknown, but may have been Carsan. After learning the merchant trade in his father's business in Strabane, he arrived in Philadelphia around 1764 in his mid-thirties. There he was active in the large Irish community, where he was a founding member of the
213:, also known as Muhammad III (reigned 1757–1790). John Adams, who was by then serving as minister in London, agreed: "If Mr. Barclay will undertake the voyage, I am for looking no farther. We cannot find a steadier, or more prudent man." Jefferson and Adams were faced with difficult decisions by threats to American shipping from the
217:. In October 1784 an American merchantman had been seized in the south Atlantic by a Moroccan corsair; this, the Moroccan sultan had quickly explained, was to get America to send an envoy to negotiate a treaty with him. He had sought this through diplomatic channels for a number of years with no success.
252:
The treaty meant that
American ship captains no longer needed to fear Moroccan corsairs and that the Atlantic shipping lanes to and from Southern Europe were safe for American ships as long as a Portuguese naval squadron at the strait of Gibraltar kept corsairs from Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli
134:
during the resistance years of 1774–1776. He was also elected to the
Philadelphia Corporation in 1774, named a deputy delegate to the Provincial conventions in 1774 and 1775, and appointed to the Pennsylvania Navy Board in 1777. Following the outbreak of war with England and the
99:(1771), and he became a successful merchant and ship-owner. His firm played a big role in the Irish trade – especially in the export of flax seed and the import of linen and other dry goods. As time passed, the firm's ships were increasingly seen in the ports of England,
286:
to obtain funds critical to the mission, but on his third day there he took sick. The following day, January 19, 1793, suffering from what the doctors called an inflammation of the lungs, Thomas
Barclay died. According to his headstone, now placed on a wall of the
114:
In 1770 Thomas
Barclay married Mary Hoops in Philadelphia. Born in 1750 in western Pennsylvania, Mary had moved to Philadelphia with her family at the age of eleven. She was one of eight children of Adam Hoops (1708–1771) and Elizabeth Finney Hoops (1720–1782).
265:
In 1791 President George
Washington and Secretary of State Jefferson sent Thomas Barclay back to Morocco to reconfirm the US-Morocco treaty with the successor to the late sultan with whom Barclay had negotiated. By the time he reached
270:
an internecine battle for the sultanate was underway among the late sultan's sons. He was told to wait, which he did, reporting to
Secretary of State Jefferson often and in detail with news from Morocco and other parts of Barbary.
362:
Roberts, Priscilla H. and James N. Tull, "Moroccan Sultan Sidi
Muhammad Ibn Abdallah's Diplomatic Initiatives Toward the United States, 1777-1786." Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 143, no. 2 (June 1999):
167:'s troops. A year after his arrival, the Continental Congress also appointed him commissioner to settle America's public accounts in Europe since 1776. At about the same time he agreed to be the agent in Europe for the
257:
the
Mediterranean, which it did until long after the United States made peace with Algiers (the principal threat) in 1795 — except for a few disastrous weeks of a truce in 1793 when eleven American ships were seized by
470:
274:
In
December 1792 he received a letter from President Washington asking him to go to Algiers to ransom Americans being held there and to negotiate a treaty with the ruling
163:
during the last years of the war, most of
Barclay's time was spent in Dutch and French ports arranging the shipment of blankets, clothing and other supplies for General
500:
490:
206:. Jefferson succeeded Franklin as minister to France in late spring of 1785, and from that time on Barclay worked closely with him on trade and other matters.
122:
in 1765 and he was an early member of the resistance. A signer of non-importation agreements in 1765 and 1769, he was on the committee that organized the
64:
475:
136:
495:
485:
246:
413:
209:
In the fall of 1785 Jefferson proposed sending Thomas Barclay to negotiate a treaty of friendship and commerce with the sultan of Morocco,
480:
381:
337:
242:
241:— large annual payments and/or delivery of military or other goods of value. The treaty was ratified by Congress in July 1787. A
428:
460:
311:
Roberts, Priscilla H., et al. “Adam Hoops, Thomas Barclay, and the House in Morrisville Known as Summerseat, 1764-1791.”
96:
465:
396:. Naval Operations including diplomatic background from 1785 through 1801. Washington: GPO, 1939-1944, v.1, p.56.
182:. They had been sent to negotiate treaties of friendship and commerce with the maritime states of Europe and the
131:
155:
October 5, 1781, Thomas and Mary Barclay and their three young children embarked on the ship St. James, Captain
374:
The United States and Africa: Guide to U. S. Official Documents and Government-Sponsored Publications on Africa
288:
168:
26:
118:
Thomas Barclay's first decade in Philadelphia was a time of growing friction with England that began with the
75:
in 1786. He was the first American diplomat to die in a foreign country in the service of the United States.
48:
123:
210:
21:
455:
450:
144:
249:
never been broken, making this the longest unbroken treaty relationship in United States history."
127:
92:
63:(1781–1787) and, during his time as a diplomat, negotiated the United States' first treaty, the
431:
424:
409:
377:
333:
164:
160:
214:
179:
279:
140:
100:
156:
119:
159:, and began a battle- and storm-filled voyage to France. There, working with minister
130:
tea. He was one of only four men elected a member of the five successive Philadelphia
444:
108:
88:
56:
203:
175:
267:
226:
104:
349:
John Adams-Thomas Jefferson, August 23, 1785. Boyd, Julian P. et al., eds.
435:
394:
Naval Documents Related to the United States Wars With the Barbary Powers
282:
who had died before receiving the instructions.) He immediately went to
259:
229:
in June 1786, after five months of overland travel and a sea voyage from
84:
52:
44:
34:
238:
234:
191:
187:
183:
72:
283:
68:
60:
30:
139:
he remained politically active. In 1781, when it became clear that
316:
245:
official observed in 1967 that, "the basic provisions of the 1787
230:
199:
195:
126:
in 1773, which used persuasion rather than violence to refuse the
20:
406:
Thomas Barclay (1728-1793): Consul in France, Diplomat in Barbary
292:
275:
143:, who had been named consul to France, was lost at sea, the
43:(1728 – January 19, 1793) was an American
376:, 1785-1975. Washington: Library of Congress, 1978,
262:corsairs — at least seven of them in the Atlantic.
313:Transactions of the American Philosophical Society
225:Thomas Barclay arrived in the Moroccan capital of
471:People of Pennsylvania in the American Revolution
174:In August 1784 Thomas Barclay welcomed to Paris
404:Roberts, Priscilla H. and Richard S. Roberts,
421:Who Was Who in American History, the Military
8:
332:, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1978,
178:, with whom he had worked in Holland, and
353:, Princeton University Press. v.8. p.424.
501:Burials at the British Cemetery, Lisbon
304:
65:Moroccan–American Treaty of Friendship
7:
491:Merchants from colonial Pennsylvania
423:. Chicago: Marquis Who's Who, 1975.
408:. Lehigh University Press. 2008,
315:, vol. 90, no. 5, 2000, pp. i–106.
221:First American Diplomat in Morocco
14:
243:United States Department of State
476:Businesspeople from Philadelphia
496:18th-century American merchants
486:18th-century American diplomats
351:The Papers of Thomas Jefferson
278:. (Barclay was the backup to
25:Thomas Barclay's grave at the
1:
372:Witherell, Julian W., comp.
128:British East India Company's
97:Friendly Sons of St. Patrick
330:The Revolution is Now Begun
147:named Barclay to the post.
137:Declaration of Independence
517:
289:British Cemetery in Lisbon
211:Sidi Muhammad ibn Abdullah
132:correspondence committees
481:Deaths from lung disease
419:Marquis Who's Who, Inc.
233:to the Moroccan port of
169:Commonwealth of Virginia
319:Retrieved 10 Dec. 2022.
107:, and occasionally the
124:Philadelphia Tea Party
37:
328:Ryerson, Richard A.,
24:
461:People from Strabane
299:Notes and references
145:Continental Congress
83:Barclay was born in
55:. He served as the
38:
414:978-0-934223-98-0
165:George Washington
161:Benjamin Franklin
16:American diplomat
508:
466:American consuls
397:
391:
385:
370:
364:
360:
354:
347:
341:
326:
320:
309:
291:, he "died in a
215:Barbary corsairs
180:Thomas Jefferson
151:Consul in France
27:British Cemetery
516:
515:
511:
510:
509:
507:
506:
505:
441:
440:
401:
400:
392:
388:
371:
367:
361:
357:
348:
344:
327:
323:
310:
306:
301:
280:John Paul Jones
223:
153:
141:William Palfrey
101:southern Europe
81:
17:
12:
11:
5:
514:
512:
504:
503:
498:
493:
488:
483:
478:
473:
468:
463:
458:
453:
443:
442:
439:
438:
417:
399:
398:
386:
365:
355:
342:
321:
303:
302:
300:
297:
222:
219:
157:Thomas Truxtun
152:
149:
80:
77:
41:Thomas Barclay
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
513:
502:
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
448:
446:
437:
433:
430:
426:
422:
418:
415:
411:
407:
403:
402:
395:
390:
387:
383:
382:0-8444-0261-3
379:
375:
369:
366:
359:
356:
352:
346:
343:
339:
338:0-8122-7734-1
335:
331:
325:
322:
318:
317:JSTOR website
314:
308:
305:
298:
296:
294:
290:
285:
281:
277:
272:
269:
263:
261:
256:
250:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
220:
218:
216:
212:
207:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
172:
170:
166:
162:
158:
150:
148:
146:
142:
138:
133:
129:
125:
121:
116:
112:
110:
109:Mediterranean
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
89:County Tyrone
86:
78:
76:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
57:United States
54:
50:
46:
42:
36:
32:
28:
23:
19:
420:
405:
393:
389:
373:
368:
358:
350:
345:
340:, pp.275-281
329:
324:
312:
307:
273:
264:
254:
251:
224:
208:
204:North Africa
173:
154:
117:
113:
82:
59:' consul in
40:
39:
18:
456:1793 deaths
451:1728 births
67:, with the
445:Categories
429:0837932017
186:powers of
176:John Adams
79:Early life
436:657162692
268:Gibraltar
227:Marrakech
120:Stamp Act
105:Caribbean
260:Algerine
85:Strabane
53:diplomat
45:merchant
35:Portugal
384:., p.3.
363:233-265
239:tribute
235:Mogador
192:Algiers
188:Morocco
184:Barbary
93:Ireland
73:Morocco
434:
427:
412:
380:
336:
284:Lisbon
247:treaty
103:, the
69:sultan
61:France
51:, and
49:consul
31:Lisbon
231:Cadiz
200:Libya
196:Tunis
432:OCLC
425:ISBN
410:ISBN
378:ISBN
334:ISBN
293:duel
198:and
295:".
276:dey
202:in
71:of
29:in
447::
255:in
194:,
190:,
171:.
111:.
91:,
87:,
47:,
33:,
416:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
