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mentions the actions taken by the U.S. during the Cuban and Berlin crises and how they functioned as not only preparation for war but also signals. For example, Schelling points out that the bombing of North
Vietnam "is as much coercive as tactical." Not only was the bombing to cripple their enemies armies, but it also served to bring Vietnam to the table for negotiations. Much of this writing was influenced largely due to Schelling's personal interest in Game Theory and its application to nuclear armaments.
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persuade the other guy to give in, when the only method at your disposal—threatening to push him off the cliff—would doom you both? Answer: You start dancing, closer and closer to the edge. That way, you don't have to convince him that you would do something totally irrational: plunge him and yourself off the cliff. You just have to convince him that you are prepared to take a higher risk than he is of accidentally falling off the cliff. If you can do that, you win."
751:
per capita GNP we might have achieved by 2050 we would still achieve in 2051. Considering that agricultural productivity in most parts of the world continues to improve (and that many crops may benefit directly from enhanced photosynthesis due to increased carbon dioxide), it is not at all certain that the net impact on agriculture will be negative or much noticed in the developed world.
714:. He thus argued that motives, malicious or not, were indistinguishable as to explaining the phenomenon of complete local separation of distinct groups. He used coins on graph paper to demonstrate his theory by placing pennies and dimes in different patterns on the "board" and then moving them one by one if they were in an "unhappy" situation.
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Today, little of our gross domestic product is produced outdoors, and therefore, little is susceptible to climate. Agriculture and forestry are less than 3 percent of total output, and little else is much affected. Even if agricultural productivity declined by a third over the next half-century, the
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Co-operation, if available, may take many forms and thus potentially involve everything from "deterrence, limited war, and disarmament" to "negotiation." Indeed, it is through such actions that participants are left with less of a conflict and more of a "bargaining situation." The bargaining itself
605:
Schelling encourages in his work a strategic view toward conflict that is equally "rational" and "successful." He believes that conflict cannot be based merely on one's intelligence but must also address the "advantages" associated with a course of action. He considers that the advantages that are
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Within the work, Schelling discusses military capabilities and how they can be used as bargaining power. Instead of considering only the choices that are available on a surface level, one can think ahead to try to influence the other party to come to the desired conclusion. Specifically, Schelling
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columnist and one of
Schelling's former students, anecdotally summarizes Schelling's reorientation of game theory thus: "ou're standing at the edge of a cliff, chained by the ankle to someone else. You'll be released, and one of you will get a large prize, as soon as the other gives in. How do you
617:
Communication between parties, though, is another matter entirely. Verbal or written communication is known as "explicit," and involves such activities as "offering concessions." What happens, though, when this type of communication becomes impossible or improbable? This is when something called
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Schelling's dynamics has been cited as a way of explaining variations that are found in what are regarded as meaningful differences – gender, age, race, ethnicity, language, sexual preference, and religion. A cycle of such change, once it has begun, may have a self-sustaining
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Also, conflict has a distinct meaning. In
Schelling's approach, it is not enough to defeat an opponent, but one must also seize opportunities to co-operate of which there are usually many. He points out that it is only on the rarest of occasions, in what is known as "pure conflict," that the
422:
as an adjunct fellow, becoming a full-time researcher for a year after leaving Yale, and returning to adjunct status through 2002." In 1958 Schelling was appointed professor of economics at
Harvard. That same year, he "co-founded the Center for International Affairs, which was renamed the
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434:, where he was the Lucius N. Littauer Professor of Political Economy. He was among the "founding fathers" of the "modern" Kennedy School, as he helped to shift the curriculum's emphasis away from administration and more toward leadership.
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618:"tacit maneuvers" become important. Think of this as action-based communication. Schelling uses the example of one's occupation or evacuation of strategic territory to illustrate this latter communication method.
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Schelling was married to
Corinne Tigay Saposs from 1947 to 1991, with whom he had four sons. Later in 1991 he married Alice M. Coleman, who brought two sons to the marriage; they became his stepsons.
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548:, an American 501 nonprofit legal advocacy organization specializing in civil rights and public interest litigation. Alice Schelling said her late husband had credited
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is best thought of in terms of the other participant's actions, as any gains one might realize are highly dependent upon the "choices or decisions" of their opponent.
411:
from 1948 to 1953. He wrote most of his dissertation on national income behavior working at night while in Europe. He left government to join the economics faculty at
1887:
710:." In those papers, he showed that a preference that one's neighbors be of the same color, or even a preference for a mixture "up to some limit," can lead to total
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767:: if the world were able to reduce emissions, poor countries would receive most of the benefits, but rich countries would bear most of the costs.
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in 1995 ranked it as one of the 100 most influential books in the 50 years since 1945. In this book
Schelling introduced concepts such as the
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participants' interests are implacably opposed. He uses the example of "a war of complete extermination" to illustrate this phenomenon.
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650:, published in 1966. According to the publisher, the book "carries forward the analysis so brilliantly begun in his earlier
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poses a serious threat to developing nations, but that the threat to the United States was exaggerated. He wrote that,
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Schelling's book comprised a series of scholarly journal articles that he had published over the period 1957–1960.
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Schelling's family auctioned his Nobel award medal, fetching $ 187,000. They donated this money to the
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and the
University of Maryland Department of Economics. In 1991, he accepted the presidency of the
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described the book as a "strikingly original contribution" and a "landmark in the literature."
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in 2009, and RAND Graduate School of Public
Analysis, as well as an honorary degree from the
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788:, and conversations between Kubrick, Schelling, and George eventually led to the 1964 movie
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gleaned should be firmly fixed in a value system that is both "explicit" and "consistent."
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In 1977, Schelling received The Frank E. Seidman
Distinguished Award in Political Economy.
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2012:
1984:
Official list of
Schelling's publications at New England Complex Systems Institute website
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662:, 1961), and makes a significant contribution to the growing literature on modern war and
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1396:(Reprint, illustrated and revised. ed.). Harvard University Press. p. 309.
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expanded on and generalized those themes and is often cited in the literature of
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1125:(in Dutch). Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam. September 29, 2014. Archived from
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and "credible commitment." In a 1961 review, International Relations scholar
515:, for "having enhanced our understanding of conflict and cooperation through
346:) for "having enhanced our understanding of conflict and cooperation through
1295:
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1869:
1216:"NAS Award for Behavior Research Relevant to the Prevention of Nuclear War"
583:, which Schelling published in 1960, pioneered the study of bargaining and
1972:
1964:
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621:
In an article celebrating Schelling's Nobel Memorial Prize for Economics,
1968:
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1647:
791:
Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb
702:
In 1969 and 1971, Schelling published widely-cited articles dealing with
463:
In 1995, he accepted the presidency of the Eastern Economic Association.
193:
1918:
936:
248:
3945:
University of Maryland College of Behavioral and Social Sciences people
1923:
1809:
Thomas C. Schelling, 2006 prologue to 'Meteors, Mischief, and War', in
1526:
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1000:. University of Maryland School of Public Policy. 2008. Archived from
1927:
483:
Award for Behavior Research Relevant to the Prevention of Nuclear War
400:
276:
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1510:
1565:"Arms and Influence – Schelling, Thomas C. – Yale University Press"
778:
read an article Schelling wrote that included a description of the
526:
as the awardee of the Witten Lectures in Economics and Philosophy.
1994:
1648:"H-Diplo Essay 198- Robert Jervis on Learning the Scholar's Craft"
900:
Signaling in Retrospect and the Informational Structure of Markets
631:
541:, from complications following a hip fracture at the age of 95.
3010:
2733:
2052:
1746:
Schelling, Thomas C (2006). "Some Fun, Thirty-Five Years Ago".
1356:
Family of Late UMD Professor Auctions Nobel Medal to Fight Hate
1024:"Nobel Committee Honors Former RAND Economist Thomas Schelling"
460:, an organization of which he was also a Distinguished Fellow.
283:
National income behavior: An introduction to algebraic analysis
797:
Schelling is also cited for the first known use of the phrase
380:
156:
236:
The Frank E. Seidman Distinguished Award in Political Economy
1707: _____ (1971). "Dynamic Models of Segregation,"
1584:"Weakening the Belief in General War: Schelling on Strikes"
4005:
Distinguished fellows of the American Economic Association
3920:
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
1052:"Thomas Schelling, Nobelist and game theory pioneer, 95"
1359:
1488:
1486:
1119:"Honorary Doctorate for professor Thomas C. Schelling"
1323:"American and Israeli Share Nobel Prize in Economics"
303:(April 14, 1921 – December 13, 2016) was an American
4000:
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
1697:
Thomas C. Schelling (1969) "Models of segregation,"
1259:
Witten Lectures in Economics and Philosophy (2008).
439:
International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis
437:
Between 1994 and 1999, he conducted research at the
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3389:
3228:
3091:
3044:
2909:
2884:
2853:
2824:
2800:
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2424:
2173:
2090:
1914:
An Astonishing Sixty Years: The Legacy of Hiroshima
562:in 1927, as the most influential book he had read.
275:
270:
231:
217:
203:
183:
163:
139:
117:
107:
102:
79:
53:
34:
2024:Laureate of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics
738:debate since chairing a commission for President
706:dynamics and what he termed "a general theory of
1978:"War and Peace in the Nuclear Age; At the Brink"
1912:including the Nobel Lecture on December 8, 2005
1791:(1st ed.). Library of Economics and Liberty
1473:"100 Most Influential Books Since the War (TLS)"
1261:"2. Witten Lectures in Economics and Philosophy"
1242:"Nobel prize winner delivers SCI annual lecture"
763:, he argued that addressing global warming is a
646:Schelling's theories about war were extended in
466:Schelling was a contributing participant of the
3995:Presidents of the American Economic Association
3038:Presidents of the American Economic Association
1823:Schelling, T. C. (1961). "INFORMS PubsOnline".
1854:. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
1218:. National Academy of Sciences. Archived from
1090:University of Maryland School of Public Policy
454:University of Maryland School of Public Policy
3022:
2745:
2064:
587:in what he refers to as "conflict behavior."
8:
3940:University of Maryland, College Park faculty
2084:Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences
1882:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1622:"Arms and Influence | Yale University Press"
425:Weatherhead Center for International Affairs
4015:Members of the National Academy of Medicine
3029:
3015:
3007:
2752:
2738:
2730:
2071:
2057:
2049:
2001:
1907:
1886:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
522:In 2008 he was the Witten Lecturer at the
42:
31:
3970:21st-century American non-fiction writers
3960:20th-century American non-fiction writers
3935:University of California, Berkeley alumni
1980:an interview with Thomas Schelling, 1986.
1850:Schelling, Thomas C., 1921–2016. (1984).
1811:Strategies of commitment and other essays
509:Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences
363:Schelling was born on April 14, 1921, in
340:Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences
241:Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences
537:Schelling died on December 13, 2016, in
452:In 1990, he left Harvard and joined the
998:"Curriculum Vitae: Thomas C. Schelling"
933:Columbia Institute for Tele-Information
897:Spence, A. Michael (December 8, 2001),
889:
1875:
1273:
1140:
4010:New England Complex Systems Institute
1674:"Thomas C. Schelling: A Reminiscence"
1495:"Strategy and International Politics"
1385:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1321:Uchitelle, Louis (October 11, 2005).
1080:Campbell, Megan (December 13, 2016).
812:, he explored various topics such as
492:He received honorary doctorates from
333:New England Complex Systems Institute
134:New England Complex Systems Institute
7:
1672:Jervis, Robert (December 28, 2016).
1160:
1158:
1113:
1111:
1075:
1073:
1046:
1044:
992:
990:
988:
958:
956:
954:
432:John F. Kennedy School of Government
430:In 1969, Schelling joined Harvard's
329:University of Maryland, College Park
1748:Handbook of Computational Economics
755:Drawing on his experience with the
724:agent-based computational economics
3990:Fellows of the Econometric Society
3930:Academics from Oakland, California
2839:International Atomic Energy Agency
672:The Diplomacy of Ultimate Survival
377:University of California, Berkeley
144:University of California, Berkeley
25:
1944:Concise Encyclopedia of Economics
1813:, Harvard University Press, 2006.
1789:Concise Encyclopedia of Economics
1709:Journal of Mathematical Sociology
1567:. January 7, 2016. Archived from
1548:"A Nobel Laureate Who's Got Game"
803:Dispersal, Deterrence, and Damage
409:Executive Office of the President
3975:21st-century American economists
3965:20th-century American economists
1949:Library of Economics and Liberty
1787:. In Henderson, David R. (ed.).
1646:Jervis, Robert (March 4, 2020).
771:Contributions to popular culture
718:momentum. Schelling's 1978 book
331:. He was also co-faculty at the
2160:Leonid Vitaliyevich Kantorovich
1082:"In Memory of Thomas Schelling"
338:Schelling was awarded the 2005
3915:Harvard Kennedy School faculty
1726:Micromotives and Macrobehavior
734:Schelling was involved in the
720:Micromotives and Macrobehavior
696:Micromotives and Macrobehavior
27:American economist (1921–2016)
1:
3955:American political scientists
1933:Schelling, Thomas C. (2002).
1783:Schelling, Thomas C. (2007).
1760:10.1016/S1574-0021(05)02037-X
1426:"War as a Commitment Problem"
1390:Schelling, Thomas C. (1980).
1166:"Thomas C. Schelling | NECSI"
964:"Thomas C. Schelling – Facts"
589:The Times Literary Supplement
458:American Economic Association
4020:San Diego High School alumni
3925:Nobel laureates in Economics
1354:Levin, Sala (June 8, 2018).
1246:The University of Manchester
685:Schelling's work influenced
676:The Dynamics of Mutual Alarm
666:." Chapter headings include
494:Erasmus University Rotterdam
487:National Academy of Sciences
481:In 1993, he was awarded the
1724:Thomas C. Schelling (1978)
546:Southern Poverty Law Center
379:, in 1944 and received his
4036:
3895:Economists from California
2152:Friedrich August von Hayek
1493:Kaplan, Morton A. (1961).
1430:International Organization
1300:The Notable Names Database
1280:: CS1 maint: url-status (
524:Witten/Herdecke University
395:Schelling served with the
3910:Harvard University alumni
3302:Oliver M. W. Sprague
2934:
2550:Christopher A. Pissarides
2037:
2021:
2009:
2004:
1442:10.1017/s0020818306060061
879:Vicarious problem-solving
852:Focal point (game theory)
668:The Diplomacy of Violence
656:Strategy and Arms Control
294:
290:
266:
262:
258:
247:
98:
41:
3900:American Nobel laureates
1699:American Economic Review
1393:The Strategy of Conflict
801:in his May 1961 article
652:The Strategy of Conflict
581:The Strategy of Conflict
574:The Strategy of Conflict
507:He was awarded the 2005
502:University of Manchester
418:In 1956, "he joined the
301:Thomas Crombie Schelling
58:Thomas Crombie Schelling
3980:RAND Corporation people
3950:Yale University faculty
3905:American game theorists
3618:Charles P. Kindleberger
3356:Emanuel A. Goldenweiser
1754:. Elsevier: 1639–1644.
1582:Leites, Nathan (1967).
1424:Powell, Robert (2006).
325:School of Public Policy
253:IDEAS / RePEc
3523:John Kenneth Galbraith
2940:Nobel Prize recipients
2886:Physiology or Medicine
1852:Choice and consequence
1147:: CS1 maint: others (
810:Choice and Consequence
753:
375:in economics from the
130:University of Maryland
2271:James M. Buchanan Jr.
1296:"Thomas C. Schelling"
860:(Schelling's dilemma)
748:
742:in 1980. He believed
369:San Diego High School
3576:Tjalling C. Koopmans
3189:Herbert J. Davenport
3099:Edwin R. A. Seligman
2534:Oliver E. Williamson
2164:Tjalling C. Koopmans
1837:10.1287/opre.9.3.363
1360:http://terp.umd.edu/
1195:Copenhagen Consensus
1129:on November 17, 2017
1096:on December 31, 2016
1086:publicpolicy.umd.edu
939:on December 25, 2018
830:behavioral economics
558:, the winner of the
468:Copenhagen Consensus
367:. He graduated from
3985:Nuclear strategists
3791:Christopher A. Sims
3690:Arnold C. Harberger
3654:Thomas C. Schelling
3612:Charles L. Schultze
3499:Kenneth E. Boulding
3451:Theodore W. Schultz
2562:Christopher A. Sims
2490:Thomas C. Schelling
2462:Robert F. Engle III
2363:Robert E. Lucas Jr.
2211:Theodore W. Schultz
1935:"Greenhouse Effect"
1904:Thomas C. Schelling
1825:Operations Research
1785:"Greenhouse Effect"
1571:on January 7, 2016.
1554:, October 12, 2005.
1552:The Washington Post
1477:www.interleaves.org
1058:. December 14, 2016
365:Oakland, California
271:Academic background
212:Niccolò Machiavelli
208:Carl von Clausewitz
72:Oakland, California
18:Thomas C. Schelling
3505:William J. Fellner
3481:Joseph J. Spengler
3469:Gottfried Haberler
3439:George W. Stocking
3433:Morris A. Copeland
3320:Frederick C. Mills
3260:Matthew B. Hammond
3213:Wesley C. Mitchell
3195:Jacob H. Hollander
2785:Richard R. Schrock
2478:Edward C. Prescott
2466:Clive W.J. Granger
2442:Joseph E. Stiglitz
2415:Daniel L. McFadden
2303:Harry M. Markowitz
2030:Served alongside:
2017:Edward C. Prescott
1991:"Thomas Schelling"
1939:David R. Henderson
1906:on Nobelprize.org
1626:yalebooks.yale.edu
1327:The New York Times
1191:"Thomas Schelling"
968:www.nobelprize.org
765:bargaining problem
648:Arms and Influence
640:Arms and Influence
585:strategic behavior
551:Smoky the Cowhorse
539:Bethesda, Maryland
385:Harvard University
383:in economics from
371:. He received his
153:Harvard University
126:Harvard University
91:Bethesda, Maryland
3872:
3871:
3827:Olivier Blanchard
3815:Robert J. Shiller
3785:Orley Ashenfelter
3761:Thomas J. Sargent
3708:Dale W. Jorgenson
3642:Joseph A. Pechman
3594:William J. Baumol
3564:Lawrence R. Klein
3558:Franco Modigliani
3475:George J. Stigler
3457:Paul A. Samuelson
3368:Joseph Schumpeter
3278:William Z. Ripley
3272:George E. Barnett
3236:Edwin W. Kemmerer
3159:Walter F. Willcox
3111:Jeremiah W. Jenks
3058:Charles F. Dunbar
3052:Francis A. Walker
3004:
3003:
2911:Economic Sciences
2875:Theodor W. Hänsch
2844:Mohamed ElBaradei
2727:
2726:
2626:Richard H. Thaler
2590:Robert J. Shiller
2586:Lars Peter Hansen
2558:Thomas J. Sargent
2546:Dale T. Mortensen
2438:A. Michael Spence
2434:George A. Akerlof
2403:Robert A. Mundell
2371:James A. Mirrlees
2339:Douglass C. North
2311:William F. Sharpe
2263:Franco Modigliani
2239:George J. Stigler
2223:Lawrence R. Klein
2112:Paul A. Samuelson
2047:
2046:
2038:Succeeded by
874:Strategic realism
854:(Schelling point)
814:nuclear terrorism
799:collateral damage
761:World War II
474:Honors and awards
373:bachelor's degree
313:national security
307:and professor of
298:
297:
190:A. Michael Spence
178:James Duesenberry
83:December 13, 2016
48:Schelling in 2010
16:(Redirected from
4027:
3803:William Nordhaus
3743:Martin Feldstein
3731:Robert Lucas Jr.
3588:Moses Abramovitz
3535:Walter W. Heller
3529:Kenneth J. Arrow
3511:Wassily Leontief
3409:Calvin B. Hoover
3397:John H. Williams
3296:Alvin S. Johnson
3266:Ernest L. Bogart
3183:Henry B. Gardner
3165:Thomas N. Carver
3076:Arthur T. Hadley
3031:
3024:
3017:
3008:
2942:
2925:Thomas Schelling
2817:(United Kingdom)
2779:Robert H. Grubbs
2754:
2747:
2740:
2731:
2720:
2712:
2710:Philip H. Dybvig
2693:
2674:
2672:Robert B. Wilson
2659:
2649:Abhijit Banerjee
2640:
2634:William Nordhaus
2628:
2620:
2608:
2600:
2592:
2576:
2574:Lloyd S. Shapley
2564:
2552:
2542:Peter A. Diamond
2536:
2524:
2516:
2514:Roger B. Myerson
2500:
2498:Edmund S. Phelps
2492:
2486:Robert J. Aumann
2480:
2468:
2456:
2444:
2417:
2411:James J. Heckman
2405:
2397:
2389:
2387:Myron S. Scholes
2383:Robert C. Merton
2377:
2365:
2357:
2351:John F. Nash Jr.
2347:John C. Harsanyi
2341:
2329:
2321:
2313:
2307:Merton H. Miller
2297:
2289:
2281:
2273:
2265:
2257:
2249:
2241:
2233:
2225:
2217:
2215:Sir Arthur Lewis
2205:
2203:Herbert A. Simon
2197:
2185:
2166:
2154:
2142:
2140:Wassily Leontief
2134:
2132:Kenneth J. Arrow
2122:
2114:
2106:
2073:
2066:
2059:
2050:
2010:Preceded by
2002:
1998:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1947:(1st ed.).
1911:
1892:
1891:
1881:
1873:
1847:
1841:
1840:
1820:
1814:
1807:
1801:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1780:
1774:
1773:
1743:
1737:
1722:
1716:
1695:
1689:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1678:War on the Rocks
1669:
1663:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1643:
1637:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1618:
1612:
1611:
1579:
1573:
1572:
1561:
1555:
1545:
1539:
1538:
1490:
1481:
1480:
1471:Teeter, Robert.
1468:
1462:
1461:
1421:
1415:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1387:
1362:
1352:
1346:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1318:
1312:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1292:
1286:
1285:
1279:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1256:
1250:
1249:
1238:
1232:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1212:
1206:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1187:
1181:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1162:
1153:
1152:
1146:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1115:
1106:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1092:. Archived from
1077:
1068:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1048:
1039:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1020:
1014:
1013:
1011:
1009:
994:
983:
982:
980:
978:
972:Nobel Foundation
960:
949:
948:
946:
944:
935:. Archived from
925:
919:
918:
917:
915:
908:Nobel Foundation
905:
894:
420:RAND Corporation
317:nuclear strategy
174:Wassily Leontief
86:
67:
65:
46:
36:Thomas Schelling
32:
21:
4035:
4034:
4030:
4029:
4028:
4026:
4025:
4024:
3875:
3874:
3873:
3868:
3851:Christina Romer
3749:Daniel McFadden
3713:
3702:D. Gale Johnson
3696:Robert W. Fogel
3684:Anne O. Krueger
3678:Victor R. Fuchs
3660:William Vickrey
3624:Alice M. Rivlin
3606:W. Arthur Lewis
3582:Robert M. Solow
3546:
3541:R. Aaron Gordon
3493:Milton Friedman
3463:Edward S. Mason
3445:Arthur F. Burns
3403:Harold A. Innis
3385:
3374:Howard S. Ellis
3350:I. Leo Sharfman
3344:Joseph S. Davis
3338:Albert B. Wolfe
3332:Edwin G. Nourse
3326:Sumner Slichter
3284:Harry A. Millis
3242:Thomas S. Adams
3224:
3201:Henry R. Seager
3171:John R. Commons
3141:Frank A. Fetter
3135:Henry W. Farnam
3129:Edmund J. James
3117:Simon N. Patten
3087:
3040:
3035:
3005:
3000:
2938:
2930:
2927:(United States)
2905:
2880:
2871:(United States)
2865:(United States)
2849:
2820:
2796:
2787:(United States)
2781:(United States)
2765:
2758:
2728:
2723:
2715:
2706:Douglas Diamond
2696:
2677:
2662:
2643:
2631:
2623:
2618:Bengt Holmström
2611:
2603:
2595:
2579:
2567:
2555:
2539:
2527:
2519:
2503:
2495:
2483:
2474:Finn E. Kydland
2471:
2459:
2454:Vernon L. Smith
2450:Daniel Kahneman
2447:
2431:
2420:
2408:
2400:
2392:
2380:
2375:William Vickrey
2368:
2360:
2355:Reinhard Selten
2344:
2335:Robert W. Fogel
2332:
2324:
2319:Ronald H. Coase
2316:
2300:
2295:Trygve Haavelmo
2292:
2284:
2279:Robert M. Solow
2276:
2268:
2260:
2252:
2244:
2236:
2228:
2220:
2208:
2200:
2188:
2183:Milton Friedman
2180:
2169:
2157:
2145:
2137:
2125:
2117:
2109:
2097:
2086:
2077:
2043:
2029:
2027:
2019:
2015:
2013:Finn E. Kydland
1989:
1953:
1951:
1932:
1900:
1895:
1874:
1862:
1849:
1848:
1844:
1822:
1821:
1817:
1808:
1804:
1794:
1792:
1782:
1781:
1777:
1770:
1745:
1744:
1740:
1723:
1719:
1706:
1701:, 1969, 59(2),
1696:
1692:
1682:
1680:
1671:
1670:
1666:
1656:
1654:
1645:
1644:
1640:
1630:
1628:
1620:
1619:
1615:
1600:10.2307/2009722
1581:
1580:
1576:
1563:
1562:
1558:
1546:
1542:
1511:10.2307/2009441
1492:
1491:
1484:
1470:
1469:
1465:
1423:
1422:
1418:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1389:
1388:
1365:
1353:
1349:
1339:
1337:
1320:
1319:
1315:
1305:
1303:
1294:
1293:
1289:
1272:
1265:
1263:
1258:
1257:
1253:
1240:
1239:
1235:
1225:
1223:
1222:on June 4, 2011
1214:
1213:
1209:
1199:
1197:
1189:
1188:
1184:
1174:
1172:
1164:
1163:
1156:
1139:
1132:
1130:
1117:
1116:
1109:
1099:
1097:
1079:
1078:
1071:
1061:
1059:
1056:Harvard Gazette
1050:
1049:
1042:
1032:
1030:
1022:
1021:
1017:
1007:
1005:
1004:on July 3, 2007
996:
995:
986:
976:
974:
962:
961:
952:
942:
940:
927:
926:
922:
913:
911:
903:
896:
895:
891:
887:
838:
832:point of view.
776:Stanley Kubrick
773:
732:
700:
660:Morton Halperin
644:
628:Washington Post
623:Michael Kinsley
578:
568:
532:
498:Yale University
476:
413:Yale University
393:
361:
356:
239:
224:
196:
192:
185:
176:
172:
170:Arthur Smithies
165:
151:
140:Alma mater
132:
128:
124:
122:Yale University
103:Academic career
94:
88:
84:
75:
69:
63:
61:
60:
59:
49:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4033:
4031:
4023:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3877:
3876:
3870:
3869:
3867:
3866:
3860:
3854:
3848:
3842:
3836:
3830:
3824:
3818:
3812:
3809:Richard Thaler
3806:
3800:
3797:Claudia Goldin
3794:
3788:
3782:
3776:
3770:
3764:
3758:
3755:George Akerlof
3752:
3746:
3740:
3734:
3728:
3721:
3719:
3715:
3714:
3712:
3711:
3705:
3699:
3693:
3687:
3681:
3675:
3669:
3663:
3657:
3651:
3645:
3639:
3633:
3630:Gary S. Becker
3627:
3621:
3615:
3609:
3603:
3600:Gardner Ackley
3597:
3591:
3585:
3579:
3573:
3570:Jacob Marschak
3567:
3561:
3554:
3552:
3548:
3547:
3545:
3544:
3538:
3532:
3526:
3520:
3514:
3508:
3502:
3496:
3490:
3484:
3478:
3472:
3466:
3460:
3454:
3448:
3442:
3436:
3430:
3427:Edwin E. Witte
3424:
3418:
3412:
3406:
3400:
3393:
3391:
3387:
3386:
3384:
3383:
3377:
3371:
3365:
3359:
3353:
3347:
3341:
3335:
3329:
3323:
3317:
3311:
3305:
3299:
3293:
3287:
3281:
3275:
3269:
3263:
3257:
3251:
3248:Fred M. Taylor
3245:
3239:
3232:
3230:
3226:
3225:
3223:
3222:
3219:Allyn A. Young
3216:
3210:
3204:
3198:
3192:
3186:
3180:
3174:
3168:
3162:
3156:
3150:
3144:
3138:
3132:
3126:
3123:Davis R. Dewey
3120:
3114:
3108:
3102:
3095:
3093:
3089:
3088:
3086:
3085:
3082:Richard T. Ely
3079:
3073:
3070:Henry C. Adams
3067:
3061:
3055:
3048:
3046:
3042:
3041:
3036:
3034:
3033:
3026:
3019:
3011:
3002:
3001:
2999:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2929:
2928:
2922:
2915:
2913:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2903:
2897:
2894:Barry Marshall
2890:
2888:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2878:
2872:
2866:
2863:Roy J. Glauber
2859:
2857:
2851:
2850:
2848:
2847:
2841:
2835:
2833:
2822:
2821:
2819:
2818:
2811:
2809:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2794:
2788:
2782:
2775:
2773:
2767:
2766:
2759:
2757:
2756:
2749:
2742:
2734:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2721:
2718:Claudia Goldin
2713:
2694:
2687:Joshua Angrist
2675:
2660:
2657:Michael Kremer
2641:
2629:
2621:
2609:
2601:
2593:
2582:Eugene F. Fama
2577:
2565:
2553:
2537:
2525:
2517:
2510:Eric S. Maskin
2506:Leonid Hurwicz
2501:
2493:
2481:
2469:
2457:
2445:
2428:
2426:
2422:
2421:
2419:
2418:
2406:
2398:
2390:
2378:
2366:
2358:
2342:
2330:
2327:Gary S. Becker
2322:
2314:
2298:
2290:
2287:Maurice Allais
2282:
2274:
2266:
2258:
2250:
2242:
2234:
2226:
2218:
2206:
2198:
2195:James E. Meade
2186:
2177:
2175:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2167:
2155:
2143:
2135:
2123:
2115:
2107:
2094:
2092:
2088:
2087:
2078:
2076:
2075:
2068:
2061:
2053:
2045:
2044:
2039:
2036:
2020:
2011:
2007:
2006:
2000:
1999:
1987:
1981:
1975:
1930:
1921:
1916:
1899:
1898:External links
1896:
1894:
1893:
1860:
1842:
1831:(3): 363–370.
1815:
1802:
1775:
1769:978-0444512536
1768:
1738:
1717:
1690:
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1652:H-Diplo | ISSF
1638:
1613:
1594:(4): 709–719.
1588:World Politics
1574:
1556:
1540:
1505:(4): 642–652.
1499:World Politics
1482:
1463:
1416:
1403:978-0674840317
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866:
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858:Hobbesian trap
855:
849:
844:
837:
834:
772:
769:
744:climate change
736:global warming
731:
730:Global warming
728:
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87:(aged 95)
81:
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68:April 14, 1921
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55:
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50:
47:
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26:
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3852:
3849:
3846:
3843:
3840:
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3834:
3831:
3828:
3825:
3822:
3821:Alvin E. Roth
3819:
3816:
3813:
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3807:
3804:
3801:
3798:
3795:
3792:
3789:
3786:
3783:
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3767:Avinash Dixit
3765:
3762:
3759:
3756:
3753:
3750:
3747:
3744:
3741:
3738:
3737:Peter Diamond
3735:
3732:
3729:
3726:
3725:Sherwin Rosen
3723:
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3670:
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3666:Zvi Griliches
3664:
3661:
3658:
3655:
3652:
3649:
3648:GĂ©rard Debreu
3646:
3643:
3640:
3637:
3636:Robert Eisner
3634:
3631:
3628:
3625:
3622:
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3488:
3487:Fritz Machlup
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3421:John D. Black
3419:
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3297:
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3290:John M. Clark
3288:
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3207:Carl C. Plehn
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3177:Irving Fisher
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3105:F. W. Taussig
3103:
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3097:
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3083:
3080:
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3064:John B. Clark
3062:
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2919:Robert Aumann
2917:
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2570:Alvin E. Roth
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2530:Elinor Ostrom
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2259:
2256:
2255:Richard Stone
2251:
2248:
2247:GĂ©rard Debreu
2243:
2240:
2235:
2232:
2227:
2224:
2219:
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2207:
2204:
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2187:
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2176:
2172:
2165:
2161:
2156:
2153:
2149:
2148:Gunnar Myrdal
2144:
2141:
2136:
2133:
2129:
2128:John R. Hicks
2124:
2121:
2120:Simon Kuznets
2116:
2113:
2108:
2105:
2104:Jan Tinbergen
2101:
2100:Ragnar Frisch
2096:
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2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2074:
2069:
2067:
2062:
2060:
2055:
2054:
2051:
2042:
2041:Edmund Phelps
2035:
2034:
2033:Robert Aumann
2026:
2025:
2018:
2014:
2008:
2003:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1985:
1982:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1970:
1966:
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1946:
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1409:September 21,
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1183:
1171:
1170:www.necsi.edu
1167:
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1155:
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1025:
1019:
1016:
1008:September 18,
1003:
999:
993:
991:
989:
985:
973:
969:
965:
959:
957:
955:
951:
938:
934:
930:
929:"Eli M. Noam"
924:
921:
910:, p. 407
909:
902:
901:
893:
890:
884:
880:
877:
875:
872:
870:
869:Precommitment
867:
865:
862:
859:
856:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
839:
835:
833:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
806:
804:
800:
795:
793:
792:
787:
786:
781:
777:
770:
768:
766:
762:
758:
757:Marshall Plan
752:
747:
745:
741:
737:
729:
727:
725:
721:
715:
713:
709:
705:
697:
694:
692:
691:
688:
687:Robert Jervis
683:
679:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
641:
638:
636:
633:
630:
629:
624:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
600:
598:
597:Morton Kaplan
594:
593:"focal point"
590:
586:
582:
575:
572:
570:
566:Notable works
565:
563:
561:
560:Newbery Medal
557:
553:
552:
547:
542:
540:
535:
530:Personal life
529:
527:
525:
520:
518:
514:
513:Robert Aumann
511:, along with
510:
505:
503:
499:
495:
490:
488:
484:
479:
473:
471:
469:
464:
461:
459:
455:
450:
448:
444:
440:
435:
433:
428:
426:
421:
416:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
397:Marshall Plan
390:
388:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
358:
353:
351:
349:
345:
344:Robert Aumann
342:(shared with
341:
336:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
293:
289:
285:
284:
280:
278:
274:
269:
265:
261:
257:
254:
250:
246:
242:
237:
234:
230:
227:
223:
220:
218:Contributions
216:
213:
209:
206:
202:
199:
195:
191:
188:
182:
179:
175:
171:
168:
162:
158:
154:
149:
145:
142:
138:
135:
131:
127:
123:
120:
116:
113:
110:
106:
101:
97:
92:
82:
78:
73:
56:
52:
45:
40:
33:
30:
19:
3863:Janet Currie
3839:Janet Yellen
3833:Ben Bernanke
3773:Angus Deaton
3718:2001–present
3653:
3380:Frank Knight
3362:Paul Douglas
3308:Alvin Hansen
3254:Edwin F. Gay
3153:John H. Gray
3147:David Kinley
2970:
2924:
2900:Robin Warren
2869:John L. Hall
2791:Yves Chauvin
2702:Ben Bernanke
2691:Guido Imbens
2668:Paul Milgrom
2653:Esther Duflo
2606:Angus Deaton
2522:Paul Krugman
2489:
2425:2001–present
2191:Bertil Ohlin
2031:
2028:2005
2022:
1952:. Retrieved
1942:
1913:
1851:
1845:
1828:
1824:
1818:
1810:
1805:
1793:. Retrieved
1788:
1778:
1751:
1747:
1741:
1725:
1720:
1711:, 1(2), pp.
1708:
1698:
1693:
1683:December 10,
1681:. Retrieved
1677:
1667:
1655:. Retrieved
1651:
1641:
1631:November 14,
1629:. Retrieved
1625:
1616:
1591:
1587:
1577:
1569:the original
1559:
1551:
1543:
1502:
1498:
1476:
1466:
1433:
1429:
1419:
1407:. Retrieved
1392:
1350:
1340:November 16,
1338:. Retrieved
1326:
1316:
1306:November 18,
1304:. Retrieved
1299:
1290:
1264:. Retrieved
1254:
1245:
1236:
1226:February 16,
1224:. Retrieved
1220:the original
1210:
1198:. Retrieved
1194:
1185:
1175:November 16,
1173:. Retrieved
1169:
1133:November 16,
1131:. Retrieved
1127:the original
1122:
1100:December 13,
1098:. Retrieved
1094:the original
1085:
1062:November 16,
1060:. Retrieved
1055:
1033:November 16,
1031:. Retrieved
1028:www.rand.org
1027:
1018:
1006:. Retrieved
1002:the original
977:December 13,
975:. Retrieved
967:
941:. Retrieved
937:the original
923:
912:, retrieved
899:
892:
842:Brinkmanship
809:
808:In his book
807:
802:
796:
789:
783:
780:Peter George
774:
754:
749:
740:Jimmy Carter
733:
719:
716:
701:
695:
690:
684:
680:
675:
671:
667:
655:
651:
647:
645:
639:
626:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
601:
588:
580:
579:
573:
569:
549:
543:
536:
533:
521:
506:
491:
480:
477:
465:
462:
451:
441:(IIASA), in
436:
429:
417:
394:
362:
337:
321:arms control
300:
299:
286: (1951)
282:
85:(2016-12-13)
29:
3890:2016 deaths
3885:1921 births
3857:Susan Athey
3779:Robert Hall
3672:Amartya Sen
3517:James Tobin
3314:Jacob Viner
2902:(Australia)
2896:(Australia)
2762:Nobel Prize
2614:Oliver Hart
2598:Jean Tirole
2395:Amartya Sen
2231:James Tobin
1924:Appearances
1919:IDEAS/RePEc
1795:December 7,
1730:Description
1200:January 16,
943:October 16,
864:Internality
822:daydreaming
712:segregation
654:(1960) and
519:analysis."
517:game-theory
405:White House
359:Early years
350:analysis."
348:game theory
249:Information
222:Focal point
198:Tyler Cowen
118:Institution
112:Game theory
3879:Categories
3845:David Card
2802:Literature
2683:David Card
2638:Paul Romer
1861:0674127706
1728:, Norton.
1266:August 19,
1123:www.eur.nl
885:References
826:euthanasia
556:Will James
407:, and the
204:Influences
64:1921-04-14
3551:1976–2000
3390:1951–1975
3229:1926–1950
3092:1901–1925
3045:1886–1900
2877:(Germany)
2771:Chemistry
2764:laureates
2174:1976–2000
2091:1969–1975
2080:Laureates
1973:163149563
1965:317650570
1878:cite book
1608:1086-3338
1535:144001424
1519:1086-3338
1450:0020-8183
1335:0362-4331
847:Egonomics
828:, from a
818:blackmail
785:Red Alert
664:diplomacy
504:in 2010.
496:in 2003,
485:from the
443:Laxenburg
387:in 1951.
354:Biography
305:economist
226:Egonomics
2921:(Israel)
2793:(France)
1969:50016270
1954:March 8,
1458:15861342
1276:cite web
1143:cite web
836:See also
194:Eli Noam
186:students
184:Doctoral
164:Doctoral
2855:Physics
2846:(Egypt)
2082:of the
2005:Awards
1941:(ed.).
1870:9893879
1734:preview
1713:143–186
1703:488–493
1657:June 8,
1527:2009441
914:June 8,
708:tipping
447:Austria
323:at the
238:(1977)
166:advisor
3865:(2024)
3859:(2023)
3853:(2022)
3847:(2021)
3841:(2020)
3835:(2019)
3829:(2018)
3823:(2017)
3817:(2016)
3811:(2015)
3805:(2014)
3799:(2013)
3793:(2012)
3787:(2011)
3781:(2010)
3775:(2009)
3769:(2008)
3763:(2007)
3757:(2006)
3751:(2005)
3745:(2004)
3739:(2003)
3733:(2002)
3727:(2001)
3710:(2000)
3704:(1999)
3698:(1998)
3692:(1997)
3686:(1996)
3680:(1995)
3674:(1994)
3668:(1993)
3662:(1992)
3656:(1991)
3650:(1990)
3644:(1989)
3638:(1988)
3632:(1987)
3626:(1986)
3620:(1985)
3614:(1984)
3608:(1983)
3602:(1982)
3596:(1981)
3590:(1980)
3584:(1979)
3578:(1978)
3572:(1978)
3566:(1977)
3560:(1976)
3543:(1975)
3537:(1974)
3531:(1973)
3525:(1972)
3519:(1971)
3513:(1970)
3507:(1969)
3501:(1968)
3495:(1967)
3489:(1966)
3483:(1965)
3477:(1964)
3471:(1963)
3465:(1962)
3459:(1961)
3453:(1960)
3447:(1959)
3441:(1958)
3435:(1957)
3429:(1956)
3423:(1955)
3417:(1954)
3411:(1953)
3405:(1952)
3399:(1951)
3382:(1950)
3376:(1949)
3370:(1948)
3364:(1947)
3358:(1946)
3352:(1945)
3346:(1944)
3340:(1943)
3334:(1942)
3328:(1941)
3322:(1940)
3316:(1939)
3310:(1938)
3304:(1937)
3298:(1936)
3292:(1935)
3286:(1934)
3280:(1933)
3274:(1932)
3268:(1931)
3262:(1930)
3256:(1929)
3250:(1928)
3244:(1927)
3238:(1926)
3221:(1925)
3215:(1924)
3209:(1923)
3203:(1922)
3197:(1921)
3191:(1920)
3185:(1919)
3179:(1918)
3173:(1917)
3167:(1916)
3161:(1915)
3155:(1914)
3149:(1913)
3143:(1912)
3137:(1911)
3131:(1910)
3125:(1909)
3119:(1908)
3113:(1906)
3107:(1904)
3101:(1902)
3084:(1900)
3078:(1898)
3072:(1896)
3066:(1894)
3060:(1893)
3054:(1886)
2716:2023:
2632:2018:
2624:2017:
2612:2016:
2604:2015:
2596:2014:
2580:2013:
2568:2012:
2556:2011:
2540:2010:
2528:2009:
2520:2008:
2504:2007:
2496:2006:
2484:2005:
2472:2004:
2460:2003:
2448:2002:
2432:2001:
2409:2000:
2401:1999:
2393:1998:
2381:1997:
2369:1996:
2361:1995:
2345:1994:
2333:1993:
2325:1992:
2317:1991:
2301:1990:
2293:1989:
2285:1988:
2277:1987:
2269:1986:
2261:1985:
2253:1984:
2245:1983:
2237:1982:
2229:1981:
2221:1980:
2209:1979:
2201:1978:
2189:1977:
2181:1976:
2158:1975:
2146:1974:
2138:1973:
2126:1972:
2118:1971:
2110:1970:
2098:1969:
1963:
1928:C-SPAN
1868:
1858:
1766:
1606:
1533:
1525:
1517:
1456:
1448:
1400:
1333:
1302:. 2008
824:, and
782:novel
759:after
704:racial
698:(1978)
658:(with
642:(1966)
576:(1960)
403:, the
401:Europe
391:Career
319:, and
277:Thesis
243:(2005)
232:Awards
93:, U.S.
74:, U.S.
2971:2005
2826:Peace
2760:2005
1995:JSTOR
1986:(PDF)
1937:. In
1531:S2CID
1523:JSTOR
1454:S2CID
1436:(1).
904:(PDF)
632:op‑ed
108:Field
2996:2010
2991:2009
2986:2008
2981:2007
2976:2006
2966:2004
2961:2003
2956:2002
2951:2001
2946:2000
2830:2005
2806:2005
2698:2022
2679:2021
2664:2020
2645:2019
1961:OCLC
1956:2016
1888:link
1884:link
1866:OCLC
1856:ISBN
1797:2017
1764:ISBN
1685:2021
1659:2021
1633:2019
1604:ISSN
1515:ISSN
1446:ISSN
1411:2010
1398:ISBN
1342:2017
1331:ISSN
1308:2008
1282:link
1268:2024
1228:2011
1202:2016
1177:2017
1149:link
1135:2017
1102:2016
1064:2017
1035:2017
1010:2008
979:2016
945:2016
916:2017
674:and
80:Died
54:Born
1926:on
1833:doi
1756:doi
1596:doi
1507:doi
1438:doi
554:by
427:."
399:in
381:PhD
327:at
251:at
157:PhD
3881::
2708:/
2704:/
2700::
2689:/
2685:/
2681::
2670:/
2666::
2655:/
2651:/
2647::
2636:/
2616:/
2588:/
2584:/
2572:/
2560:/
2548:/
2544:/
2532:/
2512:/
2508:/
2488:/
2476:/
2464:/
2452:/
2440:/
2436:/
2413:/
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