3830:
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dialectically comparing) a number of definitions. The first is his dialectical thesis: "War is thus an act of force to compel our enemy to do our will." The second, often treated as
Clausewitz's 'bottom line,' is in fact merely his dialectical antithesis: "War is merely the continuation of policy with other means." The synthesis of his dialectical examination of the nature of war is his famous "trinity," saying that war is "a fascinating trinityâcomposed of primordial violence, hatred, and enmity, which are to be regarded as a blind natural force; the play of chance and probability, within which the creative spirit is free to roam; and its element of subordination, as an instrument of policy, which makes it subject to pure reason." Christopher Bassford says the best shorthand for Clausewitz's trinity should be something like "violent emotion/chance/rational calculation." However, it is frequently presented as "people/army/government," a misunderstanding based on a later paragraph in the same section. This misrepresentation was popularised by U.S. Army Colonel
637:, a major work on the philosophy of war. It was unfinished when Clausewitz died and contains material written at different stages in his intellectual evolution, producing some significant contradictions between different sections. The sequence and precise character of that evolution is a source of much debate as to the exact meaning behind some seemingly contradictory observations in discussions pertinent to the tactical, operational and strategic levels of war, for example (though many of these apparent contradictions are simply the result of his dialectical method). Clausewitz constantly sought to revise the text, particularly between 1827 and his departure on his last field assignments, to include more material on "people's war" and forms of war other than high-intensity warfare between states, but relatively little of this material was included in the book. Soldiers before this time had written treatises on various military subjects, but none had undertaken a great philosophical examination of war on the scale of those written by Clausewitz and
1540:"As the centre of gravity is always situated where the greatest mass of matter is collected, and as a shock against the center of gravity of a body always produces the greatest effect, and further, as the most effective blow is struck with the center of gravity of the power used, so it is also in war. The armed forces of every belligerent, whether of a single state or of an alliance of states, have a certain unity, and in that way, connection; but where connection is there come in analogies of the center of gravity. There are, therefore, in these armed forces certain centers of gravity, the movement and direction of which decide upon other points, and these centers of gravity are situated where the greatest bodies of troops are assembled. But just as, in the world of inert matter, the action against the center of gravity has its measure and limits in the connection of the parts, so it is in war, and here as well as there the force exerted may easily be greater than the resistance requires, and then there is a blow in the air, a waste of force."
1235:...Philanthropists may easily imagine there is a skillful method of disarming and overcoming an enemy without causing great bloodshed, and that this is the proper tendency of the art of War. However plausible this may appear, still it is an error which must be extirpated; for in such dangerous things as war, the errors which proceed from a spirit of benevolence are just the worst. As the use of physical power to the utmost extent by no means excludes the co-operation of the intelligence, it follows that he who uses force unsparingly, without reference to the quantity of bloodshed, must obtain a superiority if his adversary does not act likewise. By such means the former dictates the law to the latter, and both proceed to extremities, to which the only limitations are those imposed by the amount of counteracting force on each side.
1317:, Creveld argued that Clausewitz's famous "Trinity" of people, army, and government was an obsolete socio-political construct based on the state, which was rapidly passing from the scene as the key player in war, and that he (Creveld) had constructed a new "non-trinitarian" model for modern warfare. Creveld's work has had great influence. Daniel Moran replied, 'The most egregious misrepresentation of Clausewitz's famous metaphor must be that of Martin van Creveld, who has declared Clausewitz to be an apostle of Trinitarian War, by which he means, incomprehensibly, a war of 'state against state and army against army,' from which the influence of the people is entirely excluded." Christopher Bassford went further, noting that one need only
716:" had only recently come into usage in modern Europe, and Clausewitz's definition is quite narrow: "the use of engagements for the object of war" (which many today would call "the operational level" of war). Clausewitz conceived of war as a political, social, and military phenomenon which mightâdepending on circumstancesâinvolve the entire population of a political entity at war. In any case, Clausewitz saw military force as an instrument that states and other political actors use to pursue the ends of their policy, in a dialectic between opposing wills, each with the aim of imposing his policies and will upon his enemy.
669:, however, goes beyond his widely quoted antithesis: "War is simply the continuation of political intercourse with the addition of other means. We deliberately use the phrase 'with the addition of other means' because we also want to make it clear that war in itself does not suspend political intercourse or change it into something entirely different. In essentials that intercourse continues, irrespective of the means it employs. The main lines along which military events progress, and to which they are restricted, are political lines that continue throughout the war into the subsequent peace."
732:. Such skeptical comments apply only to intelligence at the tactical and operational levels; at the strategic and political levels he constantly stressed the requirement for the best possible understanding of what today would be called strategic and political intelligence. His conclusions were influenced by his experiences in the Prussian Army, which was often in an intelligence fog due partly to the superior abilities of Napoleon's system but even more simply to the nature of war. Clausewitz acknowledges that friction creates enormous difficulties for the realization of any plan, and the
920:") while accurate as far as it goes, was not intended as a statement of fact. It is the antithesis in a dialectical argument whose thesis is the pointâmade earlier in the analysisâthat "war is nothing but a duel on a larger scale." His synthesis, which resolves the deficiencies of these two bold statements, says that war is neither "nothing but" an act of brute force nor "merely" a rational act of politics or policy. This synthesis lies in his "fascinating trinity" : a dynamic, inherently unstable interaction of the forces of violent emotion, chance, and rational calculation.
720:
interested in co-operation between the regular army and militia or partisan forces, or citizen soldiers, as one possibleâsometimes the onlyâmethod of defense. In the circumstances of the Wars of the French
Revolution and those with Napoleon, which were energised by a rising spirit of nationalism, he emphasised the need for states to involve their entire populations in the conduct of war. This point is especially important, as these wars demonstrated that such energies could be of decisive importance and for a time led to a democratisation of the armed forces much as
1325:"that the words 'people,' 'army,' and 'government' appear nowhere at all in the list of the Trinity's components.... Creveld's and Keegan's assault on Clausewitz's Trinity is not only a classic 'blow into the air,' i.e., an assault on a position Clausewitz doesn't occupy. It is also a pointless attack on a concept that is quite useful in its own right. In any case, their failure to read the actual wording of the theory they so vociferously attack, and to grasp its deep relevance to the phenomena they describe, is hard to credit."
1223:
the best deterrent to war was to show the world just how appalling and horrific a nuclear "absolute war" would be if it should ever occur, hence a series of much-publicized nuclear tests in the
Pacific, giving first priority in the defense budget to nuclear weapons and to their delivery-systems over conventional weapons, and making repeated statements in public that the United States was able and willing at all times to use nuclear weapons. In this way, through the
709:, Clausewitz sees all wars as the sum of decisions, actions, and reactions in an uncertain and dangerous context, and also as a socio-political phenomenon. He also stressed the complex nature of war, which encompasses both the socio-political and the operational and stresses the primacy of state policy. (One should be careful not to limit his observations on war to war between states, however, as he certainly discusses other kinds of protagonists).
474:
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1061:(1854â1922), whose work reflected a deep if idiosyncratic adherence to Clausewitz's concepts and frequently an emphasis on Clausewitz's ideas about 'limited objectives' and the inherent strengths of the defensive form of war. Corbett's practical strategic views were often in prominent public conflict with Wilkinson'sâsee, for example, Wilkinson's article "Strategy at Sea",
1180:
history of philosophy appears in Lenin's writings as a vast struggle between "idealism" and "materialism." The fate of the socialist movement was to be decided by a struggle between the revolutionists and the reformers. Clausewitz's acceptance of the struggle for power as the essence of international politics must have impressed Lenin as starkly realistic.
44:
1192:. Thus the "Clausewitzian" content in many of Mao's writings is not merely a regurgitation of Lenin but reflects Mao's own study. The idea that war involves inherent "friction" that distorts, to a greater or lesser degree, all prior arrangements, has become common currency in fields such as business strategy and sport. The phrase
1298:. Clausewitz did not focus solely on wars between countries with well-defined armies. The era of the French Revolution and Napoleon was full of revolutions, rebellions, and violence by "non-state actors" - witness the wars in the French Vendée and in Spain. Clausewitz wrote a series of "Lectures on Small War" and studied the
496:. The couple moved in the highest circles, socialising with Berlin's political, literary, and intellectual Ă©lite. Marie was well-educated and politically well-connectedâshe played an important role in her husband's career progress and intellectual evolution. She also edited, published, and introduced his collected works.
748:), evidenced above all in the execution of operations. 'Military genius' is not simply a matter of intellect, but a combination of qualities of intellect, experience, personality, and temperament (and there are many possible such combinations) that create a very highly developed mental aptitude for the waging of war.
1038:, were clearly influenced by Clausewitz: Moltke's widely quoted statement that "No operational plan extends with high certainty beyond the first encounter with the main enemy force" is a classic reflection of Clausewitz's insistence on the roles of chance, friction, "fog," uncertainty, and interactivity in war.
566:(18 June 1815), when the Prussian forces arrived on his right flank late in the afternoon to support the Anglo-Dutch-Belgian forces pressing his front. Napoleon had convinced his troops that the field grey uniforms were those of Marshal Grouchy's grenadiers. Clausewitz's unit fought heavily outnumbered at
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was an admirer of
Clausewitz and called him "one of the great military writers," his influence on the Red Army was immense. The Russian historian A.N. Mertsalov commented that "It was an irony of fate that the view in the USSR was that it was Lenin who shaped the attitude towards Clausewitz, and that
1041:
Clausewitz's influence spread to
British thinking as well, though at first more as a historian and analyst than as a theorist. See for example Wellington's extended essay discussing Clausewitz's study of the Campaign of 1815âWellington's only serious written discussion of the battle, which was widely
688:
Clausewitz introduced systematic philosophical contemplation into
Western military thinking, with powerful implications not only for historical and analytical writing but also for practical policy, military instruction, and operational planning. He relied on his own experiences, contemporary writings
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As for Lenin's approval of
Clausewitz, it probably stems from his obsession with the struggle for power. The whole Marxist conception of history is that of successive struggles for power, primarily between social classes. This was constantly applied by Lenin in a variety of contexts. Thus the entire
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in the 1920s erroneously attributed to him the doctrine of "total war" that during the First World War had been embraced by many
European general staffs and emulated by the British. More recent scholars typically see that war as so confused in terms of political rationale that it in fact contradicts
969:
Kondylis claims that this is inconsistent with
Clausewitzian thought. He claims that Clausewitz was morally indifferent to war (though this probably reflects a lack of familiarity with personal letters from Clausewitz, which demonstrate an acute awareness of war's tragic aspects) and that his advice
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While
Clausewitz was intensely aware of the value of intelligence at all levels, he was also very skeptical of the accuracy of much military intelligence: "Many intelligence reports in war are contradictory; even more are false, and most are uncertain.... In short, most intelligence is false." This
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as a way of demonstrating how absurd it would be to attempt such a strategy in practice. For Eisenhower, the age of nuclear weapons had made what was for Clausewitz in the early-19th century only a theoretical vision an all too real possibility in the mid-20th century. From Eisenhower's viewpoint,
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As so often happens, Clausewitz's disciples carried his teaching to an extreme which their master had not intended.... theory of war was expounded in a way too abstract and involved for ordinary soldier-minds, essentially concrete, to follow the course of his argumentâwhich often turned back from
323:
Clausewitz's Christian names are sometimes given in non-German sources as "Karl", "Carl Philipp Gottlieb", or "Carl Maria". He spelled his own given name with a "C" in order to identify with the classical Western tradition; writers who use "Karl" are often seeking to emphasize their German (rather
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made Clausewitzian concepts obsolete after the 20th-century period in which they dominated the world. John E. Sheppard Jr., argues that by developing nuclear weapons, state-based conventional armies simultaneously both perfected their original purpose, to destroy a mirror image of themselves, and
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A prince or general who knows exactly how to organise his war according to his object and means, who does neither too little nor too much, gives by that the greatest proof of his genius. But the effects of this talent are exhibited not so much by the invention of new modes of action, which might
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said that this outcome "may be explained by the fact that Jomini produced a system of war, Clausewitz a philosophy. The one has been outdated by new weapons, the other still influences the strategy behind those weapons." Jomini did not attempt to define war but Clausewitz did, providing (and
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Clausewitz's emphasis on the inherent superiority of the defense suggests that habitual aggressors are likely to end up as failures. The inherent superiority of the defense obviously does not mean that the defender will always win, however: there are other asymmetries to be considered. He was
2864:." Trans. Paul Donker and Christopher Bassford, ClausewitzStudies.org, August 2019. Originally "Die Entwicklung von Clausewitz' Vom Kriege: Eine Rekonstruktion auf der Grundlage der frĂŒheren Fassungen seines Meisterwerks," in the Clausewitz-Gesellschaft's Jahrbuch2017, pp. 14â39.
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in the 1976 Princeton translation, expressed his interpretations of the Prussian's theories and provided students with an influential synopsis of this vital work. The 1873 translation by Colonel James John Graham was heavilyâand controversiallyâedited by the philosopher, musician, and
1531:"he great uncertainty of all data in war is a peculiar difficulty, because all action must, to a certain extent, be planned in a mere twilight, which in addition not unfrequentlyâlike the effect of a fog or moonshineâgives to things exaggerated dimensions and an unnatural appearance."
2662:
Had lived in the twenty-first century he could have expected to have seen his book go into several editions. Perhaps his work would be raided by editors in search of an endless series of quotes. Perhaps while browsing airport bookshops we would find books with titles such as
948:
war that support political objectives generally fall into two broad types: limited aims or the effective "disarming" of the enemy "to render politically helpless or militarily impotent. Thus, the complete defeat of the enemy may not be necessary, desirable, or even possible.
1141:, and thus the Communist Soviet and Chinese traditions, as Lenin emphasized the inevitability of wars among capitalist states in the age of imperialism and presented the armed struggle of the working class as the only path toward the eventual elimination of war. Because
939:
result of the forces underlying a "pure," Platonic "ideal" of war. In what he called a "logical fantasy," war cannot be waged in a limited way: the rules of competition will force participants to use all means at their disposal to achieve victory. But in the
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and other liberal writers. According to Aron, Clausewitz was one of the first writers to condemn the militarism of the Prussian general staff and its war-proneness, based on Clausewitz's argument that "war is a continuation of policy by other means." In
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Some have gone further and suggested that Clausewitz's best-known aphorism, that war is a continuation of policy with other means, is not only irrelevant today but also inapplicable historically. For an opposing view see the sixteen essays presented in
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as used in the Third Reich's propaganda in the 1940s. In fact, Clausewitz never used the term "total war": rather, he discussed "absolute war," a concept which evolved into the much more abstract notion of "ideal war" discussed at the very beginning of
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strike the eye immediately, as in the successful final result of the whole. It is the exact fulfilment of silent suppositions, it is the noiseless harmony of the whole action which we should admire, and which only makes itself known in the total result.
1282:
argued in 1968 that a Clausewitzian view of war was not only obsolete in the age of nuclear weapons, but also highly dangerous as it promoted a "zero-sum paradigm" to international relations and a "dissolution of rationality" amongst decision-makers.
648:
Clausewitz's work is still studied today, demonstrating its continued relevance. More than sixteen major English-language books that focused specifically on his work were published between 2005 and 2014, whereas his 19th-century rival
1231:, Eisenhower hoped to hold out a credible vision of Clausewitzian nuclear "absolute war" in order to deter the Soviet Union and/or China from ever risking a war or even conditions that might lead to a war with the United States.
622:
Clausewitz was a professional combat soldier and a staff officer who was involved in numerous military campaigns, but he is famous primarily as a military theorist interested in the examination of war, utilising the campaigns of
3616:. Translated by Hans Gatske. The Military Service Publishing Company, 1942. Originally "Die wichtigsten GrundsĂ€tze des KriegfĂŒhrens zur ErgĂ€nzung meines Unterrichts bei Sr. Königlichen Hoheit dem Kronprinzen" (written 1812).
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discussed in 19th-century Britain. Clausewitz's broader thinking came to the fore following Britain's military embarrassments in the Boer War (1899â1902). One example of a heavy Clausewitzian influence in that era is
1302:(1793â1796) and the Tyrolean uprising of 1809. In his famous "Bekenntnisdenkschrift" of 1812 he called for a "Spanish war in Germany" and laid out a comprehensive guerrilla strategy to be waged against Napoleon. In
399:(also cited as "The German War School", the "Military Academy in Berlin", and the "Prussian Military Academy," later the "War College") in Berlin in 1801 (aged 21), probably studied the writings of the philosophers
913:
One of the main sources of confusion about Clausewitz's approach lies in his dialectical method of presentation. For example, Clausewitz's famous line that "War is the continuation of policy with other means,"
1206:. In U.S. military doctrine, "center of gravity" refers to the basis of an opponent's power at the operational, strategic, or political level, though this is only one aspect of Clausewitz's use of the term.
578:
appeared to presage another major European war. Clausewitz was appointed chief of staff of the only army Prussia was able to mobilise in this emergency, which was sent to the Polish border. Its commander,
3665:
Trans. O.J. Matthijs Jolles. New York: Random House, 1943. Though not currently the standard translation, this is increasingly viewed by many Clausewitz scholars as the most precise and accurate English
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the direction in which it was apparently leading. Impressed yet befogged, they grasped at his vivid leading phrases, seeing only their surface meaning, and missing the deeper current of his thought.
307:, doubt, and excitement) call for rapid decisions by alert commanders. He saw history as a vital check on erudite abstractions that did not accord with experience. In contrast to the early work of
884:, a former student of Clausewitz âof what they believed to be Clausewitz's ideas, and the subsequent widespread adoption of the Prussian military system worldwide, had a deleterious effect on
1161:
In describing the essence of war, Marxism-Leninism takes as its point of departure the premise that war is not an aim in itself, but rather a tool of politics. In his remarks on Clausewitz's
3962:
1165:
Lenin stressed that "Politics is the reason, and war is only the tool, not the other way around. Consequently, it remains only to subordinate the military point of view to the political."
3932:
597:(the first time cholera had appeared in modern heartland Europe, causing a continent-wide panic). Clausewitz himself died of the same disease shortly afterwards, on 16 November 1831.
1833:
Beyerchen, Alan (11 November 2019). "Kluge and Clausewitz. Chance and Imagination in the Real World". In Langston, Richard; Adelson, Leslie A.; Jones, N.D.; Wilms, Leonie (eds.).
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1372:â Prussian officer from whom Clausewitz allegedly took, without acknowledgement, several important ideas (including that about war as pursuing political aims) made famous in
3725:
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In 1815 the Russian-German Legion became integrated into the Prussian Army and Clausewitz re-entered Prussian service as a colonel. He was soon appointed chief-of-staff of
350:
as the fourth and youngest son of a family that made claims to a noble status which Carl accepted. Clausewitz's family claimed descent from the Barons of Clausewitz in
842:"friction" â the disparity between the ideal performance of units, organisations or systems and their actual performance in real-world scenarios (Book I, Chapter VII)
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1218:'s reading of Clausewitz as a young officer in the 1920s. Eisenhower was greatly impressed by Clausewitz's example of a theoretical, idealized "absolute war" in
3854:
631:
as frames of reference for his work. He wrote a careful, systematic, philosophical examination of war in all its aspects. The result was his principal book,
2826:. War As Paradox: Clausewitz & Hegel on Fighting Doctrines and Ethics, (Montreal & Kingston: McGill Queen's University Press, 2016) pp. 183â232
1858:
Clausewitz was a staff officer for nearly his entire field career, due to his excellent analytical abilities, and he was very often at the commander's side.
446:âhe was captured, one of the 25,000 prisoners taken that day as the Prussian army disintegrated. He was 26. Clausewitz was held prisoner with his prince in
3902:
2777:
574:, where he served until 1830. In that year he returned to active duty with the army. Soon afterward, the outbreak of several revolutions around Europe and
528:
2282:
Cormier, Youri. War As Paradox: Clausewitz & Hegel on Fighting Doctrines and Ethics, (Montreal & Kingston: McGill Queen's University Press, 2016)
1932:
Bassford, Christopher (2007). "The Primacy of Policy and the "Trinity" in Clausewitz's Mature Thought.". In Strachan, Hew; Herberg-Rothe, Andreas (eds.).
1500:(always lower case) is part of the family name or territorial designation, not a first or middle name, if the noble is referred to by his last name, use
1172:, however, described Lenin's approach as being that politics is a continuation of war by other means, thus turning Clausewitz's argument "on its head."
665:
The degree to which Clausewitz managed to revise his manuscript to reflect that synthesis is the subject of much debate. His final reference to war and
1909:(3 vols., Berlin: 1832â34). The edition cited here was edited by Michael Howard and Peter Paret, Princeton University Press, 1984, pp. 75, 87, 89, 605.
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about Napoleon, and on deep historical research. His historiographical approach is evident in his first extended study, written when he was 25, of the
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3867:
817:"strategy" belongs primarily to the realm of art, but is constrained by quantitative analyses of political benefits versus military costs & losses
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Lenin's dictum that war is a continuation of politics is taken from the work of this anti-humanist anti-revolutionary." The American mathematician
2789:
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1380:, who was Clausewitz's "second father" and professional mentor. This provokes skepticism of the claim the ideas were plagiarized from Lilienstern.
1074:
That view assumes, however, a set of values as to what constitutes "rational" political objectivesâin this case, values not shaped by the fervid
570:(18â19 June 1815), preventing large reinforcements from reaching Napoleon at Waterloo. After the war, Clausewitz served as the director of the
562:) on 16 June 1815, but they withdrew in good order. Napoleon's failure to destroy the Prussian forces led to his defeat a few days later at the
1105:, Hoffman Nickerson), Clausewitz had little influence on American military thought before 1945 other than via British writers, though Generals
1087:
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Clausewitz, Carl von, and Wellesley, Arthur (First Duke of Wellington), ed./trans. Christopher Bassford, Gregory W. Pedlow, and Daniel Moran,
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wrote in 1968 that Clausewitz as interpreted by Lenin formed the basis of all Soviet military thinking since 1917, and quoted the remarks by
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the "military virtues" of professional armies (which do not necessarily trump the rather different virtues of other kinds of fighting forces)
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The Dogma of the Battle of Annihilation: The Theories of Clausewitz and Schlieffen and Their Impact on the German Conduct of Two World Wars.
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990:
431:
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1018:. Keegan argued that Clausewitz assumed the existence of states, yet 'war antedates the state, diplomacy and strategy by many millennia.'
2755:
366:, held a minor post in the Prussian internal-revenue service. Clausewitz entered the Prussian military service at the age of twelve as a
1870:
Paret, Peter (2012). "Clausewitz and Schlieffen as Interpreters of Frederick the Great: Three Phases in the History of Grand Strategy".
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than European) identity. "Carl Philipp Gottfried" appears on Clausewitz's tombstone. Nonetheless, sources such as military historian
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hinders commanders from knowing what is happening. It is precisely in the context of this challenge that he develops the concept of
3750:. (Clausewitz.com, 2010). This collection of documents includes, in a modern English translation, the whole of Clausewitz's study,
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in "real war," the distinctive poles of a) limited objectives (political and/or military) and b) war to "render the enemy helpless"
1286:
The end of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century have seen many instances of state armies attempting to suppress
989:(Princeton University Press, 1976/1984) and have produced comparative studies of Clausewitz and other theorists, such as Tolstoy.
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3912:
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from 1807 to 1808. Returning to Prussia, he assisted in the reform of the Prussian army and state. Johann Gottlieb Fichte wrote
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Clausewitz stressed the multiplex interaction of diverse factors in war, noting how unexpected developments unfolding under the "
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782:
the economic profit-seeking logic of commercial enterprise is equally applicable to the waging of war and negotiating for peace
3434:
Sumida, Jon Tetsuro (2001). "The Relationship of History and Theory in on War: The Clausewitzian Ideal and Its Implications".
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Daniel Moran, "Clausewitz on Waterloo: Napoleon at Bay", in Carl von Clausewitz and Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington,
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2019:
Heuser, Beatrice (2007). "Clausewitz' Ideas of Strategy and Victory". In Strachan, Hew; Herberg-Rothe, Andreas (eds.).
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In modern times the reconstruction of Clausewitzian theory has been a matter of much dispute. One analysis was that of
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the idea that war and its conduct belong fundamentally to the social realm rather than to the realms of art or science
423:(1777â1843) were among Scharnhorst's primary allies in his efforts to reform the Prussian army between 1807 and 1814.
363:
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Heuser, Beatrice (2010). "Small Wars in the Age of Clausewitz: The Watershed Between Partisan War and People's War".
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and have had a strong influence on German military thought specifically. Later Prussian and German generals, such as
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https://web.archive.org/web/20140729225332/http://jmss.synergiesprairies.ca/jmss/index.php/jmss/article/view/519
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method to construct his argument, leading to frequent misinterpretation of his ideas. British military theorist
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Moltke: His Life and His Character: Sketched in Journals, Letters, Memoirs, a Novel, and Autobiographical Notes
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311:, he argued that war could not be quantified or reduced to mapwork, geometry, and graphs. Clausewitz had many
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2788:. "Fighting Doctrines and Revolutionary Ethics" Journal of Military and Security Studies, Vol 15, No 1 (2013)
3864:, addressed to the Prussian general-staff officer, Major von Roeder, respectively of 22 and 24 December 1827.
2540:, ed./trans. Christopher Bassford, Daniel Moran, and Gregory W. Pedlow (Clausewitz.com, 2010), p. 242, n. 11.
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derives from Clausewitz's stress on how confused warfare can seem while one is immersed within it. The term
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Other notable writers who have studied Clausewitz's texts and translated them into English are historians
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he said, such rigid logic is unrealistic and dangerous. As a practical matter, the military objectives in
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in 1832. (He had started working on the text in 1816 but had not completed it.) She wrote the preface for
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3600:, edited with an introduction by Beatrice Heuser Oxford World's Classics (Oxford University Press, 2007)
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Paret, Peter (2004). "From Ideal to Ambiguity: Johannes von Muller, Clausewitz, and the People in Arms".
1065:, 12 February 1912. Following the First World War, however, the influential British military commentator
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the importance of "moral forces" (more than simply "morale") as opposed to quantifiable physical elements
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Paul Roques, Le général de Clausewitz. Sa vie et sa théorie de la guerre, Paris, Editions Astrée, 2013.
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Bassford, Christopher (1994). "John Keegan and the Grand Tradition of Trashing Clausewitz: A Polemic".
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Erfourth M. & Bazin, A. (2014). Clausewitz's Military Genius and the #Human Dimension. The Bridge.
820:"tactics" belongs primarily to the realm of science (most obvious in the development of siege warfare)
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of the age, the social characteristics of the troops, and the commanders' politics and psychology. In
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3704:
Trans and ed. Nicholas Murray and Christopher Pringle. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas.
3687:
Trans and ed. Nicholas Murray and Christopher Pringle. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas.
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Trans and ed. Nicholas Murray and Christopher Pringle. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas.
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20:
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415:, the future first chief-of-staff of the newly reformed Prussian Army (appointed 1809). Clausewitz,
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1224:
1203:
953:
624:
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on 14 October 1806âwhen Napoleon invaded Prussia and defeated the Prussian-Saxon army commanded by
359:
273:
102:
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2898:
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the nature of "military genius" (involving matters of personality and character, beyond intellect)
458:" ). Carl Clausewitz wrote an interesting and anonymous Letter to Fichte (1809) about his book on
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pastor, had been a professor of theology. Clausewitz's father, once a lieutenant in the army of
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3815:
3777:
3702:
The Coalition Crumbles, Napoleon Returns: The 1799 Campaign in Italy and Switzerland, Volume 2.
2823:
2785:
2525:
The Transformation of War: The Most Radical Reinterpretation of Armed Conflict Since Clausewitz
2283:
1722:
3825:
3814:, September 2006. This is an article hostile to "Clausewitz and the Clausewitzians." See also
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3705:
3688:
3674:
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text of the 1873 English translation can be seen in parallel with the original German text at
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1954:
1948:
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1043:
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82:
24:
3211:
Clausewitz in His Time: Essays in the Cultural and Intellectual History of Thinking about War
2238:
2035:
970:
regarding politics' dominance over the conduct of war has nothing to do with pacifist ideas.
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2804:
2795:
Cormier, Youri (2014). "Hegel and Clausewitz: Convergence on Method, Divergence on Ethics".
2436:
2380:
2062:
1214:
The deterrence strategy of the United States in the 1950s was closely inspired by President
1118:
1075:
697:'s view of the war as a chaotic muddle and instead explains its drawn-out operations by the
662:
Vietnam-era interpretation, facilitated by weaknesses in the 1976 Howard/Paret translation.
420:
315:, of which one of the most famous is, "War is the continuation of policy with other means."
293:
3733:. Trans. anonymous , London: John Murray Publishers, 1843. Originally Carl von Clausewitz,
3685:
Napoleon Absent, Coalition Ascendant: The 1799 Campaign in Italy and Switzerland, Volume 1.
3554:
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2759:
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2494:
2088:
1950:
Basic Texts in International Relations: The Evolution of Ideas about International Society
1475:
1417:
1279:
1275:
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that was rife in 1914 Europe. One of the most influential British Clausewitzians today is
1031:
1002:
885:
741:
567:
543:
539:
390:
269:
223:
218:
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2569:
Clausewitz in the Twenty-First Century: Proceedings of a March, 2005 conference at Oxford
2126:. Translated by Herms, Mary. New York: Harper & Brothers Franklin Square. p. 35.
1934:
Clausewitz in the Twenty-First Century: Proceedings of a March, 2005 conference at Oxford
587:(August 1831), and Clausewitz took command of the Prussian army's efforts to construct a
489:
2107:
19:"Clausewitz" redirects here. For the part of defence of Berlin during World War II, see
3781:. Ed./trans. Peter Paret and Daniel Moran. Carlisle: Army War College Foundation, 1984.
3612:
1255:
1142:
1134:
1122:
1058:
642:
520:
367:
303:" (i.e., in the face of incomplete, dubious, and often erroneous information and great
121:
48:
Carl von Clausewitz, while in Prussian service, painted by Wilhelm Wach in early 1830s.
3772:
to his wife after the major battles of 1815 and other supporting documents and essays.
3752:
1270:
to settle disputes. If such a conflict did occur, presumably both combatants would be
1050:
at Oxford University, and perhaps the most prominent military analyst in Britain from
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3387:
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1079:
654:
400:
382:
351:
155:
137:
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3638:
3064:
2723:
Clausewitz in English: The Reception of Clausewitz in Britain and America, 1815â1945
2240:
Clausewitz in English: The Reception of Clausewitz in Britain and America, 1815â1945
1376:. However, substantial basis for assuming common influences exist, most prominently
2693:
2343:
edited by Mark and Ljubica Erickson, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2004 p. 16.
1823:," trans. Paul Donker and Christopher Bassford, ClausewitzStudies.org, August 2019.
1424:
1335:
1274:. Heavily influenced by the war in Vietnam and by antipathy to American strategist
1228:
1126:
1083:
957:
805:
427:
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2848:
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473:
3735:
Hinterlassene Werke des Generals Carl von Clausewitz ĂŒber Krieg und Krieg fĂŒhrung
3513:
3360:
2808:
2638:
2597:
2475:
Sheppard, John E. Jr. (September 1990). "On War: Is Clausewitz Still Relevant?".
2408:
2021:
Clausewitz in the 21st Century: Proceedings of a March, 2005 conference at Oxford
1987:
1834:
1686:
1202:, used in a military context derives from Clausewitz's usage, which he took from
924:
Another example of this confusion is the idea that Clausewitz was a proponent of
614:
and had published most of his collected works by 1835. She died in January 1836.
3597:
3567:
2745:
1591:
1485:
1094:
of Clausewitz, but his own views on Clausewitz's ideas are somewhat ambivalent.
1009:
999:
974:
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756:
638:
602:
355:
325:
3792:
3109:
3821:
3197:
edited by Mark and Ljubica Erickson, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2004,
3056:
3013:
2384:
1602:] (Indexed ed.). New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 87.
1396:
1357:
1349:
1287:
1267:
1194:
1138:
1106:
836:
729:
702:
300:
3521:
2599:
Clausewitz Talks Business: An Executive's Guide to Thinking Like a Strategist
527:(1812), which prepared the way for the coalition of Prussia, Russia, and the
3178:
2684:
1291:
1259:
1114:
925:
788:
the relationship between political objectives and military objectives in war
773:
493:
3745:
2770:
2683:
See massive Clausewitz bibliographies in English, French, German, etc., on
2108:
Tip-Toe Through the Trinity: The Strange Persistence of Trinitarian Warfare
1189:
3478:
3267:
3147:
2980:
2862:: a reconstruction on the basis of the earlier versions of his masterpiece
2746:
Tiptoe Through the Trinity: The Strange Persistence of Trinitarian Warfare
1821:: a reconstruction on the basis of the earlier versions of his masterpiece
1795:
See Timothy McCranor, "On the Pedagogical Intent of Clausewitz's On War",
1188:
in 1938 and organised a seminar on Clausewitz for the Party leadership in
3843:
2952:
2931:
2883:
2739:
2712:
1642:
1341:
In military academies, schools, and universities worldwide, Clausewitz's
1090:
at Oxford University, since 2001) has been an energetic proponent of the
713:
628:
500:
482:
354:, though scholars question the connection. His grandfather, the son of a
312:
3625:
3428:
3090:
2781:. Vol. 06 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 467.
829:
conversely, the very real effects of a superiority in numbers and "mass"
288:"), though unfinished at his death, is considered a seminal treatise on
3855:
The Influence of Clausewitz on Jomini's Le Précis de l'Art de la Guerre
3455:
3304:
3231:
2313:
2154:"Clausewitz's Categories of War and the Supersession of 'Absolute War'"
1412:
1353:
889:
877:
698:
584:
98:
43:
3800:
3218:
Peter Paret (2010). "Two Historians on Defeat in War and Its Causes".
550:
in 1815. An army led personally by Napoleon defeated the Prussians at
488:, whom he had first met in 1803. She was a member of the noble German
3126:
John Keegan and the Grand Tradition of Trashing Clausewitz: A Polemic
2753:
Clausewitz's Categories of War and the Supersession of 'Absolute War'
1309:
One prominent critic of Clausewitz is the Israeli military historian
1110:
956:, a Greek writer and philosopher, who opposed the interpretations of
633:
515:(1812). Like many Prussian officers serving in Russia, he joined the
456:Ăber Machiavell, als Schriftsteller, und Stellen aus seinen Schriften
447:
279:
3447:
3296:
2917:
The Origins of Military Thought from the Enlightenment to Clausewitz
2762:" (Clausewitz.com). This is a 'working paper' first posted in 2016."
917:
Der Krieg ist eine bloĂe Fortsetzung der Politik mit anderen Mitteln
3839:
1839:. Alexander Kluge-Jahrbuch 6 (2019). V&R Unipress. p. 48.
3029:
Holmes, Terence M. (2007). "Planning versus Chaos in Clausewitz's
755:
551:
472:
3283:
Rogers, Clifford J. (2002). "Clausewitz, Genius, and the Rules".
2314:"Lenin and Clausewitz: the Militarization of Marxism, 1914â1921."
2869:
After Clausewitz: German Military Thinkers before the Great War.
2371:
Zhang, Yuanlin (1999). "Mao Zedongs Bezugnahme auf Clausewitz".
1057:
until well into the interwar period. Another is naval historian
304:
3193:
Mertsalov, A.N. "Jomini versus Clausewitz" pp. 11â19 from
2583:
Social sciences and the military: an interdisciplinary overview
2500:
Clausewitz Goes Global: Carl von Clausewitz in the 21st century
600:
His widow edited, published, and wrote the introduction to his
3248:
Clausewitz and the State: The Man, His Theories, and His Times
2335:
2333:
2294:
T. Derbent: Giap et Clausewitz, Ă©ditions ADEN, Bruxelles 2006.
2008:
Clausewitz and the State: The Man, His Theories, and His Times
1996:]. Translated by Graham, J.J. London: N. TrĂŒbner & Co.
1480:
276:) and political aspects of waging war. His most notable work,
3747:
On Waterloo: Clausewitz, Wellington, and the Campaign of 1815
3165:
Mieszkowski, Jan (2009). "How to do Things with Clausewitz".
3124:
See critique of Keegan's arguments by Christopher Bassford, "
2538:
On Waterloo: Clausewitz, Wellington, and the Campaign of 1815
2064:
The Fog Of War: Effects Of Uncertainty On Airpower Employment
1321:
the paragraph in which Clausewitz defined his Trinity to see
2284:
http://www.mqup.ca/war-as-paradox-products-9780773547698.php
2264:
Strachan, Hew (2011). "Clausewitz and the First World War".
1258:
have used nuclear weapons against each other, instead using
1113:
were avid readers of English translations. He did influence
452:
On Machiavelli, as an Author, and Passages from His Writings
3500:
Waldman, Thomas (2012). "Clausewitz and the Study of War".
3320:
http://www.editions-astree.fr/BC/Bon_de_commande_Roques.pdf
2832:"Clausewitz and the politics of war: A contemporary theory"
1748:
Marie von Clausewitz: The Woman Behind the Making of On War
1227:
doctrine and the closely related foreign-policy concept of
1030:
but despite this his ideas have been widely influential in
3574:(trans. ed.). Princeton: Princeton University Press.
2640:
Rebooting Clausewitz: 'On War' in the Twenty-First Century
2339:
Mertsalov, A.N. "Jomini versus Clausewitz" pp. 11â19 from
985:. Howard and Paret edited the most widely used edition of
3345:"A social theory of war: Clausewitz and war reconsidered"
892:, due to their egregious misinterpretation of his ideas:
791:
the asymmetrical relationship between attack and defense
3768:
to Clausewitz's discussion of the campaign, as well as
3650:
Compare VOM KRIEGE (1832) and ON WAR (1873 translation)
3639:
Compare VOM KRIEGE (1832) and ON WAR (1873 translation)
3377:
On Clausewitz: A Study of Military and Political Ideas.
1772:"Five Things You Didn't Know About Carl von Clausewitz"
481:
On 10 December 1810, he married the socially prominent
2961:(2001) 482 pages. Based on comparison of Clausewitz's
2465:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998 , pp. 233â234.
2232:
2230:
2228:
1306:
he included a famous chapter on "The People in Arms".
1278:, the American biologist, musician, and game-theorist
503:, Clausewitz left the Prussian army and served in the
466:
157â166. For an English translation of the letter see
23:. For the Paradox computer strategy games engine, see
3619:
Clausewitz, Carl von. Col. J. J. Graham, translator.
1716:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1345:
is often (usually in translation) mandatory reading.
468:
Carl von Clausewitz Historical and Political Writings
3466:
Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas, 2008.
3397:
Strachan, Hew; Herberg-Rothe, Andreas, eds. (2007).
3339:, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1943.
2567:
Strachan, Hew; Herberg-Rothe, Andreas, eds. (2007).
1184:
Clausewitz directly influenced Mao Zedong, who read
1920:
On Strategy: A Critical Analysis of the Vietnam War
728:circumstance is generally described as part of the
184:
172:
161:
151:
143:
131:
109:
88:
61:
53:
34:
2438:What the U. S. Military Can Do to Defeat Terrorism
2407:
1750:. New York/London: Oxford University Press, 2015.
641:, both of whom were inspired by the events of the
531:that ultimately defeated Napoleon and his allies.
370:, eventually attaining the rank of major general.
272:who stressed the "moral" (in modern terms meaning
16:Prussian general and military theorist (1780â1831)
3963:Russian military personnel of the Napoleonic Wars
2643:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. xx.
1496:and usually denotes some sort of nobility. While
876:contends that the enthusiastic acceptance by the
3483:Villacres, Edward J. and Bassford, Christopher.
538:'s III Corps. In that capacity he served at the
3933:Napoleonic Wars prisoners of war held by France
3423:Strachan, Hew, and Andreas Herberg-Rothe, eds.
2621:Strategy Guideline 7: Develop Leadership Skills
2357:Rapoport, Anatol "Introduction" pp. 11â82 from
1625:"Everything You Know About Clausewitz Is Wrong"
1233:
1177:
1159:
911:
894:
671:
334:continue to use Gottlieb instead of Gottfried.
3250:. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1976.
477:Marie von Clausewitz (nĂ©e, Countess von BrĂŒhl)
426:Clausewitz served during the Jena Campaign as
3464:Decoding Clausewitz: A New Approach to On War
2192:The Power of the Past: History and Statecraft
1770:Bellinger, Vanya Eftimova (January 6, 2016).
8:
3214:. New York and Oxford: Berghahn Books, 2015.
2959:Masters of War: Classical Strategic Thought.
2195:. Brookings Institution Press. p. 147.
2023:. Oxford University Press. pp. 132â163.
1978:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1815:, Penguin Books, 2006, p. 57; Paul Donker, "
930:
915:
785:the nature of the balance-of-power mechanism
588:
499:Opposed to Prussia's enforced alliance with
470:Edited by: Peter Paret and D. Moran (1992).
277:
2353:
2351:
2349:
2089:Frequently Asked Questions about Clausewitz
1765:
1763:
1352:look to Clausewitz - just as some look to
3923:Prussian commanders of the Napoleonic Wars
2152:Bassford, Christopher (15 February 2022).
1936:. Oxford University Press. pp. 74â90.
1807:
1805:
31:
3818:, "Clausewitz's self-appointed PR Flack."
3407:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199232024.001.0001
3349:Cambridge Review of International Affairs
3046:
2899:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199231911.001.0001
2847:
2727:New York: Oxford University Press, 1994.
2103:
2101:
1012:attacked Clausewitz's theory in his book
3753:The Campaign of 1815: Strategic Overview
3549:ed. Peter Paret and Daniel Moran (1992).
3539:Primary sources (including translations)
3487:. Parameters, Autumn 95, pp. 9â19,
1691:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 12â14.
1249:After 1970, some theorists claimed that
1097:With some interesting exceptions (e.g.,
653:has faded from influence. The historian
264:; 1 July 1780 â 16 November 1831) was a
1799:vol. 9, no. 1, Spring 2018, pp.133-154.
1721:Bassford, Christopher (March 8, 2016).
1561:Bassford, Christopher (March 8, 2016).
1553:
1467:
3485:"Reclaiming the Clausewitzian Trinity"
3425:Clausewitz in the Twenty-First Century
3399:Clausewitz in the Twenty-First Century
2602:. Boca Raton: CRC Press. p. 224.
2503:. BoD â Books on Demand. p. 293.
1332:Clausewitz in the Twenty-First Century
1088:Chichele Professor of Military History
1048:Chichele Professor of Military History
342:Clausewitz was born on 1 July 1780 in
3983:Military personnel from Saxony-Anhalt
3831:Works by or about Carl von Clausewitz
1356:- to bolster ideas on the concept of
832:the essential unpredictability of war
462:The letter was published in Fichte's
251:
57:Carl Philipp Gottfried von Clausewitz
7:
905:, then-professor of strategy at the
864:Interpretation and misinterpretation
804:philosophical distinctions between "
2665:Clausewitz's Six Leadership Lessons
2142:London:Faber, 1967. Second rev. ed.
2061:Shepherd III, Frederick L. (2014).
1922:(Novato, CA: Presidio Press, 1982).
1026:Clausewitz died without completing
995:A Guide to the Reading of "On War,"
3903:People from the Duchy of Magdeburg
3547:Historical and Political Writings,
3327:"Clausewitz" pp. 93â113 from
3132:, November 1994, pp. 319â336.
2889:Echevarria II, Antulio J. (2007).
2189:Brands, Hal; Suri, Jeremi (2015).
880:military establishmentâespecially
859:the "culminating point of victory"
779:the methods of "critical analysis"
523:, Clausewitz helped negotiate the
393:from 1806 to 1815. He entered the
14:
3671:Napoleon's 1796 Italian Campaign.
3592:, abridged version translated by
2527:(New York: The Free Press, 1991).
1370:August Otto RĂŒhle von Lilienstern
1294:, and engaging in other forms of
1254:made themselves obsolete. No two
3958:19th-century German male writers
3847:
3739:Der Feldzug von 1812 in Russland
3558:. Berlin: DĂŒmmlers Verlag, 1832.
2797:The International History Review
2222:1993. Second edition 2004, p. 3.
2040:. Psychology Press. p. 71.
1210:Late 20th and early 21st century
42:
3968:German male non-fiction writers
3803:, large amounts of information.
3436:The Journal of Military History
3285:The Journal of Military History
3256:Journal of the History of Ideas
3195:Russia War, Peace and Diplomacy
2938:Clausewitz and Modern Strategy.
2891:Clausewitz and Contemporary War
2698:Clausewitz: Philosopher of War.
2341:Russia War, Peace and Diplomacy
2095:edited by Christopher Bassford.
1008:The British military historian
519:in 1813. In the service of the
253:[ËkaÊlfÉnËklaÊÌŻzÉvÉȘtÍĄs]
3898:People from Burg bei Magdeburg
3737:, 10 vols., Berlin, 1832â37, "
3720:The Campaign of 1812 in Russia
3562:Clausewitz, Carl von (1984) .
3343:Sharma, Vivek Swaroop (2015).
2858:The Evolution of Clausewitz's
2549:See for instance John Keegan,
2237:Bassford, Christopher (1994).
2067:. Pickle Partners. p. 9.
2037:Clausewitz and Modern Strategy
1817:The Evolution of Clausewitz's
1688:Clausewitz: Philosopher of War
808:," "ideal war," and "real war"
411:and won the regard of General
1:
3700:Clausewitz, Carl von (2021).
3683:Clausewitz, Carl von (2020).
3669:Clausewitz, Carl von (2018).
3384:Clausewitz: His Life and Work
3331:edited by Edward Mead Earle,
3329:The Makers of Modern Strategy
2867:Echevarria, Antulio J., II.
2849:10.1080/01402390.2018.1529567
2410:The Art of Project Management
2243:. Oxford UP. pp. 20â21.
1051:
962:Penser la Guerre, Clausewitz,
776:approach to military analysis
507:from 1812 to 1813 during the
3840:Works by Carl von Clausewitz
3822:Works by Carl von Clausewitz
3816:reply by Clausewitz Homepage
3514:10.1080/14702436.2012.703843
3361:10.1080/09557571.2013.872600
3035:Journal of Strategic Studies
3002:Journal of Strategic Studies
2836:Journal of Strategic Studies
2809:10.1080/07075332.2013.859166
2772:"Clausewitz, Karl von"
2596:Paley, Norton (8 May 2014).
979:Institute for Advanced Study
3953:19th-century German writers
3846:(public domain audiobooks)
3386:(Oxford UP, 2014) 376 pp.
2373:Archiv fĂŒr Kulturgeschichte
2266:Journal of Military History
2034:Handel, Michael I. (1986).
1872:Journal of Military History
1746:Bellinger, Vanya Eftimova.
1338:and Andreas Herberg-Rothe.
845:strategic and operational "
797:the "fascinating trinity" (
464:Verstreute kleine Schriften
3999:
3808:"Clausewitz in Wonderland"
3741:" in Vol. 7, Berlin, 1835.
3110:10.1177/096834459400100305
2571:. Oxford University Press.
1836:The Poetic Power of Theory
1723:"Clausewitz and His Works"
1563:"Clausewitz and His Works"
1488:which approximately means
799:wunderliche Dreifaltigkeit
385:invaded France during the
377:(1793â1794) including the
18:
3928:Major generals of Prussia
3770:two letters by Clausewitz
3057:10.1080/01402390701210855
3014:10.1080/01402391003603623
2936:Handel, Michael I., ed.
2830:Dimitriu, George (2018).
2553:(New York: Knopf, 1993),
2385:10.7788/akg.1999.81.2.443
1953:. Springer. p. 244.
1315:The Transformation of War
1086:(like Wilkinson also the
760:Clausewitz as a young man
373:Clausewitz served in the
192:French Revolutionary Wars
41:
3918:German untitled nobility
3138:Kinross, Stuart (2009).
2441:. iUniverse. p. 7.
2435:Joseph W Graham (2002).
2120:Moltke, Helmuth (1892).
1947:Evan Luard, ed. (2016).
1643:"Clausewitz's tombstone"
1046:, journalist, the first
436:Battle of Jena-Auerstedt
409:Friedrich Schleiermacher
338:Life and military career
209:Battle of JenaâAuerstedt
3948:German prisoners of war
3913:German military writers
3861:Two Letters On Strategy
3778:Two Letters on Strategy
3429:excerpt and text search
3179:10.2979/GSO.2009.3.1.18
2778:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
2751:Christopher Bassford, "
2744:Christopher Bassford, "
2686:The Clausewitz Homepage
2110:by Christopher Bassford
1918:Summers, Harry G., Jr.
1672:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
1594:; Paret, Peter (eds.).
1387:Famous military writers
1300:rebellion in the Vendée
1036:Helmuth Graf von Moltke
764:Key ideas discussed in
746:der kriegerische Genius
724:democratised politics.
525:Convention of Tauroggen
413:Gerhard von Scharnhorst
331:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
3978:Theoretical historians
3775:Clausewitz, Carl von.
3714:Clausewitz, Carl von.
3661:Clausewitz, Karl von.
3610:Clausewitz, Carl von.
3588:Clausewitz, Carl von.
3552:Clausewitz, Carl von.
3545:Clausewitz, Carl von.
3140:Clausewitz and America
2406:Berkun, Scott (2005).
2361:London: Penguin, 1968.
2093:ClausewitzStudies.org,
1892:(2nd ed. 1946) p. 583.
1685:Aron, Raymond (1983).
1327:
1247:
1182:
1175:Rapoport argued that:
1167:
931:
922:
916:
909:of the United States:
899:
761:
745:
686:
589:
478:
440:Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand
405:Johann Gottlieb Fichte
278:
237:Carl Philipp Gottfried
3462:Sumida, Jon Tetsuro.
3268:10.1353/jhi.2004.0021
3220:Historically Speaking
3148:10.4324/9780203089125
2718:Bassford, Christopher
2319:1985 49(4): 184â191.
1901:Carl von Clausewitz,
1668:"Carl von Clausewitz"
1323:
1251:nuclear proliferation
759:
683:, Book III, Chapter 1
593:to contain the great
517:RussianâGerman Legion
511:, taking part in the
505:Imperial Russian Army
476:
249:German pronunciation:
166:RussianâGerman Legion
144:Years of service
2688:bibliography section
2551:A History of Warfare
2523:Martin van Creveld,
2414:. Beijing: OĆeilly.
2218:A History of Warfare
1984:von Clausewitz, Carl
1890:War Through the Ages
1813:The Utility of Force
1588:Clausewitz, Carl von
1450:U.S. Army Strategist
1430:Operation Clausewitz
1403:Antoine-Henri Jomini
1296:asymmetrical warfare
1015:A History of Warfare
907:National War College
903:Christopher Bassford
536:Johann von Thielmann
389:, and fought in the
309:Antoine-Henri Jomini
105:, Kingdom of Prussia
21:Operation Clausewitz
3973:Philosophers of war
3908:Deaths from cholera
3883:Carl von Clausewitz
3801:Clausewitz homepage
3764:. It also includes
2989:(2002). 238 pages,
2987:Reading Clausewitz.
2985:Heuser, Beatrice.
2957:Handel, Michael I.
2461:Gaddis, John Lewis
2170:on 11 December 2022
2137:Liddell Hart, B. H.
2087:This list is from "
1674:. 22 February 2024.
1462:Informational notes
1392:NiccolĂČ Machiavelli
1313:. In his 1991 book
1244:, Book I, Chapter 1
1225:massive retaliation
1204:Newtonian mechanics
1099:John McAuley Palmer
954:Panagiotis Kondylis
625:Frederick the Great
558:and the village of
360:Frederick the Great
103:Province of Silesia
36:Carl von Clausewitz
3943:Political realists
3938:Military theorists
3766:Wellington's reply
3728:2020-01-13 at the
3655:2018-11-11 at the
3644:2018-11-11 at the
3491:Wallach, Jehuda L.
3382:Stoker, Donald J.
3232:10.1353/hsp.0.0118
3072:Sir Michael Howard
2758:2018-04-17 at the
2635:Coker, Christopher
2581:Giuseppe Caforio,
1776:Real Clear Defense
1348:Some theorists of
1311:Martin van Creveld
1264:conventional means
1170:Henry A. Kissinger
1103:Robert M. Johnston
1067:B. H. Liddell Hart
983:Sir Michael Howard
874:B. H. Liddell Hart
868:Clausewitz used a
847:centers of gravity
762:
722:universal suffrage
576:a crisis in Poland
564:Battle of Waterloo
513:Battle of Borodino
479:
348:Duchy of Magdeburg
344:Burg bei Magdeburg
214:Battle of Borodino
79:Kingdom of Prussia
75:Burg bei Magdeburg
3826:Project Gutenberg
3710:978-0-7006-3034-9
3693:978-0-7006-3025-7
3679:978-0-7006-2676-2
3631:Project Gutenberg
3626:On War â Volume 1
3613:Principles of War
3606:978-0-19-954002-0
3581:978-0-691-05657-9
3317:979-10-91815-01-7
2748:." Working paper.
2421:978-0-596-00786-7
1756:978-0-19-022543-8
1623:Holmes, James R.
1609:978-0-691-01854-6
1445:Strategic studies
1440:Principles of War
1435:Philosophy of war
1408:B.H. Liddell Hart
1216:Dwight Eisenhower
1200:center of gravity
1044:Spenser Wilkinson
856:of the offensive"
854:culminating point
693:. He rejects the
691:Thirty Years' War
608:philosophy of war
548:Waterloo campaign
444:Duke of Brunswick
417:Hermann von Boyen
387:French Revolution
290:military strategy
270:military theorist
234:
233:
83:Holy Roman Empire
25:Clausewitz Engine
3990:
3851:
3850:
3835:Internet Archive
3756:(Berlin: 1835).
3585:
3533:
3459:
3420:
3372:
3308:
3291:(4): 1167â1176.
3279:
3243:
3190:
3167:The Global South
3161:
3121:
3068:
3050:
3025:
2912:
2871:(2001). 346 pp.
2853:
2851:
2820:
2782:
2774:
2700:(1985). 418 pp.
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2337:
2328:
2317:Military Affairs
2312:Kipp, Joseph W.
2310:
2304:
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2186:
2180:
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2169:
2163:. Archived from
2158:
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2079:
2078:
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1541:
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1529:
1523:
1478:personal names,
1472:
1245:
1119:Friedrich Engels
1076:Social Darwinism
1063:The Morning Post
1056:
1053:
934:
919:
901:As described by
882:Moltke the Elder
684:
595:cholera outbreak
592:
590:cordon sanitaire
509:Russian campaign
454:in June 1807. ("
421:Karl von Grolman
419:(1771â1848) and
346:in the Prussian
283:
263:
262:
261:
255:
250:
133:
95:
92:16 November 1831
71:
69:
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3997:
3993:
3992:
3991:
3989:
3988:
3987:
3873:
3872:
3848:
3789:
3784:
3730:Wayback Machine
3657:Wayback Machine
3646:Wayback Machine
3582:
3564:Howard, Michael
3561:
3541:
3536:
3502:Defence Studies
3499:
3448:10.2307/2677163
3433:
3417:
3396:
3379:(2005). 303 pp.
3342:
3333:Gordon A. Craig
3297:10.2307/3093268
3282:
3253:
3217:
3164:
3158:
3137:
3095:
3048:10.1.1.472.9658
3028:
2999:
2965:with Sun Tzu's
2909:
2888:
2856:Donker, Paul. "
2829:
2794:
2765:
2760:Wayback Machine
2679:
2677:Further reading
2674:
2673:
2655:
2653:
2651:
2637:(15 May 2017).
2633:
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2627:
2614:
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2495:Reiner Pommerin
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1968:
1961:
1946:
1945:
1941:
1931:
1930:
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1896:
1888:Lynn Montross,
1887:
1883:
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1868:
1864:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1832:
1831:
1827:
1811:Smith, Rupert,
1810:
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1641:
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1629:thediplomat.com
1622:
1621:
1617:
1610:
1592:Howard, Michael
1586:
1585:
1581:
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1560:
1559:
1555:
1545:
1544:
1539:
1535:
1530:
1526:
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1469:
1459:
1454:
1418:Maurice de Saxe
1366:
1280:Anatol Rapoport
1276:Henry Kissinger
1246:
1239:
1212:
1155:V.D. Sokolovsky
1148:Anatol Rapoport
1054:
1032:military theory
1024:
1003:Anatol Rapoport
886:military theory
866:
754:
752:Principal ideas
738:military genius
685:
678:
620:
556:Mont-Saint-Jean
544:Battle of Wavre
540:Battle of Ligny
492:originating in
486:Marie von BrĂŒhl
391:Napoleonic Wars
375:Rhine campaigns
364:King of Prussia
340:
321:
258:
257:
256:
248:
230:
224:Battle of Wavre
219:Battle of Ligny
204:Napoleonic Wars
127:
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3787:External links
3785:
3783:
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3594:Michael Howard
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3508:(3): 345â374.
3497:
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3472:978-0700616169
3460:
3442:(2): 333â354.
3431:
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3416:978-0199232024
3415:
3394:
3380:
3375:Smith, Hugh.
3373:
3355:(3): 327â347.
3340:
3325:Rothfels, Hans
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3246:Paret, Peter.
3244:
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3208:Paret, Peter.
3206:
3191:
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3157:978-0203089125
3156:
3135:
3134:
3133:
3130:War in History
3104:(3): 319â336.
3098:War in History
3093:
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2997:
2983:
2967:The Art of War
2955:
2940:1986. 324 pp.
2934:
2913:
2908:978-0199231911
2907:
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2827:
2824:Cormier, Youri
2821:
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2792:
2786:Cormier, Youri
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2769:, ed. (1911).
2767:Chisholm, Hugh
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2757:
2754:
2750:
2747:
2743:
2741:
2737:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2724:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2710:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2694:Aron, Raymond
2692:
2689:
2687:
2682:
2681:
2676:
2668:
2666:
2652:
2650:9780190862749
2646:
2642:
2641:
2636:
2629:
2626:
2622:
2611:
2609:9781482220278
2605:
2601:
2600:
2594:For example:
2591:
2588:
2585:(2006) p. 221
2584:
2578:
2575:
2570:
2563:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2546:
2543:
2539:
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2530:
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2520:
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2512:
2506:
2502:
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2490:
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2478:
2471:
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2444:
2440:
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2423:
2417:
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2411:
2402:
2399:
2394:
2390:
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2378:
2374:
2367:
2364:
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2354:
2352:
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2346:
2342:
2336:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2315:
2309:
2306:
2303:Shirer, p. 80
2300:
2297:
2291:
2288:
2285:
2279:
2276:
2272:(2): 367â391.
2271:
2267:
2260:
2257:
2252:
2246:
2242:
2241:
2233:
2231:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2219:
2215:John Keegan,
2212:
2209:
2204:
2198:
2194:
2193:
2185:
2182:
2166:
2162:
2155:
2148:
2145:
2141:
2138:
2133:
2130:
2125:
2124:
2116:
2113:
2109:
2104:
2102:
2098:
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2084:
2081:
2076:
2070:
2066:
2065:
2057:
2054:
2049:
2043:
2039:
2038:
2030:
2027:
2022:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2003:
2000:
1995:
1991:
1990:
1985:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1967:
1962:
1956:
1952:
1951:
1943:
1940:
1935:
1928:
1925:
1921:
1915:
1912:
1908:
1905:, originally
1904:
1898:
1895:
1891:
1885:
1882:
1878:(3): 837â845.
1877:
1873:
1866:
1863:
1859:
1848:
1846:9783847010395
1842:
1838:
1837:
1829:
1826:
1822:
1820:
1814:
1808:
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1802:
1798:
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1197:
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1164:
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1144:
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1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1080:Colin S. Gray
1077:
1073:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1049:
1045:
1039:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1004:
1001:
1000:game theorist
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
971:
968:
963:
959:
955:
950:
947:
943:
938:
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927:
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834:
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822:
819:
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813:
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769:
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751:
749:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
725:
723:
717:
715:
710:
708:
704:
700:
696:
695:Enlightenment
692:
682:
675:
670:
668:
663:
661:
656:
655:Lynn Montross
652:
646:
644:
640:
636:
635:
630:
626:
618:Theory of war
617:
615:
613:
609:
605:
604:
598:
596:
591:
586:
582:
577:
573:
569:
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541:
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453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
424:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
401:Immanuel Kant
398:
397:
392:
388:
384:
383:Prussian Army
380:
376:
371:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
352:Upper Silesia
349:
345:
337:
335:
333:
332:
327:
318:
316:
314:
310:
306:
302:
297:
295:
291:
287:
282:
281:
275:
274:psychological
271:
267:
260:
254:
246:
242:
238:
225:
222:
220:
217:
215:
212:
210:
207:
206:
205:
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198:
195:
194:
193:
190:
189:
187:
183:
180:
179:
175:
171:
167:
164:
160:
157:
156:Major general
154:
150:
146:
142:
139:
138:Prussian Army
136:
130:
123:
120:
118:
115:
114:
112:
108:
104:
100:
91:
87:
84:
80:
76:
64:
60:
56:
52:
45:
40:
33:
30:
26:
22:
3860:
3811:
3806:Corn, Tony.
3794:
3793:Mind Map of
3776:
3751:
3746:
3738:
3734:
3724:
3721:
3715:
3701:
3684:
3670:
3666:translation.
3662:
3634:
3624:
3620:
3611:
3589:
3571:
3568:Paret, Peter
3553:
3546:
3505:
3501:
3493:
3463:
3439:
3435:
3424:
3398:
3383:
3376:
3352:
3348:
3328:
3288:
3284:
3259:
3255:
3247:
3223:
3219:
3210:
3194:
3170:
3166:
3139:
3129:
3101:
3097:
3075:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3005:
3001:
2986:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2937:
2916:
2890:
2868:
2859:
2839:
2835:
2800:
2796:
2776:
2721:
2697:
2685:
2664:
2661:
2654:. Retrieved
2639:
2628:
2620:
2613:. Retrieved
2598:
2590:
2582:
2577:
2568:
2562:
2554:
2550:
2545:
2537:
2532:
2524:
2519:
2499:
2489:
2480:
2476:
2470:
2462:
2457:
2437:
2430:
2409:
2401:
2376:
2372:
2366:
2358:
2340:
2316:
2308:
2299:
2290:
2278:
2269:
2265:
2259:
2239:
2216:
2211:
2191:
2184:
2172:. Retrieved
2165:the original
2160:
2147:
2139:
2132:
2122:
2115:
2092:
2083:
2063:
2056:
2036:
2029:
2020:
2014:
2007:
2002:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1949:
1942:
1933:
1927:
1919:
1914:
1906:
1902:
1897:
1889:
1884:
1875:
1871:
1865:
1857:
1850:. Retrieved
1835:
1828:
1818:
1812:
1796:
1791:
1779:. Retrieved
1775:
1747:
1742:
1730:. Retrieved
1726:
1687:
1680:
1671:
1662:
1650:. Retrieved
1646:
1637:
1628:
1618:
1599:
1595:
1587:
1582:
1570:. Retrieved
1566:
1556:
1547:
1546:
1536:
1527:
1520:von Schiller
1519:
1513:
1508:
1507:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1479:
1470:
1461:
1460:
1425:Absolute war
1395:
1373:
1347:
1342:
1340:
1336:Hew Strachan
1331:
1328:
1324:
1318:
1314:
1308:
1303:
1288:insurgencies
1285:
1248:
1241:
1240:Clausewitz,
1234:
1229:brinkmanship
1219:
1213:
1193:
1185:
1183:
1178:
1174:
1168:
1162:
1160:
1127:Leon Trotsky
1096:
1091:
1084:Hew Strachan
1082:; historian
1071:
1062:
1040:
1027:
1025:
1013:
1007:
994:
986:
972:
966:
961:
958:Raymond Aron
951:
945:
941:
936:
935:âthe purely
923:
912:
900:
895:
867:
806:absolute war
798:
765:
763:
737:
733:
726:
718:
711:
706:
687:
680:
679:Clausewitz,
672:
666:
664:
647:
632:
621:
611:
601:
599:
571:
533:
498:
490:BrĂŒhl family
480:
467:
463:
460:Machiavelli.
459:
455:
451:
428:aide-de-camp
425:
394:
372:
341:
329:
322:
298:
285:
268:general and
244:
240:
236:
235:
185:Battles/wars
176:
94:(1831-11-16)
29:
3893:1831 deaths
3888:1780 births
3633:eBook. The
3598:Peter Paret
3262:: 101â111.
3041:: 129â151.
3008:: 139â162.
2915:Gat, Azar.
2842:(5): 1â41.
2656:29 February
2615:29 February
2483:(3): 85â99.
2463:We Now Know
1797:MCU Journal
1486:preposition
1378:Scharnhorst
1272:annihilated
1055: 1885
1028:Vom Kriege,
1010:John Keegan
975:Peter Paret
942:real world,
870:dialectical
774:dialectical
639:Leo Tolstoy
603:magnum opus
546:during the
381:, when the
326:Peter Paret
168:(III Corps)
124:(1812â1813)
72:1 July 1780
3877:Categories
3621:Vom Kriege
3555:Vom Kriege
3226:(3): 2â8.
3076:Clausewitz
2974:0714681326
2946:0714632945
2925:0198229488
2877:0700610715
2860:Vom Kriege
2733:0195083830
2706:0671628267
2477:Parameters
2327:. In JSTOR
2174:26 October
2161:Clausewitz
1907:Vom Kriege
1819:Vom Kriege
1509:Clausewitz
1457:References
1397:The Prince
1358:leadership
1350:management
1343:Vom Kriege
1334:edited by
1268:proxy wars
1220:Vom Kriege
1195:fog of war
1139:Mao Zedong
1107:Eisenhower
932:Vom Kriege
837:fog of war
734:fog of war
730:fog of war
712:The word "
703:technology
583:, died of
554:(south of
430:to Prince
301:fog of war
280:Vom Kriege
110:Allegiance
68:1780-07-01
54:Birth name
3530:153486360
3522:1470-2436
3479:213765799
3369:144039698
3276:143173095
3240:162357305
3187:143627760
3173:: 18â29.
3118:162660742
3078:, 1983 .
3043:CiteSeerX
3022:154880399
2981:318033033
2817:143665195
2632:Compare:
2393:183164307
2325:0026-3931
1994:Vom Krieg
1986:(1873) .
1781:7 January
1600:Vom Krieg
1590:(1984) .
1548:Citations
1292:terrorism
1260:diplomacy
1115:Karl Marx
1022:Influence
926:total war
768:include:
581:Gneisenau
494:Thuringia
434:. At the
313:aphorisms
147:1792â1831
3844:LibriVox
3726:Archived
3653:Archived
3642:Archived
3570:(eds.).
3065:44042550
2953:13214672
2932:18779344
2884:44516530
2756:Archived
2740:27811623
2713:13702496
2497:(2014).
2140:Strategy
1503:Schiller
1364:See also
1238:â
1070:much of
890:practice
878:Prussian
801:) of war
714:strategy
677:â
629:Napoleon
560:Waterloo
542:and the
501:Napoleon
483:Countess
356:Lutheran
266:Prussian
241:Gottlieb
173:Commands
132:Service/
3833:at the
3663:On War.
3496:(1986).
3456:2677163
3427:(2007)
3392:excerpt
3390:; also
3305:3093268
3091:8709266
2919:(1989)
2359:On War,
2006:Paret,
1732:July 9,
1652:July 9,
1572:July 9,
1413:Sun Tzu
1354:Sun Tzu
1163:On War,
1152:Marshal
1072:On War.
977:of the
937:logical
699:economy
667:Politik
606:on the
585:cholera
403:and/or
294:science
286:"On War
117:Prussia
99:Breslau
3795:On War
3760:
3708:
3691:
3677:
3604:
3590:On War
3578:
3572:On War
3528:
3520:
3477:
3470:
3454:
3413:
3367:
3335:&
3315:
3303:
3274:
3238:
3201:
3185:
3154:
3116:
3089:
3082:
3063:
3045:
3033:War".
3020:
2993:
2979:
2972:
2963:On War
2951:
2944:
2930:
2923:
2905:
2882:
2875:
2815:
2738:
2731:
2711:
2704:
2647:
2606:
2555:passim
2507:
2445:
2418:
2391:
2323:
2247:
2199:
2071:
2044:
1989:On War
1957:
1903:On War
1852:6 July
1843:
1754:
1695:
1606:
1596:On War
1522:, etc.
1518:, not
1515:Goethe
1476:German
1374:On War
1304:On War
1256:powers
1242:On War
1190:Yan'an
1186:On War
1137:, and
1111:Patton
987:On War
766:On War
742:German
707:On War
681:On War
651:Jomini
634:On War
612:On War
448:France
432:August
134:branch
3526:S2CID
3452:JSTOR
3365:S2CID
3301:JSTOR
3272:S2CID
3236:S2CID
3183:S2CID
3114:S2CID
3061:S2CID
3018:S2CID
2813:S2CID
2389:S2CID
2168:(PDF)
2157:(PDF)
1992:[
1598:[
1484:is a
1266:, or
1143:Lenin
1092:study
852:the "
835:the "
568:Wavre
552:Ligny
3758:ISBN
3706:ISBN
3689:ISBN
3675:ISBN
3635:full
3602:ISBN
3596:and
3576:ISBN
3518:ISSN
3475:OCLC
3468:ISBN
3411:ISBN
3313:ISBN
3199:ISBN
3152:ISBN
3087:OCLC
3080:ISBN
2991:ISBN
2977:OCLC
2970:ISBN
2949:OCLC
2942:ISBN
2928:OCLC
2921:ISBN
2903:ISBN
2880:OCLC
2873:ISBN
2736:OCLC
2729:ISBN
2709:OCLC
2702:ISBN
2658:2024
2645:ISBN
2617:2024
2604:ISBN
2505:ISBN
2443:ISBN
2416:ISBN
2321:ISSN
2245:ISBN
2197:ISBN
2176:2022
2069:ISBN
2042:ISBN
1955:ISBN
1854:2024
1841:ISBN
1783:2016
1752:ISBN
1734:2018
1693:ISBN
1654:2018
1604:ISBN
1574:2018
1494:from
1319:read
1290:and
1109:and
981:and
946:real
888:and
772:the
701:and
627:and
407:and
328:and
319:Name
305:fear
292:and
239:(or
162:Unit
152:Rank
89:Died
62:Born
3842:at
3824:at
3510:doi
3444:doi
3403:doi
3357:doi
3293:doi
3264:doi
3228:doi
3175:doi
3144:doi
3128:,"
3106:doi
3053:doi
3010:doi
2895:doi
2844:doi
2805:doi
2696:.
2381:doi
2091:,"
1512:or
1498:von
1492:or
1481:von
1474:In
1129:,
993:'s
960:in
3879::
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3648:.
3629:,
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3566:;
3524:.
3516:.
3506:13
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3440:65
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3409:.
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3181:.
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3150:.
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3112:.
3100:.
3074:,
3059:.
3051:.
3039:30
3037:.
3031:On
3016:.
3006:33
3004:.
2901:.
2893:.
2840:43
2838:.
2834:.
2811:.
2801:36
2799:.
2775:.
2720:.
2660:.
2619:.
2481:20
2479:.
2387:.
2377:81
2375:.
2348:^
2332:^
2270:75
2268:.
2227:^
2159:.
2100:^
1969:^
1876:76
1874:.
1856:.
1804:^
1774:.
1762:^
1725:.
1707:^
1670:.
1645:.
1627:.
1565:.
1506:,
1490:of
1394:â
1360:.
1262:,
1157::
1133:,
1125:,
1121:,
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1101:,
1052:c.
1005:.
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744::
645:.
442:,
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296:.
243:)
101:,
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77:,
3584:.
3532:.
3512::
3458:.
3446::
3419:.
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