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government sponsored a campaign for increased food production involving large-scale conversion of pasture for grazing animals into land for raising crops. Such conversion sometimes failed, or partially failed, because the soil had mineral composition unfavourable for food crops. When the land to be sloughed up had a soil type which might prove deficient in some minerals, Wallace recommended the use of indicator plots. The plots had several crops selected in order to display symptoms of mineral deficiencies. Different fertilizer treatments of the three major plant nutrients, nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K), as well as various combinations of micronutrients, were implemented in the indicator plots for comparison with the control plot (which was fully fertilized with N, P, K, and the micronutrients). In order for
Wallace's method to work, it was necessary to have a comprehensive, illustrated book displaying in colour the various possibilities for mineral deficiencies that might occur in the crops planted in the indicator plots. The required book with photographic images in colour was financed by Agricultural Research Council and printed by H. M. Stationery Office in London. The book was given a high priority and published in 1943 with the title
155:
culture often required great skill and diligence. Many different problems were encountered in practical applications. A necessary plant nutrient might not be absent from the soil but instead chemically bound by unfavourable chemical conditions in such a way that it was not bio-available to the plant. The unfavourable chemical conditions in the soil needed to be dealt with. In such a case, Wallace would conduct a series of field trials on a typically deficient soil using a variety of treatments. He was satisfied only when the intended crop was flourishing where it had previously failed.
119:). Simultaneously, he was the Advisory Officer in Agricultural Chemistry for the Bristol Province. At the Long Ashton Research Station, he was from 1923 to 1943 the deputy director and from 1943 to 1957 the Director. After previously holding appointments as Lecturer and Reader, Wallace was appointed Professor of Horticultural Chemistry in the University of Bristol in 1943 and retained his professorship until 1957 when he retired as professor emeritus.
173:. In 1958, at the request of the UK's Colonial Office, he went to Jamaica to chair a scientific team appointed to investigate what research might be needed for the British Caribbean's citrus industry. Two other prominent members of the team were Dr Arthur Forrest Camp, director emeritus of the University of Florida Citrus Experiment Station, and Mr H. R. Hinton of the UK
164:
Science, he joined soil expeditions in the
Montpellier region and in Algeria. In 1948 Johns Hopkins University appointed him to chair a sub-committee that drafted reconmendations which resulted in the establishment of the McCollum-Pratt Institute for the Investigation of Micronutrient Elements. While he was in the United States in 1948, he gave a series of lectures at
154:
Wallace was a thorough and sophisticated researcher. He and his co-workers sometimes grew plants in sand culture in which the concentration of the element under examination was reduced beyond the limits of detection even by extremely sensitive chemical methods. Such experimental horticulture in sand
168:
and elsewhere. In 1949 he travelled extensively in
Australia and New Zealand to observe different soil types in various climates and to lecture. In 1950 he visited the Netherlands to participate in the International Soil Congress, to lecture, and to visit agricultural research centres and areas of
146:
In 1939 Wallace organized the Long Ashton section of the Local
Defence Volunteer. The section eventually became a Company of the 7th Somerset Home Guard. He was given the rank of major and became second in command of the battalion which grew to a strength of over 3000 men. During WW II the British
65:
At
Armstrong College, Wallace joined the University of Durham Officers’ Training Corps and distinguished himself by his outstanding conduct. At the outbreak of WW I, he was commissioned in the Special Reserve of Officers and assigned to the 3rd Border Regiment. He was soon sent to France and as an
210:
In 1917 Wallace married Gladys Mary Smith. They had a daughter, Jean, and a son, Alan. Gladys
Wallace died in 1936. In 1938 Thomas Wallace married Elsie Stella Smyth, who worked at the Long Ashton Research Station during and after her PhD research. There was one sone, Nigel, from Thomas Wallace's
163:
In 1926 Wallace toured agricultural and horticultural research institutes and colleges in the United States and Canada. After WW II, there was considerable international demand for his advice on soils, plant nutrition, and fruit production. In 1947, at the invitation of the French
Society of Soil
177:. After visiting Jamaica, British Honduras, Trinidad, and Florida, the scientific team wrote a report, enabling citrus planters in Jamaica to improve the quality and productivity. Later in 1958, Wallace attended to Madrid to attend the 6th Congress of the International Potash Institute.
57:. There he had a brilliant academic career, studying principally chemistry, but also physics, mathematics, botany, and zoology. He was College Prizeman in inorganic, organic and analytical chemistry and Alder Scholar in zoology. In 1913 he graduated with a B.Sc. degree in chemistry.
169:
special agricultural importance. In 1951 he went to Spain and lectured in the
Universities of Madrid, Zaragossa, Valencia and Granada and, later in the year, went to Rome, where he attended the 2nd International Fertilizer Conference. In 1954 in Paris, he attended the 8th
185:
In 1931 Wallace was awarded the D.Sc. by the
University of Durham. The Royal Institute of Chemistry elected him in 1918 an Associate and eventually elected him a Fellow. He was appointed in 1946 a corresponding member of the French Academy of Science (Section IX —
219:. The Shooters had a son and three daughters. Alan Wallace was wounded in WW II, qualified in medicine, and went to New Zealand as Medical Officer of Health in the District of Taranaki. Eventually Alan Wallace left New Zealand to work for the
102:
in his left knee. After sufficient recovery from his wounds, Wallace was assigned to the Anti-Gas
Department of the Royal Engineers. He attained the rank of captain. Wallace's first research was done on the chemistry of gases used in WW I.
44:
Thomas Wallace had five older sisters, one younger sister, and two older brothers. Their father Thomas Sr. was a blacksmith and agricultural mechanic. As a boy, Thomas Jr. worked as a farm hand and attended a local primary school in
223:. On a mission in Africa in 1963, he and his young wife were killed in an airplane crash, leaving their two young children as orphans. Thomas and Elsie Wallace took responsibility for Thomas's two orphaned grandchildren.
190:) and in 1957 a foreign member of the French Academy of Agriculture. In 1951 he was appointed Honorary Councillor of Spain's Higher Council for Research. The Royal Horticultural Society awarded him the
134:. He did research on many aspects of horticulture. He published on the problem of winter-killing of vegetable crops and frost damage to apple trees. From 1943 to 1958 he was joint editor of the
1080:
36:(5 September 1891 – 1 February 1965) was a British professor of horticultural chemistry. He gained fame as one of the world's leading experts on mineral deficiencies in plants.
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471:
Wallace, T.; Hewitt, E. J. (1946). "Studies in Iron Deficiency of Crops. I. Problems of Iron Deficiency and the Interrelationships of Mineral Elements in Iron Nutrition".
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636:. Colston papers, volume 6 . Proceedings of the sixth symposium of the Colston Research Society, held at the University of Bristol, March 23rd–27th, 1953. London:
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198:. The Worshipful Company of Fruiterers awarded him the Ridley Gold Medal for research in fruit growing. For his work during WW II, Wallace was created in 1947
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151:. There was a 2nd edition in 1951 and a 3rd edition in 1961. The book became a standard reference with a world-wide demand that continued for decades.
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After working for a brief time as an industrial chemist for the Castner-Kellner Alkali Company, Wallace became in May 1919 a research chemist at the
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Wallace was the author or co-author of about 100 scientific articles. In 1921 he published an important contribution to pomology by showing that
74:. In 1915 he was reattached to the Border Regiment which was part of the 29th Division serving in Gallipoli. He participated in the actions at
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1012:, Wallace wrote a chapter dealing with soils for fruit growing and the highlights of his lifetime of experience in pomology and horticulture.
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853:
Long, Tulley (Winter 2009). "William McElroy, the McCollum-Pratt Institute, and the transformation of biology at Johns Hopkins, 1945-1960".
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Mann, C. E. T.; Wallace, T. (1925). "The Effects of Leaching with Cold Water on the Foliage of the Apple".
50:
939:
The Bristol Doctoral College Blog (A forum for Bristol's postgraduate researchers), University of Bristol
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Wallace, T. (1932). "The Nutrition of Woody Plants (With Special Reference to Cultivated Fruit Plants)".
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Wallace, T.; Spinks, G. T. (1941). "A Long Period Field Experiment on the Manuring of Apple Trees".
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90:. After surviving unwounded in his Gallipoli service, Wallace was in 1916 sent to France as an
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The Diagnosis of Mineral Deficiencies in Plants by Visual Symptoms: A Colour Atlas and Guide
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The diagnosis of mineral deficiencies in plants by visual symptoms: a colour atlas and guide
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417:
386:
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The diagnosis of mineral deficiencies in plants by visual symptoms: a colour atlas and guide
802:(This obituary erroneously states that Wallace retired in 1959 — the correct year is 1957.)
624:
Science and Fruit: Commemorating the Jubilee of the Long Ashton Research Station, 1903-1953
99:
492:
Wallace, T. (1957). "Trace Elements in Plant Nutrition with Special Reference to Crops".
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Wallace, T. (1932). "The Effect of Orchard Factors on the Storage Qualities of Fruits".
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as a medical officer with the rank of surgeon lieutenant. In December 1946 she married
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in Cape Helles, he won one of the UK's earliest Military Crosses to be awarded in the
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839:
The Influence of Weather on Crops, 1900-1930: A Selected and Annotated Bibliography
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70:, fought in France and Belgium in the early part of WW I. He received in 1914 the
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123:
75:
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Slater, William Kershaw; Kearns, H. G. H. (1966). "Thomas Wallace, 1891-1965".
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Wallace, T.; Jones, J. O. (1941). "Boron in Relation to Bitter Pit in Apples".
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Bracewell, Mary Forrest; Wallace, Thomas; Zilva, Sylvester Solomon (1931).
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813:"Horticultural Chemistry at Bristol: Prof. T. Wallace, C.B.E., F.R.S."
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until 1905 when he won a County of Northumberland scholarship to
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he was severely wounded, leaving him with permanent, serious
53:
in Newcastle. In 1910 he matriculated at Armstrong College,
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Wallace, T. (1940). "Magnesium-Deficiency of Fruit Trees".
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Slater, W. K. "Obituary. Prof. Thomas Wallace, CBE, FRS".
202:. In 1953 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society.
325:
Forestry: An International Journal of Forest Research
211:
second marriage. Jean Wallace served in WW II in the
720:
Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society
632:Wallace, Thomas; Martin, John Thomas, eds. (1954).
130:and could be cured by manurial treatment or adding
634:Insecticides and Colonial Agricultural Development
533:; vi+116 pages, including colour plates and tables
365:Wallace, Thomas; Zilva, Sylvester Solomon (1933).
259:Wallace, T. (1927). "Leaf Scorch on Fruit Trees".
906:. Royal Institute of Chemistry. 1924. p. 52.
648:; x+169 pages; illustrated; one paper in French
903:Register of Fellows, Associates & Students
667:Wallace, Thomas; Bush, R. G. W., eds. (1956).
1081:Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
473:Journal of Pomology and Horticultural Science
452:Journal of Pomology and Horticultural Science
431:Journal of Pomology and Horticultural Science
410:Journal of Pomology and Horticultural Science
261:Journal of Pomology and Horticultural Science
240:Journal of Pomology and Horticultural Science
8:
200:Commander of the Order of the British Empire
1086:Fellows of the Royal Institute of Chemistry
766:. Vol. 117, Part 1. 1920. p. 148.
175:Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food
750:. Vol. 117, Part 2. 1920. p. 14.
282:"The antiscorbutic potency of apples. III"
126:was sometimes due to a soil deficiency of
94:in 11th Sussex Regiment. In July 1916 at
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367:"The antiscorbutic potency of apples. VI"
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953:"Shooter, Reginald Arthur (1916 - 2013)"
917:Wallace, T.; Marsh, R. W., eds. (1953).
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337:10.1093/oxfordjournals.forestry.a063272
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974:Read, John (1953). "Kindly Fruits".
961:Royal College of Surgeons of England
494:Journal of the Royal Society of Arts
1111:Alumni of Armstrong College, Durham
1106:Victoria Medal of Honour recipients
525:. London: H. M. Stationery Office.
142:WW II and food production in the UK
107:Career at the University of Bristol
14:
855:Journal of the History of Biology
1101:Veitch Memorial Medal recipients
1096:Recipients of the Military Cross
1023:Journal of Horticultural Science
171:International Botanical Congress
136:Journal of Horticultural Science
51:Rutherford College of Technology
1017:Modern Commercial Fruit Growing
1010:Modern Commercial Fruit Growing
763:Journal of the Chemical Society
747:Journal of the Chemical Society
670:Modern Commercial Fruit Growing
485:10.1080/03683621.1946.11513640
464:10.1080/03683621.1941.11513560
443:10.1080/03683621.1941.11513562
422:10.1080/03683621.1940.11513536
273:10.1080/03683621.1927.11513325
252:10.1080/03683621.1925.11513278
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1056:20th-century British chemists
826:(4580): 267. August 10, 1957.
213:Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve
1091:Fellows of the Royal Society
957:Plarr's Lives of the Fellows
113:Long Ashton Research Station
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658:: CS1 maint: postscript (
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867:10.1007/s10739-009-9188-x
221:World Health Organization
66:officer, attached to the
627:. University of Bristol.
552:Wallace, Thomas (1951).
521:Wallace, Thomas (1943).
196:Victoria Medal of Honour
68:Royal West Kent Regiment
40:Early life and education
638:Butterworths Scientific
217:Reginald Arthur Shooter
732:10.1098/rsbm.1966.0025
588:(3rd ed.). 1961.
227:Selected publications
192:Veitch Memorial Medal
117:University of Bristol
842:. 1931. p. 230.
346:The H.e.a. Year Book
55:University of Durham
988:1953Natur.172..264R
941:. 11 February 2021.
673:. Country Life Ltd.
371:Biochemical Journal
286:Biochemical Journal
881:William D. McElroy
181:Awards and honours
166:Cornell University
96:Richebourg-l'Avoué
88:Gallipoli campaign
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920:Science and Fruit
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617:Wallace, Thomas;
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76:Cape Helles
1040:Categories
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572:cite book
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128:potassium
80:Suvla Bay
72:Mons Star
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1008:For
871:PMID
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